MASTER 
NEGA  TIVE 
NO.  91-80179 


MICROFILMED  1991 
COLUMBIA  UNIVERSITY  LIBRARIES/NEW  YORK 


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A  UTHOR : 


INTERCHURCH  WORLD 
MOVEMENT 


TITLE: 


WORLD  SURVEY 


PLACE: 


NEW  YORK  CITY 


DA  TE : 


1920 


COLUMBIA  UNIVERSITY  LIBRARIES 
PRESERVATION  DEPARTMENT 


Master  Negative  # 


BIBLIOGRAPHIC  MICROFORM  TARGET 


Original  Material  as  Filmed  -  Existing  Bibliographic  Record 


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Interchurch  world  movement  of  North  America. 

World  survey,  by  the  Interchurch  world  movement  of 
North  Americca;  revised  preliminary  statement  and 
budget  ...  Library  ed.  New  York  city,  Interchurch 
press,  1920. 

2  V.    illus.  (incl.  maps)  diagrs.  (part  col.)    18"". 

Contents. — v.  1.  American  volume— v.  2.  Foreign  volume  and  a  statis- 
tical mirror. 


I 


i.Title. 

Library  of  Congress 

Copy  2. 

Copyright    A  571035, 


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WORLD  SURVEY 


American  Volume 


REVISED  PRELIMINARY  EDITION 


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GIVEN    BY 


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This  book  is  due  two  weeks  from  the  last  date 
•tamped  below,  and  if  not  returned  or  renewed  at  or 
before  that  time  a  fine  of  five  cents  a  dav  will  be  incurred. 


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NOTICE 


THE  statements  set  forth  in  this  and  the  accompanying 
volume  of  the  WORLD  SURVEY  were  presented 
originally  at  the  World  Survey  Conference,  held  at 
Atlantic  City,  N.  J.,  January  6  to  9,  1920.  As  a  result  of  that 
conference,  and  in  the  light  of  further  data  derived  in  the  pro- 
gressive development  of  the  survey,  the  original  statements 
have  been  freely  revised  and  expanded.  They  are,  therefore, 
complete  only  in  the  measure  that  the  survey  itself  is  complete, 
and  are  here  presented  not  so  much  as  final  statements  as  re- 
vised preliminary  announcements  of  the  facts  thus  far  revealed 
by  the  extensive  survey  task,  much  of  which  is  necessarily  still 
being  carried  on. 

With  the  progress  of  the  survey,  special  problems,  particular 
fields  and  important  phases  of  work,  will  demand  separate  survey 
statements  adequately  to  present  the  facts.  These  statements 
will  be  issued  as  auxiliary  survey  volumes,  and  will  conform  in 
size  and  style  to  the  Handy  Volume  Edition  of  the  WORLD 
SURVEY.  Several  auxiliary  volumes  are  already  in  process  of 
preparation.    Others  will  follow  as  the  need  arises. 

The  first  of  these  auxiliary  volumes  is  a  manual  and  guide 
entitled  "  How  to  Study  the  World  Survey. "  It  is  a  handbook 
for  pastors,  teachers  and  members  of  study  groups  who  wish  to 
use  the  WORLD  SURVEY  as  a  text  book.  Intended  for  use 
in  the  class  room  of  school  or  college,  or  in  missionary  circles 
and  young  people's  societies,  it  will  be  foimd  invaluable  in  mak- 
ing the  survey  volumes  yield  the  largest  amount  of  important 
and  interesting  information.  Uniform  with  the  Handy  Volume 
Edition  of  the  WORLD  SURVEY  at  fifty  cents  a  copy,  cash 
with  order. 

Copyright  has  been  secured  covering  all  the  survey  material 
here  presented.  Text,  charts,  maps  and  graphs  are  all  included. 
Persons  desiring  to  reprint  any  portion  of  the  text  or  to  repro- 
duce any  of  the  illustrations  are  requested  to  obtain  the  nec- 
essary permission  from  the  Sales  Department,  Interchurch  World 
Movement,  45  West  18th  Street,  New  York  City.  Permission 
to  reprint  will  be  granted  only  with  the  understanding  that  a 
credit  line  also  be  run  as  follows:  "Copyright  by  Interchurch 
World  Movement  of  North  America;  reprinted  with  permission.*' 


World  Survey 


BY  THE  INTERCHURCH  WORLD 
MOVEMENT  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


REVISED  PRELIMINARY 

STATEMENT  AND  BUDGET 

IN  TWO  VOLUMES 

VOLUME  ONE 

AMERICAN    VOLUME 


LIBRARY     EDITION 


1920 

INTERCHURCH  PRESS 

NEW  YORK  CITY 


r 


I 


X 


/^ 


COPTRIOHT,  1920,  BY   THK 

Interchukch  World  Movement 
or  North  America 


CONTENTS 


Page 

Foreword 7 

Home  Missions 

Introduction 11 

Cities 17 

New  York  Metropolitan  Area 47 

Town  and  Country 57 

New  Americans 73 

Negro  Americans 85 

Migrant  Groups 103 

American  Indians 121 

Alaska 125 

Orientals  in  the  United  States 127 

Hawaii 133 

Spanish-speaking  Peoples 135 

West  Indies 137 

American  Education 

Introduction 149 

Denominational  and   Independent   In- 
stitutions    157 

Secondary  Schools 173 


Page 
American  Education — Continued 

Tax-supported  Institutions 177 

Theological  Seminaries 190 

American  Religious  Education 

A  National  Emergency 203 

Lessons  from  Statistics 209 

Religious  Education  in  the  Home   .    .    .214 
Sunday   Schools   and   Young   People's 

Societies 221 

American  Hospitals  and  Homes 

Introduction 243 

Hospitals 247 

Homes  for  Children 252 

Homes  for  the  Aged 256 

Ministerial  Salaries,  Pensions, 
AND  Relief 

Introduction 265 

Ministerial  Salaries 267 

Ministerial  Pensions 289 

Budget  Tables 299 

Index 315 


0  -  '^' 


CHARTS  AND  GRAPHS 


Page 
Cities 

Cities  of  2,500  or  More 17 

The  Age  of  Cities 18 

Church  and  Non-Church  Membership  in  Phila- 
delphia      20 

Growth  of  Rural  and  City  Population 20 

Urban  Increase  and  Rural  Decrease  of  Population  23 
Percentage  of  Urban  Population  in   Fourt-een 

States 24 

Protestant  and  Non-Protestant  Church  Member- 

■hip 26 

Divorces  in  City  and  Country 25 

Growth  of  Cities 26 

Native  Whites  and  Aliens  in  Three  Typical  Cities  27 

Native  and  Alien  City  Population 28 

Map  of  Typical  City 32 


Page 
Cities- Continmd 

Urban  and  Rural  Population  by  Ages 34 

Home  Ownership  in  Large  Cities 34 

Men  and  Women  in  the  Protestant  Churches     .  35 

Negroes  in  the  Cities 36 

New  York  Metropoutan  Area 

Metropolitan  District 48 

Perth  Amboy,  N.  J 50 

Church  and  Sunday  School  Membership  ....  51 

Compete  or  Combine? 51 

Times  Square  Section 52 

Town  and  Country 

Urban,  Village  and  Country  Population  ....  57 

Increase  in  Country  Population 58 

Decrease  in  Country  Population 59 

Rural  Industrial  Areas 62 


Charts  and  Graphs:  HOME  MISSIONS 


Page 


Page 


Town  and  Country— Con/tniied 

Percentage  of  Foreign-bom  Farmers     .... 

A  Single  Frontier  Circuit 

They  Preach  Here  and  Live  Here 

Thirty-six  Country  Churches 65 

A  County  Survey  Map ^ 

Neglected  Areas  Revealed 6» 


166 


American  Education— CoiUinued 
e2  How  Institutions  Depend  on  Endowments  . 

54  Who  Pays  for  College  Education? 166 

64  Religious  Product  of  Two  Like  Colleges  .   .    .      167 

Why  Increase  Teachers'  Salaries 169 

Growth  of  Attendance 1''* 

Study  of  Minnesota  State  University 176 

Tax-supported  Institutions,  Map 178,  179 


New  Americans  One  SUte  University  versus  Fifty  Denomina^ 

ReUgious  and  Sociological  Study  of  Cleveland    .  74  ^ional  Colleges 1*^ 

Foreign-bom  and  Native  White  in  Population    .  76  Relative  Growth  of  Colleges 1»1 

Sources  of  Immigration ''6  University  and  CoUege  Departments  Compared.  182 


The  Inmiigrant  Zone 


77 


Immigrant  Invasion  of  Cities 78 

Population  in  Calumet  Region 7* 


Student  Church  Relations 188 

Theological  Seminaries,  Map 192,  193 

Where  We  Get  Our  Ministers .  194 

Seminary  Attendance  and  Church  Membership  .  196 

College  Men  in  Theological  Seminaries    ....  196 

The  Parents  of  Ministers 1^7 

Distribution  of  Seminary  Graduates 199 


.  217 
.  219 
.  220 


Negro  Americans 

Negro  and  White  Population *• 

Farms  Owned  by  Negroes 88 

Plantation  Area,  Cotton  Belt,  and  Negro  Popu- 

89 

lation «'','.*"    oA     REUGIOUS  Education 

Urban  and  Rural,  Negro  and  White  Population  .    SW  where  68  Million  Unchurched  ProtesUnt  Amen- 

Rural  Negro  Population •    •    ^  ^ans  Reside 208 

Increase  in  Negro  and  White  Population     •       •    ^  America's  Greatest  Peril 209 

Percentage  of  Negroes  in  Population  by  States  .    ^  gunday  School  Enrolment  and  Church  Member- 
Nativity  and  Parentage  by  States     94  ship  Compared— Non-Protestant  Bodies  .    .    .  211 

Negro  and  White  School  Attendance 96  gunday  School  Enrobnent  and  Church  Member- 
Negro  Illiteracy  by  States 97     ^         ^^^.^  compared— Protestant  Denominations    .  212 

MIGRANT  GROUPS  Sunday  School  Enrolment  and  Hours  of  Instruc-  ^^^ 

Areas  of  Migrant  Labor 1<^  t»on-   :•■•.•    '      ,1  t'_^o«.*    "    *    "    ' 

The  "Big"  Grain  Belt                ^^  Information  Concerning  Adult  Leaders 

Harvest  Times  and  Date^ 106  Two  Days  in  a  Typi«l  City  •   •   • 

Whence  and  Whither  of  Harvest  Migration    .    .106  How  Sunday  School  Pupils  Attend   ...    .    .    • 

^oHlvJ^eUble  Acreage 106  Comparison  of  Attendance,  Sunday  Schools  vs. 

Lumber  Production  in  1917 108  Public  Schools  .   .   .   .    •    •    •    • ^^ 

Winter  and  Spring  Wheat  Regions 112  How  the  Churches  Spend  a  Dollar 222 

Monthly  Fluctuations.  Migrant  Industries.    .    •  113  Per  CapiU  Expenditures ^^ 

Grays  Harbor  County "«  Per  Ca^ta  Cost  of  Teaching      222 

Young  People's  Societies ^^ 

American  Indians  Participation   of   Members  of  Young  People's 

Protestant  Missions  to  Indians 1^  Societies 224 

Indian  Reservations  and  Schools 122  Supervision  of  Public  and  Sunday  Schools  ...  226 

Alaska  Church  School  Teachers 228 

Mission  Fields l2S  Parents  of  Church  School  Teachers 230 

Training  of  100  Church  School  Teachers  ....  230 

.   .  1S4  Pictures  of  Typical  Church  Interiors 234 

^^„„  Per  CapiU  Education  Budgets 239 

Spanish-speaking  Peoples  '^'''  ^**' 

Sketches ^^  Hospitals  and  Homes 

West  Indies  HoepiUl  Service  in  the  United  SUtes 249 

Map  of  West  Indies 1*0  Catholic  and  ProtesUnt  Orphanages 263 

American  Education  _.    ^,^^,„ 

Relative  Attendance IW  MINISTERIAL  SALARIES  AND  Pensions 

Expenditures  for  General  Educatien  and  Church  Average  Salary  of  Ministers ^^ 

Schools  Compared 153  Ishpeming  and  Mujiishku-daiig ^J^ 

A  Small  Minority  Reaches  the  Top 154  Ministerial  SaUn«i  per  CapiU  ''''•'   ^^'^ 

Where  CoUeges  Get  Their  Students 166  The  Way  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  Meets 

Map  of  Denominational  Institutions  .            168,  169  Ite  Obligations  ....    ...   -   -   •   !   '  ^ 

Life  Work  of  CoUege  Graduates 160  Per  CapiU  Payment  for  Mmistenal  Salaries- 


Hawaii 

Map  of  Hawaii 


•      •      •      • 


.  278 


278 


1 


THE  AMERICAN  VOLUME  OF 

THE  SURVEY 

Foreword 


THE  American  Volume  of  the  Interchurch  World  Survey  includes  the 
statements  and  budgets  prepared  by  the  following  survey  departments: 
Home  Missions,  American  Education,  American  Religious  Education, 
Ministerial  Salaries,  Pen'sions,  and  American  Hospitals  and  Homes.  The  results 
of  the  surveys  reported  in  this  volume  are  in  the  nature  of  a  national  spiritual 
stock-taking.  They  reveal  conditions  as  they  actually  exist  today;  they  disclose 
essential  details;  they  present  unusual  opportunities.  Above  all,  they  constitute 
an  impressive  call  to  the  performance  of  obvious  duties  imperatively  demanded 
in  the  interests  of  the  whole  nation.  These  can  be  fully  discharged  only  through  the 
fullest  measure  of  S3mipathetic  cooperation  by  all  the  churches. 

The  home  missions  survey  discloses  the  changed  conditions  confronting  the  church 
in  urban  and  rural  life;  the  extent  to  which  it  has  failed  to  function  in  each  and  why. 
It  also  offers  a  plan  and  program  of  constructive  advance  to  remedy  the  defects  pointed 
out  and  to  meet  the  obvious  challenge  of  a  changing  social  order. 

The  report  on  American  education  reveals  two  vital  needs  of  our  schools  and  colleges; 
an  increase  in  their  endowments  to  ensure  the  highest  scholastic  standards;  and  a 
deeper  infusion  of  the  Christian  spirit  in  education  so  that  the  coming  leadership  of 
the  nation  and  the  world  shall  be  morally  soimd  and  spiritually  effective. 

The  report  on  religious  education  shows  that  the  time  devoted  to  the  religious 
training  of  American  youth  is  ridiculously  inadequate;  that  the  application  of  scholas- 
tic and  pedagogical  standards  to  religious  education  is  away  below  par;  and  that  the 
needed  professional  supervision  is  practically  unknown.  A  plan  and  program  of 
advance  is  suggested. 

Ministerial  salaries,  pensions,  and  relief,  as  disclosed  by  the  survey,  are  in  a  deplorable 
state.  The  ministry  approaches  bankruptcy.  The  ranks  of  our  spiritual  leadership 
are  being  constantly  depleted  and  recruiting  is  increasingly  difficult  owing  to  the 
failure  of  the  laity  to  develop  a  soimd  business  policy  of  conserving  the  best  asset 


8 


Foreword',  AMERICAN  SURVEY 


of  the  church— an  educated  ministry  free  from  financial  anxiety  during  active  service 
and  assured  of  the  future. 

The  reason  why  so  many  hospitals  and  homes  under  church  auspices  are  needed  is 
that  suffering  humanity  can  best  be  served  and  cured  in  an  atmosphere  charged  with 
Christian  love  and  sympathy  to  be  found  nowhere  else. 

The  needs  disclosed  in  these  surveys  are  tremendous.  They  must  be  met  if  the  church 
is  to  secure  the  moral  leadership  of  the  worid.  They  can  be  met  if,  as  during 
war-time,  the  Christian  forces  in  the  nation  will  unite  to  put  through  a  constructive 
and  cooiierative  program  of  advance  in  which  the  public,  as  well  as  themselves, 
may  entertain  the  utmost  confidence. 

To  any  readers  of  this  volume  who  may  still  be  inclined  to  stress  the  old  argument, 
"Let  us  evangelize  America  before  we  go  to  the  foreign  field,"  it  is  sufficient  to  say: 
The  revelations  contained  in  this  volume  are  a  direct  challenge  to  you  to  do  exactly 
what  you  say  should  be  done. 

If  you  are  sincerely  interested  in  the  spiritual  condition  of  America  you  cannot  fail 
to  be  impressed,  even  if  you  are  not  appalled,  by  these  disclosures  of  the  religious 
condition  of  your  own  land. 

If  you  really  mean  what  you  say  when  you  say  "America  first,"  then  you  cannot 
fail  to  see  that  your  own  country  needs  your  help  at  once,  even  if  you  are  not  con- 
vinced as  to  your  duty  elsewhere. 

There  is  no  phase  of  American  religious  life  that  is  functioning  as  completely  or 
efficiently  as  it  should.  There  are  many  lacks  and  many  needs.  But  these  mean 
just  as  many  opportunities  for  service.    And  service  is  always  personal. 

Therefore,  as  you  reaa  these  painful  disclosures  of  lacks  and  wants  and  needs  in  the 
religious  life  of  your  own  beloved  land,  do  not  do  it  in  any  detached  or  impersonal 
way.  Keep  this  thought  constantly  in  your  mind  as  you  read:  This  is  my  country 
that  I  am  reading  about.    This  is  my  church  that  is  failing  in  its  duty. 

But  do  not  let  any  pessimism  creep  into  your  mind.  You  are  not  a  doctor  making 
an  autopsy  on  a  dead  body  You  are  a  consulting  physician,  feeling  the  pulse  of 
one  you  love  and  intend  to  save. 

If  hitherto  you  have  done  little  or  nothing  except  "belong"  to  some  church,  these 
surveys  will  disclose  your  opportunity  to  become  an  active  force.  If  you  have  been 
a  worker,  but  have  not  really  "found  yourself,"  here  is  the  chance  to  "lose  yourself  " 
in  some  absolutely  compelling  task  that  cannot  be  denied. 


THE  HOME  MISSIONS  SURVEY 


THE  HOME  MISSIONS 

SURVEY 

THE  purpose  of  the  home  missions  survey  is  to  reveal  the  existing  facts  in 
the  home  field  and  to  supply  the  needs  disclosed.     This  task  necessarily 
involves  a  large  amount  of  painstaking  research  which  in  turn  serves  as  the 
basis  for  a  program  of  advance.    The  aims  may  be  sunmiarized  as  follows: 

1.  To  discover  the  unchurched  areas  and  groups  and  the  un-Christian  factors  in  the 
social  life  of  the  United  States,  Alaska,  Hawaii  and  the  West  Indies.* 

2.  To  aid  the  churches,  by  the  process  of  self-examination,  to  estimate  their  own 
material  and  spiritual  resources  and  to  discover  ways  and  means  by  which  these 
resources  may  be  developed  to  their  highest  usefulness. 

3.  To  state  a  program  adequate  to  meet  the  needs  revealed  by  the  survey,  which 
program  can  be  budgeted  in  terms  of  policies,  leadership  and  money. 

4.  To  appraise  the  impact  and  influence  of  each  individual  church  and  mission  station 
upon  its  own  constituency  and  its  own  community  in  order  to  help  it  to  provide  for 
public  worship,  religious  education  and  its  share  of  community  service. 

5.  To  avoid  the  exhaustion  possible  through  competitive  enterprises  and  to  eliminate 
the  waste  of  over-lapping,  thus  planning  for  the  most  economical  as  well  as  the  most 
eflScient  distribution  of  church  forces. 

6.  To  create  a  feeling  of  conunon  purpose  and  destiny  among  the  churches  by  means 
of  a  common  imderstanding  of  conmion  tasks  and  by  helping  the  churches  of  a  given 
community  to  plan  their  programs  together. 

7.  To  establish  a  scientific  method  for  the  location  of  churches  and  for  the  determin- 
ing of  their  programs. 

The  spiritual  significance  of  this  survey  of  the  churches  and  home  mission  stations 
lies  in  the  fact  that  it  is  a  self-examination.  No  outside  experts  or  disinterested 
students  are  to  take  stock  of  the  churches.  The  ministers,  laymen  and  laywomen 
are  provided  with  the  necessary  schedules  and  plans  of  organization  to  secure  this 
thorough-going  investigation.  In  this  are  great  promises  for  growth  in  vision,  and 
the  release  of  forces  that  will  make  the  vision  a  reality,  such  as  will  usher  in  a  new 
day  of  greater  service  for  the  church. 

•The  West  Indies  is  included  in  the  American  volume  since  the  religious  work  in  the  islands  is  carried  on  chiefly  bv 
nome  mission  agencies.  '    ^ 


12 


Introduction:  HOME  MISSIONS 


SCOPE  AND  CONTENT 
OF  THE  SURVEY 

AN  ATTEMPT  is  made  to  study  all 
XlL  the  factors  in  both  urban  and  rural  life, 
necessary  for  determining  the  program  of  the 
churches,  separately  and  in  cooperative  groups. 
For  example,  in  the  Cities  Division,  there  are 
the  following  schedules: 

1.  For  the  city  as  a  whole. 

This  schedule  reveals  those  needs  of  the 
entire  city  which  cannot  be  met  by  any  one 
church  or  group  of  churches. 

2.  For  the  different  districts  or  communities  in 
the  city. 

By  mapping  those  sections  of  the  larger  cities 
which  have  a  life  more  or  less  in  common,  and 
where  the  churches  are  face  to  face  with  similar 
problems,  we  discover  those  social  units  whose 
needs  must  be  met  by  a  group  of  churches 
This  schedule  reveals  the  common  social 
service  to  be  rendered  by  the  churches.  Prob- 
lems of  housing,  health,  recreation,  vice,  crime 
and  delinquency,  are  studied  in  relation  to  the 
churches. 
3.  For  each  individual  church. 

Through  this  schedule,  the  growth  and  present 
strength  of  the  church  are  appraised.  The 
efficiency  of  its  organization,  its  property  and 
equipment,  its  staff  and  service  to  the  com- 
munity are  investigated.  For  the  first  time, 
an  attempt  is  made  to  measure  the  in- 
fluence of  each  individual  church  on  the  moral 
and  spiritual  welfare  of  the  people  of  the  com- 
munity. 

The  needs  of  each  church  for  property,  equip- 
ment and  staff,  over  a  period  of  five  years,  are 
set  down,  after  all  the  local  and  comn^unity 
factors  have  been  taken  into  account. 

4.  For  a  population  census. 

This  schedule  has  a  two-fold  purpose: 

o  To  secure  data  for  immediate  use  by  the 
churches  in  an  ingathering  of  members  and 
special  evangelistic  efforts. 

fe.  To  determine  the  population  factors  and 
the  tendencies  toward  any  changes  in  popu- 


lation which  would  affect  the  program  of  the 
churches. 

In  the  Town  and  Country  Division,  a  similar 
scheme  is  provided  for  each  county;  i.e.,  there 
are  the  following  schedules: 

1.  For  the  county  as  a  whole. 

2.  For  each  normal  community  or  trading 
center  in  the  county. 

3.  For  each  individual  church. 

4.  For  a  population  census. 

Schedules  with  certain  necessary  variations 
have  been  provided  for  Negro  churches  and 
communities,  distinctly  new  American  com- 
munities, small  mining  and  other  industnal 
communities,  the  Mex-Americans,  the  orientals 
and  the  American  Indians.  Special  studies  are 
also  being  made  of  the  migrant  groups;  such 
as  the  lumber-jacks,  the  migratory  harvest 
workers  and  the  laborers  in  the  small  fruit  and 
canning  industries. 

THE  COUNTY  AS  A  UNIT 

IN  THE  TOWN 

AND  COUNTRY  SURVEY 

BY  TAKING  the  county  as  the  unit  in 
organizing  the  town  and  country  survey, 
it  is  possible — 

1.  To  cover  all  the  territory. 

2.  To  locate  all  the  unchurched  areas  and 
groups. 

3.  To  indicate  all  the  normal  community 
centers. 

4.  To  associate  for  religious  purposes  the  peo- 
ple who  have  a  common  social,  industrial  and 
civic  life. 


By  making  the  survey  denominationally  it 
would  hardly  be  possible  to  achieve  these  ends 
for: 

1.  There  are  areas  of  the  county  where  no 
denomination  is  at  work. 

2.  There  are  groups  of  people  unreached  by 
any  church. 

3.  The  denominational  approach  sees  com- 
munity need  from  its  own  angle  only. 


HOME  MISSIONS:  Introduction 


13 


PROCEDURE  OF  THE  SURVEY 

THE  procedure  for  realizing  the  above  pur- 
poses is  very  much  the  same  for  both  rural 
and  urban  communities.  For  example,  in  a 
rural  county: 

1.  A  county  supervisor  is  appointed,  usually 
one  of  the  younger  trained  ministers,  whose 
church  is  willing  to  release  him  temporarily  for 
this  service,  and  who  is  willing  himself  to  do 
the  work  for  the  enlargement  of  his  own 
knowledge  and  experience.  His  expenses  for 
the  survey  are  paid  by  the  Movement. 

2.  A  county  survey  council  is  formed  represent- 
ing the  best  leadership  among  the  ministers  and 
the  laymen  of  all  the  denominations  having 
churches  in  the  county.  This  council  cooperates 
with  the  supervisor  and  passes  upon  the  find- 
ings. 

3.  The  supervisor  proceeds  to  visit  each  com- 
munity and  each  local  church,  where  in  con- 
sultation with  the  people,  on  the  ground,  the 
schedules  are  filled  out. 

4.  A  map  of  the  county  is  made,  on  which  are 
indicated  the  location  of  all  the  churches,  the 
names  of  the  denominations,  the  circuit  systems, 
the  residences  of  the  pastors,  and  the  boundaries 
of  each  parish.  This  map,  when  completed, 
shows  at  once  all  of  the  normal  church  and 
community  centers  and  the  unevangelized 
areas. 

5.  After  the  map  is  completed  and  all  informa- 
tion from  the  county  is  gathered,  the  county 
council  summons  representatives  from  all  the 
churches  in  the  county  to  a  meeting  at  the 
county-seat,  to  which  also  the  church  officials, 
general  and  missionary,  interested  in  the  terri- 
tory are  invited.  At  this  meeting  the  tabulated 
results  of  the  survey  are  made  known,  the  condi- 
tion of  all  the  churches  in  all  of  the  communities 
is  discussed,  and  the  unchurched  areas  and 
groups  are  allotted  by  common  consent.  As  each 
situation  is  taken  up,  the  needs  are  debated 
fully  and  recommendations  for  a  five-year 
program  are  made.  No  recommendation  is 
accepted  unless  unanimous. 

6.  These  recommendations  are  later  submitted 
to  a  meeting  of  the  State  Survey  Council,  which 
is  officially  appointed  and  represents  the  de- 


nominational missionary  agencies  functioning 
within  the  state.  Each  denominational  rep- 
resentative on  the  State  Survey  Council  will  be 
asked  to  affix  his  signature  to  the  budget  pro- 
gram sheet  opposite  the  budget  items  of  the 
churches  of  his  denomination. 

7.  Each  missionary  superintendent  is  then 
asked  to  submit  the  items  that  affect  the 
churches  of  his  denomination  to  the  proper 
society  or  board  for  approval. 

These  boards  have  created  a  Home  Missions 
Committee  of  Review  for  the  purpose  of  such 
interboard  discussion  as  may  be  necessary. 

PRINCIPLES  FOR  MAKING  A 
PROGRAM  AND  BUDGET 

As  A  guide  to  the  denominational  superin- 
xV.  tendents  and  local  church  officials  in  the 
making  of  a  program  and  budget,  the  following 
principles  have  been  commended  by  the  National 
Council  of  Review,  composed  of  official  repre- 
sentatives from  the  mission  boards  and  societies 
concerned.  At  their  request  these  proposals 
have  been  submitted  to  all  the  boards  for  offi- 
cial approval.  Favorable  action  is  being  re- 
ceived as  fast  as  boards  are  able  to  discuss  and 
pass  upon  them.  By  this  means  it  is  hoped 
that  it  may  be  possible  to  get  an  agreement  on 
the  administration  of  future  missionary  funds 
in  the  widest  and  most  statesmanlike  manner. 

It  should  be  noted  that  the  Interchurch  World 
Movement  as  such  does  not  attempt  to  decide 
policies  and  does  not  undertake  administrative 
action  of  any  sort  that  involves  any  function 
of  the  duly  constituted  denominational  agen- 
cies. Before  any  item  in  the  program  is  effec- 
tive it  must  be  passed  upon  by  the  denomina- 
tional agency  involved.  The  county  and  state 
councils  are  so  organized  as  to  provide  the 
channels  by  which  the  recommendations  of 
the  survey  reach  the  denominational  agencies. 

UNCHURCHED  TERRITORY 

THE  following  principles  have  been  pro- 
posed for  determining  the  allocation  of 
unchurched  territory  and  groups: 

1.  There  should  not  be,  under  ordinary  circum- 
stances, more  than  one  church  for  one  thousand 


I 


Introduction:  HOME  MISSIONS 


evangelical  population.     Exceptions    to    this 

general  rule  would  be  few. 

2   The  religious  preference  of  residents  in  the 

community  as  shown  by  the  survey  and  the 

population  census  should  find  expression  in  the 

decisions  reached. 

3.  Certain   geographical   facts   will   have   an 

important  bearing. 

4   The  ability,  in  men  and  money  and  super- 

vision,  of  the  denomination  to  place  a  resident 

pastor  will  necessarily  be  one  of  the  determmmg 

factors. 

5.  The  equitable  distribution  of  responsibility 

among  all  denominations  will  be  sought. 

OCCUPIED  TERRITORY 

THE  churches  and  the  boards  should  take 
into  account  the  following  factors  m  a  more 
economical  distribution  of  their  present  forces: 

1.  The    democratic    principle    of    local    self- 
determination. 

2.  Depending  upon  the  denominational  con- 
nections of  the  churches  in  a  given  community— 


(a)  The  formation  and  maintenance  of  a 
single  denominational  church  and  the  uniting 
of  churches  in  the  preferred  denomination. 

(b)  The  voluntary  withdrawal  of  one  church 
from  a  field  and  a  reciprocal  exchange  of  an 
equivalent  opportunity  in  some  other  com- 
munity to  the  denomination  which  withdraws. 

(c)  A  federation  of  denominational  churches 
with  the  maintenance  of  then-  denominational 
connections  in  some  manner  to  be  agreed 
upon  locally. 

3  The  fact  that  the  acceptance  of  responsibility 
by  a  denomination  in  a  given  community  in- 
volves the  adequate  support  of  a  resident 
minister  with  proper  living  conditions  and  the 
development  of  the  church  along  lines  of  wor- 
ship,religious education  and  community  service. 

BUDGET  PROJECTS 

THE  classification  of  projects  which  should 
be  admitted  to  the  budget  for  missionary 
aid  has  been  agreed  to  in  a  conference  of  home 
mission  board  secretaries,  as  foUows: 


1.  Purely  missionary  responsibilities. 


These  would  include  church  projects  in  fields 
where  a  given  church  is  wholly  or  chiefly 
responsible  for  religious  and  social  life  and  can 
be  made  to  meet  adequately  these  needs  along 
lines  of  worship,  religious  education  and  com- 
munity service,  and  where  adequate  aid  must 
be  given,  for  a  more  or  less  indefinite  penod, 
on  a  purely  missionary  basis. 
2.  Urgent  home  base  opportunity  situations 
where  aid  is  necessary. 

These  would  include  church  projects  upon  which 
the  community  is  dependent  for  religious  and 
social  life,  which  can  be  made  to  meet  those 
needs  adequately,  but  where  local  constituencies 
cannot  provide  the  kind  of  program  ne^ed  now 
in  order  to  place  the  church  within  the  five-year 
period  on  a  basis  not  only  self-sustammg,  but 
able  to  give  support  to  world  evangehzationin 
financial  aid,  spiritual  life  and  Christian  leader- 
ship. 
3.  Special  denominational  obligations. 

These  include  special  projects  which  the 
denominations  must  undertake  in  order  to  meet 
their  missionary  obligations. 


SURVEY  RELATIONS 

THE  work  of  the  foreign  missionary  societies 
operating  in  the  United  States  Alaska, 
Hawaii  and  the  West  Indies,  is  included  for 
survey  and  budget  making  purpos^  in  the 
Home  Missions  Survey  Department,  by  agree- 
ment with  the  Foreign  Survey  Department. 

The  schools  for  Negroes,  mountain  people, 
American  Indians,  Spanish-speaking  people 
in  the  United  States  and  the  schools  m  Alaste, 
Hawaii  and  the  West  Indies  are  being  surveyed 
by  the  Home  Missions  Survey  Department,  by 
agreement  with  the  American  Education  Survey 
Department. 

Certain  information  regarding  the  Sunday 
school  and  other  religious  educational  agencies 
in  the  local  communities  is  being  gathered  by 
those  making  the  survey  in  the  Home  Missions 
Survey  Department,  by  agreement  with  the 
American  Religious  Education  Survey  Depart, 
ment. 


HOME  MISSIONS:  Introduction 


15 


The  approach  for  the  survey  of  these  institu- 
tions in  Alaska,  Hawaii  and  the  West  Indies  is 
made  through  the  representatives  of  the  Home 
Missions  Survey  Department,  by  agreement 
with  the  American  Hospitals  and  Homes  Survey 
Department. 

A  united  approach  to  the  churches  involved  in 
the  study  of  the  religious  life  of  students  at  tax- 
supported  colleges  and  university  centers  is 
made  possible  by  an  arrangement  with  the 
American  Education  Survey  Department. 

In  other  numerous  ways  an  effort  is  being  made 
to  coordinate  and  unify  the  making  of  the 
surveys  and  program  among  agencies  interested 
in  the  same  mission  fields. 

The  Home  Missions  Survey  Department  is 
receiving  budgets  from  general  home  mission 
boards,  women's  home  mission  boards,  church 
erection  boards,  freedmen's  aid  societies  and 
Sunday  school  extension  societies. 

Within  the  Home  Missions  Survey  Depart- 
ment there  are  four  survey  divisions  as  follows: 
Town  and  Country,  City,  New  York  Metro- 
politan, Outlying  Territories. 


Each  of  these  survey  divisions  is  responsible  for 
gathering  the  information  and  assembling  the 
program  as  it  effects  the  budget  items,  in  its 
particular  field.  Together  the  four  survey 
divisions  cover  the  entire  territory  of  the  United 
States  and  its  possessions.  In  addition  there 
are  seven  survey  coordination  divisions  which 
are  related  in  their  field  work  to  one  or  more 
of  the  four  survey  divisions. 

Th^se  survey  coordination  divisions  are: 
Negro  Americans,  New  Americans,  Migrant 
Groups,  American  Indian,  Orientals  in  the 
United  States,  Spanish-speaking  Peoples  in  the 
United  States,  and  Industrial. 

These  survey  coordination  divisions  make  it 
possible  to  have  available  for  the  use  of  each 
of  the  four  survey  divisions  the  counsel  of 
specialists  in  particular  fields  of  home  mission 
endeavor. 

It  is  fully  expected  that  the  survey  will  yield 
data  sufficiently  comprehensive  to  make  pos- 
sible the  preparation  of  a  series  of  volumes 
dealing  with  all  of  these  vital  problems  of  Ameri- 
can church  life. 


THE  CITIES 


THE  city  survey  covers  all  the  cities  in  the  United  States  with  5,000  or  more 
population,  except  those  lying  within  the  New  York  metropolitan  district. 
These  cities  numbered  over  1,200  and  had  over  34,000,000  people  in  1910. 
They  are  in  every  state  in  the  Union  and  present  every  advantage  and  disadvantage 
of  geography,  topography,  climate,  industry  and  virile  human  life.  They  reveal 
municipal  governments  of  every  moral  aspect. 

They  represent  in  endless  series  the  social,  political,  industrial  and  religious  condi- 
tions of  American  life;  every  race  and  social  class;  every  nation  in  the  world  is  repre- 
sented; every  combination  of  good  and  evil  and  every  contrast  of  luxury  and  poverty. 

In  them  are  the  aggressive  and  the  hopeful;  the  dull  and  the  despairing,  and  every 
type  of  conservative  and  radical  that  the  modern  world  has  produced. 

In  the  midst  of  all  this  is  the  church,  the  city  church — baffled,  bewildered,  sometimes 
advancing,  frequently  retreating;  faltering,  uncertain;  yet  possessing  the  "Word  of 
Life,"  and  the  spiritual  power  to  make  the  American  city  "the  New  Jerusalem." 


CITIES  OF  2,500  OR   MORE    INHABITANTS   IN  1910 
SIZE  OF  DOTS  INDICATES  PROPORTIONATE  SIZE  OF  CITIES 


r^K 


' S  V     •         1    *      4 


./ 


-%;• 


o 


18 


The  Cities:  HOME  MISSIONS 


HOW  CITIES  HAVE  GROWN 

THE  age  of  modem  cities  did  not  begin  in 
earnest  until  the  middle  of  the  nineteenth 
century.  This  growth  of  cities  is  a  world-wide 
phenomenon.  In  Europe,  of  the  168  cities  in 
the  100,000  class  in  1910,  over  100  were  added 
since  1850. 

Even  the  ancient  cities  of  Europe  have  grown 
most  rapidly  in  recent  years.  Four-fifths  of 
the  growth  of  London  is  credited  to  the  past 
century  although  it  is  probably  2,000  years  old. 
Paris,  older  even  than  London,  is  more  than 
four  times  as  large  as  it  was  in  1800;  and  Petro- 


Cides  of  1CX),000  and  Over  in  Europe 


Year 


Number  of  Cities 


1900 
1800 
1700 
1600 


168 

20 

U 

7 


grad,  up  to  the  time  of  the  war,  had  increased 
threefold  in  seventy-five  years. 

In  Asia  many  cities  have  increased  in  like  pro- 
portion, and  the  same  is  true  of  South  Africa, 
Australia  and  South  America. 

The  Canadian  cities  have  added  to  their  pop- 
ulation with  a  rapidity  scarcely  less  than  that 
in  the  United  States. 

Canada  is  a  rural  country  but  its  cities  have 
grown  at  an  enormous  rate.  The  vast  stretches 
of  western  Canada  still  remain  sparsely  in- 
habited, while  such  cities  as  Toronto,  Quebec, 
Hamilton,  Winnipeg  and  Vancouver  have  added 
to  their  populations  with  a  rapidity  scarcely 
exceeded  by  that  of  the  great  cities  on  the 
American  side  of  the  border. 

The  American  cities  are  babes  on  the  planet. 
Their  youth  may  serve  as  an  excuse  for  many 
of  their  shortcomings. 

In  1800  there  were  six  cities  in  the  United  States, 
Philadelphia,  New  York,  Baltimore,  Boston, 
Charleston  and  Salem,  which  had  a  combined 
population  of  about  200,000,  or  less  than  the 
total  population  of  Portland,  Oregon,  which 
now  ranks  twenty-eighth  among  the  cities. 


F 


THE  AGE  OF  CITIES 

COMPARED  WITH  THE  CITIES  OF  THE 

OLD  WORLD  THE  AMERICAN  CITIES 

ARE  BABES  ON  THE  PLANET 


SEATTLE 
DENVER 

SAN  FRANCISCO 

CHICAGO 

CLEVELAND 

PITTSBURG 

ST.  LOUIS 

BALTIMORE 

PHILADELPHIA 

BOSTON 

NEW  YORK 
BERLIN 


HOME  MISSIONS:  The  Cities 


19 


THE  NUMBER  OF  CITIES 

THE  number  of  cities  has  increased  amaz- 
ingly, until  in  1910  there  were  2,402  places 
of  more  than  2,500  population  in  the  United 
States. 


Growth  of  Population  in  Cities  of  8,000 

and  Over  in  the  United  States             | 

(From  U.  S.  Census,  1910:  Volume  I. 

) 

Census 

No.  of 

Total 

Per  Cent. 

Year 

Places 

Population 

Population 
U.S. 

Total 
Population 

1910 

778 

36,726,720 

91,972,266 

38.8 

1900 

566 

25,142,978 

75,994,676 

33.1 

1890 

449 

18.327,987 

62,247,714 

29.1 

1880 

291 

11,450,894 

50,155,783 

22.8 

1870 

226 

8,071,875 

38,558,371 

20.9 

1860 

141 

5,072,256 

31,443,321 

16.1 

1860 

86 

2,897,586 

23,191,876 

12.6 

1840 

44 

1,453,994 

17,069,463 

8.6 

1830 

26 

864,509 

12,856,020 

6.7 

1820 

13 

475,135 

9,638,463 

4.9 

1  1810 

11 

366,920 

7,239,881 

4.9 

1800 

6 

210,873 

5.308.483 

4.0 

1790 

6 

131,472 

3,929,214 

3.3 

This  table  reveals  clearly  the  rapid  growth  of 
cities  of  8,000  or  more  population  since  the  first 
United  States  census  (1790).  In  the  ten  years 
between  1900  and  1910,  218  new  cities  of  8,000 
population  were  added,  or  nearly  as  many  as 
in  the  first  eighty  years  of  our  national  exis- 
tence. 

In  120  years,  772  cities  of  8,000  or  more  people, 
with  a  total  population  of  35,595,248  were 
added,  or  more  than  nine  times  as  many  people 
as  were  in  the  entire  United  States  when  the 
first  census  was  taken  in  1790. 

In  1910  there  were  14,186  incorporated  places 
of  all  sizes  in  the  United  States.  Of  these 
2,402  were  cities  of  2,500  or  more  people.  The 
remaining  11,784  towns  and  villages  are  embry- 
onic cities.  When  the  1920  census  is  tabulated 
it  will  doubtless  be  shown  that  nearly  300  of 
these  towns  have  now  become  cities.  It  is  sig- 
nificant that  the  rate  of  growth  of  cities  has 
exceeded  that  of  the  total  population  of  the 
country. 


THE  SIZE  OF  CITIES 

THE  size  of  cities  and  the  proportion  of 
people  in  the  larger  ones  is  a  more  signifi- 
cant thing  for  the  church  than  the  number 
of  towns.  The  peculiarly  urban  conditions 
which  make  the  task  of  the  city  church  difficult 
are  not  so  noticeable  in  cities  of  less  than  50,000 
but  they  become  evident  and  increasingly  acute 
as  the  population  increases  by  hundreds  of 
thousands. 


City  Population  in  the  United  States,  1910 

(From  U.  S.  Censui 

,  1910:  Volume  I.) 

Number 

Per  Cent 

of 
Cities 

Population 
Over 

Population 

of  Total 
Popula- 
tion 

3 

1,000,000 

8,501,174 

9.2 

8 

500,000 

11,511,841 

12.5 

19 

250,000 

15,461,680 

16.7 

50 

100,000 

20,302,138 

22.1 

109 

50,000 

24,481,053 

26.6 

229 

25,000 

28,543,816 

31.4 

601 

10,000 

34,153,024 

37.1 

1,230 

5,000 

38,517,727 

41.9 

2,402 

2,500 

42,623,383 

46.3 

The  greatest  increase  in  population  in  the 
United  States  has  been  in  the  larger  cities. 
From  1900  to  1910  the  population  of  the  whole 
country  increased  21  per  cent.  The  rural 
population  increased  11.2  per  cent.,  whereas 
the  cities  of  25,000  and  over,  of  which  there 
are  229,  increased  55  per  cent.  One-tenth  of 
the  total  population  of  the  United  States  lives 
in  three  cities— New  York,  Chicago  and  Phila- 
delphia. 


'TttE  greatest  need  of  the  city  is  a  pow- 
-*-  erful  and  effective  religion,  one  that  will 
lay  hold  of  its  masses  and  its  problems,  and 
master  them  for  good.  Hence  the  place 
and  function  of  the  Christian  church.  The 
church  is  not  incidental  to  the  city  life, 
but  it  is  necessary  to  its  highest  welfare.— 
Bishop  Frederick  De  Land  Leete 


20 


The  Cities:  HOME  MISSIONS 


HOME  MISSIONS:  The  Cities 


21 


METROPOLITAN  DISTRICTS 

ABOUT  the  larger  cities  twenty-five  metro- 
.  politan  districts  have  been  listed  by 
the  United  States  Census  Bureau,  including  the 
area  within  ten  miles  of  the  city  limits.  Thus, 
all  cities  of  200,000  and  over  are  included  in 
these  metropolitan  districts.  They  are  as  fol- 
lows: New  York,  including  both  Newark  and 
Jersey  City,  N.  J.,  each  of  which  has  over 
200,000  inhabitants;  Chicago,  Philadelphia, 
Boston,  Pittsburgh,  St.  I^uis,  San  Francisco- 
Oakland,  Baltimore,  Cleveland,  Cincinnati, 
Minneapolis-St.  Paul,  Detroit,  Buffalo,  Los 
Angeles,  Milwaukee,  Providence,  Washington, 
New  Orleans,  Kansas  City  (Missouri  and 
Kansas),  Louisville,  Rochester,  Seattle,  Port-  I 
land,  (Oregon),  Indianapolis  and  Denver. 

In  these  25  metropolitan  districts  one-fourth  of 
the  population  of  the  United  States  lives  on  one 
foiu'-hundredth  of  the  land  area  of  the  country. 


RELATIVE  GROWTH  OF 

RURAL  POPULATION  AND 

CITIES  OF  25,000  AND  OVER 

1900  TO  1910 


DISTRIBUTION  OF  CHURCH  AND 
NON-CHURCH  MEMBERSHIP 

CITY  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  1916 


Total  population  of  Philadelphia  1.683.664* 

Total  Protestant  church  memtMrship  319.6S2t 
Total  non-Protestant  church  membership 

456.770t  776.422 
Total  non-church  memt>ership  907^2 


*TTH  f  iniui  iillnuili 
tCmwi  Rtli|i«is  BotfiM.  ItIS 


M% 



/ 

DOVJ 

-[/ 

/ 

RUR/M.  v>nuw  1  n 
CITIES  OF  25.000  AN 

4«% 

31% 

/ 

/ 

f 

MX 

J 

/ 

r 

11% 

^ 

/ 

/ 

\\.n 

/(■■ 

."'' 

--- 

^  *  * 

w  ^ 

•  •* 

^  *  *  ' 

•  ■ 

IMO 

ISIO 

These  districts  are  the  dynamic,  controlling 
centers  of  American  life.  The  commerce  of  the 
land  centers  in  them.  They  are  built  around 
the  basic  industries  and  control  them.  The 
great  financial  institutions  are  there.  They 
have  culture,  science  and  art.  They  fix  the 
prices  of  commodities;  mold  public  opinion  and 
start  the  "fads."  They  have  great  political 
power.  In  them  every  city  problem  is  found 
in  its  tensest,  most  acute  and  active  form. 

Here  the  church  has  not  kept  pace  with  the 
increasing  population,  nor  is  it  effectively 
reaching  the  great  masses  of  the  people.  In 
some  sections  of  these  cities  it  has  failed  com- 
pletely and  has  been  for  years  in  retreat  before 
increasing  populations  and  unbounded  oppor- 
tunities. It  has  been  baffled  by  new  conditions 
which  it  could  not  meet  and  hindered  by  tradi- 
tions and  methods  which  it  could  not  adapt  to 
its  ever-changing  environment. 


'  I  'riE  outcome  of  home  missions  in  America 
^  in  the  next  twenty-five  years  will  deter- 
mine the  destiny  of  American  Protestantism 
and  the  nation  itself. — O.  G.  DaXt, 


Reasons  for  City  Growth 

THE  growth  of  cities  is  in  response  to  inexorable  law.  No  attempt  to  check 
their  development  has  ever  succeeded.  Aristotle  limited  the  ideal  city  to 
10,000  inhabitants.  Plutarch  and  Cicero  sought  by  persuasion  to  turn  back 
the  current  of  inunigration  from  the  country.  Justinian  tried  to  stop  it  by  I^al 
measures.  The  Tudors  and  the  Stuarts  issued  proclamations  forbidding  the  erection 
of  new  houses  in  London  and  enjoining  the  country  people  to  return  to  their  homes. 
At  various  periods  between  1549  and  1672  the  extension  of  Paris  beyond  certain  limits 
was  prohibited  by  law. 

In  America  attempts  to  discourage  the  growth  of  cities  are  almost  unknown;  instead, 
every  effort  has  been  made  to  stimulate  their  growth.  City  governments  have  tried 
to  anticipate  the  increasing  population  by  providing  water  supply  and  transportation 
for  years  in  advance.  Chambers  of  commerce  and  boards  of  trade  vie  with  one 
another  in  bidding  for  new  industries.  Cities  advertise  their  facilities  for  commerce 
and  their  desirability  as  places  of  residence. 

On  the  whole,  the  rate  of  city  growth  can  neither  be  accelerated  nor  retarded  by  the 
wisdom  of  philosophers  or  the  edicts  of  rulers.  It  is  determined  by  laws  of  social 
evolution  over  which  neither  kings  nor  philosophers  have  ultimate  control. 


INCREASE  IN  WORLD 
POPULATION 

THE  triumphs  of  medicine  and  sanitation 
in  checking  epidemic  diseases  and  reduc- 
ing the  mortality  rate  in  cities  to  a  point  below 
the  birth-rate  have  been  the  most  important 
factors  in  the  advancing  rate  of  increase  of  the 
world's  population,  which  has  been  fundamental 
to  the  swift  growth  of  cities  in  recent  years. 
In  the  Middle  Ages  and  even  later  the  cities  of 
Europe  depended  chiefly  on  the  influx  of 
country  people  for  their  growth.  Deaths 
annually  equalled  or  exceeded  the  number  of 
births. 

In  1917  the  death  rate  in  the  cities  of  the  United 
States  was  higher  than  in  rural  districts:  15.2 
to  13.0  per  thousand  population;  but  were  it 
not  for  the  excessive  number  of  deaths  due  to 
occupational  diseases  and  accidents  it  is  prob- 
able that  the  death-rate  in  the  American  cities 


would  be  lower  than  in  the  rural  sections.  In 
1917  the  death-rate  in  the  states  of  California, 
Massachusetts,  New  York,  New  Jersey  and 
Washington  was  actually  lower  in  the  cities  than 
in  the  rural  districts. 

SCIENTIFIC  DISCOVERIES 
AND  INVENTIONS 

SCIENTIFIC  discoveries  and  mechanical 
inventions  have  revolutionized  the  manu- 
facturing of  the  world.  This  "industrial  revolu- 
tion" is  a  primary  cause  of  the  development  of 
modem  cities  and  differentiates  them  more  than 
any  other  thing  from  the  cities  of  former  times. 
The  day  of  the  handworker  is  past,  as  machin- 
ery now  does  and  does  better  almost  everything 
that  was  formerly  done  by  the  human  hand. 
The  centralizing  of  machines  in  the  great  fac- 
tories of  modem  cities  has  fumished  a  perma- 
nent basis  for  the  development  and  growth  of 
urban  populations. 


22 


The  Cities:  HOME  MISSIONS 


FACILITIES  FOR  COMMERCE 

FACILITIES  for  commerce  are  essential 
factors  in  the  growth  of  cities.  Cities  must 
secure  their  food  and  the  raw  materials  for 
their  industries  from  the  outside,  and  in  ex- 
change must  send  their  manufactured  products 
to  the  outside  world.  Thus  they  depend  upon 
rapid  and  adequate  transportation  facilities 
for  their  very  existence.  Their  rate  of  growth 
and  the  ultimate  population  which  they  may 
have  is  determined  by  the  volume  of  trade 
which  these  facilities  can  carry. 

The  increase  in  the  speed  and  capacity  of  mod- 
em vehicles  of  commerce— ocean  steamships, 
locomotives,  and  motor  trucks— has  multiplied 
the  volume  of  traffic  over  the  old  channels  and 
thus  made  possible  a  proportionately  greater 
growth  of  cities. 

WATER  TRANSPORTATION 

WATER  transportation  is  closely  asso- 
ciated with  the  development  of  great 
cities.  All  of  the  18  cities  in  the  United  States 
in  1910  with  300,000  or  more  population  were 
ocean  ports,  Great  Lakes'  ports  or  were  located 
on  navigable  rivers.  Of  the  50  cities  with 
100,000  or  more  people,  only  ten  were  without 
some  form  of  water  transportation. 

RAILROAD  FACILITIES 

THE  raibx)ads  in  the  United  States  increased 
in  mileage  from  23  miles  in  1830  to  266,381 
miles  in  1916,  in  which  year  they  carried  over 
1,039,012,308  passengers,  and  1,293,090,236 
tons  of  freight.  They  connect  all  the  larger 
centers  of  population  and  are  important  factors 
in  the  growth  of  cities. 

GOOD  ROADS 

RURAL  public   roads,   totaling  2,457,334 
miles,   with   296,290  miles  of  surfaced 
road,  form  the  basic  network  of  channels  by 


which  all  the  villages  and  farms  in  the  United 
States  exchange  their  products  with  those  of 
the  cities. 

ECONOMIC  LAW 

HIGHER  wages  also  play  their  part  in  the 
city's  growth.  The  offer  of  larger  pay 
in  the  specialized  work  of  the  city  combined 
with  steady  employment  is  continually  attract- 
ing men  from  the  farms  to  the  industries  of 
the  city. 

SOCIAL  INSTINCT 

THE  social  instinct  finds  its  satisfaction  in 
the  city  which  offers  distinct  advantages 
for  the  getting  together  of  like-minded  folks, 
whether  it  be  for  purely  social  purposes  or  for 
the  more  serious  educational  and  vocational 
aspects  of  life. 

CHRISTIAN  SPIRIT 

THE  Christian  spirit  has  been  a  great  con- 
tributing  factor  in  the  growth  of  cities.    It 
has  furnished  the  humanitarian  impulse  and 
helped  to  make  effective  the  great  scientific 
discoveries   affecting    public    health.    It    has 
inspired  the  movements  which  have  reduced 
infant  mortality  rates  and  fostered  the  pre- 
vention of  child-labor,  thus  increasing  the  worid's 
population.    It  has  been  directly  responsible 
for  the  reduction  of  vice  and  the  elimination 
of  the  liquor  traffic.    The  Christian  spirit  has 
made  possible   the   worid-wide   extension   of 
modem  conmierce  by  creating  confidence  and 
good-will  throughout  the  worid.    By  engender- 
ing the  spirit  of  cooperation  it  has  made  possible 
the  collective  production  of  the  modem  factory 
and  the  harmony  and  effectiveness  of  the  mul- 
titude of  diverse  elements  in  the  modem  city. 

There  is  a  hopeful  aspect  in  the  social  move- 
ments of  today.  Even  the  radical  ones  have 
some  Christian  ideals. 


I  'T'HE  modem  city  is  redeemable,  and  its  conquest  for  health,  for  purity, 
I  X  for  mtelligence  and  for  obedience  to  human  and  divine  law  is  the  chief 
I     Christian  business— Bw/io^  Frederick  De  Land  Leete. 


HOME  MISSIONS:  The  Cities 


23 


Effects  of  City  Growth 

THE  evolution  of  humanity  is  going  forward  rapidly  in  the  great  cities.  Man 
has  been  transforming  his  environment  and  now  he  is  in  turn  being  trans- 
formed by  it.  Just  as  he  once  changed  his  jungle  and  forest  home  to  plowed 
fields  and  pastures,  so  now  is  he  changing  pasture  lands  into  city  streets  and  city 
blocks.  As  the  tropics  developed  the  dark-skinned  races,  Asia  its  yellow  race,  and 
the  forests  of  northern  Europe  its  race  of  blondes— so  the  environment  of  the  city 
is  producing  an  urban  race.  This  urban  race  in  the  American  city  is  working  out  new 
ideals,  institutions  and  customs. 


ON  THE  NATION 

NO  SINGLE  factor  seems  destined  to  have 
so  far-reaching  an  effect  upon  our  na- 
tional life  as  the  growth  and  multiplication  of 
cities. 


RELATIVE  INCREASE  OF  URBAN 

AND 

DECREASE  OF  RURAL  POPULATION  IN 

THE  UNITED  STATES  FROM  1880  TO  1930 


t 

■i 

m             • 

■•  ■             iM«               tat               nA 

n^ 

•% 

f'. 

tw~. 

m*% 

tt.T'; 

.— -• ""^^ 

»»H 

■•- 

»J'v 

»..n 

«M% 

4Mn 

"■^— -, 

mi, 

H'. 

^^m  URBAN 

RURAL 

BROKEN  LINES  DENOTE  EXTENSIONS 
Cwnputod  Frwn  DmwmiW  U.  S.  Cmmm 


The  crossing  of  the  lines  in  this  chart  show  an 
event  that  will  have  a  more  profound  bearing 
upon  the  future  of  the  United  States  than  the 
World  War.  It  is  the  great  turning-point  in 
American  history— the  point  where  the  farmer 
and  the  rural  group  cease  to  be  a  majority  fac- 
tor in  American  life.   At  this  point  the  country 


boy  who  has  held  the  banner  through  the 
decades  of  the  past  must  now  hand  it  to  the  city 
boy  to  hold  through  the  eons  of  the  future. 

From  the  frontier  period  of  colonial  and 
national  expansion  we  have  inherited  those 
ideals,  customs  and  laws  which  are  regarded 
as  distinctively  American.  With  half  the  popu- 
lation of  America  in  cities  today  and  far  more 
than  half  tomorrow— and  with  this  majority 
living  in  a  world  remote  from  rural  activities, 
rural  thought  and  rural  economic  standards — 
the  traditions  of  the  future  bid  fair  to  be  city- 
made. 

The  advance  in  the  percentage  of  urban  popu- 
lation between  1890  and  1910  was  as  follows: 
In  the  New  England  states  from  75.8  per  cent, 
to  83.3  per  cent.;  in  the  North  Atlantic  states 
from  57.7  to  71.0  per  cent.;  in  the  east  North 
Central  states  from  37.8  to  52.7  per  cent.;  and 
in  the  Pacific  states  from  42.5  to  56.8  per  cent. 
In  1910  fourteen  states  had  over  one-half  urban 
population. 

"As  the  city  goes  so  goes  the  nation."  Not 
only  will  this  be  true  in  politics  but  in  almost 
every  other  aspect  of  our  national  life. 

ON  SOCIAL  AND  RELIGIOUS 
INSTITUTIONS 

THE  rapid  evolution  of  the  American  city 
is  accompanied  by  the  change  from  the 
simple  or  rural  forms  of  social  organization 
of  the  earlier  period,  to  forms  of  almost  infinite 
variety  and  heterogeneity.  These  changes 
have  affected   the  great  basic  institutions  of 


24 


The  Cities:  HOME  MISSIONS 


society,  resulting  in  their  modification  to  meet 
the  new  conditions  or  their  disintegration. 

ON  THE  CHURCH 

THE  church,  although  an  institution  of 
prime  importance  to  the  moral  and  spirit- 
ual life  of  the  race,  has  been  undergoing  modi- 
fication and  disintegration  in  the  new  environ- 
ment of  the  city.  There  seems  to  be  a  direct 
connection  between  the  size  of  cities  and  the 
success  or  failure  of  Protestant  churches. 

Churches  in  the  heart  of  the  city  are  almost 
invariably  confronted  with  acute  problems 
when  the  city's  population  reaches  200,000. 
The  difiiculties  of  financing  these  churches  and 
of  maintaining  both  their  membership  and  their 
former  standards  of  worship  increase  as  the 
city  grows  larger  and  larger. 

The  result  is  that  there  have  been  general  re- 


treats and  withdrawals  of  the  Protestant 
churches  from  the  centers  of  the  larger  cities. 
The  process  has  been  gradual  and  has  taken 
several  forms.  Congregations  have  selected 
sites  farther  uptown  or  have  moved  to  the 
suburbs.  Occasionally  two  or  more  congre- 
gations have  united,  disposing  of  their  aban- 
doned buildings  to  create  an  adequate  endow- 
ment; or  sometimes  organizations  have  given 
up  the  struggle  and  died. 

In  these  central  areas  churches  that  cannot 
adapt  their  programs  to  alien  populations  and 
new  social  conditions  must  in  the  end  disin- 
tegrate. Many  churches  are  able  to  continue 
but  not  on  a  self-supporting  basis;  some  con- 
tinue to  live  by  means  of  endowments  and  others 
with  the  help  of  mission  boards. 

In  Philadelphia  a  recent  survey  of  250  blocks 
in  the  center  of  the  city  revealed  the  fact  that 


PERCENTAGE  OF  URBAN  POPULATION 

IN  STATES  HAVING  MORE  THAN 
50  PER  CENT.  LIVING  IN  CITIES 


u.  s.  ciNSus,  laio 


URBAN  POPULATION 
I     I  RURAL  POPULATION 


HOME  MISSIONS:  The  Cities 


25 


PERCENTAGE  OF  PROTESTANT,  NONPROTESTANT 
AND  NON-CHURCH  MEMBERSHIP 

IN  CITIES  OF  VARIOUS  CLASSES 
Cmmim  or  R«ligi«i«  Bodi«s,  1916 


2S.000 


CMm  CiliM  Cilto*     . 

kctwMn  iMtwMn  batwMn 

IMN  50.000  100,000 

Mtf  and                   and 

50.000  100.000  300.000             900.000 


CMm 


only  38  Protestant  churches  remained  of  78 
that  were  there  thirty  years  ago.  The  First 
Ward  in  Chicago  was  practically  abandoned  by 
the  Protestant  churches.  Boston  has  many 
churches  of  the  non-self-supporting  class. 

On  the  other  hand  the  rapid  growth  of  suburbs 
and  new  residence  sections  demands  new  church 
buildings.  Many  of  these  sections  are  not 
adequately  cared  for  religiously. 

As  cities  increase  in  size  it  becomes  in- 
creasingly difficult  for  the  Protestant  churches 
to  maintain  themselves  and  the  percentage  of 
their  membership  declines.  (See  the  chart  on 
memberships,  above.) 


ON  THE  FAMILY 

THE  faniily,  the  great  basic  institution  of 
civilization,  is  facing  an  entirely  new  situ- 
ation in  the  modem  city.  Home  life  there 
is  increasingly  difficult  to  maintain.  In  1910 
in  urban  communities,  40  per  cent,  of  the  males 
15  years  and  over  were  single,  and  37.5 
per  cent,  of  the  females.  In  the  rural  popula- 
tion only  32.8  per  cent,  of  the  males  were  single, 
and  26.6  per  cent,  of  the  females. 

In  1910  there  were  in  the  United  States  341,230 
divorced  persons,  0.5  per  cent,  of  the  entire 
population.  In  1887,  there  were  27,919  divorces 
granted  in  this  country  and  72,062  in  1906,  an 
increase  of  61  per  cent.,  while  the  population 
increased  only  30  per  cent.  We  have  a  larger 
percentage  of  divorced  persons  in  this  country 


PROPORTION  OF  DIVORCED  PERSONS 
IN  THE  UNITED  STATES 

IN  URBAN  AND  RURAL  COMMUNITIES 

U.  S.  Census  Abttnct.  Pig*  163, 13tii  Cmmus.  1910 


Total  number  divorced  persons  in  the  U.  S.         341,230 

"   urban  communities    189,607 
"   rural  "  151,623 


*t 


«« 


than  in  any  other  country  in  the  world  with  the 
possible  exception  of  Japan.  There  were  over 
1,800,000  more  married  people  in  the  rural 
districts  in  1910  than  in  the  urban  areas. 


26 


The  Cities:  HOME  MISSIONS 


The  transfer  of  home  industries  of  all  kinds, 
even  baking  and  laundry  work,  to  commerical 
institutions;  the  crowding  of  families  into  tene- 
ment houses;  and  the  attraction  of  women  into 
industry  have  changed  the  status  of  the  family 
in  the  American  city. 

The  married  woman  with  children  presents  a 
distinct  problem  in  industry.  Statistics  show 
that  in  various  states  and  industries  from  25 
to  40  per  cent,  of  American  women  workers, 
20  years  of  age  and  over,  are  married.  The 
mother  who  is  concerned  above  all  things  about 
the  future  of  her  children,  and  who  is  forced 
into  industry  through  widowhood  or  her  hus- 
band 's  inability  to  support  her,  faces  a  very 
serious  situation,  because  economic  failure  is 
almost  inevitable  and  society  must  step  in  and 


aid  her,  either  financially  so  that  she  may  be 
a  full-time  mother  or  by  breaking  up  the  fam- 
ily and  providing  care  for  the  children  so  that 
she  may  be  a  full-time  breadwinner.  Present 
industrial  conditions  are  too  severe  to  enable 
a  woman  safely  to  carry  both  jobs.  These 
changes  in  industrial  life  are  registered  in  the 
divorce  courts  where  the  rate  is  higher  for  cities 
than  for  rural  districts.  Although  the  ratio  of 
white  children  under  16  to  all  white  women 
over  16  fell  between  1790  and  1910  from  1.9  to 
1.0  and  the  average  number  of  persons  in  a 
family  in  the  United  States  dropped  from  5.6 
in  1860  to  4.7  in  1910— both  being  the  result 
of  the  declining  birth-rate — there  is  no  con- 
clusive evidence  that  the  decline  is  greater  in 
the  cities  than  in  the  rest  of  the  country. 


GROWTH  OF  CITIES  IN  U.  S.  IN  67  YEARS 


StatittictI  Abstract  of  the  U.  S.  Centut  1918 


500,000 


1.000.000  t.SOO.000  2.500.000         2.000.000         3.000.000 


CHICAGO 
PHILADELPHIA 

ST.  LOUIS 

BOSTON 

CLEVELAND 

DETROIT 

BALTIMORE 
PITTSBURG 
LOS  ANGELES 


29.963 


121.376 


77.860 


136.881 


17.034 


>  768.630 
787.813 


I  692.259 


619.648 


594.637 


1.735.514 


»  2.547.201 


1850  •■  1917  «i 


HOME  MISSIONS:  The  Cities 


27 


The  Problems  of  the  City  Church 

THE  composition  of  the  American  city  is  the  result  of  the  three  processes  by 
which  it  has  secured  its  people;  rural  emigration,  alien  immigration  and  the 
mcrease  due  to  births.  Each  of  these  processes  has  created  a  correspond- 
mg  group  in  the  American  city:  the  rural  emigrant  is  the  result  of  the  first;  the 
foreigner  of  the  second  and  the  indigenous  city  folk  of  the  third. 

The  task  of  the  church  in  appealing  to  these  different  groups  is  not  so  much  a  social 
economic,  moral  or  even  a  spiritual  problem  as  it  is  a  psychological  problem.  The 
thing  which  differentiates  these  three  groups  most  is  the  fact  that  in  childhood  the 
persons  that  belong  to  them  grew  up  in  entirely  different  environments  They 
think  in  fundamentally  different  terms,  and  their  usual  reactions  towards  situations 
and  facts  are  the  result  of  these  traditional  viewpoints. 


THE  RURAL  EMIGRANT  GROUP 

THE  Protestant  church  in  the  American 
city  is  largely  the  property  and  the  product 
of  the  rural  emigrant.  In  the  larger  cities  it 
has  survived  from  the  earlier  rural  period  of 
the  city's  development.  It  still  preserves  the 
traditions,  moral  standards  and  ideals  of  the 
rural  folk.  It  carries  on  a  standard  denomina- 
tional program  which  is  determined  by  the 
general  governing  body  of  its  denomination. 


As  the  large  denominations  have  the  great  bulk 
of  their  membership  and  churches  in  rural  terri- 
tory this  standard  program  is  better  adapted 
to  town  and  country  conditions  than  to  those 
of  the  city. 

The  result  is  that  the  appeal  of  the  city  church 
is  largely  to  the  rural  folk  that  have  migrated 
to  the  city.  Counts  made  of  those  attending 
city  churches  indicate  that  they  are  largely 
made    up    of   rural    emigrants.    Seventy-five 


PERCENTAGE  OF  FOREIGN  BORN  AND  NATIVE  BORN  OF  FOREIGN 
OR  MIXED  PARENTAGE.  IN  THREE  TYPICAL  CITIES 

OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


CLEVEUNO 


U.  S.  Cmwt.  1910 


PITTSBURGH 


BOSTON 


28 


The  Cities:  HOME  MISSIONS 


per  cent,  of  those  present  are  frequently  found 
to  have  been  bom  in  the  country. 

The  city  ministry  is  largely  recruited  from 
rural  territory  and  this  means  that  the  message 
of  the  city  church  is  largely  in  the  thought- 
language  of  the  rural  emigrant.  It  is  intelligible 
to  him  but  unintelligible  and  ineffective  in 
reaching  either  the  alien  immigrant  or  the  in- 
digenous city  folk. 

THE  IMMIGRANT  GROUP 

THE  alien  inmiigrant  presents  to  the  church 
a  problem   of  almost  infinite  variety. 
His  background  is  as  varied  as  his  place  of 


PROPORTION  OF  NATIVE  WHITES  OF  NATIVE  PARENTS 

AND  FOREIGN  BORN  WHITES  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES 

UVING  IN  CITIES  OF  25J08  AND  OVER 

Cmhus  1910.  V«i.  I,  PH*  m 

Native  Whites  of  Native  Parents 


Tttil  U.  S.  68,386,412 
li  CHits      10,049,145 

Foreign  Born  Whites 


TlMU-S. 
13,345,545 


origin.  The  dominant  traditions,  social  cus- 
toms, religious  beliefs,  standards  of  living,  ethi- 
cal ideals  and  morals — even  among  those  of 
the  same  linguistic  group — have  this  complex 
psychological  aspect.  To  weld  this  varied 
mass  of  human  material  into  a  homogeneous 
group  is  a  task  for  the  church  and  the  nation. 

The  greater  number  of  those  who  have  recently 
come  to  America  are  of  religious  faiths  historic- 
ally different  from  Protestantism.  The  tradi- 
tions, forms  of  worship,  ritual,  spiritual  empha- 
sis and  appeal  to  which  they  have  been  accus- 
tomed are  radically  different  from  those  to  be 
found  in  our  Protestant  churches. 

Thousands  of  these  aliens  have  broken  with  the 
church  of  their  nativity.  The  church  that  can 
win  them  back  to  Christ  can  do  it  best  by 
service  and  not  by  services. 

The  alien  is  chiefly  a  city  problem.  Fifty-six 
per  cent,  of  the  foreign-bom  white  people  in 
the  United  States  are  in  cities  of  over  25,000 
population. 

The  alien  has  replaced  the  rural  emigrant  in 
large  sections  of  the  city  and  where  this  has 
occurred  the  church  has  been  hard  pressed  to 
continue.  Nearly  three-fourths  of  the  popula- 
tion of  some  cities  is  made  up  of  the  foreign- 
bom  and  the  native-bora  of  foreign  parents. 

The  efforts  put  forth  by  the  Protestant  churches 
to  reach  the  alien  immigrant  have  been  feeble. 

With  13,345,545  foreign-bom  in  the  United 
States  in  1910,  and  18,897,837  native-bom 
of  foreign  and  mixed  parentage — a  total  of 
32,243,382  of  foreign  stock— the  task  of  the 
church  is  seen  to  be  stupendous.  All  the 
mission  work  being  done  at  present  by  all  the 
churches  is  hardly  "a  drop  in  the  bucket." 

THE  INDIGENOUS  GROUP 

THE  indigenous  city  group  is  constituted 
of  the  second  and  later  generations  of  the 
rural  emigrants  and  foreign  inmiigrants  in  the 
American  city.  These  are  the  real  city  folks: 
the  children  of  the  city  streets,  those  who  have 
the  mental  complex  of  city  life.  This  is  the 
group  of  the  future.  If  the  church  is  to  succeed 
it  must  win  this  group.  In  the  child-life  of  the 
city  is  the  hope  of  the  church. 


HOME  MISSIONS:  The  Cities 


29 


Over  one-half  of  the  babies  bom  in  America 
today  are  being  bom  in  the  cities.  This  means  • 
that  the  majority  of  Americans  of  the  next 
generation  will  be  city-minded  and  belong  to 
the  indigenous  city  group. 

AN  URBAN  RACE 

THIS  is  the  beginning  of  the  urban  race. 
Here  are  many  problems  for  the  church 
— acute,  difficult,  subtle — but  as  hopeful  of 
solution  as  any  the  church  has  ever  faced.  To- 
day's problem  is  largely  one  of  winning  the 
child  life  of  the  city. 

The  environment  of  the  city  is  material  and 
man-made.  It  glorifies  human  energy  and 
human  creative  power.  God  is  not  in  evidence. 
The  church  must  inspire  faith  in  those  who  see 
little  of  nature  and  can  only  find  God  through 
man.  The  city  is  the  arena  where  faith  and 
atheism  will  battle  to  the  death.  Systematic 
religious  education  is  the  only  hope  for  winning 
the  indigenous  city  folk. 

CHILD  LIFE  IN  CITIES 

MORE  than  three-eighths  of  the  entire 
population  in  the  United  States  lives 
in  cities  of  over  10,000  inhabitants.  There- 
fore an  increasing  percentage  of  children  is 
becoming  subject  to  the  handicaps  of  city  life. 
City  health  conditions  present  such  problems 
as  congested  living  conditions,  smoke,  impuri- 


WE  KNOW  the  story  of  Cincinnatus, 
called  from  the  plow  to  the  conduct 
of  government.  It  has  been  a  favorite  tale 
with  us,  because  it  has  been  typical  of 
American  life  in  the  past.  Rural  votes 
have  controlled  our  destinies,  and  men  from 
the  country  have  given  shape  to  our 
national  life.  But  we  are  entering  a  period 
in  which  men  from  the  city  are  certain 
to  have  an  increasing  influence  in  the 
councils  of  the  nation,  and  are  very  likely 
to  become  dominant.  .  .  .  It  is  not  possible 
to  foretell  what  changes  will  come  to  our 
country  as  a  result  of  the  increasing  in- 
fluence of  the  city  man,  but  they  are  bound 
to  be  momentous. — Richard  T.  Ely, 


ties  and  germs,  lack  of  light  and  sunshine. 
Children's  diseases  are  more  frequent  in  cities 
than  in  rural  districts.  Diphtheria,  scarlet 
fever,  smallpox  and  diarrheal  diseases  are, 
in  the  order  named,  proportionately  more  fre- 
quent in  cities  than  in  the  open  country.  The 
handicaps  to  child  life  in  the  city  also  include 
the  dangers  to  imported  food,  especially  milk, 
fmits,  vegetables,  eggs  and  meat,  all  of  which 
are  liable  to  deterioration  in  transit.  With 
the  growth  of  cities  there  always  arises  an  in- 
creasing problem  of  providing  an  adequate 
pure  water  supply. 


Death  Rate  from  Children's  Diseases  per 
j     1 00,000  Population  in  the  United  States, 

1911 

(From  U.  S.  Census  Mortality  Statistics.  191 1) 

Disease 

Registration 
Cities 

Rural  parts 

Registration 
Area 

Measles 

10.2 
11.2 
10.2 
21.9 

95.3 

85.2 

9.7 

6.0 

11.8 

15.1 

55.8 
71.7 

Scarlet  fever 

Whooping  cough  ... 
Diphtheria  and  croup 
Diarrhea    (under  two 
years) 

Congenital  debility  .  . 

Lowell  and  Fall  River,  two  great  industrial 
cities  with  a  population  of  over  100,000  in  1911, 
reported  an  infant  death-rate  of  more  than 
two  hundred  per  1,000  children  under  one  year 
of  age.t 

WHERE  PLAY  IS  CRIME 

CRIME  is  play  to  hosts  of  city  children  be- 
cause for  many  years  play  was  counted 
a  crime  according  to  the  city  ordinances.  Crime 
is  increasing  in  this  country  and  juvenile  crime 
is  increasing  more  rapidly  than  adult  crime, 
especially  in  the  city.  This  does  not  mean  that 
children  are  actually  becoming  more  lawless  in 
spirit  or  more  immoral  by  nature.  It  means 
simply  that  in  our  great  cities  we  have  been 
adding  to  the  list  of  crimes  or  misdemeanors 

tMangold,  "Problems  of  Child  Welfare,"  page  49. 


30 


The  Cities:  HOME  MISSIONS 


acts  which  in  the  open  country  or  small  town 
are  altogether  legitimate. 

Baseball,  bonfires,  shouting,  snowballing,  throw- 
ing stones — these  are  usually  permitted  in  the 
country;  but  most  children  who  are  arrested  in 
the  city  are  guilty  of  "crime"  for  doing  these 
or  somewhat  similar  acts.  The  consciousness 
that  they  are  doing  wrong  when  playing  base- 
ball soon  makes  them  indifferent  to  the  crime  of 
stealing  apples  from  the  fruit  seller's  stand. 

Probably  90  per  cent,  of  the  children  in  our 
cities  must  use  the  streets  for  their  playground 
and  usually  street  play  is  unorganized  and 
therefore  usually  unsupervised.  This  is  always 
dangerous.  Indiscriminate  play  with  "the 
gang"  in  the  street,  and  occasional  association 
with  those  who  are  schooled  in  crime,  lay  faulty 
foundations  for  character  building.  Is  it  any 
wonder  that  some  of  them  develop  into  pick- 
pockets, thugs  and  gunmen? 

THE  INDUSTRIAL  GROUP 

IN  THE  work  of  the  city  the  rural  emigrant, 
the  alien  and  the  city-bom  all  find  a  com- 
mon interest.  Drawn  together  in  industry 
they  constitute  the  industrial  group.  This 
group  is  the  church's  most  difficult  prob- 
lem. The  social  unrest  and  economic  turmoil 
of  the  day  constitute  a  conflict  of  urban 
ideals  and  conditions  with  the  economic  stand- 
ards and  traditions  of  frontier,  rural  America. 
The  fact  that  the  Protestant  churches  are  the 
product  of  the  earlier  rural  period  of  American 
life  accounts  largely  for  the  inactivity  and 
silence  of  the  churches  during  great  industrial 
struggles.  Large  sections  of  working  groups 
have  become  alienated  from  the  church.    They 


will  continue  to  be  alienated  from  it  until  it 
•  intelligently  interprets  the  economic  evolution 
taking  place  in  this  country  and  fearlessly 
stands  for  social  justice  and  economic  fair 
play. 

A  TYPICAL  CASE 

A  STUDY  of  one  thousand  workingmen 
of  all  kinds  revealed  the  fact  that  the 
church  is  much  less  attractive  to  them  than  is 
any  other  "social"  institution.  In  a  vote 
taken  in  a  large  city  among  workingmen  with 
a  view  of  ascertaining  their  preference,  out  of 
sixteen  different  agencies  found  in  the  average 
city — labor  unions,  lodges,  libraries,  art  gal- 
leries, movies,  forums  and  the  like — the  church 
received  the  lowest  vote. 

These  workingmen  are  not  particularly  hostile 
to  the  church;  they  are  simply  indifferent. 
The  program  of  the  church  has  not  satisfied  their 
desire  for  social  and  moral  development. 

The  movements  with  which  they  are  identified 
have  a  strong  moral  spirit  and  atmosphere, 
furnishing  an  outlet  for  the  very  highest  hopes 
and  aspirations  and  the  opportunity  to  exercise 
the  qualities  of  leadership. 

Social  unrest  is  widespread  today  among  all 
types  of  workingmen  and  it  must  not  be  ignored. 
In  the  city  the  radical  agitator  has  his  strong- 
est hold.  Opportunities  for  propaganda  are 
open  on  every  side.  Street  meetings,  labor 
union  gatherings  and  social  occasions  afford 
opportunities  for  spreading  the  message  of 
discontent  which,  however  justified  it  may  be 
under  certain  circumstances,  is  often  used  to 
foment  strife  and  hatred. 


CHURCHES  ought  to  be  like  a  search-light  turned  on  all  slums,  to  expose, 
to  shame  those  in  authority  into  doing  something.  What  does  poverty 
mean?  It  means,  men  have  not  enough  to  purchase  the  bsu-est  necessities  of 
life  for  themselves  and  their  children.  The  task  our  Master  came  here  for 
was  to  lift  the  needy  from  the  mire  and  the  poor  from  the  dunghill,  and  it  is 
the  Christian  church  alone  that  can  accomplish  it. — lAoyd  George, 


HOME  MISSIONS:  The  Cities 


31 


Special  Problems  Due  to  City  Evolution 

IN  THE  evolution  of  the  city  several  great  forces  are  working  which  have  a 
bearing  on  the  success  and  progress  of  the  church.  There  are  the  forces  which 
tend  to  bring  people  nearer  and  nearer  together  in  opinions,  standards  of  living 
and  customs.  The  alien  becomes  "Americanized,"  the  countryman  learns  city  ways 
and  all  tend  toward  the  city  tjrpe. 

Ideally,  the  church  is  a  type-making  force,  emphasizing  its  idealism  and  the  brother- 
hood and  spiritual  unity  of  mankind.  Yet,  in  becoming  more  or  less  of  a  class  institu- 
tion the  church  has  fallen  short  of  its  opportunity  and  its  ideals.  How  can  it  become 
the  great  unifying  element  in  the  American  city? 

In  the  evolution  of  the  city,  people  of  like  interest  are  drawn  together.  Thus  commu- 
nities and  neighborhoods  take  on  a  definite  character.  In  the  commercial  worid 
the  wholesale  business  and  the  retail  business  are  segregated;  different  trades  are 
segregated  along  certain  streets;  races  are  segregated  in  a  "Black  Belt*'  or  a  "China- 
town;" linguistic  groups  into  Italian,  Polish,  Russian  or  Yiddish  colonies;  economic 
groups  are  segregated— the  poor  in  the  slums,  the  rich  in  the  suburbs.  This  process 
of  segregation  results  in  the  complexity  of  the  American  city.  As  a  result  the  church 
is  confronted  with  the  task  of  ministering  to  many  different  kinds  of  communities. 

Each  of  these  types  of  communities  is  a  special  problem  for  the  church  and  requires 
a  special  type  of  program.  This  is  illustrated  by  the  map  on  the  next  page  prepared 
by  Dr.  W.  P.  Shriver,  showing  "An  American  City  with  Its  Typical  Churches." 


EXPLANATION  OF  MAP 
Industries: 

1.  City  grew  up  about  the  original  mill  located 
on  mill  creek. 

2.  Today  great  incorporations  and  industries 
are  owned  and  controlled  by  outside  capital. 
With  the  development  of  new  industries  came 
the  new  and  foreign  population. 

Typical  Populations: 

1.  Older  Americans:  original  residents.  With 
the  growth  of  city  the  uptown  and  suburban 
movement. 

2.  The  Italian  colony,  representing  a  homo- 
geneous racial  group. 


3.  Polyglot  community:  Slavs,  Greeks,  Hun- 
garians and  others. 

4.  Negro  population:  largely  increased  during 
the  war  by  migration  from  the  southern  states. 

5.  Jewish:  now  rapidly  advancing  from  the 
Ghetto  to  the  uptown  and  best  residential 
section. 

A  cursory  study  of  these  varied  populations 
makes  clear  our  Americanization  goal — not 
primarily,  nor  exclusively,  in  doing  something 
for  the  inmiigrant  in  the  city,  but  the  building 
of  an  American  Christian  community  life. 

This  is  a  democratic,  a  cooperative  task.  It 
includes  aU  populations  of  the  city. 


32 


The  Cities:  HOME  MISSIONS 


HOME  MISSIONS:  The  Cities 


33 


Typical    Institutions  Representative  of 
Particular  Group  Interests  in  the  City 

1.  The  city  hall:  representing  the  civic  and 
political  group. 

2.  Labor  temple:  organized  labor  group. 

3.  Socialist  hall:  more  radical  labor  group. 

4.  Main  street:  the  original  thoroughfare  along 
which  the  currents  of  the  city's  life  flow.  Here 
the  first  contact  of  the  foreign  population  is 
made  with  American  standards  of  life.  Here 
also  recreation  centers  in  the  movies,  dance 
halls  and  pool  rooms. 

Public  Schools: 

Democratically  supported  and  controlled  and 
located  in  practically  all  sections  of  the  city. 
In  many  cities  the  finest  schools  are  placed 
where  now  most  needed,  in  the  foreign  quarters. 

Churches: 

As  distinguished  from  the  public  schools,  the 
churches  in  their  equipment,  facilities,  leader- 
ship and  constituency  tend  largely  to  reflect 
the  economic  status  of  the  neighborhoods  to 
which  they  minister. 

At  least  ten  distinct  types  of  Protestant 
churches  may  be  recognized  as  follows: 

1.  "Old  First":  the  downtown  church  on  the 
thoroughfare,  valuable  property  through  an 
unearned  incre^rient.  Located  on  Main  Street, 
near  to  hotels  and  the  boarding-house  sections. 
The  readjustment  of  the  program  of  "Old  First" 
is  one  of  the  outstanding  problems  of  city  church 
administration. 

2.  The  active  Middle  ClassChurch :  self-sustain- 
ing; strong  Sunday  school  and  active  young 
people's  society. 

3.  The  Middle  Class  Church  near  the  Working 
People's  Community:  in  wholly  transformed 
neighborhood;  small  budget;  now  facing  in- 
cursion of  foreign  population.  This  church 
must  readjust  its  program  and  be  reinforced. 

4.  The  Park  Avenue  Group :  here  are  located  the 
"leading"  churches  of  all  denominations.  They 
have  the  best  buildings,  the  best  music  and  the 
"leading"  ministers.  Little  progress  in  city 
mission  movements  can  be  made  without  the 
cordial  and  hearty  support  of  the  pastors  and 


ofl^cial  boards  of  these  churches.  They  are 
largely  in  control  of  the  financial  resources  of 
the  denominations. 

5.  St.  Johns-on-the-Heights:  small  church  in 
exclusive  residential  section;  a  diflScult  mission 
field. 

6.  New  and  promising  Suburban  Church:  the 
Comity  principle  ought  to  be  strictly  observed 
in  occup3dng  this  field. 

7.  The  Italian  Mission:  with  an  Italian-speak- 
ing pastor;  emphasis  on  evangelism;  often 
poorly  equipped,  with  limited  leadership. 

8.  The  Neighborhood  Houseor  Settlement:  first 
contact  with  the  community  established  through 
its  child  life;  program  adapted  to  meet  the 
needs  of  this  particular  community.  Possibly 
limited  in  its  contacts  with  the  adult  foreign 
population  because  of  the  lack  of  foreign- 
speaking  workers  on  its  staff. 

9.  The  Negro  Church:  emphasis  on  evangel- 
ism; no  social  equipment;  tremendous  need 
among  these  instinctively  religious  people. 

10.  Goodwill  Mission  for  the  Handicapped:  in 
many  cities  equipped  with  facilities  for  indus- 
trial work. 

This  brief  summary  of  the  outstanding  problems 
of  the  city  from  the  standpoint  of  the  church 
makes  clear  that  from  a  denominational  stand- 
point the  total  resources  of  the  church  must 
be  mobilized  for  a  city-wide  program.  If  this 
is  true  for  any  denomination  it  is  more  urgent 
that  the  entire  resources  of  all  the  Protestant 
churches  should  be  coordinated  and  more  effec- 
tively directed  to  the  Christianizing  of  the  city's 
life.  For  this  the  Interchurch  World  Movement 
stands.  Preliminary  to  the  making  of  a  program 
for  the  city,  a  survey  of  all  its  communities  and 
of  all  its  churches  is  required. 


'T'HE  Christian  churches,  some  day 
-■- working  together,  let  us  hope,  in  a 
closer  and  more  determined  coalition  of 
forces,  are  the  churches  by  which  the 
city  shall  be  redeemed.— Bis/io^  Frederick 
DeLand  Leete 


34 


The  Cities:  HOME  MISSIONS 


A  VIRILE  POPULATION 

THE  ages  of  the  people  living  in  the  city 
are  a  direct  challenge  to  the  church. 
The  accompanying  graph  indicates  the  actual 
number  and  percentages  of  people  of  various 
ages  who  in  1910  lived  in  urban  and  rural 
communities. 


PERCENTAGE  OF  ALL  POPULATION 

OF  VARIOUS  AGES 

IN  URBAN  AND  RURAL  COMMUNITIES 

13th  U.  S.  Census  Abstract 

Ua*r                IliM               IStoM             BUM              «I»M              MyMn 
SyMTt                ywn                 yMr*                yMr«                 yMn               Md*«w 

35% 

\ 

i 
i 

30% 

\ 

28% 
lO'-, 

/         ji 

1 

1 

> 
/ 
/ 

N 

\ 
N 

/        / 

/      / 

/  / 
// 
1/ 

\         \ 
\         \ 
\        \ 
\        \ 

\       \ 

/ 
/ 
/ 

f 

\      \ 

\     \ 
\    \ 

\ 

1 

/           / 
t           / 

^ 

k 

/ 

\ 

\ 

1 

S'-o 

^ 

. 

RUfUL 

But  in  each  of  the  age  groups  comprising  per- 
sons from  20  to  54  years  of  age — the  most  active 
period  of  life —  there  were  more  persons  in  the 
city  than  in  the  country. 

This  means  that  the  city  is  markedly  strong  in 
people  of  active,  productive  ages  and  has  rela- 
tively fewer  children  and  aged  people. 

For  this  reason  city  life  is  more  animated; 
there  is  more  enterprise;  nr.'^re  radicalism;  more 
vice  and  crime;  more  impulsiveness  generally. 
And  these  are  the  elements  which  at  once  make 
the  city  a  force  for  good  and  for  evil.     The 


problem  is  how  these  elements  are  to  be 
directed.  This  means  that  the  city  church 
must  have  an  active  and  virile  program  to 
reach  the  city  people. 

FLUX  OF  CITY  POPULATION 

IN  THE  panorama  of  city  life  is  the  constant 
moving  of  city  people  from  apartment  to 
apartment.  The  average  church  in  the  city 
witnesses  a  ''procession"  of  such  people. 
Entirely  new  congregations  must  be  gotten 
together  every  few  years.  "Family  churches" 
are  a  rarity  in  the  city.  One  pastor  reports 
over  3,000  changes  in  membership  in  a  thirteen- 
year  pastorate. 

In  1910  there  were  20,255,555  families  in  the 
United  States,  9,499,765  of  which  were  in 
the  cities,  and  10,755,790  of  which  lived  in  rural 
districts.  In  the  cities  there  were  5.9  persons  to 
a  dwelling,  and  in  the  country  4.7. 

Of  all  the  families  in  the  United  States  in  1910, 
54.2  per  cent,  occupied  rented  homes  and  45.8 
*per  cent,  occupied  owned  homes;  62.8  per  cent, 
of  those  living  in  farm  houses  owned  them, 
while  of  those  living  in  other  homes  38.4  per 
cent,  owned  and  61.6  per  cent,  rented. 


HOME  OWNERSHIP  AND  TENANTRY 
IN  LARGE  CITIES 

U.  S.  C«mu«.  1910 


iN  39  OF  THE  SO  CITIES  OF  100.000  POPULATION.  THREE-FIFTHS 
OF  THE  HOMES  ARE  RENTED 


HOME  MISSIONS:  The  Cities 


35 


In  New  York  City  88.3  per  cent,  of  all  the 
homes  were  rented,  but  in  the  Borough  of 
Manhattan  very  nearly  all  the  homes,  97.1  per 
cent,  were  rented.  There  are  five  cities  in 
which  the  rented  homes  constituted  more  than 
four-fifths  of  all  the  homes  in  1910:  New  York, 
Boston,  Fall  River,  Cambridge  and  Newark, 
and  the  percentage  was  nearly  as  large  in  Jersey 
City  and  Providence. 

WOMEN  IN  THE  CITY  CHURCH 

CITIES  contain  a  larger  proportion  of 
women  than  does  the  rest  of  the  country. 
Wherever  there  exists  a  considerable  pre- 
dominance of  one  sex  over  the  other  in  point  of 
numbers  there  is  less  prospect  of  a  well-ordered 
social  life. 

In  1910  throughout  the  entire  country  there 
were  106  males  to  every  100  females;  the  males 
outnumbering  the  females  by  2,692,288.  In 
twenty-two  of  the  fifty  principal  cities  in  this 
country  the  females  outnumbered  the  males. 
The  native  whites  of  native  parentage  showed 
an  excess  of  females  in  thirty-three  of  the  fifty 
principal  cities.  The  excess  of  women  is  really 
among  the  city-bom  rather  than  among  the 
newcomers.  Not  only  are  relatively  fewer  boys 
than  girls  bom  in  the  city  as  compared  with  the 
country  but  more  male  children  die  in  cities 
during  the  early  months  of  life. 

It  should  also  be  remembered  that  women  are 
longer  lived  than  men  because  men  are  more 
generally  exposed  to  industrial  accidents  and 
occupational  diseases. 

It  is  generally  assumed  that  women  are  more 
"religious"  than  men  largely  because  there  are 
more  women  in  the  churches  and  because  there 
are  more  men  in  the  penitentiaries.  This  has 
been  explained  by  the  fact  that  men  are  more 
virile  and  more  robust  than  women,  the  as- 
sumption being  that  God  penalizes  men  be- 
cause they  are  robust  and  virile.  The  fact  is 
that  God  expects  men  to  express  their  religion 
in  a  robust  and  virile  fashion. 

More  women  than  men  are  in  the  churches 
because  thus  far  the  church  has  given  woman 
practically  her  only  opportunity  to  express 
her  social  instincts.  With  the  development  of 
women's  movements,  social,  philanthropic  and 


political,  it  may  yet  develop  that  the  men 
inside  the  church  will  be  as  much  disturbed 
about  the  women  who  are  outside  the  church  as 
the  women  are  today  disturbed  about  the  men. 
City  women  will  undoubtedly  soon  become  a 
serious  problem  for  the  churches. 


PROPORTION  OF  MEN  AND  WOMEN 

IN  THE  PROTESTANT  CHURCH 

MEMBERSHIP 

CITY  OF  CHICAGO,  1916 

WOMEN 


Total  Protestant  church  membership  242,771  * 
Total  male  members  98,870 

Total  female  members  143,901 

'^Census  Religious  Bodies,  1916. 


The  way  must  be  opened  for  the  fuller  partici- 
pation of  women  in  the  control  of  churches 
and  denominational  boards.  They  must  be  per- 
mitted to  minister  on  an  equality  with  men. 


36 


The  Cities:  HOME  MISSIONS 


THE  NEGRO  IN  THE  CITY 

THE  housing,  neighborhood,  occupational, 
political,  educational  and  religious  life 
of  both  northern  and  southern  cities  is  affected 
by  the  influx  of  Negro  people  into  urban  areas. 
The  Negro's  entrance  into  industrial  life  in  the 
city  has  resulted  in  serious  race  riots  which  at 
one  time  threatened  to  sweep  the  entire  coun- 
try. They  have  often  had  their  genesis  not  in 
questions  of  race  but  in  fundamental  questions 
of  industrial  policy  and  of  the  right  of  the 
workman  to  human  and  Christian  conditions 
of  life  and  labor. 

The  religious  genius  of  the  Negro  and  the  large 
place  which  the  churches  now  have  in  his  life 
make  it  possible  for  the  church  more  than  any 
other  agency  to  influence  him  in  the  city. 

(See  Section  on  Negro  Americans,  page  99) 


NEGROES  IN  THE  CITIES,  1910 

I) .  S.  Cmtsus.  1910,  Voium*  1 


W«9roM  contt:tut* 

10.7%o#  •nt»r«  population 

o(  th«  Unitod  StatM 


16.S%  in  eitio*  of 
2S.00O  and  e««r 


There  were  in  the  city  at  that  time  small  houses 
crowded  with  from  four  to  twelve  families 
each;  often  two  or  three  families  in  a  room;  and 
of  "all  colors."  Out  of  a  population  of  100,000 
there  were  1,489  licensed  retail  liquor  dealers. 
Not  less  than  six  thousand  "abandoned  fe- 
males" added  to  the  vice  and  shame.  Men  who 
throve  on  this  dishonor  kept  large  numbers  of 
them  practically  slaves.  In  the  seventh  ward, 
poor  and  beggared  beyond  description,  there 
were  about  two  hundred   and  fifty  saloons. 

Dance  halls  and  dives  with  "The  Way  to  Hell" 
inscribed  in  glaring  capitals  were  displayed, 
twenty  in  the  space  of  thirty  or  forty  rods. 
Sunday  had  become  to  the  people  in  this  part  of 
the  city  a  day  of  idleness  and  drunkenness. 
Thousands  passed  on  Sunday  over  the  ferry  at 
Corlear's  Hook  to  Long  Island— the  "Coney 
Island"  of  that  day.  Ignorance  and  wretched- 
ness of  the  worst  sort  were  common. 

In   this   description   the   following   evils   are 

pointed  out:  overcrowding;  the  liquor  business; 

■  prostitution;  low  dance  halls;  Sabbath  desecra- 


2S%in 
27  loading  «iti«« 


51%  in 
4  Southorn  citio* 


CITY  MORALS 

THE  city  is  getting  better  morally.  It  was 
never  better  than  it  is  today.  Proof  of  this 
is  to  be  found  in  the  report  of  the  "Missionary 
Society  for  the  Poor  of  New  York  and  Vicinit/' 
issued  in  1817,  a  little  over  one  hundred  years 
ago. 


TO  THOSE  who  have  not  made  personal 
investigation,  the  present  conditions, 
in  spite  of  laws  and  efforts  to  ameliorate 
the  worst  evils,  are  well-nigh  unbelievable. 
The  cellar  population,  the  blind  alley 
population,  the  swarming  masses  in  build- 
ings that  are  little  better  than  rat-traps, 
the  herding  of  whole  families  in  single  rooms 
in  which  the  miserable  beings  sleep,  eat, 
cook,  and  make  clothing  for  contractors, 
or  cigars  that  would  never  go  into  men's 
mouths  if  the  men  saw  where  they  were 
made — these  things  seem  almost  impossible 
in  a  civilized  and  Christian  land.  It  is 
horrible  to  be  obliged  to  think  of  the  human 
misery  and  hopelessness  and  grind  to  which 
hundreds  of  thousands  are  subjected  in  the 
city  day  in  and  out,  without  rest  or  change. 
It  is  no  wonder  that  criminals  and  degen- 
erates come  from  these  districts;  it  is  a 
marvel,  rather,  that  so  few  result,  and  that 
so  much  of  human  kindness  and  goodness 
exist  in  spite  of  crushing  conditions. — 
Howard  B.  Grose. 


HOME  MISSIONS:  The  Cities 


37 


tion  and  slum  conditions.  In  every  one  of  these 
respects  the  modem  city  has  improved. 

The  immorality  of  the  city  is  now  more  subtle; 
more  refined.  The  chief  sin  of  the  city's  popula- 
tion is  not  open  wickedness,  but  indifference 
to  moral  and  religious  influences.  It  is  selfish- 
ness which  manifests  itself  in  greed  for  gain  in 
commerce  and  industry.  It  is  lack  of  social 
responsibility  which  results  in  political  corrup- 
tion. This  in  turn  means  bad  social  and  eco- 
nomic conditions  in  so  far  as  the  city's  adminis- 
tration is  responsible  for  social  and  economic 
advance. 

And  it  is  in  these  fields  that  the  church  can  and 
must  operate,  for  this  situation  may  be  traced 
directly  to  lack  of  character  and  a  keen  sense 
of  social  and  religious  responsibility. 

The  cities  of  America  have  serious  moral  prob- 
lems to  face  which  must  have  the  strict  atten- 
tion of  city  officials  and  la5mien.  But  the 
church  must  deal  primarily  with  the  great 
moral  principles  involved,  applying  them  cour- 
ageously to  the  moral  issues  whenever  they 
arise. 

A  BrookljTi  judge  recently  refused  to  penalize 
four  lads  for  theft  because  it  was  shown  they 
had  not  had  any  religious  instruction  either  in 
church  or  school. 

UNREACHED   PEOPLE 

THE  approach  to  the  foreigner  has  been 
weak.    We  have  practically  confessed  by 
our  actions  that  the  gospel  which  is  "the  power 


of  God  unto  salvation  to  everyone"  is  effective 
for  the  foreigner  only  when  it  is  exported 
through  a  foreign  missionary  society;  and  that 
when  the  foreigners  move  into  a  community 
the  churches  usually  move  out. 

There  are  many  normal,  genuine  people  of  the 
city  who  are  not  reached  by  the  churches.  It 
is  becoming  increasingly  diflficult  to  win  them. 
It  has  come  to  be  an  accepted  fact  that  work- 
ingmen  and  many  other  groups  will  not  go  to 
church  because  they  are  not  "spiritually- 
minded." 

We  have  misinterpreted  the  manifestations  of 
*  'spirituality.  * '  We  have  forgotten  that  Bazaleel 
who  built  the  ark  of  the  covenant  was  a  skilful 
carpenter,  that  Samson  who  was  a  magnificent 
fighter,  and  Peter  who  was  a  wonderful  preacher, 
were  all  baptized  with  the  same  Holy  Spirit  of 
God.  All  received  their  power  from  Him,  but 
each  manifested  that  power  in  his  own  way. 

The  result  is  we  have  failed  to  enlist  thousands 
of  city  men  and  women  who,  living  their  religion 
in  their  day-by-day  occupations,  are  not  given 
credit  for  spirituality  because  they  have  never 
learned  to  use  the  vocabulary  acquired  by  most 
church  members  in  meetings  held  in  rural  fields 
and  have  failed  to  enlist  those  who  refuse  to 
recognize  their  common  purpose  with  the 
church,  because  the  church  has  not  in  the 
past  recognized  the  spiritual  quality  of  social 
service, 

(See  chart  showing  non-membership,  page  25.) 


XT  THAT  the  church  has  lacked  has  been  an  adequate  ideal.  Her  petty 
VV  policies  have  not  stirred  the  imagination  of  the  people.  She  has  been 
fishing  in  the  shallows  when  her  Founder's  command  was  to  "cast  out  into  the 
deep."  The  literature  of  the  day  teems  with  studies  of  social  problems — the 
equalization  of  opportunity,  the  embodiment  of  justice  in  industrial  life,  the 
characteristics  of  true  charity — and  the  church  is  mainly  engrossed  in  increasing 
her  membership.  She  should  set  before  her  a  new  ideal,  and  that  nothing 
short  of  the  actual  uplift  of  society  in  all  phases  of  its  moral  life,  the  scientific 
embodiment  of  her  theology  in  a  comprehensive  ministering  to  the  souls,  minds 
and  bodies  of  men. — R.  Fulton  Cutting. 


38 


The  Cities:  HOME  MISSIONS 


Forces  at  Work 


THE  constructive  forces  at  work  in  the  city  are  innumerable.    Many  of  the 
agencies  conducted  for  the  social  and  the  moral  welfare  of  the  people  are 
justified  upon  the  assumption  that  the  program  and  the  work  of  the  church 
are  inadequate. 

They  profess  either  to  be  "substitutes"  for  the  church,  acknowledging  the  need  of 
the  religious  spirit  which  the  church  is  presumed  to  inculcate,  but  insisting  that  they 
can  propagate  this  spirit  better  than  the  church,  thus  becoming  rivals  of  the  church; 
or  else  they  declare  that  "religion"  is  not  at  all  necessary;  that  sociological  principles 
property  applied  can  meet  all  the  needs  of  city  life. 

Speaking  of  the  modem  city,  Dr.  Lyman  Abbott  once  said:  "On  the  one  hand, 
the  city  stands  for  all  that  is  evil— a  city  that  is  full  of  devils,  foul  and  corrupting'; 
and,  on  the  other  hand,  the  city  stands  for  all  that  is  noble,  full  of  the  glory  of  God,' 
and  shining  with  a  clear  and  brilliant  light.  But,  if  we  think  a  little  more  carefully,' 
we  shall  see  that  the  city  has  in  all  ages  of  the  worid  represented  both  these  aspects! 
It  has  been  the  worst,  and  it  has  been  the  best.  Every  city  has  been  a  Babylon, 
and  every  city  has  been  a  New  Jerusalem;  and  it  has  always  been  a  question  whether 
the  Babylon  would  extirpate  the  New  Jerusalem  or  the  New  Jerusalem  would 
extirpate  the  Babylon.  It  has  been  so  in  the  past.  It  is  so  in  the  present.  The 
^eatest  corruption,  the  greatest  vice,  the  greatest  crime,  are  to  be  found  in  the  great 
city.  The  greatest  philanthropy,  the  greatest  purity,  the  most  aggressive  and  noble 
courage,  are  to  be  found  in  the  great  city.  San  Francisco,  St.  Louis,  Chicago,  Cin- 
cinnati, Philadelphia,  New  York,  Boston,  and  Brooklyn  are  full  of  devils— and  also 
full  of  the  glory  of  God." 


GRANT  us  a  vision  of  our  city,  fair  as  she  might  be:  a  city  of 
justice,  where  none  shall  prey  on  others;  a  city  of  plenty, 
where  vice  and  poverty  shall  cease  to  fester;  a  city  of  brotherhood! 
where  all  success  shall  be  founded  on  service,  and  honor  shall  be 
given  to  nobleness  alone;  a  city  of  peace,  where  order  shall  not  rest 
on  force,  but  on  the  love  of  all  for  the  city,  the  great  mother  of  the 
common  life  and  weal.— Walter  Rauschenbusch,  in  "Prayers  of  the 
Social  Awakening/' 


HOME  MISSIONS:  The  Cities 


39 


THE  LOCAL  CHURCH 

THE  point  of  contact  with  the  peoples  and 
problems  discussed  in  this  statement  is  the 
local  church,  through  which  national  church 
agencies,  church  federations,  denominational 
boards,  and  city  mission  societies  must  function. 
The  handicaps  of  the  local  church  in  the  city 
are  many,  due  in  part  to  its  methods. 

It  usually  depends  upon  a  pulpit  ministry 
instead  of  a  parish  ministry  with  responsibility. 
The  preacher  who  can  fill  the  pews  and  pay 
the  bills  has  been  viewed  as  a  successful  pastor 
and  his  church  as  a  successful  church.  The 
result  has  been  that  churches  have  striven  for 
these  two  ends  and  have  failed  primarily  to 
serve  the  community. 

The  short  duration  of  city  pastorates  renders 
impossible  a  constructive  program  of  religious 
activities.  The  city  of  God  cannot  be  built  in 
a  day.  The  complex  and  intricate  environment 
or  relations  of  each  parish  cannot  be  under- 
stood and  mastered  in  the  average  periods  of 
city  pastorates,  to  say  nothing  of  forming  a 
constructive  program.  Among  a  permanent 
population  an  itinerant  minister  may  be 
acceptable,  but  among  a  shifting  population  a 
permanent  minister  is  necessary  to  stabilize  the 
institutions  of  the  church  and  to  maintain  a 
progressive  work. 

The  city  church  is  handicapped  by  lack  of 
funds;  sometimes  by  debt. 

The  city  church  cannot  make  the  needed 
adaptations  because  it  is  often  controlled  by  a 
class  and  in  the  interests  of  a  class.  Hence  the 
ministry  to  aliens  or  to  groups  other  than 
those  represented  in  the  families  of  the  church 
is  discouraged  and  rendered  almost  impossible. 
The  control  of  property  is  such  that  even  the 
help  of  city  societies,  denominational  boards 
or  outside  agencies  becomes  useless  as  long  as 
the  trustees  of  the  local  churches  are  unsympa- 
thetic to  a  larger  program. 

A  POTENTIAL  FORCE 

DESPITE  these  handicaps  the  local  church 
is  a  potential  force.  There  is  no  obstacle 
that  an  intelligent  understanding  of  the  problem 
will  not  remove.    Already  local  churches  are 


making  adaptations  for  a  larger  ministry. 
Seven-day- week  programs  are  being  started. 
Thorough-going  modifications  of  religious  edu- 
cation have  been  undertaken  and  large  institu- 
tions with  adequate  staffs  are  being  set  up  to 
serve  the  community. 


IN  THIS  work  the  interdenominational 
comity  and  coop>eration  represented  in 
the  federation  of  evangelical  churches  would 
secure  the  best  covering  of  the  whole  field, 
in  the  true  fraternal  and  Christian  spirit. 
And  only  a  united  Protestantism  can 
present  such  a  massive  front  as  to  impress 
the  world.  This  work  must  be  large  enough 
to  be  self-respecting.  At  present  it  is 
extremely  doubtful  if  there  is  enough  of  it 
to  make  individual  members  of  the  churches 
feel  its  worth  and  importance.  There 
should  be  a  mighty  advance  movement, 
calling  for  millions  of  money  and  thousands 
of  missionaries,  and  reaching  into  a  mul- 
titude of  places  now  destitute  of  gospel 
influences. — Howard  B.  Grose. 


CHURCH  EXTENSION   AND 
CITY  MISSION   SOCIETIES 

DENOMINATIONAL  church  extension 
and  city  mission  societies  administer 
funds  collected  in  or  about  the  city  and  such 
funds  as  may  be  given  to  them  by  the  general 
home  mission  boards.  They  have  initiated 
work  among  the  aliens  and  supported  foreign- 
speaking  workers.  They  have  taken  over 
abandoned  properties;  converted  them  into 
different  types  of  institutional  churches  and 
have  been  most  helpful  in  encouraging  adapta- 
tions to  city  conditions. 

HOME   MISSION   BOARDS 

THE  work  and  policies  of  the  denomina- 
tional home  missionary  boards  have  not 
always  been  characterized  by  breadth  of  out- 
look so  far  as  the  city  is  concerned.  Like  the 
chiu*ch  itself  they  have  their  traditions.  Al- 
though the  vast  mission  populations  of  the 
country  are  now  in  the  cities  it  is  probably  true 
that  the  home  mission  boards  of  the  greater 


40 


The  Cities:  HOME  MISSIONS 


denominations  are  still  spending  the  bulk  of 
their  funds  west  of  the  Mississippi.  Only  a  few 
boards  have  special  city  departments. 

The  average  board  views  the  problem  of  the 
city  from  the  denominational  angle.  The 
result  is  that  frequently  its  effoi-ts  have  been 
competitive  rather  than  cooperative.  Much 
home  mission  money  has  gone  to  bolster  up 
the  traditional  rural  program  of  the  church  in 
the  city  rather  than  to  initiate  and  encourage 
work  adapted  to  city  conditions. 

FEDERATIONS  OF 
CHURCHES 

CITY  federations  of  churches  through 
comity  committees  have  been  striving  to 
eliminate  overlapping  and  wasteful  competition 
among  the  religious  forces  of  the  city.  Where 
these  organizations  have  had  the  support  and 
the  backing  of  the  churches,  some  excellent 
results  have  been  recorded.  They  have  helped 
to  smooth  out  the  misunderstandings  and  con- 
flicts between  churches  and  denominations  and 
are  coming  rapidly  to  a  place  of  great  usefulness 
in  helping  to  solve  the  city  problem.  Their 
influence  with  city  mission  societies  and 
denominational  boards  is  resulting  in  a  whole- 
some distribution  of  mission  funds  and  a  thor- 
oughly systematic  effort  to  solve  the  mission 
problems  of  the  city. 

INTERDENOMINATIONAL 
AGENCIES 

INTERCHURCH  cooperation  is  in  its  in- 
fancy, but  it  is  an  idea  that  has  now  firmly 
established  itself  in  the  practise  of  the  Protes- 
tant churches.  Most  encouraging  beginnings 
have  been  made  and  some  permanent  and 
abiding  forms  of  cooperation  have  resulted. 
These  will  each  make  helpful  contributions. 

City,  county  and  state  Sunday  school  associa- 
tions are  most  effective  agencies  in  doing  inter- 


church  work  in  the  field  of  religious  education. 
Christian  Endeavor  and  other  young  people's 
societies  also  have  organizations  which  are  an 
active  expression  of  interchiu-ch  work. 

Y.  M.  C.  A.  AND  Y.  W.  C.  A. 

THE  Young  Women's  Christian  Association 
and  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Associa- 
tion, both  nationally  organized  with  their 
numerous  city  branches,  can  become  able 
cooperators  in  all  community  efforts  wherein 
the  local  church  plays  its  part. 

The  two-fold  function  of  each  of  these  associa- 
tions in  the  city  is  the  development  of  Christian 
leadership  among  young  men  and  women  of 
the  community  and  the  carrying  out  of  the 
challenge  to  Christian  living  to  all  those  who 
dwell  in  the  city. 

These  objectives  are  accomplished  through 
definite  training  along  specialized  lines  such  as 
citizenship,  religious  education,  health  and 
recreation,  supplementary  education  of  all 
kinds.  But  they  are  further  carried  out  through 
the  acquaintance  which  the  association  helps 
city  groups  to  find  with  other  groups,  hitherto 
unknown.  That  these  associations  are  a  cross- 
section  of  city  society  creates  at  once  their 
opportunity  and  their  responsibility.  Their 
specialized  knowledge  of  diversified  groups  has 
enabled  them  to  progress  far  in  the  direction 
of  leadership  in  a  field  exceedingly  difficult, 
if  not  impossible,  for  the  churches  to  occupy 
with  their  present  handicaps.  All  the  different 
groups,  coming  together  under  the  association 
leadership,  give  an  opportunity  for  manifold 
contacts  and  numberless  approaches  and  ave- 
nues of  appealing  service  and  leadership,  such 
as  housing,  feeding  and  club  work. 

The  Y.  W.  C.  A.  and  Y.  M.  C.  A.  are  strategi- 
cally placed  in  their  ability  to  reach  groups  of 
people  in  the  city  who  are  perhaps  not  ready  for 


nnHE  problem    of  the    city  is   the  problem  of  the    new   civilization. 
X     The  city  paganized  means  civilization  paganized.    The  city  evangel- 
ized means  civilization  evangelized.— yosia/i  Strong. 


HOME  MISSIONS:  The  Cities 


41 


the  activities  and  appeal  of  the  local  church 
as  now  constituted  and  the  local  church  should 
work  with  them  for  the  mobilizing  of  those 
which  make  for  Christian  opinion  among  the 
men  and  women  of  the  community  on  a  scale 
which  a  no  less  diversified  appeal  could  gain 
an  audience  for. 

NATIONAL  FORCES 


DURING  the  World  War  "service"  be- 
came a  kind  of  religion,  testing  anew  the 
forms  and  spirit  of  the  church.  The  church 
was  called  to  render  its  share  toward  national 
service.  The  General  Wartime  Commission  of 
the  Churches  was  the  most  comprehensive 
mobilization  of  Christian  forces  for  a  common 
object  that  our  country  has  ever  witnessed. 

The  problems  the  Commission  sought  to  meet 
were  city  problems;  in  commercial  cities,  in 
vast  army  cantonment  cities,  in  industrial 
cantonments  of  mushroom  growth,  where  all 
the  city's  problems  were  present  in  magnified 
intensity. 

And  lo!  it  was  found  that  these  "war"  problems 
were  the  age-old  city  problems — crowded  in 
time  and  space,  made  acute  by  the  urge  for 
production,  by  the  transience  of  population,  by 
the  lack  of  morale,  by  the  mixing  of  peoples. 

Under  the  call  to  war  service  the  church  found 
itself  facing  anew  the  challenge  to  "city"  service, 
to  assume  its  moral  obligation  to  provide  leader- 
ship and  program  for  civic  righteousness. 

SOCIAL  SERVICE  COMMISSIONS 

THAT  the  national  agencies  of  the  church 
are  becoming  aware  of  this  challenge  is 
evidenced  by  the  creation  and  activities  of 
denominational    commissions   on    the   church 


and  social  service,  groups  of  Christian  workers 
who  study  the  social  problems  of  the  day  and 
make  authoritative  recommendations.  Read 
the  reports  of  any  one  of  a  dozen  such  commis- 
sions, and  it  will  be  seen  that  relatively  few 
of  the  problems  thus  far  engaging  their  attention 
are  other  than  city  problems. 

THE  CHANNEL  OF  POWER 

THE  time  has  come  for  conscious  self- 
determination  of  the  city  church  as  such. 
It  must  find  social  motives  as  compelling  as 
those  of  war. 

Statesmen  and  humble  citizens  alike  are  asking 
of  the  churches,  "What  are  you  going  to  do 
about  it?" 

Nationally  the  church  has  begun  to  make 
answer;  but  the  local  church  alone  can  make 
that  answer  live.  No  matter  what  the  racial, 
industrial  or  other  circumstances  in  which  the 
local  church  finds  itself,  it  must  give  expression 
to  the  fundamental  principles  of  Jesus'  life 
and  social  teachings,  principles  that  have  their 
application  to  every  phase  of  modem  city  life. 

THIS  MOVEMENT 

THE  Interchurch  World  Movement  comes 
as  the  climax  of  this  national  and  local 
revivification  of  spiritual  impulse  in  city  life. 
In  the  city  survey  it  seeks  to  bring  to  local 
self-examination  the  financial,  educational,  ad- 
visory and  inspirational  backing  of  a  nation- 
wide plan.  The  city  survey  of  churches,  house- 
holds and  communities  is  a  new  force  abroad 
in  the  land.  Its  success  depends  chiefly  upon 
how  firmly  it  holds  to  its  ideal  of  "Know — 
then  do."  Its  mission  is  not  complete,  unless 
the»  local  city  church  realizes  its  mission  in 
service  to  the  community. 


THE  organization,  analysis  and  interpretation  of  results  of  the  material 
collected  under  the  auspices  of  the  City  Survey  Division  in  the  various 
cities  in  the  country  are  of  major  importance  to  any  constructive  program  of 
any  department  of  the  Interchurch  World  Movement  since  in  these  very 
cities  is  centered  the  public  opinion  of  the  country  as  well  as  the  most  critical, 
scientific  scrutiny  of  methods  and  results. — George  G.  Hotting shead. 


42 


The  Cities:  HOME  MISSIONS 


Proposed  Policies  and  Programs 

THE  rapid  growth  of  city  populations  and  their  consequent  problems  make 
the  city  a  mission  field  of  a  magnitude  hitherto  unknown.  Thus  far  the 
church's  approach  to  this  field  has  been  haphazard  and  spasmodic.  There 
has  not  yet  been  evolved  a  science  of  procedure  which  adequately  meets  the  needs 
of  the  city. 

Certain  of  the  great  problems  of  the  city  can  be  met  only  when  the  Protestant  churches 
in  the  city  combine  in  a  common  program,  unselfishly  working  for  the  glory  of  God 
and  the  lifting  up  of  humanity. 

Rescue  missions,  social  centers,  evangelistic  enterprises,  some  forms  of  work  among 
immigrant  populations,  certain  approaches  to  workingmen,  open  forums,  the  dis- 
semination of  literature,  and  many  similar  methods  of  work  may  be  carried  on  most 
effectively  in  cooperation  by  the  Protestant  forces  of  the  city. 

Given  a  coordination  of  all  these  forces,  a  cooperating  group  of  trained  workers 
under  competent  leadership,  wise  strategy  and  an  adequate  budget,  and  almost  any 
problem  in  the  city  may  be  solved  by  the  church  of  Jesus  Christ. 


THE  DOWNTOWN  COMMUNITY 

WE  HAVE  been  saying  a  great  deal  about 
the  problem  of  "the  downtown  church." 
We  should  have  been  talking  more  about  "the 
downtown  problem  of  the  church." 

The  inmiediate  and  ultimate  success  of  the 
church  downtown  depends  on  a  continuous 
evangelistic  message  and  appeal  to  the  passing 
throngs  and  a  pulpit  leadership  of  clear  and 
prophetic  thinking  on  the  current  questions  of 
social,  economic  and  political  interest— the 
religious  and  spiritual  implications  of  which  are 
too  often  ignored.  We  must  spiritualize  the 
social  order.  The  preacher  of  the  gospel  who 
stands  at  the  center  of  teeming  commercial 
and  civil  life  is  in  a  position  of  unique  responsi- 
bility. 

The  old  and  outworn  ecclesiastical  structure  of 
a  generation  ago  will  not  suffice.  The  church 
downtown  should  have  a  modem,  up-to-date 
building  and  equipment  to  meet  the  discovered 
needs  of  its  varied  ministry.    This  equipment 


will  be  adapted  broadly  to  a  program  of  social 
recreational  and  evangelistic  work.  Only  after 
careful  local  survey  of  the  community  and 
advice  from  competent  specialists  should  the 
large  sums  necessary  be  expended  to  erect  and 
equip  the  plant. 

The  church  which  is  battling  at  strategic  points 
in  our  American  cities  should  have  the  support 
and  sympathetic  interest  of  the  whole  church. 
Nor  should  the  conquest  of  the  city  be  left 
entirely  to  the  churches  in  the  city.  The  city 
is  a  national  problem.  "As  goes  the  city,  so 
goes  the  nation."  National  church  agencies 
must  not  only  study  city  problems,  but  must 
kiiow  them  for  "city"  problems,  and  develop 
city  methods  as  well  as  rural  methods  of 
ministry.  Only  by  such  a  process  can  the 
religious  needs  of  the  city  be  met. 

We  affirm  our  conviction  that  the  downtown 
sections  of  our  large  cities  deserve  the  very 
best  contribution  of  the  church  of  Jesus 
Christ,  in  both  men  and  money. 


HOME  MISSIONS:  The  Cities 


43 


THE  INDUSTRIAL 
COMMUNITY 

THE  policy  of  setting  up  demonstration 
centers  in  industrial  communities — with 
adequate  leadership,  equipment  and  budget, 
for  the  purpose  of  exhibiting  to  the  church  at 
large  by  free  experiment  the  practicability  of 
an  efficient  Christian  program  in  such  com- 
munities is  heartily  commended.  The  exten- 
sion of  this  policy  is  urged  upon  all. 

The  promotion  of  conferences  of  employers, 
employees  and  representatives  of  the  public  to 
promote  mutual  understanding  and  cooperation 
upon  a  Christian  basis  is  commended. 

At  this  time  of  world  unrest  the  churches  in 
local  communities  should  be  encouraged  to  open 
their  doors  for  the  free  discussion  of  the  prob- 
lems of  our  common  life  in  which  moral  issues 
are  involved.  Opportunity  should  be  given  for 
all  voices  to  be  heard  in  the  controversy. 

The  church  must  recognize  that  all  social  and 
community  problems  are  in  their  very  essence 
spiritual  problems. 

The  church  must  create  the  atmosphere,  fur- 
nish the  leadership  and  be  the  place  where  the 
people  of  the  city  can  freely  study,  discuss  and 
work  out  their  community  problems,  as  a  prac- 
tical application  of  Christian  principles. 

Work  in  these  sections  of  the  city  must  of 
necessity  be  conducted  at  high  pressure. 
Every  feature  introduced  must  be  as  high-grade 
as  possible.  The  best  preacher  obtainable 
should  be  secured  for  such  fields — one  who 
understands  the  daily  life  of  the  people,  knows 
the  forces  which  oppose  the  church  and  is  able 
to  enlist  every  legitimate  means  for  securing  the 
interest  of  the  community. 

An  attempt  should  be  made  to  coordinate  all 
the  forces  in  the  community  which  are  working 
for  righteousness,  the  church  furnishing  the 
inspiration  and  leadership  for  community  tasks. 

FOREIGN-SPEAKING  PEOPLES 

THE  churches  have  an  unusual  opportunity 
to  assist  in  promoting-  among  new  Ameri- 
cans a  more  complete  realization  and  adoption 
of  American  ideals.  Those  *  'self-evident  truths' ' 
by  which  our  forefathers  declared  their  inde- 


pendence are  the  indisputable  teachings  of 
Christ  himself,  the  fundamental  democratic 
principles  of  his  kingdom,  as  well  as  of  our 
American  national  life.  While  the  entire 
program  of  the  church  reemphasizes  these 
principles,  nevertheless  certain  elements,  such 
as  the  definite  study  of  citizenship  and  the 
use  of  English  should  be  emphasized  as  the 
opening  door  for  the  teaching  of  Christian  and 
American  ideals. 

Though  experience  has  shown  the  value  of 
various  modes  of  approach  to  foreign-speaking 
peoples — by  colporter,  woman  worker  or  so- 
called  mission,  nevertheless,  because  of  the  many 
instances  of  failure  due  to  the  unseemly  appear- 
ance of  buildings,  inadequate  equipment,  nar- 
row and  limited  programs  and  untrained 
workers,  it  is  recommended  that  in  every  new 
approach  to  a  foreign-speaking  group,  whether 
racially  solid  or  polyglot,  there  be  formulated  at 
the  outset  a  strong  community  program  of  wor- 
ship, religious  education  and  social  ministry  with 
proper  building,  equipment  and  specially  trained 
leaders  and  staff  workers.  The  program  should  be 
adequate  to  the  needs  of  the  situation  and  of  a 
character  to  command  attention  and  respect. 

In  cases  where  English-speaking  churches  are 
being  surrounded  by  foreign-speaking  peoples 
these  churches  are  urged  to  adapt  their  ministry 
to  the  changing  conditions  by  a  social  and  edu- 
cational program  and  a  democratic  depart- 
mental organization.  The  church  must  demon- 
strate in  its  own  life  those  ideals  which  it  would 
have  others  accept. 

GREAT  POPULAR  CENTERS 

IN  EVERY  city  there  are  one  or  more  centers 
to  which  everybody  comes.  Here  crowds 
seek  pleasure  or  relaxation;  young  people 
throng;  restless  and  discontented  people  mingle; 
heartsickness  and  sinsickness  prevail. 

A  great  popular  religious  enterprise  should  be 
conducted  by  the  churches  in  every  such  center 
with  a  master  of  organization  in  charge.  This 
project  should  equal  in  attractiveness  any 
popular  resort  in  the  district,  and  be  conducted 
upon  the  most  liberal  basis  possible  but  with  a 
tremendously  strong  spiritual  atmosphere  and 
motive  dominating  the  entire  enterprise. 


44 


The  Cities:  HOME  MISSIONS 


It  should  not  become  an  institutional  church  in 
the  sense  that  numerous  organizations  will  be 
developed,  but  rather  an  intensive  inspirational 
institution. 

A  SOCIAL  MINISTRY  TO 
THE  UNFORTUNATE 

WHEN  the  home  fails  to  function  then 
the  church  must  step  in  and  supplement 
the  home  in  its  ministry  to  the  social  life  of 
the  people. 

The  socialized  and  institutional  church  is  justi- 
fied for  this  reason.  It  must  not  become  a 
substitute  for  the  home.  It  should  build  up 
the  home.  There  are  neighborhoods  in  which 
so-called  institutional  churches  are  the  means 
of  untold  blessing,  especially  to  young  people. 

Such  enterprises  should  be  well  organized  and  be 
conducted  by  specially  trained  workers  if  the 
best  results  are  to  be  obtained. 

In  the  cheap  lodging  house  districts  and  in 
decadent  business  and  residential  neighbor- 
hoods in  every  large  city  are  to  be  found  men, 
women  and  children  who  are  the  victims  of 
drink,  vice,  crime  and  poverty. 

Many  are  subnormal  in  mentality;  many  are 
nervous  wrecks  who  have  gone  down  under  the 
industrial  and  social  strain  of  the  city  life; 
many  have  never  had  a  fair  chance  and  many 
have  wasted  brilliant  talents  and  fine  oppor- 
tunities. Especially  pitiable  are  the  children 
of  these  districts. 


THE  problem  of  how  to  save  the  slums 
is  no  more  difficult  than  the  problem 
of  how  to  save  the  people  who  have  moved 
away  from  them  and  are  living  in  the 
suburbs,  indifferent  to  the  woes  of  their 
fellow  mortals.  The  world  can  be  saved 
if  the  church  does  not  save  it.  The 
question  is,  can  the  church  be  saved  imless 
it  is  doing  all  in  its  power  to  save  the 
world? — Graham  Taylor. 


Usually  the  churches  have  removed  from  these 
neighborhoods  to  more  favored  communities. 
Often  the  churches  which  remain  maintain  a 


type  of  service  and  standard  of  worship  which 
do  not  attract  these  unfortunate  denizens  of 
the  city  streets. 

One  of  the  best  known  organizations  which  has 
arisen  to  challenge  these  desperate  conditions 
is  the  rescue  mission.  There  is  an  urgent 
necessity  for  a  closer  identification  of  the  rescue 
work  with  organized  church  life. 

The  church  is  now  assuming  responsibilities 
which  she  has  too  often  in  the  past  delegated  to 
other  bodies.  The  time  has  come  when  the 
church  of  Christ  itself  should  assume  responsi- 
bility for  the  rescue  mission  in  order  to  secure 
permanency,  competency,  financial  support  and 
a  satisfactory  conservation  of  results. 

The  relation  of  the  rescue  mission  to  the  whole 
problem  of  vagrancy  and  the  inter-relation  of 
its  city  program  to  work  among  migrant  groups 
outside  the  city  are  of  utmost  importance. 
(See  section  on  Migrant  Groups,  page  115.) 

.  A  PROGRAM  AND  A 
METHOD 

TO  MEET  adequately  the  situation  in  the 
city  there  should  be  set  up  at  least  the 
minimum  program  indicated  below,  with  ample 
provision  for  a  trained  leadership  in  city  work. 

A  continuous  survey  should  be  maintained, 
scientifically  noting  the  changes  and  movements 
in  the  various  groups  of  the  population;  in  busi- 
ness and  manufacturing;  in  city  improvements 
and  deterioration — observing  all  the  factors 
which  have  a  direct  influence  upon  human  life. 
The  church  would  not  then  be  caught  napping 
when  its  service  is  suddenly  needed  in  a  crucial 
hour  of  community  life,  or  when  future  church 
buildings  and  social  and  educational  enterprises 
must  be  located  and  put  into  operation. 

A  continuous  adaptation  is  called  for  in  plans, 
policies  and  practise  of  local  churches,  city 
mission  societies,  church  federations  and  home 
mission  boards  in  anticipating  the  religious  and 
social  needs  of  communities  and  of  the  city  as 
a  whole.  Programs  must  be  based  upon  per- 
manent records  and  special  survejrs. 

A  continuous  campaign  of  education  and 
publicity  must  be  inaugurated,  using  study 
groups,  forums,  literature,  daily  newspapers. 


HOME  MISSIONS:  The  Cities 


45 


motion  pictures,  posters,  the  mails  and  any 
other  method  likely  to  be  effective  in  presenting 
the  great  facts  about  Christianity  and  the 
church.  By  these  means  a  favorable  attitude 
toward  religion  may  be  created  among  all  classes 
of  men  and  women,  making  the  approach  of  the 
church  and  all  Christian  institutions  easier  and 
more  generally  effective. 

While  the  survey  will  cultivate  the  soil  and 
render  it  fertile,  the  seed  must  be  sown  and  the 
plant  tended  ere  the  harvest  of  city  betterment 
can  be  reaped. 

ABOVE  ALL— LEADERSHIP 

IT  MUST  be  obvious  that  more  important 
than  any  other  factor  in  meeting  the  prob- 
lems of  the  city  is  that  of  competent  leadership. 

It  must,  first  of  all,  be  a  leadership  which 
realizes  the  spiritual  significance  in  social 
events  and  measures  social  problems  against  a 
definite  code  of  Christian  values. 


It  should  be  a  "city-minded"  leadership — one 
which  is  in  sympathy  with  the  spirit  of  the  city; 
and  that  can  understand  and  interpret  it,  and 
is  alert  to  every  symptom  of  city  life. 

It  should  be  a  leadership  trained  in  the  city; 
in  constant  touch  with  city  life  and  institutions 
while  being  prepared  for  the  direction  of  city 
churches  and  institutions. 

It  should  be  a  specialized  leadership.  No  one 
man  can  possibly  know  every  phase  of  city  life 
and  work  in  this  day  of  high  specialization. 

It  should  be  a  supervised  leadership,  having  as 
directors  men  and  women  of  the  qualifications 
of  statesmen  and  strategists. 

It  must  be  a  leadership  by  both  sexes.  Women 
are  unusually  well  qualified  for  work  in  the  city 
because  the  problems  dealt  with  are  but  widen- 
ings  of  home  problems  and  because  of  the  large 
number  of  young  women  employed  in  the  city 
who  can  be  interested  in  social  service  through 
the  church. 


CONGESTION  MAP  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 
POPULATION  PER  SQUARE  MILE,  BY  STATES:  1910 


l*^s^• 


POPULATION  PER  SQUARE  MILE 
I        I  IMS  than  2     i        I   18  to  45 
I       I  2  to  6  fH  45  to  90 

i       i  6  to  18         [       \  90  and  over 

Tht  htavy  lints  ( i^.,.. )  show  geographic  divisions 


THE  NEW  YORK 
METROPOLITAN  AREA 

THE  metropolitan  area  of  New  York  has  been  called  the  "Metropolis  of 
Mankind."  It  encloses  more  than  one-twelfth  of  the  life  of  the  United  States, 
while  every  year  Wall  street,  Fifth  avenue,  the  "Great  White  Way,"  Coney 
Island  and  the  universities  attract  approximately  thirty-five  million  strangers  with 
money  to  spend  and  minds  to  be  impressed. 

"Everything  that  relates  to  life  in  New  York  is  of  vast  proportions.  Four  transients 
arrive  every  second,  a  passenger  train  comes  into  the  city  terminals  every  fifty-two 
seconds  and  a  ship  clears  every  forty-two  minutes.  A  child  is  bom  every  six  minutes, 
a  wedding  takes  place  every  thirteen  minutes  and  a  funeral  is  held  every  fourteen 
minutes.  There  is  a  real  estate  transfer  every  twenty-five  minutes,  a  new  building 
is  erected  every  fifty-one  minutes,  a  fire  occurs  every  thirty  minutes  and  every  day 
more  than  three  hundred  people  come  to  the  city  to  live."* 

These  figures  refer  only  to  Greater  New  York  and  are  by  no  means  adequate  for  the 
entire  metropolitan  area. 

The  problems  of  water,  food,  housing  and  transportation  which  have  been  created 
by  this  vast  concentrated  mass  of  humanity  are  staggering.  But  an  indomitable 
spirit  has  solved  many  of  them.  A  subterranean  stream  of  pure  water  flowing  one 
hundred  and  nineteen  miles  provides  the  city  with  a  water  supply  which  would  furnish 
every  human  being  in  the  worid  with  over  a  quart  of  water  a  day.  The  food  for  this 
metropolitan  population  for  one  week  only  would  require  266  train  loads  of  provisions 
reaching  in  an  unbroken  line  of  cars  from  New  York  to  Philadelphia. 

In  a  single  day  the  subways,  elevated  and  surface  lines  of  Greater  New  York  carry 
twice  as  many  people  as  do  all  the  steam  railroads  of  the  United  States. 

The  total  wealth  of  this  area  is  estimated  at  between  twenty-five  and  fifty  billions 
of  dollars.  In  the  last  few  years  New  York  has  captured  the  leadership  in  finance, 
music  and  fashion.  It  is  becoming  the  greatest  of  all  university  centers  and  recently 
has  grown  to  be  the  good  Samaritan  for  many  needy  peoples  throughout  the  worid. 
New  York  considers  nothing  impossible,  and  with  her  characteristic  "step  lively" 
speeds  vast  undertakings  to  then*  happy  termination. 

•W.  J.  Showalter,  in  "National  Geographic  Magazine." 


48 


The  New  York  Metropolitan  Area:  HOME  MISSIONS 


The  water  and  food  problems  of  this  area  have  been  successfully  solved,  the  trans- 
portation problems  partially  so,  but  the  greatest  problem  of  all  remains  unsolved: 
How  can  this  world  metropolis  with  its  great  human  problems  of  childhood,  home- 
life,  work,  play  and  social  relationships,  be  transformed  into  a  city  of  God?  This 
concentration  of  eight  and  one-half  million  souls  constitutes  the  most  appealing 
possible  challenge  to  organized  religion.  Failure  of  the  church  here  to  venture  a 
heroic  and  mighty  program  at  this  critical  moment  would  be  an  international  disaster. 
If  the  organization  and  methods  of  yesterday  are  not  sufficient  for  today,  how  much 
less  are  they  adequate  for  tomorrow.  The  opportunity  is  too  vast  for  any  one 
denomination.  It  invites  a  cooperative  effort  of  all  churches  sharing  common 
ideals.    It  compels  a  new  concentration  of  time,  money,  personal  sacrifice  and  service. 


HOME  MISSIONS;  The  New  York  Metropolitan  Area 


49 


PROBLEMS 

OUTSTANDING   problems   of   Christian 
statesmanship  in  this  area  are  as  follows: 

1.  How  to  simplify  the  public  utterance  and 
ecclesiastical  practise  of  churches  and  commun- 
ions so  that  their  witness  will  become  as  com- 
pelling to  the  indifferent  as  the  life  and  teaching 
of  Jesus  are  to  his  followers. 

2.  How  to  intensify  the  life  and  Christian 
service  of  individual  church  members  so  that 
faith  and  love  and  unselfish  service  will  become 
master-passions. 

3.  How  to  turn  the  mind  of  each  church  from 
trying  selfishly  to  enlarge  or  even  save  its  own 
life,  into  a  virile  attempt  to  establish  the  king- 
dom of  God  in  the  life  of  the  community. 

4.  How  to  win  the  confidence  and  practical 
cooperation  of  all  the  various  races  and  nation- 
alities of  a  given  community,  so  that  the 
divisive  note  shall  disappear  and  common 
interests  and  unifjring  projects  shall  be  stressed. 

5.  How  to  eliminate  un-Christlike  competition 
between  Protestant  communions  and  substi- 
tute practical  goodwill  and  effective  cooperation. 

6.  How  to  beget  a  new  confidence  and  courage 
in  hundreds  of  churches  whose  struggle  for 
existence  has  killed  an  aggressive,  victorious 
spirit. 

7.  How  to  get  each  church  to  make  a  definite 
program  for  its  own  futiu'e,  based  upon  a  scien- 
tific study  of  facts  and  utilizing  the  most  effi- 
cient business  methods. 

8.  How  to  get  groups  of  churches  in  given 
districts  to  adopt  a  vigorous,  unifying  commu- 
nity program,  and  operate  it  harmoniously. 

Is  it  too  much  to  think  that  the  minds  which 
have  brilliantly  solved  the  staggering  food  and 
transportation  problems  of  this  area  will  fail, 
should  they  concentrate  with  the  same  compul- 
sion upon  the  most  vital  problem  of  all:  How 
to  bring  the  spirit  of  Christ  as  an  active  force 
into  each  community  of  this  entire  area? 

In  this  hearty  cooperative  spirit  between  the 
churches  and  other  religious  and  social  agencies 
lies  the  hope  of  community  betterment. 


A  CONFIDENT  ADVANCE 

IN  Greater  New  York  nearly  three  out  of  four 
persons  are  foreign-bom  or  of  foreign  par- 
entage. This  has  put  an  enormous  respon- 
sibility upon  the  American-bom  fourth.  The 
supreme  object  of  American  Christians  is  not 
only  to  maintain  American  ideals  but  to  bring 
the  spirit  of  Jesus  into  all  human  relationships. 
This  responsibility  rests  with  terrific  pressure 
upon  a  metropolitan  minority. 

The  Protestant  share  of  this  task  is  tremendous. 
The  metropolitan  area  has  slightly  more  than 
two  thousand  Protestant  churches.  The  maxi- 
mum effort  of  every  local  church  in  the  inten- 
sifying of  its  regular  work  is  imperative.  The 
strengthening  of  all  denominational  agencies  is 
vital.  And  in  addition,  an  heroic  Interchurch 
campaign  with  practical  programs  of  additional 
Christian  activities,  cooperations  and  com- 
munity service — this  is  the  costly  advance 
which  the  church  must  confidently  venture  so 
that  with  a  new  faith,  all  the  facts,  a  common 
program  and  virile,  allied.  Christian  states- 
menship,  the  metropolitan  area  may  actually 
be  completely  transformed  by  the  spirit  of  the 
Master  of  Men. 

COOPERATION 

THE  church  is  the  mother  of  hospitals,  nurs- 
ing, charities,  visiting,  child  care,  social  set- 
tlements and  other  philanthropic  and  humani- 
tarian movements.  The  boards  of  directors 
of  the  leading  social  service  agencies  are  almost 
entirely  composed  of  church  members.  It  is 
therefore  right  that  the  church  should  not 
only  acquaint  itself  with  the  social  agencies 
which  it  has  mothered,  but  that  it  should  do  all 
in  its  power  to  lend  counsel,  financial  support 
and  volunteer  workers  to  these  agencies. 

The  church  is  in  much  the  same  relation  to 
the  important  work  of  the  Young  Men's  Chris- 
tian Association  and  the  Young  Women's  Chris- 
tian Association.  These  organizations  in  their 
specialized  fields  should  always  be  able  to  com- 
mand the  hearty  interest  and  cooperation  of  the 
churches.  These  and  similar  bodies  are  all 
agencies  of  righteousnses  and  should  evince  a 
keen  interest  in  the  success  of  one  another's 
programs. 


so 


The  New  York  Metropolitan  Area:  HOME  MISSIONS 


TWENTY  BLOCKS  OF 

PERTH  AMBOY,  N.  J. 


4   CHURCHES 
^  SYNAGOGUES 

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MatiaN  Piatura  H 


THE  INTERCHURCH  SURVEYS 

THE  fundamental  purpose  of  these  sur- 
veys is  to  render  every  possible  assis- 
tance to  each  church  in  its  work  of  serving  the 
community. 

1.  Church  Survey:  The  aim  is  to  get  each 
church  to  know  itself  accurately,  face  its  actual 
needs  confidently,  develop  a  definite  program 
for  the  next  five  years,  obtain  the  necessary 
staff,  equipment  and  budget  in  order  to  operate 
that  program  in  service  for  the  community. 

2.  Household  Census:  The  aim  is  to  place 
before  each  church  a  map  of  its  own  district, 
like  the  one  on  this  page  showing  twenty  blocks 
in  Perth  Amboy,  N.  J.  With  this  map  there 
will  go  accurate  lists  of  the  names  of  all  the 
people,  their  addresses,  church  membership 
or  preference,  Sunday-school  attendance,  birth- 
place, length  of  residence  in  the  United  States 
and  occupational  information. 

3.  Social  Service  Survey:  The  aim  is  to 
bring  to  each  church  accurate  data  concerning 
all  social  needs  and  all  social  service  agencies 
in  the  district  or  community.  It  will  show 
where  cooperation  is  imperative  and  reveal  any 
danger  of  reduplication  of  effort.  It  will  pro- 
vide for  the  social  service  agencies  as  well  as  for 
the  churches  immediate  opportunities  for  min- 
istering to  those  who  desire  visitation. 

The  results  of  these  surveys  will  prove  invalu- 
able to  pastors,  church  staffs  and  congregations. 
Pastoral  visitation  will  be  simplified,  with  peo- 
ple named  and  located.  The  pastor's  efficiency 
will  be  greatly  multiplied  and  he  will  be  given 
the  basis  for  a  mobilization  of  his  entire  con- 
gregation for  community  service.  By  this 
means  the  long  hoped-for  strengthening  of  staff 
and  enlargement  of  equipment  and  budget 
will,  with  the  help  of  the  denominational  offi- 
cers involved,  be  placed  within  the  reach  of 
each  chiu^ch. 

Finally,  the  results  of  these  surveys  can  be  used 
by  program-making  conferences  organized  in 
all  the  churches  of  the  community.  They  will 
not  only  be  the  basis  for  advance  programs  by 
individual  churches  but  will  lead  to  community 
programs  and  projects  whose  success  will  be 
insured  by  cooperation  of  a  group  of  churches. 


HOME  MISSIONS:  The  New  York  Metropolitan  Area 


51 


THE  CHILD 

IN  THIS  metropolitan  area  there  are  almost 
two  million  homes.  From  these  homes,  one 
million  thuty-five  thousand  children  between 
six  and  fourteen  years  of  age  go  to  public 
school. 

Whether  more  or  less  than  one-half  of  these 
children  receive  definite  religious  instruction 
in  their  homes  and  organized  religious  education 


THOUSANDS 


CHURCH  AND  SUNDAY  SCHOOL  MEMBERSHIP 

1904-1918 

FOR  THREE  DENOMINATIONS 


7^- 


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.CHURCH  MEMBERSHIP 


SUNDAY  SCHOOL  MEMBERSHIP 


GD^09 


THE  COMMUNITY 

THIS  map  shows  a  commimity  of  fifty-one 
blocks  where  thirteen  churches  represent 
eight  Protestant  denominations. 

These  churches  are  closely  grouped  in  one 
section  of  the  community.  The  population  of 
the  community  has  decreased  and  undergone 
great  changes.  It  was  once  a  residential 
district  with  the  majority  of  the  people  living 
in  private  homes.  Most  of  the  people  now  live 
in    apartments,  hotels   and  boarding  houses. 

The  problems  these  churches  face  are  typically 
metropolitan,  and  extremely  complicated: 

1.  Do  these  churches  now  serve  the  entire 
community  in  all  its  spiritual  needs? 

2.  Would  a  smaller  number  of  larger  churches 
serve  the  community  as  well  or  better? 


in  their  churches  cannot  be  accurately  deter- 
mined until  the  Interchurch  surveys  are  com- 
plete and  the  returns  tabulated. 

This,  however,  we  do  know:  The  Protestant 
churches  have  not  considered  religious  educa- 
tion as  their  foremost  task.  As  a  result  the 
above  chart,  typical  of  conditions  in  most  Pro- 
testant communions,  shows  a  decrease  in 
Sunday-school  membership,  even  where  there 
has  been  a  slight  increase  in  church  member- 
ship. 

This  decrease  is  even  more  serious  when  viewed 
in  the  light  of  the  decreasing  size  of  the  ordinary 
Protestant  family,  and  unless  speedily  corrected, 
forbodes  a  decreased  influence  of  Protestantism 
in  the  metropolitan  area. 

It  further  spells  great  danger  for  future  ethics 
in  business  and  professional  circles,  and  what 
it  may  mean  in  regard  to  social  selfishness  and 
governmental  corruption,  is  beyond  the  power 
of  any  man  to  foretell. 

The  cost  of  solving  this  problem  will  be  great. 
It  will  mean  a  changed  emphasis  in  hundreds 
of  churches  and  it  will  call  for  an  amazing 
amount  of  thought,  time,  personal  devotion  and 
money. 


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3.  Is  the  constituency  of  these  churches  drawn 
mainly  from  outside  the  community? 

4.  Is  there  any  wasteful  competition  among 
them? 

5.  Are  there  cooperative  community  projects 
which  should  be  operated  by  these  churches? 

Is  it  not  evident  that  practical  progress  towards 
the  most  effective  Christian  service  of  the  entire 
community  cannot  be  made  until  the  leaders 
of  these  individual  churches,  together  with  the 
denominational  officers  involved,  meet  and 
face  all  the  facts,  organize  a  community  pro- 
gram, and  then  adjust  their  problems  of  co- 
operation, combination,  relocation  and  respon- 
sibility in  a  spirit  of  g^erous  goodwill? 


52 


The  New  York  Metropolitan  Area:  HOME  MISSIONS 


TIMES  SQUARE  SECTION 


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HOME  MISSIONS:  The  New  York  Metropolitan  Area 


53 


TRANSIENTS 

IN  THE  Times  Square  district  of  a  hundred 
city  blocks  bounded  by  Twenty-eighth 
and  Forty-eighth  streets,  Park  and  Eighth 
avenues,  there  are  ninety  hotels  accommo- 
dating 26,824  guests  a  day.  A  stream  of  more 
than  30,000  people  register  at  these  hotels 
every  week. 

There  are  seventeen  clubs  and  493  rooming  and 
boarding  houses  which,  with  their  semi-transient 
and  transient  population,  bring  the  total  floating 
population  to  approximately  123,000  a  month. 

This  means  that  during  a  year's  time  a  restless, 
strenuous  whirl  of  humanity  that  would  total 
more  than  the  combined  populations  of  San 
Francisco,  Denver  and  Boston,  resides  for  a 
few  days  or  a  few  weeks  in  this  Times  Square 
section  of  New  York. 

As  against  this  enormous  floating  population 
the  permanent  dwellers  in  the  homes  of  this 
section  number  5,464  families.  To  serve  both 
this  permanent  and  floating  constituency  there 
are  two  Jewish  synagogues,  four  Roman  Cath- 
olic churches,  and  thirteen  Protestant  churches, 
two  of  which  are  for  Negroes. 

TWO  APPEALS 

THESE  churches  show  a  membership  of 
20,074,  with  a  seating  capacity  of  16,400. 
To  the  full  measure  of  their  ability  and  equip- 
ment all  the  churches  of  this  area  and  those  on 
its  immediate  edge  have  courageously  faced 
the  huge  problems  in  this  district  of  transient 
and  swiftly  changing  populations.  But  it  has 
been  absolutely  impossible  for  them  as  individ- 
ual organizations  with  their  present  staff  and 
budget  to  meet  the  religious  needs  of  these 
transient  thousands.  Difficult  and  most  puz- 
zling conditions  have  led  a  number  of  these 
churches  to  omit  their  Sunday  evening  service 
or  substitute  for  it  an  afternoon  service,  with 
the  result  that  on  one  recent  Sunday  evening, 
only  1,817  people,  by  actual  count,  were  found 
in  the  evening  church  services  of  the  entire 
district.  To  the  stranger,  with  a  Sunday 
evening  to  spend,  organized  religion  in  this 
district  makes  only  a  slight  appeal,  while  the 
well-advertised  Sunday  concerts  of  the  theaters 
call  loudly  and  get  the  crowd. 


WHAT  IS  THE  SOLUTION? 

SHALL  we  fold  our  hands  and  agree  that 
nothing  can  be  done  about  this  urgent 
need  and  wonderful  opportunity?  Or  shall 
the  churches  of  all  the  Protestant  communions 
do  what  they  have  not  yet  ventured:  con- 
centrate upon  some  common  program,  and 
agree  not  only  to  operate  their  own  plants 
but  a  joint  assembly  hall  or  a  great,  new  coopera- 
tive plant  in  addition.  Otherwise,  it  seems 
evident  that  the  transient  thousands  of  the 
Times  Square  district  may  leave  New  York 
without  a  direct  appeal  having  been  made  to 
their  highest  nature  or  any  definite  spiritual 
quickening  and  inspiration.  In  other  hotel 
centers  of  the  New  York  metropolitan  area 
and  in  the  Borough  Hall  district  of  Brooklyn, 
the  problem  of  the  transient  population  is 
almost,  if  not  equally,  urgent. 

RECREATION 

IN  THE  forty-five  theaters  and  ten  motion 
picture  houses  shown  in  this  map  the  seat- 
ing capacity  is  78,027.  The  approximate  at- 
tendance each  week  is  estimated  at  1,000,000 
men,  women  and  children  who,  for  the  time 
being,  are  trying  to  forget  their  cares  and  duties 
and  are  at  play. 

This  vast  concentration  of  recreation  seekers  in 
one  section  of  this  metropolitan  area  only  tends 
to  emphasize  the  fundamental  instinct  for 
play  and  the  urgent  necessity  of  meeting  this 
universal  need  for  recreation  in  every  com- 
munity. 

HOURS  OF  OPPORTUNITY 

HERETOFORE  the  church  as  a  whole  has 
not  seriously  interested  itself  in  the  prob- 
lem of  play.  But  today  many  churches  realize 
with  deep  concern  that  if  the  ideals  which  regu- 
late outdoor  sports  and  are  exhibited  on  the 
stage  and  shown  on  the  screen  to  millions  are 
to  reinforce  instead  of  neutralize  the  ideals 
which  these  churches  are  trying  to  teach  and 
preach  to  thousands,  then  the  churches  must 
immediately  seek  to  influence  these  ideals 
and  wisely  and  heartily  to  enter  upon  a  definite 
plan  to  enrich  the  millions  of  hours  which  the 
people  spend  in  play. 


54 


The  New  York  Metropolitan  Area:  HOME  MISSIONS 


A  Metropolitan  Program 

OUT  of  the  programs  for  the  next  five  years  constructed  by  the  individual 
churches,  and  out  of  the  denominational  programs  adopted  by  the  leader- 
ship of  the  various  communions  there  will  grow  a  comprehensive,  carefully 
articulated  metropolitan  program.  It  will  be  formulated  with  the  expectation  of  a 
continuous  development  and  an  operation  increasingly  successful  as  working  agree- 
ments between  groups  of  churches  and  communions  come  to  be  universally  adopted. 

In  any  such  joint  metropolitan  program  certain  fundamental  factors  must  be  con- 
sidered : 

How  may  the  local  church  become  a  spiritual  power-house  and  develop  the  spirit 
of  worship,  love,  and  service  in  the  community?  In  the  attempt  to  simplify  and 
correlate  all  its  religious  teachings,  to  intensify  its  public  worship  and  evangelism, 
to  develop  its  pastoral  and  community  service,  to  accept  district  responsibility,  each 
church  will  require  an  adequate  trained  staff,  a  well-adapted  equipment  and  a  suffi- 
cient budget. 

Besides  this,  it  will  desire  to  share  in  publicity  and  evangelistic  campaigns  in  which 
trained  men  and  women  of  the  highest  character  and  ability  will  devote  themselves 
to  speaking  for  Christ,  not  only  in  churches,  but  in  all  other  available  places,  such  as 
labor  halls,  forums,  theaters,  clubs,  shops,  park  entrances  and  places  of  recreation 
like  Coney  Island. 

How  may  each  church  find  ways  to  make  the  Christian  nurture  of  the  childhood  of 
its  community  and  constituency  its  outstanding  duty  and  privilege? 

It  will  place  religious  education  first.  It  will  provide  trained  leadership  for  its 
Sunday  and  week-day  classes  in  Christian  life  and  citizenship.  In  some  cases  it  will 
engage  a  religious  education  director  and  enter  upon  a  religious  education  program 
as  a  member  in  a  group  of  churches. 

Cooperating  with  other  churches  it  may  establish  goodwill  centers,  Christian  super- 
settlements,  especially  adapted  to  foreign-bom  children. 

In  some  cases  well-located  churches  will  reorganize  themselves  and  become  childhood 
centers  for  their  own  communities. 

Each  church  will  plan  to  become  a  promotor  of  Christian  home-life.  "  Christ  in  each 
home"  will  be  the  slogan.    Although  the  home  which  many  remember  as  the  comer- 


HOME  MISSIONS:  The  New  York  Metropolitan  Area 


55 


stone  of  our  American  democracy  is  rapidly  passing  away  in  the  New  York  metro- 
politan area  a  three-fold  service  for  the  church  is  possible. 

First,  an  effort  to  get  people  to  locate  where  real  homes  may  be  developed  and  their 
children  brought  up  under  genuine  Christian  influences. 

Second,  the  provision  of  dormitory  or  other  facilities  for  the  young  people  who  come 
by  multiplied  thousands  to  this  area.  This  could  be  done  by  utilizing  some  idle 
church  properties  or  purchasing  new  ones. 

Third,  an  attempt  through  associations  of  rooming  and  boarding  house  keepers  to 
raise  the  standard  of  existing  facilities  and  make  conditions  not  only  safe  but  attractive 
for  young  men  and  women. 

Another  way  of  influencing  home  life  would  be  to  develop  a  "four-foot  shelf"  of 
literature  dealing  with  the  Christian  life  in  all  its  privileges  and  responsibilities. 
These  books  would  be  written  in  such  a  way  as  to  make  the  strongest  possible  appeal 
to  childhood  and  youth  as  well  as  to  parents  and  teachers. 


HEALTH  SERVICE 

PATTERNING  after  the  method  of  Jesus, 
each  church  will  deeply  concern  itself  with 
the  health  of  its  own  people  as  well  as  that  of 
the  community  for  which  it  is  responsible. 

In  a  new  development  of  church  consultation 
hours,  child  welfare  activities — direct  and 
cooperative — and  in  an  establishment  of  health 
service  centers  by  groups  of  churches,  the 
individual  church  and  the  church  collectively 
will  become  the  GJood  Samaritan  of  metro- 
politan life. 

BUSINESS  ETHICS 

EACH  church  will  seek  in  some  way  to 
influence  the  industrial  situation  so  that 
the  spirit  of  Jesus  may  increasingly  control 
the  processes  of  production  and  distribution, 
determine  the  id^s  and  set  the  standards  of 
business  and  finance. 

It  will  be  deeply  interested  in  establishing  a 
program  of  vocational  guidance,  both  personal 
and  by  classes. 

It  will  be  interested  in  maintaining  forum  cen- 
ters for  discussion  and  popular  education. 

In  community  groups  or  by  the  cooperation 


of  all  the  churches  of  a  large  area,  goodwill 
industries  will  be  established  where  the  handi- 
capped, physically  and  morally,  may,  with 
adequate  wages,  work  their  way  back  into  nor- 
mal industry  and  useful  citizenship. 

PLAY  THAT  COUNTS 

THE  individual  church  will  do  its  best  to 
Christianize  recreation.  By  du*ect  and 
indirect  influence  and  example  it  will  seek 
to  become  a  wise  and  welcome  playmate  in  the 
millions  of  hours  which  the  people  spend  in 
recreation.  Individually  or  collectively  the 
church  will  establish  playgroimds,  and  great 
recreation  centers.  It  will  promote  enter- 
tainments, dramatics,  pageants  and  all  activities 
by  which  the  highest  ideals,  ethical  and  spir- 
itual, can  be  presented  in  the  most  attractive 
ways. 

NEEDED— A  FRIEND 

EACH  church  will  devise  an  advance  pro- 
gram by  which  it  may  reach  the  strange*, 
and  especially  imcared-for  racial  groups  as  well 
as  all  the  friendless  and  lonely  in  its  community. 
Realizing  that  the  loneliness  of  countless  thou- 
sands in  New  York,  leads  directly  to  a  lowering 
of  Christian  standards  and  results  in  a  large  pro- 


56 


The  New  York  Metropolitan  Area:  HOME  MISSIONS 


portion  of  the  vice  and  crime  of  the  city, 
Christian  statesmanship  will  eventually  find 
practical  and  natural  ways  of  becoming  a  re- 
sourceful friend,  to  whom  the  lonely  may  turn, 
and  through  whom  they  may  find  the  joy  and 
inspiration  of  Christian  comradeship.  This 
will  doubtless  be  accomplished  through  a 
neighborhood  service  of  church  brotherhoods 
and  fellowship  organizations.  Cooperatively 
this  will  find  its  expression  in  the  establishment 
of  church  home  centers  in  districts  where  hotel 
and  other  transient  populations  predominate. 

JOINT  COUNCIL  OF  EXPERTS 

THESE  and  other  elements,  which  will  un- 
doubtedly be  considered  in  a  church 
vitalization  and  distribution  program,  show  that 
progress  will  depend  not  only  on  the  individual 
church,  but  upon  bringing  the  entire  force  of 
each  denomination  to  its  highest  efficiency.  In 
one  case  this  is  being  accomplished  by  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  metropolitan  council  of  experts  for 
the  entire  work  of  the  denomination  in  the  area. 

When  all  the  denominations  have  accomplished 
something  definite  in  this  direction  it  will  be 
possible  with  economy  and  efficiency  to  estab- 
lish a  joint  distributing  council  whose  member- 
ship will  be  drawn  from  these  denominational 
councils.  This  joint  council,  coordinated  with 
existing  interdenominational  church  agencies, 
may  become  theexecutive  body  for  the  operation 
of  a  common  metropolitan  program. 


JOINT  HEADQUARTERS 

IN  DUE  time  the  churches  will  desh^  to 
establish  a  church  headquarters  for  the  pur- 
pose of  housing  the  seventy-five  or  more  inter- 
national, national,  metropolitan  and  civic 
religious  agencies  now  inadequately  located 
in  almost  as  many  different  offices  in  widely 
scattered  buildings.  This  has  long  been 
the  dream  of  the  leaders  of  many  of  these 
agencies. 

In  addition  to  the  ordinary  office  facilities,  this 
building  would  provide  large  and  small  assem- 
bly, conference  and  committee  rooms,  a  res- 
taurant, hospital,  first-aid,  rest-room  and  other 
social  facilities  for  the  hundreds  of  employees. 
A  reference  library  of  Christian  literature, 
joint  transportation,  purchasing  and  shipping 
service,  map,  chart,  and  lantern-slide  depart- 
ments and  every  practical  facility  for  promot- 
ing efficiency  and  economy  in  the  great  advance 
program  of  the  Protestant  churches  of  the 
entire  country  as  well  as  those  of  the  New  York 
metropolitan  area. 

These  elements  and  many  others  will  doubtless 
be  considered  in  the  construction  of  a  metropoli- 
tan church  program.  But  it  must  be  remem- 
bered that  first  of  all,  the  churches  in  their 
leadership  and  membership  must  draw  close 
to  each  other  in  the  joy  and  love  of  mutual 
confidence  which  will  lead  to  the  greatest  spir- 
itual advance  ever  witnessed  in  this  area. 


Why  not  help  sign  the  Emancipation  Proclamation  of  the 
church  for  its  larger  life  and  inspiring  task  in  New  York? 

This  is  not  the  time  for  timorous,  doubting  souls  or  chronic 
objectors. 

The  call  has  sounded.  The  advance  has  begun.  Through 
the  church  of  Christ  and  by  the  personal  sacrifice  and 
personal  service  of  each  member,  this  area  must  at  any 
cost  be  won  for  God, 

For  all  God's  fellow-workers  it  i$  a  high  and  holy  venture 
of  faith. 


I 


TOWN  AND  COUNTRY 

THE  field  covered  by  the  town  and  country  survey  is  the  entire  area  and 
population  outside  of  cities  of  more  than  5,000.     It  includes  within  its  scope 
2,968   counties,    13,000   incorporated   towns,    30,000   other   communities 
54,000,000  people,  150,000  churches  and  50,000  ministers. 

Over  this  whole  area  a  three-fold  study  is  being  made:  first,  of  the  varied  aspects  of 
community  and  country  life  which  underlie  and  condition  the  work  of  the  church; 
second,  of  the  church  itself  as  a  working  organization— equipment,  support,  program 
and  personnel;  third,  of  all  those  especially  acute  problems,  racial,  occupational  or 
social  in  their  origin,  which  in  an  unusual  way  challenge  the  church  in  any  rural  area. 

This  rural  population  is  not  stable.  It  is  increasing  around  the  cities  owing  to  the 
development  of  suburban  transportation;  in  the  mining  regions;  in  the  mountains  of 
West  Virginia  and  Kentucky  where  large  families  are  still  the  rule;  along  the  south 
coastal  plain,  in  northern  Michigan  and  Minnesota,  throughout  most  of  the  west- 
em  half  of  the  country,  and  in  the  southern  oil  fields.     (See  map,  page  58). 

Decrease  in  rural  population  has  occurred  in  some  agricultural  sections  of  the  West. 
Here  prosperous  farming  communities  have  found  it  advantageous  to  consolidate 
smaller  farms  into  larger  ones  in  order  to  secure  the  full  benefit  of  the  cooperative  use 
of  machinery  and  of  large  scale  production.     (See  map,  page  59.) 


URBAN,  VILLAGE  AND 
COUNTRY  POPULATION 

OF  THE 

UNITED  STATES 

1910 


The  graph  shows  that  more  than  half  the  popu- 
lation of  the  United  States  is  in  rural  territory  and 
nearly  half  is  living  in  the  open  country. 


URBAN 
42,623,383 


RURAL 
49,348,883 


TOTAL 
91,972,266 


58 


Town  and  Country:  HOME  MISSIONS 


INCREASE  IN  COUNTRY  POPULATION 

1900-1910 
DOTS  SHOW  PLACES  WHERE  RURAL  POPULATION  IS  INCREASING 


Sute 

Niunber 

Per 
cent 

Sute        Number 

Per 

cent 

State 

Number 

Per 
cent 

Sute 

Number 

cent 

Oklahoma 
Texas .... 
N.  Dak.. 
Wash ... 

Penna 

California 
N.Car... 
Arkansas. 
Georgia. . . 

458,341 
334,390 
167,802 
167,324 
138,362 
138.152 
110.610 
110.215 
108.399 

70.7 
14.1 
67.7 
67.3 

6.0 
22.4 

7.1 
10.1 

6.6 

W.  Va. . . . 
Louisiana. 
New  Mex. 
Alabama  . 

Miss 

S.  Dak   .. 
Colorado . 
S.  Car.... 
Florida. . . 

107.380 
100,706 
100,203 
96,578 
95,668 
94,643 
94.538 
81.930 
78,016 

14.3 

10.6 

61.5 

6.4 

7.2 

32.1 

46.6 

7.6 

21.2 

Idaho... 
Montana. 
Oregon . . . 
Virginia .  . 
Kentucky 
N.J.... 
Arizona. . . 
Maryland 
Nevada. . . 

70,464 
64.377 
46,069 
42,696 
33,644 
31.697 
30,101 
28,100 
26,863 

66.8 

45.0 

20.0 

8.0 

2.2 

7.1 

31.8 

6.2 

82.1 

Wyoming. 
Nebraska. 
MinnesoU 

UUh 

Maine. ... 

Mass 

Delaware. 

26.210 
13.427 
8,758 
8.244 
2.927 
2,801 
1.624 

49.8 
2.1 
1.0 
7.4 
.8 
1.2 
2.0 

/^REAT  movements  of  population  are  taking  place.  A  single  gen- 
^-^  eration  has  seen  the  Northwest  increase  its  population  tenfold. 
The  church  needs  to  bestir  herself  to  keep  pace  with  the  new  demands. 


HOME  MISSIONS:  Town  and  Country 


59 


DECREASE  IN  COUNTRY  POPULATION 

1900-1910 
DOTS  SHOW  PLACES  WHERE  RURAL  POPULATION  IS  DECREASING 


sute 

Number 

Per 
cent 

Sute 

Number 

Per 
cent 

Sute 

Number 

Per 
cent 

sute 

Number 

Per 
cent 

Iowa 

Miaaouri.. 
Indiana... 
lllinoia .  .  . 

152.673 
133.614 
132.196 
112.226 

12.1 
8.0 
9.5 
7.0 

Ohio 

New  York 
Vermont. . 
N.  H 

91.498 
49.231 
20,909 
11.186 

6.3 

3.0 

11.1 

6.0 

Tennessee 
Michigan . 
Wisconsin 
Kansas. .. 

10,089 
9,946 
8,201 
4,773 

.6 
.8 

.7 
.5 

R.I 

Conn 

2,963 
1,039 

14.1 
.9 

Is 

IF 


rr^HE   South   and  the  far   West  are    drawing    their   "newcomers'* 
^  from  the  East  and  central  West.     This  means  church  problems 
in  the  communities  deserted  as  well  as  in  the  new  locations. 


60 


Town  and  Country:  HOME  MISSIONS 


DIVISIONS  OF  THE  FIELD 

A  POSSIBLE  classification  of  the  rural  field 
is  as  follows:  1.  The  more  fertile  agricul- 
tural sections;  2.  The  less  fertile  agricultural 
sections;  3.  The  frontier;  4.  The  mountain  sec- 
tion;   5.  The  rural  industrial  communities. 

THE  BETTER  AGRICULTURAL 
SECTIONS 

THE  better  agricultural  sections  include 
the  com  belt,  extending  through  Nebraska, 
Indiana  and  Ohio;  the  wheat  producing  areas, 
including  Kansas,  the  Dakotas,  Minnesota  and 
parts  of  other  states;  the  irrigated  regions 
representing  about  75,000,000  acres  of  pos- 
sible development;  the  drainage  area,  about 
20,000,000  acres;  and  the  southeastern  portion 
of  the  United  States,  known  as  the  cotton  belt. 

In  the  corn-raising  communities  the  farms  are 
fairiy  large,  tending  to  become  larger.  There 
is  considerable  neighborhood  cooperation  and 
a  large  amount  of  social  life.  To  a  large  degree 
the  people  are  progressive  and  intelligent. 

In  the  wheat-producing  sections,  expansive 
cultivation  predominates.  Homes,  therefore, 
are  far  apart.  Social  isolation  results.  The 
intelligence  is  generally  high  and  the  people 
are  fairly  prosperous. 

In  the  cotton-raising  sections,  there  are  either 
large  farms  and  plantations  with  many  Negro 
laborers  operating  under  a  manager,  or  many 
small  cotton  farms  with  renters,  in  some  cases 
owners.  A  slightly  lower  intelligence  predomi- 
nates among  these  workers  and  their  families, 
partly  because  of  the  climatic  conditions  and 
social  inheritances.  Consequently,  less  modem 
agricultural  methods  prevail.  There  is  con- 
siderable social  life  on  the  plantations  and  some 
cooperation  between  neighbor  farmers. 

Other  agricultural  communities  specialize  in 
fruit-raising,  stock-raising,  market-gardening 
and  dairying. 


LESS   FAVORED  AGRICULTURAL 
SECTIONS 

THE  more  sparsely  settled  and  less  fertile 
agricultural  sections  include  the  hill  land 
extending  from  the  central  part  of  Oklahoma 
in  a  northeasterly  direction  through  Arkansas, 
southern  Missouri,  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  south- 
ern Illinois,  Indiana,  Ohio,  West  Virginia, 
Virginia  and  parts  of  Pennsylvania;  and  the 
northem  pine  belt  extending  from  Minnesota 
through  Wisconsin,  Michigan,  parts  of  New 
York  and  the  New  England  states. 

This  section  consists  largely  of  small  isolated 
communities  difficult  of  access.  Poverty  pre- 
vents many  communities  from  erecting  church 
buildings  or  maintaining  pastors. 

THE   FRONTIER 

THE  frontier  section  includes  twelve  states, 
namely:  Arizona,  Calif omia,  Colorado, 
Idaho,  Montana,  Nevada,  New  Mexico,  Oregon, 
North  Dakota,  Utah,  Washington  and  Wyo- 
ming. These  states  with  an  area  of  1,259,977 
square  miles  had  a  population  of  only 
6,458,417  in  1910— approximately  five  people 
to  the  square  mile.  Over  40,000  homestead 
rights  were  granted  and  103,917  entries  made 
in  1917.  Lands  privately  owned  tend  con- 
stantly to  be  subdivided  among  new  settlers. 

There  is  a  marked  difference  between  well- 
established  frontier  communities— such  as  the 
irrigated  fmit  and  grain  sections— and  the 
pioneer  communities.  The  characteristics  of 
the  latter  are  novelty,  movement  and  uncer- 
tainty. The  population  is  constantly  changing 
and  there  is  a  low  standard  of  living. 

Thousands  of  miles  of  open  country  and  hun- 
dreds of  villages  in  the  frontier  region  have  no 
Protestant  churches.  The  church  often  has 
little  relation  to  present  day  life.  The  great 
distances  to  be  traveled  are  a  drawback  to 
coordinated  religious  work. 


pOR  communities  which  camiot  independently  support  a  church  and  resident 
^  pastor,  these  must  be  provided  in  some  other  way. 


HOME  MISSIONS:  Town  and  Country 


61 


THE  MOUNTAIN  SECTION 

THE  mountain  section  stretches  along  the 
southern  portion  of  the  Appalachian  moun- 
tains and  extends  into  northem  Georgia  and 
Alabama,  embracing  a  region  of  two  or  three 
million  acres.  The  western  mountain  section 
has  already  been  included  in  the  discussion  of 
the  frontier.  In  the  southern  mountains  the 
people  live  for  the  most  part  by  hunting,  fish- 
ing, and  growing  such  com  and  vegetables  as 
are  absolutely  needed.  This  region  is  rich  in 
timber  and  mineral  deposits.  The  chief  occu- 
pations are  agriculture,  logging  and,  until  re- 
cently—distilling. 

The  main  features  of  the  problem  in  this  sec- 
tion are:  isolation,  illiteracy  and  arrested  devel- 
opment. Housing  and  general  living  conditions 
are  not  good  and  result  in  the  widespread  prev- 
alence of  disease.  There  are  few  schools  and 
churches,  little  knowledge  of  what  goes  on  in 
the  outside  world  and  small  interest  either  in 
local  or  national  politics. 

Most  of  the  preaching  is  now  done  by  voluntary 
pastors,  of  little  education  and  training,  with 
a  great  but  almost  superstitious  belief  and  faith 
in  God.  Large  portions  of  this  country  have 
no  religious  services  of  any  kind.  Many  of  the 
people  are  so  isolated  that  it  would  be  impossible 
for  them  to  attend  worship. 

RURAL   INDUSTRIAL 
COMMUNITIES 

THE  rural  industrial  communities  are  rep- 
resented by  the  coal  and  other  mining 
camps;  fishing  villages  along  the  coast;  lumber 


camps;  small  manufacturing  towns — ^such  as 
cotton  mill  towns  in  the  Piedmont  section  of 
the  South  and  the  mill  towns  of  New  England; 
vacation  resorts— some  of  which  have  a 
large  transient  population;  and  the  large 
suburban  population  of  foreign-bom  engaged  in 
truck-farming  near  large  cities. 

The  mill  towns  of  New  England  are  usually 
well  populated  industrial  centers  and  in  most 
cases,  schools,  community  organizations  and 
churches  are  provided.  In  such  instances 
social  and  educational  opportunities,  while 
seldom  ideal  are,  in  the  main,  fairly  good. 

The  cotton  mills  are  operated  almost  wholly  by 
white  labor  from  the  Appalachian  mountains. 
There  are  few  foreigners  or  Negroes  employed. 
Approximately  three  hundred  thousand  people 
are  engaged  in  this  industry.  In  the  main  these 
workers  live  in  unincorporated  villages. 

Schools,  community  organizations  and  churches 
are  provided  for  them.  They  have  no  part 
in  elections  and  their  power  of  initiative  has 
largely  atrophied.  All  sorts  of  religious  "  isms  *' 
have  sprung  up;  "Holy  Rollers"  and  similar 
sects  flourish. 

Thousands  of  people  scattered  throughout  the 
country  in  small  settlements  are  getting  raw 
materials  into  the  market  or  turning  them  into 
manufactured  products.  A  large  percentage 
of  these  people  are  foreigners,  unfamiliar  with 
American  ideals  and  standards,  crowded 
together  in  small  shacks,  ignorant,  poor  and 
without  an  understanding  of  our  language, 
our  customs  and  our  laws. 


r 


L 


THE  men  and  women  on  the  farms  stand  for  what  is  fundamentally 
best  and  most  needed  in  our  American  life.  To  supply  the  city 
with  fresh  blood,  clean  bodies  and  clear  brains  that  can  endure  the 
terrific  strain  of  modem  life,  we  need  the  development  of  men  in  the 
open  country,  who  will  be  in  the  future,  as  in  the  past,  the  stay  and 
strength  of  the  nation  in  time  of  war,  and  its  guiding  and  controlling 
spirit  in  time  of  peace. — Roosevelt, 


62 


Town  and  Country:  HOME  MISSIONS 


SOME  RURAL  INDUSTRIAL  AREAS 


I         I  COAL 


»^  COAL,  LIGHT  DEPOSITS 


^  COAL.  HEAVY  DEPOSITS 


PERCENTAGE  OF  FOREIGN-BORN  FARMERS 


I    I  UNDER  20  PER  CENT. 
r    1  20  TO  30  PER  CENT. 
i    1  30  TO  40  PER  CENT. 
r^^?^  OVER  50  PER  CENT. 


^A^ss• 


HOME  MISSIONS:  Town  and  Country 


63 


Problems 


DIFFERENCES  in  environment  produce  distinctive  traits  in  the  population. 
The  occupations  of  a  region  are  to  a  considerable  degree  determined  by 
that  region  and  the  types  of  society  are  fixed  by  occupations  because  they 
determine  interests,  organizations,  outlook  and  culture.  Where  the  occupations  are 
subject  to  change,  the  social  character  of  the  community  is  variable. 

The  economic  life  of  a  country  is  largely  a  basis  for  all  life.  In  reality  the  relation 
between  economic  and  spiritual  development  is  an  interlocking  relationship  and  the 
church  must  work  for  the  advancement  of  her  people  through  every  agency.  To 
establish  these  principles  as  fundamental  in  town  and  country  work  is  a  basic  problem. 


DECLINING  CHURCH 
MEMBERSHIP 

THIS  is  due  in  part  to  shifting  population, 
increasing  tenancy,  the  exodus  of  young 
people  and  changing  economic  conditions.  Rural 
churches  are  dying  in  so  many  instances  and 
their  development  is  arrested  in  so  many  others 
that  the  whole  condition  of  the  town  and  coun- 
try church  is  languishing. 

The  Ohio  rural  life  survey  found  that  of  1,515 
churches  in  thirty-one  counties  more  than  two- 
thirds  were  arrested  or  dying.  Over  three- 
fourths  of  the  open  country  churches  were  not 
growing, 

SMALL  COUNTRY  CHURCHES 

WITH  a  stationary  or  diminishing  popu- 
lation a  church  of  less  than  one  hundred 
members  has  only  one  chance  in  three  of  sur- 
viving. In  Ohio  60  per  cent,  of  the  churches 
in  the  town  and  country  is  of  this  small, 
almost  hopeless  variety.  Fifty-five  per  cent, 
has  less  than  seventy-five  members.  With 
such  a  small  force  there  is  no  hope  of  an 
adequate  ministry  and  a  church  organization 
sufficient  for  suitable  ministry  and  service  to 
its  community. 

LACK  OF  LEADERSHIP 

THE  lack  of  a  trained  and  effective  leader- 
ship is  a  prime  source  of  weakness  in  the 
rural  church.     Young  men  upon  whom  the 


church  once  called  successfully  are  turning  to 
other  professions,  in  which  they  get  a  living 
wage.  Two  large  denominations  admit  that 
only  10  per  cent,  of  the  rural  pastors  has  had 
college  and  seminary  training.  There  is  an 
idea  abroad  that  denominational  well-being  is 
satisfied  with  the  upkeep  of  church  organiza- 
tions and  preaching  points  rather  than  by  sup- 
plying such  trained  religious  leadership  as  will 
arouse  the  rural  constituency  to  progressive 
work  on  a  self-supporting  basis. 

NO  COMMUNITY  CENTERS 

THE  rural  church  has  failed  to  live  up  to  its 
possibility  as  a  community  center.  With 
a  non-resident  pastor  it  is  impossible  for  the 
church  to  lead  in  community  affairs  or  reach 
the  people.  A  majority  of  country  churches 
is  closed  throughout  most  of  the  year. 

CIRCUIT  SYSTEM 

VERY  few  country  churches  receive  the 
full  time  of  a  pastor.  Ministers  serve  two, 
four  and  even  eight  and  ten  churches,  crossing 
and  re-crossing  one  another's  path.  Of  the 
17,000  country  churches  of  one  denomination 
12,000  are  without  services  on  any  given  Sun- 
day. Another  denomination  has  nine-tenths 
of  its  thousands  of  churches  served  by  absentee 
pastors;  and  three-fourths  of  its  churches  have 
but  one  service  per  month,  while  one-fourth 
has  no  Sunday  school. 


64 


A  SINGLE 
FRONTIER  CIRCUIT 


i 


Town  and  Country:  HOME  MISSIONS 


In  Ohio,  the  only  state  completely  surveyed, 
only  13  per  cent,  of  the  rural  ministers  live  by 
their  churches.  Country  ministers  have  aban- 
doned the  idea  of  living  near  their  people. 

The  withdrawal  of  ministers  from  the  open 
country  is  paralleled  by  the  withdrawal  of  other 


professional  types.  Physicians,  nurses,  lawyers 
—all  have  assembled  themselves  in  villages  and 
big  towns.  The  professional  classes  that  serve 
the  farmer  do  not  live  with  the  farmer. 

This  situation  shows  why  country  churches  are 
suffering  such  losses. 

INADEQUATE   EQUIPMENT 

THE  average  country  church  is  but  a  single- 
cell  structure.  At  best  it  has  but  one  room 
for  church  and  Sunday  school  and  probably  a 
basement  or  addition  for  kitchen  and  primary 
department.  The  frequent  lack  of  a  parsonage 
makes  it  impossibleto  maintain  a  resident  pastor. 

UNEQUAL  DISTRIBUTION 
OF  FORCES 

DENOMINATIONAL  lines  have  been  so 
tightly  drawn  in  the  country  that  even 
the  economic  urge  of  a  decreasing  population 
fails  to  bring  the  churches  together. 

Considering  that  rural  churches  are  generally 
bunched  in  villages  and  grouped  in  competitive 
areas  in  the  open  country  it  is  evident  that  the 
places  are  many  in  which  one  church  must 
depend  upon  only  ten  or  twenty  families. 

One  eastern  town  has  six  churches  for  one 
hundred  and  fifty  people  and  no  resident 
minister. 


They  Preach  Here        and        They  Live  Here 


85  MILES 


1 


92  MILES 


3  CHURCHES 
WITHIN  A  5  MILE  RADIUS 


1 


3  PASTORS 
WITHIN  A  7  MILE  RADIUS 

AN  ACTUAL  CONDITION  REVEALED  BY  THE  SURVEY 


HOME  MISSIONS:  Town  and  Country 


65 


THIRTY-SIX  COUNTRY  CHURCHES 

THIRTY-SIX  CHURCHES  IN  SIXTEEN  TOWNS  WITHIN  A  SIX-MILE  RADIUS 
WITH  A   POPULOUS   UNTOUCHED  TOWNSHIP   IMMEDIATELY  ADJACENT 


A  middle  western  town  of  eight  hundred  in- 
habitants has  seven  churches. 

Of  more  than  a  thousand  towns  of  less  than 
1,500  inhabitants  in  one  state  only  131  do  not 
show  an  unequal  distribution  of  forces.  This 
has  resulted  in  unevangelized  areas  outside  of 
the  towns  and  unnecessary  competition  where 
the  churches  are  located. 

This  situation  is  illustrated  in  one  well-estab- 
lished area  in  an  eastern  state,  where  sixteen 
villages  contain  thirty-six  churches  within  a  six- 
mile  radius,  while  the  adjoining  townships  are 
almost  uncared  for,  and  more  than  one  thousand 
children  of  school  age  are  unreached  by  church 
or  Sunday  school.     (See  chart  above.) 


UNCHURCHED   AREAS 

HUNDREDS  of  towns  and  many  whole 
counties  are  without  adequate  churching. 
One  town  of  two  thousand  inhabitants  has  had 
but  an  occasional  service  in  ten  years. 

One  village  fifteen  years  old,  of  four  hundred 
persons,  had  never  seen  a  minister  until  the 
Interchurch  World  Movement  made  a  survey. 

Seventeen  counties  in  the  central  and  far  west- 
em  states  are  reported  as  without  any  churches. 
Twenty-five  thousand  men,  women  and  chil- 
dren in  one  rural  industrial  area  in  a  central 
southeastern  state  are  without  any  religious 
supervision. 


66 


Town  and  Country:  HOME  MISSIONS 


INADEQUATE   PROGRAM   AND 
SALARY 

OVER-EMPHASIS  on  emotional  types  of 
religion  has  led  to  too  great  depend- 
ence upon  the  annual  revival  to  satisfy  the 
religious  needs  of  the  community  and  to 
enlarge  church  membership.  Sporadic  emo- 
tionalism is  substituted  for  continuous  evan- 
gelism. 

The  low  salaries  paid  to  rural  pastors  discourage 
the  best  type  of  leadership  and  compel  the  min- 
ister to  seek  a  better  paid  charge  in  the  city. 
Sixty-one  per  cent,  of  the  rural  white  ministry 
of  one  large  denomination  receives  less  than 
$1,000  per  year.  The  minimum  salary  of  a 
rural  Y.  M.  C.  A.  secretary  is  $1,200. 

SOCIAL  STARVATION 

THE  rural  field  has  always  been  deficient  in 
its  provision  of  legitimate  recreation  and 
amusement.  It  has  been  socially  starved. 
Even  in  the  towns  this  has  been  true  of  the  boys, 
girls  and  young  people,  and  even  the  adults 
have  only  a  few  lodges  and  fewer  church  organ- 
izations. This  social  starvation  has  reacted 
unfavorably  on  the  moral  tone  of  many  com- 
munities. It  is  also  largely  responsible  for  the 
migration  of  young  people  to  urban  centei-s. 

FOREIGN-BORN  FARMERS 

FOREIGN-BORN  farmers  in  increasing 
numbers  are  operating  farms  in  New 
England,  in  the  Mississippi  valley  and  in  the 
farming  and  small-fruit  sections  of  the  Pacific 
Coast.  Handicapped  by  their  ignorance  of 
our  language,  customs  and  standards  of  living, 
they  form  a  special  problem.  The  church 
has  a  grave  responsibility  toward  these  new 
Americans  which  it  has  failed  to  recognize. 

HEALTH 

1ACK  of  the  specialized  social  machinery  of 
>  the  city,  of  doctors,  of  nurses,  together 
with  failure  to  observe  quarantine  regulations, 
and  a  general  lack  of  intelligence  on  the  sub- 
ject of  preventive  medicine  and  social  hygiene, 
are  responsible  for  a  relatively  higher  disease 
and  death  rate  in  the  country  than  in  the 
city. 


THE  TOWN 

THE  community  that  is  neither  a  city  nor 
open  country  has  peculiar  difficulties.  De- 
pendent on  agriculture,  its  tastes  are  urban.  Its 
resources  are  meager.  It  offers  its  ambitious 
young  people  no  future.  Its  schools  educate 
neither  for  urban  life  nor  for  agriculture.  The 
town  has  a  place  in  our  civilization  but  that 
place  it  has  not  yet  wholly  filled. 

A  TYPICAL  COUNTY 

SUMMARY  of  the  social  complex  pre- 


A 


sented  by  a  single  typical  county.  No. 
259,  is  given  herewith: 

Area,  473  square  miles;  level,  rich,  agricultural 
county;  chief  products,  cattle  and  grain;  67 
per  cent,  of  farms  is  operated  by  owners;  no 
farmers'  cooperative  enterprises;  approximately 
two-thirds  of  road  mileage  is  hard  surfaced  or 
otherwise  improved;  nine  trade  communities. 

1.  Social  agencies:  3  public  libraries,  4  granges, 
30  lodges,  4  bands,  7  orchestras,  1  community 
chorus;  good  schools;  9  dance  halls,  7  moving 
picture  houses,  29  pool  rooms,  5  bowling  alleys. 

2.  Population:  30,400  in  1910  —  practically 
stationary.  Density  64  per  square  mile.  The 
county  seat  has  a  population  of  7,200,  leaving 
23,200  for  the  remainder  of  county  covered 
by  rural  survey;  90  per  cent,  of  population  has 
lived  in  county  over  15  years. 

3.  Churches:  63  outside  of  those  in  the  county 
seat.  There  are  13  abandoned  churches  12  of 
which  closed  during  the  last  3  years;  11  of 
these  are  in  the  open  country  and  2  in  villages. 

Resident  church  membership  of  rural  churches 
is  5,770  or  24.8  per  cent,  of  the  population;  38 
churches  have  lost  902  members  in  4  years.  In 
one  community  (population  453)  15  per  cent, 
are  members  of  2  churches.  In  community  I 
(population  2,113)  15  per  cent,  are  members 
of  three  churches;  in  community  II  (population 
3,145)  12  per  cent,  are  members  of  6  churches; 
in  community  III  (population  2,100)  5  per 
cent,  are  members  of  2  churches. 

Rural  Sunday  schools  have  a  total  average  at- 
tendance of  3,540 — 15.2  per  cent,  of  population; 
no  provision  for  leadership  training;  only  8  Sun- 


HOME  MISSIONS:  Town  and  Country 


67 


A  COUNTY  SURVEY  MAP 


/ 


SYMBOLS  TO  BE  USED  ON 

•  Htm  let 

•  Town  or  Village  included  in 

rural  survey 

•  Urge  Town  or  Villafo 

a  Church— Whit* 

6   Church— White,  with  Pastor'i 
Reaidenco 

<    Pastor's  Residence  without 

Church— White 
■  Church — Colored 

•  Church— Colored,  with  Pastor't 

Residence 


COUNTY  SURVEY  MAPS 

<  Pastor's  Residence  without 

Church — Colored 
■   AtMndoned  Church 

Circuits 

(Indicate  miles) 
O  School 

S  Grange  or  Lodge  or  other 

Community  or  Social  Building 

m  Sunday  school  separately  main- 
tained without  a  Church— White 

■  Sunday  school  separately  main- 
t«ined  without  a  Church-Colored 


KEY 

County  Boundary 

Community  Boundary 

Neighborhood  Boundary 

Parish  Boundary 

Parish  and  Church  Connecting  Line 

Circuits  of  Pastors 


68 


Town  and  Country:  HOME  MISSIONS 


day  school  pupils  have  entered  Christian  work 
in  10  years. 

Other  organizations:  47  for  women,  4  for  men, 
3  for  girls,  1  for  boys. 

Thirty  pastors  minister  to  county;  one-fourth 
of  county  has  only  1  resident  minister;  salaries 
average  $1,045  a  pastor  including  value  of  par- 
sonage; $589  a  church;  four  pastors  receive 
$700,  $450,  $364  and  $45  respectively  without 
parsonages;  12  churches  have  one-fourth  of 
minister's  time;  6,  one-third;  14,  one-half;  4  are 
pastorless;  19  full-time;  five  pastors  travel 
100  miles,  55  miles,  50  miles,  40  miles  and  22 
miles  respectively  to  reach  their  churches. 

4.  Needs:  (1)  At  least  10  rural  church  centers 
with  adequate  plants.  This  would  ensure 
proper  provision  for  religious  education,  social 
gatherings  and  recreation;  (2)  such  a  distribu- 
tion of  ministers  as  will  give  the  responsible 
churches  in  each  community  full-time  resident 
pastors,  with  assistants  where  necessary;  (3) 
provision  for  needed  modem  parsonages  and 
increased  pastoral  support;  (4)  a  unified  pro- 
gram to  apply  principles  of  Christianity  to 
social,  economic,  educational  and  recreational 
life  in  every  community;  (5)  training  confer- 
ences of  pastors  and  laymen  to  provide  leader- 
ship for  a  cooperative  campaign  to  reach  the 
unchurched  majority. 

COUNTY  981 

A  REA  504  square  miles;  population  approxi- 
Jl\,  mately  50,000,  40  per  cent,  living  in  rural 
sections;  2,653  farms,  total  acreage  309,681 ;  42.2 
per  cent,  acres  tilled  by  renters.  Live  stock 
sold  1918,  100,206  head;  remaining  on  farms, 
96,472.  Acres  sowed  to  grain,  164,529;  acres 
of  waste  land,  7,500.  Practically  all  the  county 
is  rich  in  rolling  farm  land,  one  township  south- 
east is  reported  by  government  soil  survey, 
to  be  one  of  the  richest  in  soil  values  in  the 
United  States. 

Institutions:  1  public  library  in  county,  build- 
ing cost  $31,000;  Soldiers'  Home;  University; 
63  school  buildings,  11  commissioned  high 
schools,  12  consolidated  and  29  one-room 
schools;  enrolment  in  1918,  3,386. 

Churches:  There  are  41  rural  churches  in 
this  county  representing  6  evangelical  bodies. 


Of  the  504  sections  of  land  in  the  county,  100 
are  not  touched  by  any  church.  Three  churches 
are  spreading  their  ministry  over  29  other  sec- 
tions. Four  churches  are  ministering  to  5  sec- 
tions, and  there  is  one  section  where  5  churches 
are  actively  engaged  in  religious  work. 

In  41  churches,  total  salary  paid  ministers, 
$24,483;  lowest  paid  from  any  one  church,  $110; 
average,  $597.25 ;  25  churches  located  in  towns; 
16  in  open  country;  7  towns  with  2  churches 
each;  1  has  3;  3  abandoned  churches  in  county. 
Of  24  ministers  serving  41  churches,  12  are 
graduates  of  colleges,  10  of  seminaries. 

It  is  estimated  that  between  4,000  and  5,000 
people  in  rural  sections  live  outside  the  bounda- 
ries of  any  church  parish.  Equipment :  22  build- 
ings 1  room;  8  buildings,  2  rooms;  3  buildings,  3 
rooms;  3  buildings,  4  rooms;  1  building  each 
of  6,  7,  8,  9  and  10  rooms.  Total  valuation 
of  church  property,  $268,450;  15  parsonages, 
valued  at  $40,000. 

Sunday  schools:  38;  total  enrolment  3,351; 
average  enrolment,  83  per  school;  average  at- 
tendance 31.  Three  churches  have  no  Sunday 
school;  1  school  has  an  enrolment  over  300; 
2  others  above  200;  12  schools  range  from  100 
to  180;  22  have  less  than  100.  The  smallest 
school  in  the  county  has  an  enrolment  of  29. 

The  County  Council  has  not  made  a  study  of 
the  results  of  the  survey  but  this  will  be  done 
soon,  at  which  time,  it  will  make  recommenda- 
tions, outlining  a  program  for  enlarging  and 
making  more  efficient  the  work  in  this 
county. 

However,  it  is  clearly  seen  that  there  are  large 
areas  untouched  by  any  church.  The  accom- 
panjring  map  shows  areas  reached  by  one  par- 
ish, more  than  one,  and  those  outside  the  boun- 
daries of  any  church.  It  is  evident  that  new 
churches  should  be  established  with  full  time 
resident  pastors,  with  assistants  where  neces- 
sary. Most  of  the  present  church  plants  need 
enlargement,  making  proper  provision  for 
religious  education,  social  gatherings  and  recre- 
ation. United  efforts  must  be  made  to  reach 
those  who  at  present  are  dwelling  in  "  No  Man 's 
Land,"  and  include  them  within  the  parish 
boundary  of  some  church. 


HOME  MISSIONS:  Town  and  Country 


69 


NEGLECTED  AREAS  REVEALED 

COUNTY  No.  981 

0     12     3    4.    5 


Areas  included  in  Parish 
of  a  single  Church 

Areas  included  in  Parishes 
of  two  or  more  Churches 

Areas  not  included  in  Parish 
of  any  Church 

Cities  over  5,000  Population 


D 
6 


Church 

Church  with  Pastor's 
Residence 

Pastor's  Residence 
without  Church 

Circuits  (Figures 
indicate  Miles) 


70 


Town  and  Country:  HOME  MISSIONS 


The  Forces 


A 


LL  agencies  are  slowly  awakening  to  the  fact  that  the  rural  field  must  be 
given  distinct  and  scientific  consideration.  The  home  mission  boards  are 
beginning  to  organize  separate  departments  for  country  church  work. 


Educational  literature  has  been  specially  prepared  for  the  rural  ministry. 

Chairs  of  rural  sociology  are  being  established  in  some  theological  seminaries. 

Summer  schools  for  rural  leadership  training  are  being  held  by  several  denominations. 

There  is  an  increasing  cooperation  between  agricultural  colleges,  government  agencies, 
welfare  organizations  and  the  churches. 

The  popularity  of  Chatauquas,  lyceums  and  open  forums  indicates  a  rich  field  of  men- 
tal and  moral  endeavor  which  the  rural  church  has  at  its  doors.  The  development  of 
rural  church  activities  along  these  lines  is  of  inestimable  value  both  to  church  and  peo- 
ple because  it  associates  the  church  with  the -whole  life  and  labors  of  the  commimity. 

The  rural  church  has  today  an  unprecedented  opportimity  to  become  a  community 
center  of  real  practical  service.  A  new  social  consciousness  is  being  manifested. 
The  war  has  brought  the  people  in  rural  sections  together  with  a  common  bond  of 
interest.  The  sacrificial  spirit,  the  courage  and  the  idea  of  unselfish  cooperation 
awakened  in  men  is  a  dynamic  force  of  infinite  possibility.  If  the  church  does  not 
avail  herself  of  this  new  force  at  once,  it  will  either  be  turned  into  other  channels  by 
some  other  agency  or  else  will  be  allowed  to  die. 

With  adequate  equipment  and  leadership,  the  church  can  direct  this  new  power  and 
become  the  most  potent  of  all  forces  working  for  social  betterment.  Religion  will 
then  take  its  rightful  place  as  the  foundation  and  mainspring  of  all  social  activity. 


THERE  is  an  old  saying  to  the  effect  that  **God  made  the 
country.'*    In  view  of  present  religious  conditions  there,  it 
is  time  to  win  it  back  for  its  Maker. 


L 


HOME  MISSIONS:  Town  and  Country 


71 


The  Program 


BRING  every  family  in  America  definitely  within  the  range  of  gospel  minis- 
tration and  influence  by  such  an  extension  or  reorganization  of  forces  as 
'  will  include  each  inhabited  rural  area  within  the  parish  actively  served  by 
some  evangelical  church. 

Definitely  occupy  by  a  redirection  of  the  interests  of  existing  churches  or  by  an  in- 
crease in  their  resident  leadership  new  settlements,  in  old  settled  counties,  whose 
advent  has  been  unnoted  by  nearby  churches;  old  settlements  whose  churches  have 
been  undermined  or  obliterated  by  population  or  industry  changes;  and  isolated 
settlements  in  remote  or  comparatively  inaccessible  *' pockets"  or  coves. 

Discover  the  best  way  to  evangelize — whether  by  colporter  and  itinerant  missionary 
or  by  settled  pastor  and  community  worker — new  and  growing  counties  of  the  West 
where  there  are-  large,  populated  areas  with  no  form  of  religious  ministration.  These 
areas  are  being  surveyed,  mapped,  and  their  needs  studied.  Five  thousand  standard 
churches  west  of  the  Mississippi  must  be  established  to  care  for  new  communities 
now  unevangelized. 

Discover  and  energetically  develop  every  town  and  country  church  which  occupies 
a  strategic  position  for  service.  Thiff  should  be  done  regardless  of  previous  missionary 
status  or  of  prospects  for  immediate  self-support. 

Apply  to  all  town  and  country  churches  a  minimum  standard  of  efliiciency  which 
will  provide  a  fair  measure  of  the  adequacy  of  the  equipment  and  program  of  each 
church  to  meet  its  situatiorr  and  will  define  for  each  a  reasonably  attainable  goal. 
In  the  average  case  such  a  standard  would  involve  a  resident  pastor;  adequate 
equipment  for  worship,  religious  education  and  community  service;  regular  worship 
and  preaching;  purposeful  pastoral  visitation;  adequate  financial  program;  organized 
graded  church  school;  enlistment  and  training  of  local  leaders;  ministry  to  special 
groups,  boys,  men,  girls,  women,  tenants,  new  Americans;  adequate  provision  for 
recreation  and  social  life;  and  definite,  cordial  cooperation  with  other  churches  of 
the  community.  These  things  represent  the  minimum  of  achievement  with  which 
any  worth-while  church  should  be  content. 

Urge  upon  all  churches  the  necessity  of  such  a  broadening  of  their  sympathies  and 
ministry  as  will  helpfully  relate  them  to  those  many  pressing  problems  which  are 
incident  to  the  current  rural  awakening  and  reconstruction.    In  many  rural  neighbor- 


72 


Town  and  Country:  HOME  MISSIONS 


hoods  such  problems  as  pubHc  health,  cooperation,  recreation  and  education  are  still 
primarily  spiritual  problems.  Religion  must  furnish  the  motive  for  better  rural 
living. 

Present  the  claims  of  the  rural  ministry  as  a  life  work  with  such  conviction  as  to 
constrain  the  strongest  young  men  and  women  in  America  to  give  themselves  to  the 
upbuilding  of  our  rural  life.  Provide  them  such  assurance  of  support  and  opportunity 
as  will  enlist  the  devotion  of  those  who  desire  to  invest  their  lives  in  difficult  but  fruit- 
ful service. 

Organize  short-course  training  conferences  for  graduate  instruction  in  all  subjects 
related  to  the  highest  development  of  the  rural  community  and  the  relation  of  the 
church  to  that  development,  and  put  such  a  conference  within  the  reach  of  every 
rural  minister. 

Give  adequate  opportunity  for  thorough  and  specialized  training  in  colleges  and 
seminaries  for  men  who  are  to  spend  their  lives  in  rural  church  work. 

Promote  cooperation  among  various  denominations  in  the  location  of  demonstration 
churches  so  that  there  shall  be  at  least  one'in  every  rural  county  to  illustrate  the 
powers  which  lie  dormant  in  the  average  church. 

Develop  an  outstanding  religious  periodical  for  circulation  in  town  and  country 
devoted  to  rural  church  methods,  programs  and  achievements. 

Encourage  the  making  of  accurate  religious  inventories  of  the  rural  communities  and 
counties  of  the  country  by  means  of  a  household  survey.  Such  an  inventory  to  be 
followed  by  a  comprehensive  conservation  program  having  for  its  cardinal  points, 
repeated  visitation  by  trained  personal  workers;  simultaneous  evangelistic  meetings; 
enlistment  of  all  members,  both  new  and  old,  for  definite  tasks  in  the  local  church, 
and  a  community  program  based  upon  such  an  organization  of  activities  as  will  bring 
the  church  up  to  standard. 


THE  slow-working  of  the  leaven  of  years  of  education  and  propaganda  is 
beginning  to  show.  The  lessons  of  the  war  have  not  all  been  forgotten, 
nor  the  enthusiasm  of  the  war  all  dissipated.  More  attention  is  being  paid 
to  Rural  America  now  than  ever  before.  Many  organizations  stand  ready  to 
become  leaders  in  community  service.  The  strategic  opportunity  for  the 
church  is  now;  tomorrow  it  may  be  too  late. 


NEW  AMERICANS 

NEW  Americans,  for  purposes  of  this  survey,  include  those  from  southern 
and  eastern  Europe  and  the  Levant.  This  section  of  the  survey  is  not 
directly  concerned  with  the  older  immigrants  who  came  principally  from 
northern  and  western  Europe,  although  in  some  cases  the  figures  quoted  include  this 
latter  group. 

The  foreign-bom  white  population  of  the  United  States  in  April,  1910  was  13,346,000. 
From  April,  1910,  up  to  July,  1919,  the  total  number  of  immigrants  to  the  United 
States  was  5,679,000.    During  the  same  period  1,916,000  emigrants  left  our  shores. 

Our  present  foreign-bom  population  is  about  17,000,000  and  there  are  some  20,000,000 
more  of  immediate  foreign  extraction. 

Approximately  one-fourth  of  all  the  children  in  the  United  States  lives  in  the  homes 
of  the  foreign-bom  as  the  birth  rate  is  ever3rwhere  higher  among  the  foreign-bom 
than  among  the  native  stock. 

The  percentage  of  foreign-born  farmers  is  greater  than  that  of  the  native-bom  in 
a  number  of  our  states. 

The  foreign-language  press  in  America  includes  some  1,500  publications  with  a 
circulation  of  8,000,000  copies  and  with  a  reading  public  of  possibly  16,000,000. 

Sixty,  or  less  than  5  per  cent,  of  these  1,500  periodicals,  may  be  classed  as  radical. 
The  others  for  the  most  part  uphold  American  ideals  and  American  patriotism.  The 
circulation  of  radical  papers  in  the  English  language  is  approximately  twenty  times 
greater  than  the  circulation  of  radical  papers  in  foreign  languages. 

There  are  about  four  million  Italians  living  in  America  distributed  chiefly  in  New 
York,  Massachusetts,  Pennsylvania,  Califomia  and  Connecticut.  They  have  212 
Italian  newspapers  with  a  combined  circulation  of  over  one  million  copies. 

About  three  million  Poles  who  were  bom  under  Austrian,  Russian  or  German  mle 
now  live  in  the  United  States.  They  are  widely  distributed  but  the  chief  urban  cen- 
ters are  Chicago,  Buffalo,  New  York,  Boston,  Milwaukee  and  Philadelphia.  They 
have  100  newspapers  published  in  this  country  with  a  circulation  of  1,500,000. 

Four  hundred  thousand  Greeks  live  in  the  United  States.  They  have  twenty-six 
newspapers,  one  of  them  being  the  largest  Greek  paper  published  in  the  worid. 


74 


New  Americans:  HOME  MISSIONS 


There  are  in  the  United  States  three-quarters  of  a  million  Bohemians  and  Moravians; 
half  a  million  Slovaks;  half  a  million  Hungarians;  400,000  Russians;  100,000  Arme- 
nians and  3,000,000  Yiddish-speaking  people.  Some  of  the  biggest  foreign  cities  in 
the  world  are  to  be  found  in  America. 

Other  groups  included  among  new  Americans  are  Albanians,  Arabs,  Assyrian-Chal- 
deans, Bulgarians,  Croatians,  Czecho-Slovaks,  Dalmatians,  Esthonians,  Finns, 
French  Canadians,  Letts,  Lithuanians,  Montenegrins,  Persians,  Portuguese,  Rouman- 
ians, Ukrainians,  Serbians,  Slovenians,  Spaniards,  S)Tians  and  Turks. 

The  full  participation  in  the  whole  life  of  America  on  the  part  of  all  the  people  in 
America  demands  the  removal  of  every  barrier  erected  by  a  sensational  race  con- 
sciousness and  the  creation  of  a  new  American  national  consciousness. 

To  be  great  a  nation  does  not  need  to  be  of  one  blood,  but  it  must  be  of  one  mind. 
Unity  of  spirit  is  of  more  importance  than  unity  of  race. 


HOME  MISSIONS:  New  Americans 


75 


The  Field 


PROPERLY  to  present  a  survey  of  new  Americans  will  mean  a  study  of  the 
field  itself,  its  problems,  character  and  extent;  an  analysis  of  the  forces  at 
work  within  the  field;  and  a  statement  regarding  a  program  adequate  and 
sufficient  for  the  needs. 

One  problem  of  the  new  American  is  distribution.  He  has  crowded  into  the  cities. 
Here  he  forms  his  "Little  Italy,"  his  "Ghetto,"  his  "Bohemian  Hills"— usually 
retaining  his  native  social  ideas  and  customs. 

In  a  city  like  New  York  the  problem  stands  out  in  the  large.  In  that  city  the  increase 
in  population  of  Russians,  Italians  and  Austro-Hungarians,  for  the  period  of  ten 
years  ending  in  1910,  was  greater  in  each  case  than  in  the  native  population.  Such 
an  unbalanced  growth  is  inevitably  reflected  in  the  decreased  percentage  of  Protestant 
church  members,  now  reduced  to  nearly  7  per  cent.  It  is  reflected  in  New  York's 
political  life.  Indeed,  it  intensifies  the  city's  problem  in  every  direction  and  gives 
rise  to  many  new  phases  of  city  life  and  work. 


PERCENTAGE  OF  FOREIGN-BORN  WHITES  AND  NATIVE  WHITES 
OF  FOREIGN  OR  MIXED  PARENTAGE 

BASED  UPON  POPULATION  OF  1910 


I        I  LESS  THAN  5  % 
I        I  5  TO  10  % 
I       i  10  TO  15  <Vo 
E0  15  TO  25  "Vo 
dl  25  TO  35  <Vo 
cm  35  TO  50  o/o 
■i  50%  AND  OVER 


76 


New  Americans:  HOME  MISSIONS 


ASSIMILATION 

THE  difficulties  of  assimilation  grow  out  of 
the  constant  ratio  of  aliens  within  our  pop- 
ulation, their  uneven  distribution  throughout 
the  country  and  their  tendency  to  congregate 
in  congested  city  quarters. 

The  constancy  with  which  alienism  retains  its 
numerical  strength  within  our  population  is 
well  shown  by  a  few  figures.  Approximately 
14  per  cent,  of  the  population  of  the  United 
States  is  foreign  bom  and  it  has  scarcely  varied 
in  fifty  years  though  the  character  of  the  immi- 
gration has  changed  notably  as  is  indicated 
by  the  diagram  "Sources  of  Immigration." 
In  1860  it  was  13.2  per  cent.;  in  1870,  14.4 


SOURCES  OF  IMMIGRATION 


.  =. Proportion  of  older  Immigration  _ 
SS^n  Proportion  of  newer  immigration 
Zigzag  lines  show  number  of  immigrants  per  year 
Straight  lines  show  trerxl  for  the  whole  period 


fH.m 

7M.N« 

600.M0 
SM.tM 
4M.IM 
3N.IW 
2M.IM 
1N.0M 


ISa      18M      IBM      ISM 


\m 


1871      18M      IBM      19W      1911 


per  cent.;  in  1880,  13.3  per  cent.;  in  1890, 
14.8  per  cent.;  in  1900,  13.7  per  cent.;  in  1910, 
14.7  per  cent.  These  figures  are  the  more 
significant  when  we  recall  that  the  percentages 
represent  adults  almost  entirely;  of  the  for- 
eign-bom whites  in  1910  only  5.7  per  cent. 
was  below  fifteen  years  of  age.  Among  the 
native  whites  of  native  parentage  35.8  per  cent, 
was  made  up  of  children  under  fifteen  years. 

Two-thirds  of  the  immigrant  population  which 
formerly  came  to  this  country  settled  in  the 
four  states  of  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsyl- 
vania and  Massachusetts.  Seventy-two  per 
cent,  of  the  foreigners  in  the  United  States  lives 
in  cities  of  2,500  and  over. 


Huddled  together  in  foreign  quarters,  out  of 
touch  with  the  larger  life  of  America,  they  be- 
come an  easy  prey  to  unscrupulous  agitators. 
Sometimes  the  economic  doctrines  accepted 
abroad  influence  their  relationships  in  America 
because  they  are  unfamiliar  with  the  principles 
of  government  which  control  this  country 
politically.  Under  these  circumstances  the 
immigrant  becomes  a  menace  to  the  well-being 
of  the  United  States. 

NATIONAL  PRIDE 

THE  new  American  in  his  pride  of  national- 
ity presents  another  problem.  This  trait 
is  an  advantage  if  properly  understood  by 
Americans  and  if  not  over-emphasized  by  the 
immigrants.  Americans  should  appreciate  the 
fine  ideals  which  the  foreigners  bring  with  them, 
and  also  their  traditions,  accomplishments  and 
culture.  On  the  other  hand  the  immigrant  must 
learn  more  about  the  real  nature  of  the  country 
which  he  has  made  his  home  and  in  which  he 
hopes  to  establish  his  family,  and  must  learn 
to  take  his  place  as  a  citizen  and  as  a  man. 

THE  WOMAN'S  LOT 

A  NOTHER  problem  of  the  new  American 
XJl  is  found  in  the  women  of  his  family. 
The  immigrant  man,  while  limited  in  his  con- 
tact with  American  life,  nevertheless  has  cer- 
tain social  opportunities  which  lift  him  out  of 
the  monotony  of  his  toil,  giving  him  a  larger 
outlook  upon  life.  The  women,  however,  are 
usually  confined  to  the  four  walls  of  their 
kitchens.  They  bring  up  large  families  of  chil- 
dren ;  they  scarcely  ever  see  anyone  outside  their 
families.  This  monotony  of  daily  life  has  driven 
some  of  them  to  insanity  and  even  suicide. 

EUROPEAN   BACKGROUND 

BEFORE  the  war,  when  Europe  was  gener- 
ally govemed  by  an  autocracy,  millions  of 
its  natives  fled  to  America  to  find  freedom. 
America  was  to  them  the  "promised  land.' 


a 


In  their  own  country  they  were  overshadowed 
by  a  state  religion  which  was  ritualistic  and 
political  in  its  character.  Economically  they 
were  compelled  to  work  for  starvation  wages 
with  no  hope  for  their  future.  Socially  they 
were  handicapped  in  that  they  belonged  to  the 
lower  classes  and  the  possibility  of  rising  to  the 


. 


HOME  MISSIONS:  New  Americans 


11 


level  of  the  so-called  upper  classes  was  next  to  in  this  country,  their  living  conditions  were  such 
hopeless,  no  matter  what  their  natural  ability  that  often  their  apparent  advance  was  a  ques- 
might  have  been.  tionable  one. 


WHAT  DID  THEY  FIND? 

IN  AMERICA  they  had  more  to  eat.  They 
wore  better  clothes.  They  had  the  right  to 
vote.  They  had  access  to  a  free  education. 
They  were  given  better  jobs. 

They  found  they  could  break  through  into  the 
upper  classes;  for  while  they  discovered  that 
there  were  classes  in  America,  they  had  the 
freedom  to  pass  from  one  to  another  according 
to  their  character,  general  ability  and  per- 
sonality. 

But  they  found  that  there  were  those  in  this 
country — even  among  their  own  people — who 
were  quite  ready  to  exploit  them.  They  were 
herded  to  the  polls  by  unscrupulous  politicians 
and  voted  in  blocks.  They  were  compelled  to 
live  in  shacks  and  unsanitary  camps. 

They  found  that  while  they  earned  more  money 


They  were  colonized  by  padrones  and  contrac- 
tors and  thus  shut  out  from  contact  with 
American  life. 

They  exchanged  the  country  life  to  which  they 
had  been  accustomed  for  the  filth  and  degrada- 
tion of  the  city  tenement. 

They  were  given  higher  wages — but  not  at  all 
commensurate  with  the  services  they  rendered. 

They  were  given  the  vote — but  somehow  it  did 
not  seem  to  affect  the  social  conditions  under 
which  they  lived. 

They  left  the  cathedrals  of  their  native  lands 
to  be  invited  to  a  bare,  dirty  mission  hall  on  a 
side  street. 

They  were  given  scant  welcome  in  the  churches 
and  were  looked  askance  at  by  the  members. 
They  could  not  understand  the  diversity  among 


THE  IMMIGRANT  ZONE 

1910 


1 


L 


i- >-! 

\ 


i 


V . 


j    ARKANSAS   j . 


"''V,/- 


XJ 


/ 


I 
I 


The  angle  includes 
18  per  cent.of  the  Area  of  the  United  States 
56  per  cent.of  the  Entire  United  States  Population 
75  percent.of  the  Foreign  Population 
32  of  the  52  cities  of  100,000  Population  and  over 


IntBTChurch  World  Movement  of  North  America 


GO.  182 


78 


New  Americans:  HOME  MISSIONS 


the  Christian  forces  in  this  new  country,  nor 
their  jealous  rivalry. 

MISUNDERSTOOD  BY  AMERICANS 

THERE  are  those  in  the  United  States  who 
profess  to  despise  the  immigrant  for  various 
reasons.  Sometimes  it  is  assumed  that  the  im- 
migrant comes  here  merely  for  the  purpose  of 
making  what  is  to  him  a  small  fortune  and  then 
returning  to  his  own  country  to  spend  this 
money. 

But  it  should  be  remembered  that  the  immi- 
grant has  honestly  earned  whatever  he  takes 
with  him  and  he  has  left  behind  more  than  its 
equivalent  in  services  rendered. 

These  able-bodied  immigrant  workers  have 
come  to  our  country  at  a  comparatively  slight 
expense  to  the  United  States,  fairly  equipped 
for  service  on  the  day  they  landed.  Their  own 
countries  during  their  non-productive  years 
have  borne  the  expense  of  their  rearing. 

There  are  some  who  insist  that  the  immigrant 
is  bringing  with  him  loathsome  diseases;  that 
he  is  the  scum  of  the  earth,  and  that  he  might 
better  remain  in  the  country  from  which  he 
came.    Such  expressions  are  wide  of  the  mark. 


With  the  careful  scrutiny  given  the  immigrant 
at  our  ports  of  entry  the  number  of  totally 
undesirable  persons  has  been  reduced  to  a 
minimum. 

ILLITERACY 

FROM  the  viewpoint  of  illiteracy  the  prob- 
lem of  the  new  American  is  much  more 
acute  than  the  problem  of  the  older  immigration. 
According  to  Fairchild  the  percentage  of  illiter- 
acy in  immigrants  14  years  of  age  or  over 
(1899  to  1909)  was  found  to  be  as  follows: 
Scandinavians  .4  per  cent.,  Irish  2.1  per  cent., 
Germans  5.1  per  cent. 

For  the  new  immigration  we  have:  Italians, 
north  11.4  per  cent.,  south  54.2  per  cent.; 
Hebrew  25.7  per  cent.,  Polish  35.4  per  cent., 
Croatian  and  Slovenian  36.4  per  cent. 

While  it  is  true  that  many  immigrants  who 
have  come  to  America  are  illiterate  it  should  be 
remembered  that  most  of  these  came  from 
small  towns  or  rural  districts  where  the  educa- 
tional facilities  are  not  as  good  as  they  are  in 
the  city.  The  most  undesirable  class — the 
criminal — comes  from  the  city  and  is  therefore 
the  best  educated. 


THE  IMMIGRANT  INVASION  OF  THE  CITI 

1910 


i3jCxx)«)o  foreigners  in  the  united  states 


Cities  OF  2JO0  0«  OVE»».  72  2  PtH  CtNt. 


TOWN  ANO  cOuNrnr.  tr»  ^td  ctwi; 


•oston 


AW^<V*  mr0  t^*»tr'  ^  av-i.   ii^^ 


Cleveland 


CHICAGO 


new  YORK 


BsassaBi 


tatte 


HOME  MISSIONS:  New  Americans 


79 


I 


The  test  of  literacy  is  not  by  any  means  the 
best  one  in  our  selection  of  the  immigrant.  It 
is  often  a  mistake  to  judge  him  by  our  stand- 
ards of  literacy;  they  are  no  real  gauge  of  his 
manhood. 

It  is  not  a  question  merely  of  having  all  for- 
eigners speak  the  same  language  that  we  do. 
Some  of  the  most  bitter  opponents  of  American 
ideals  speak  the  English  language  most  fluently. 
It  is  rather  that  there  should  be  a  unity  of  spirit 
between  all  those  in  this  country  who  desire  the 
best  interests  of  all  the  people. 


UNDESIRABLE  CITIZENS 

THE  claim  is  sometimes  made  that  the 
United  States  is  receiving  the  worst  ele- 
ments of  Europe;  that  the  better  class  does  not 
come  to  America;  and  it  is  argued  that  the  sum 
of  the  worst  elements  of  a  group  of  nations 
cannot  possibly  result  in  the  finest  product 
of  the  human  race. 

If  it  were  merely  a  question  of  wealth  or  educa- 
tion there  would  undoubtedly  be  some  point  to 
the  above  argument.    But  whatever  the  theory 


COMPARATIVE  AMERICAN  AND 
FOREIGN  POPULATION 

IN  THE 

CALUMET  REGION 


EAST  HAMMOND 
100% 


Calumet 

100% 


WEST  HAMMOND 
95  7o 


BURNHAM 
95% 


HEGEWISCH 
86% 


INDIANA  HARBOR 
83% 


EAST  CHICAGO 
80  7o 


H% 


17% 

20% 

HAMMOND 

WHITING 

(EXCLUSIVE  OF  EAST  HAMMOKD) 

70% 

31% 

20% 


® 


FOREIGN 


Htnhunfi  mrU  kkwema  (f  IMti  Antrn. 


30% 


««% 


IZI] 


AMERICAN 


6D20 


80 


New  Americans:  HOME  MISSIONS 


on  this  point  it  is  daily  being  demonstrated  in 
our  American  life  that  the  children  of  these  very 
foreigners  are  taking  places  of  leadership  and 
are  rapidly  becoming  the  backbone  of  America. 

PHYSICAL  IMPROVEMENT 

THE  Immigration  Commission  appointed 
by  the  United  States  Government  brought 
out  some  interesting  facts  with  reference  to  the 
physical  changes  which  have  taken  place 
among  immigrants.  Not  only  do  they  adopt 
American  customs  but  their  personal  and  bodily 
appearance  undergoes  a  marked  change. 

In  many  instances  the  children  of  the  immi- 
grant show  greater  height  and  weight  than  the 
same  races  in  the  mother-country.  In  some 
cases  even  the  head-form — one  of  the  most 
stable  and  permanent  racial  characteristics — 
has  undergone  very  great  changes.  For  in- 
stance, the  eastern  European  Hebrew  usually 
has  a  round  head.  His  American-born  child  be- 


different  in  Europe,  approaches  a  uniform  type. 
This  fact  is  extremely  suggestive,  inasmuch  as 
it  shows  that  those  racial  characteristics  which 
seem  to  be  most  permanent  are  subject  to  very 
marked  changes  due  to  American  environment. 
If  these  physical  changes  are  so  great  we  may 
well  conclude  that  the  whole  mental  and  even 
the  moral  constitution  of  the  people  un- 
doubtedly changes  under  the  new  conditions. 


THE  I.  W.  W.  maintains  thir- 
teen newspapers  printed  in 
English  and  nineteen  printed  in 
foreign  languages. 


Bohemian  Free-Thinkers  at  Work 

Teachings  from  "Catechism  for 
Bohemian  and  American  Schools." 

"THERE  IS  NO  GOD: 

GOD— God  is  a  Word  Reprosonting  An 
Imaginary  Boing  Which  Poopio 
Thomsolvos  Havo  Werkod  Out." 

JESUS  CHRIST-"Tho  lllogitimato 
Son  of  a  Virgin  Namod   Mary." 

BIBLE -"Written  By  Ordinary  Monj" 
"Record  of  Notions,  Not 
Events;"  "Undependable  " 
"Unbelievable." 

Transiitkms  of  Payne  anil  Iniersoll  Broadcast 


comes  more  long-headed  than  his  parent;  while 
the  descendant  of  the  southern  Italian — who  in 
Italy  has  a  head  of  the  long  type — becomes 
more  short-headed  than  his  parent. 

In  all  instances  in  this  country  the  head-form 
of  the  descendants  of  these  races,  so  markedly 


SPIRITUAL  NEED 

THE  greatest  problem  of  all  is  primarily 
spiritual.  The  warring  of  old-world  pre- 
possessions and  prejudices — political,  social, 
economic,  and  religious  —  with  new  world 
ideals  and  standards  can  be  harmonized  only 
through  the  spirit  of  Jesus.  There  is  no  other 
force  or  power  that  can  adequately  meet  all 
the  issues  involved. 


nPHE  alien  must  find  a  welcome  in  the  English  church,  because 
the  love  of  God  compels  the  welcome.     That  the  alien  should 
be  unwelcome  in  any  church  of  Jesus  Christ  is  abhorrent  to  the 
thought.^/oe/  S.  Ives. 


HOME  MISSIONS:  New  Americans 


81 


^ 


The  Forces  at  Work 

RACIAL  solidarity  is  influenced  by  existing  fraternal  orders  and  social  clubs 
but  more  especially  by  the  foreign-language  press.  As  an  agency  for  the 
^  conservation  of  old-country  ideals,  these  publications  cannot  be  overlooked. 
Some  of  these  papers  are  frankly  atheistic  and  a  few  have  been  suspected  of  dis- 
loyalty to  the  government. 

There  has  doubtless  been  an  over-emphasis  upon  this  tendency  of  the  foreign-language 
press,  but  unquestionably  it  often  tends  to  perpetuate  old-world  influences  and  to 
retard  assimilation. 

Many  of  the  foreign-language  religious  papers  are  as  nationalistic  as  their  secular 
contemporaries. 

The  public  school  is  the  greatest  factor  in  influencing  the  life  of  the  immigrant. 

There  his  children  receive  their  first  lessons  in  democracy  and  in  consequence  he  soon 
comes  to  feel  that  the  public  school  represents  the  government  in  a  very  real  sense. 

The  labor  imion  is  a  strong  assimilating  force. 

It  is  one  of  the  very  few  institutions  in  our  American  life  which  brings  together  men 
of  all  nationalities;  men  with  a  common  purpose,  who  suffer  and  sacrifice  for  a 
common  cause. 

The  constant  appeal  for  better  homes,  better  wages,  better  working  conditions, 
better  cities,  indeed,  better  everything,  of  which  the  immigrant  hears  in  the  labor 
union  is  bound  to  spur  him  on  to  better  living  and  encourage  him  to  realize  his  best 
ideals. 

The  "nationaF'  churches  in  this  country  (principally  Polish  and  Magyar)  are  largely 
supported  by  their  home  governments  and  undoubtedly  help  the  people  of  their  own 
nationalities  in  many  ways.  But  the  whole  tendency  of  these  churches  is  to  influence 
their  members  to  retain  their  connections  with  old-country  organizations  and  citizen- 
ships. 

Their  pastors  are  subsidized  and  pensioned  by  their  home  governments  and  they 
naturally  seek  in  every  possible  way  to  retain  the  good-will  of  foreign  government 
officials  rather  than  to  take  their  part  as  citizens  in  the  life  of  this  country.  We  can 
readily  understand  this  tendency  on  their  part  if  we  but  imagine  ourselves  placed  in 
their  position. 


82 


New  Americans :  HOME  MISSIONS 


THE  FOREIGN  LANGUAGE 
CHURCH 

A  GENERATION  ago  foreign-language 
Christians  were  frequently  disposed  to 
organize  separate  churches  without  direct  rela- 
tionship to  any  American  ecclesiastical  body 
and  sometimes  in  direct  affiliation  with  Euro- 
pean bodies.  Undoubtedly  the  tendency  of 
these  churches  has  been  to  retard  assimilation 
and  to  perpetuate  old  world  relationships  while 
the  new  world  needed  the  enthusiasm  and  spir- 
ituality of  these  new  American  Christians. 

DIRECT  ASSIMILATION 

REACTING  from  this  error,  established 
English-speaking  churches  have  at- 
tempted direct  assimilation  urging  the  absorp- 
tion of  new  American  converts  without  any 
special  recognition  of  racial  background  or 
racial  barrier.  This  may  be  an  ideal  course 
but  what  happens  is  that  the  new  convert  is 
unable  to  assume  the  full  responsibility  of 
church  membership  or  to  enter  fully  into  its 
privileges. 

There  is  in  most  American  churches  a  degree 
of  social  or  racial  cleavage  which  tends  at  first 
to  patronize  the  newcomer  and  then  to  neglect 
him.  Being  lost  in  the  American  church,  the 
new  American  does  not  have  the  opportunity 
that  he  might  otherwise  exercise  of  evangeliz- 
ing his  own  kinsmen. 


FOREIGN-LANGUAGE 
CONGREGATIONS 

FOREIGN-SPEAKING  congregations  re- 
lated to  existing  English-speaking 
churches  have  been  established.  They  wel- 
come the  new  Americans  to  worship  in  their 
mother-tongue.  Here  there  is  possible  such 
degree  of  congregational  freedom  and  respon- 
sibility as  is  required  to  meet  the  needs  of  the 
particular  group.  Such  congregations  meet 
in  the  building  of  the  English-speaking  church, 
or  in  one  situated  in  the  foreign  community,  or 
in  both. 

THE  AMERICAN  PARISH 

HERE  there  is  a  kind  of  cathedral  church 
for  a  community  where  there  are  many 
language  groups.  These  distinct  but  related 
organizations  are  brought  into  affiliation  with 
one  another  through  a  college  of  ministers,  each 
member  of  which  serves  a  particular  congrega- 
tion but  with  an  American  pastor  at  the  head. 
One  equipment  for  social  and  educational  min- 
isters suffices  for  these  different  organizations. 

THE  POLYGLOT  CHURCH 

A  GROUP  of  churches,  of  English-speaking 
and  foreign-speaking  members,  may  form 
a  new  t3rpe  of  American  parish,  each  church 
enjo3nng  a  large  degree  of  freedom  but  all  re- 
lated as  a  single  parish  under  the  leadership  of 
an  American  minister. 


F 


Foreign-Born  Population  of  the  United  States,  1919 

Foreign-bom  population,  April,  1910 13,346,000 

Immigration,  April,  1910-July,  1919 5,679,000 

Emigration,  April,  1910-July,  1919 1,916,000 

Net  immigration,  April,  1910-July,  1919 3,763,000 

Total  foreign-bom  population,  July,  1919,  approximately  . .     17,000,000 


L 


HOME  MISSIONS:  New  Americans 


83 


An  Adequate  Program 

OOPERATION  must  be  established  with  all  other  agencies  having  a  program 
of  which  the  church  may  approve  for  upbuilding  the  life  of  new  Americans 
and  whose  general  objects  may  be  stated  briefly  as  follows: 

To  help  create  right  relationships  between  the  racial  groups  of  America;  to  help 
interpret  American  ideals  to  new  Americans;  to  help  promote  social  relationships 
between  old  and  new  Americans  on  the  basis  of  mutual  acquaintance  and  apprecia- 
tion; to  encourage  the  study  of  particular  peoples,  their  ideals  and  their  achievements, 
and  rightly  to  appraise  their  contributions  generally  to  human  progress;  to  encourage 
reasonable  goals  of  Americanization — acquaintance,  good-will,  cooperation  and  the 
appreciation  of  the  dignity  and  value  of  life — irrespective  of  race. 

Strong  religious  centers  must  be  maintained  instead  of  poorly  equipped,  weakly- 
manned  missions.    The  programs  of  these  centers  should  touch  every  phase  of  life. 

Native  American-born  leaders  must  be  trained  through  intimate,  personal  contact 
not  only  with  the  foreign-bom  people  living  in  this  country  but  with  those  in  the 
countries  from  which  foreigners  come. 

Leaders  from  the  foreign-language  groups  must  also  be  trained  in  schools  thoroughly 
American,  with  full  opportunity  to  study  and  know  American  life  and  ideals. 

Broad  tjrpes  of  work,  social  and  religious,  must  be  developed  which  shall  deal 
largely  with  children  and  yoimg  people  through  whom  adults  may  be  influenced. 
From  these  there  may  be  raised  up  a  competent  leadership  for  the  people  of  their 
own  nationality. 

Specialized  work  among  men  by  men  should  be  conducted  in  view  of  a  large  pre- 
ponderance of  males  among  the  immigrant  population. 

The  creation  of  a  modern  foreign-language  literature  is  most  necessary.  It  should 
include  strong  Protestant  periodicals  for  at  least  six  or  eight  major  language  groups; 
translation  of  great  Christian  documents  and  literature;  pamphlets  dealing  with 
present  social,  economic  and  scientific  problems  from  the  standpoint  of  religion  and 
the  church;  and  utilization  as  far  as  possible  in  the  existing  foreign-language  press 
of  articles  prepared  by  special  writers. 

Publicity  campaigns  in  immigrant  centers,  involving  the  use  of  posters,  pamphlets, 
paid  advertising  and  other  methods  should  also  be  conducted. 


84 


New  Americans:  HOME  MISSIONS 


SPIRITUAL  RECONSTRUCTION 

EVANGELISTIC  campaigns  are  needed 
among  those  who  have  definitely  broken 
with  the  religion  of  their  fathers  and  are  fast 
becoming  atheists.  In  most  cities  the  street 
is  the  open  forum  where  these  men  may  be 
reached.  Among  these  there  are  many  who 
constitute  a  distinct  menace  to  America  be- 
cause of  their  anti-religious  attitude.  Most 
of  these  are  young  people  or  men  and  women 
who  have  not  yet  reached  middle-age.  Such 
a  campaign  could  not  be  regarded  as  prosely- 
tizing, for  its  aim  is  to  restore  faith  now  lost. 

Training  schools  must  be  founded  for  the 
preparation  of  leaders  who  may  wish  to  serve 
in  their  own  communities  as  volunteer  workers 
among  the  immigrants. 

Frequent  conferences  should  be  held  not  only 
of  state  and  national  representatives  having 
interests  in  local  fields  but  also  of  local  workers 
themselves,  so  that  the  entire  enterprise  may 
not  suffer  because  of  ignorance  regarding  facts 
or  of  narrowmindedness  generally  on  the  part 
of  the  workers. 

• 

Organizations  similar  to  the  International  In- 
stitute which  serves  immigrant  girls,  socially 
and  religiously,  should  be  encouraged  and  sup- 
ported. Too  much  cannot  be  said  of  these  or- 
ganizations which  seek  to  conserve  and  protect 
all  that  is  best  in  the  immigrant  character. 


STARTING  RIGHT 

CONTACTS  should  be  formed  with  immi- 
grants before  they  come  to  America  so 
that  they  may  be  guided  at  points  of  departure 
by  unselfish,  Christian  workers  whose  sole  ob- 
ject it  is  to  serve  homesick,  discouraged,  lonely 
men,  women  and  children. 

On  the  basis  of  the  facts  revealed  by  the  rural 
and  city  surveys  neglected  races  and  overlooked 
neighborhoods  should  be  assigned  to  particular 
denominations. 

A  denomination  which  has  already  accepted 
responsibility  for  a  particular  people  in  Europe 
or  Asia  should  accept  a  like  responsibility  for 
the  same  group  in  America. 

The  world  field  is  a  unit,  travel  is  rapid,  the 
mails  are  active,  and  workers  trained  in  any 
portion  of  the  work  can  be  used  in  any  other; 
every  zealous  Christian  is  a  potential  church 
and  may  become  a  center  of  Christian  influence. 
Nothing  less  than  a  world  viewpoint  can  be 
taken  in  dealing  with  these  problems. 

MANY  ALREADY  WON 
OTHERS  WAITING 

THE  new  American  responds  to  a  demo- 
cratic appeal  in  religion  as  in  politics.  Many 
thousands  in  the  past  decade  have  become  our 
enthusiastic  Christian  allies  and  others  await 
only  a  sympathetic  approach. 


Shall  They  Rise,  or  We  Sink? 

IF  WE  do  not  see  that  the  immigrant  and  the  children  of 
the  immigrant  are  raised  up,  most  assuredly  the  result 
will  be  that  our  children  and  children's  children  are  pulled 
down.    Either  they  will  rise  or  we  shall  sink. 

— Theodore  Roosevelt 


NEGRO  AMERICANS 

NE  out  of  every  ten  people  in  the  continental  United  States  is  a  Negro 
The  present  Negro  population  is  between  ten  and  eleven  millions — more 
than  double  that  of  1865. 

The  Negro  population  without  European  immigration  has  not  increased  as  rapidly  as 
the  white. 

At  the  time  of  the  last  census  there  were  56,000  more  female  persons  than  male  in  the 
total  Negro  population.    This  means  that  for  every  1,000  women  there  were  989  men. 

Among  the  whites  the  situation  was  different;  there  were  1,068  white  male  persons 
for  every  1,000  white  female. 

In  1910,  thirteen  southern  states  reported  Negro  populations  of  more  than  200,000. 
In  eight  of  them  the  number  exceeded  600,000.  These  thirteen  states  contained 
six-sevenths  of  the  Negro  population  of  the  country. 

There  are  1,350  counties  in  the  sixteen  southern  states;  in  818  of  them  Negroes 
comprised  one-eighth  or  more  of  the  total  population  in  1910;  while  in  264,  more 
than  half  the  population  was  Negro. 


Fifty  Years  of  Negro  Progress 


I860 
20,000 


1910 


Farms  Operated 900,000 

Farms  Owned 241,000 

12,000 Homes  Owned 500,000 

2,100 Business  Enterprises 45,000 

90% Illiteracy 30% 

100,000 Public  School  Pupils 1,800,000 

600 Teachers 30,000 

Educational  Productive  Funds 8,000,000 

In  Professional  Service 60,000 

In  Government  Service 24,000 

Newspapers  and  Periodicals 250 

Churches 37,773 


86 


Negro  Americans:  HOME  MISSIONS 


FOR  the  past  fifty  years  there  has  been  a  con- 
tinuous migration  of  Negroes  northward  and 
westward.  This  movement  is  shown  by  the 
continually  increasing  percentage  of  Negroes 
in  certain  large  northern  cities. 

Sixty  years  ago  more  than  92  per  cent,  of  the 
Negroes  lived  in  the  South.  According  to  the 
1910  census  the  number  had  decreased  each 
decade  to  about  89  per  cent. 

THE  NORTHERN  MIGRATION 

THE  report  of  the  Department  of  Labor 
on  "Negro  Migration  in  1916-17"  sum- 
marizes the  situation  as  follows: 

For  a  number  of  years  it  has  been  apparent  to  even  the 
casual  observer  that  a  stream  of  Negroes  has  been  flowing 
into  the  North  from  the  border  southern  states.  Some 
have  been  going  from  the  lower  South  also,  but  that 
section  has  not  hitherto  been  greatly  affected.  However, 
recent  extraordinary  occurrences — the  war  in  Europe, 
with  the  consequent  shortage  of  labor  in  the  North,  the 
ravages  of  the  boll  weevil  and  flood  conditions  in  the 
South — have  set  on  foot  a  general  movement  of  Negroes 
northward  that  is  affecting  the  whole  South. 

Other  "causes  assigned  at  the  southern  end  are 
numerous:  General  dissatisfaction  with  con- 
ditions, ravages  of  boll  weevil,  floods,  change  of 
crop  system,  low  wages,  poor  houses  on  plan- 
tations, poor  school  facilities,  unsatisfactory 
crop  settlements,  rough  treatment,  lynching, 
desire  for  travel,  labor  agents,  the  Negro  press, 


letters  from  friends  in  the  North,  and  finally 
advice  of  white  friends  in  the  South  where  crops 
had  failed." 

THE  CITY   INFLUX 

THREE-FOURTHS  of  the  Negro  popula- 
tion is  still  rural.  There  has  been,  how- 
ever, a  steady  stream  of  Negroes  to  the  cities 
at  a  rate  quite  comparable  with  the  influx  of 
whites.  In  1890,  less  than  one  out  of  five 
Negroes  lived  in  towns  of  2,500  or  larger.  By 
1910,  more  than  one  out  of  four  were  living  under 
urban  conditions.  At  that  time  there  were  179 
cities  having  more  than  2,500  Negro  inhabi- 
tants. Forty-three  of  these  cities  contain  Negro 
populations  of  over  10,000.  Segregated,  these 
people  constitute  Negro  cities  within  cities. 

THE   EFFECT  OF  THE   WAR 

THE  whole  problem  of  race  relationships 
has  been  greatly  affected  by  the  Worid 
War.  During  the  few  years  of  the  great  Euro- 
pean struggle  the  status  of  the  Negro  was  com- 
pletely changed.  The  scarcity  of  labor  afforded 
steady  work  at  relatively  high  wages  to  all,  but 
especially  to  manual  laborers.  Government 
propaganda  helped  to  give  these  people  a  new 
sense  of  their  value.  Negro  soldiers  received 
the  same  pay  and  wore  the  same  uniform  as 
other  soldiers.  The  Negro  thus  gained  new 
standards  of  living  and  a  new  vision. 


NEGRO  AND  WHITE  POPULATION 
AT  EACH  CENSUS:  1790-1910 


to 


10 


20 


30 


MILLIONS 
40 


SO 


wm'mpmmvm. 


■  .m^m'.}^ • 


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60 


g^ 


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70 


[NEGRO  POPULATION 
WHITE  POPULATION 


80 


InttrcDurc/t  0orM  HfkMemtnt  of  North  Amtnct 


&aiB74 


HOME  MISSIONS:  Negro  Americans 


87 


Economic  Life 


IN  1910  seventy-one  out  of  every  hundred  Negroes  of  ten  years  of  age  and  over 
were  gainfully  employed.  In  the  South  the  proportion  was  about  87  per  cent. 
For  the  total  white  population,  ten  years  of  age  and  over,  it  was  51  per  cent. 
More  than  half  of  these  Negroes  were  engaged  in  agriculture  and  nearly  half  of  those 
in  agriculture  were  farm  laborers. 

In  1910  out  of  893,370  Negro  farm  operators  one-fourth  were  owners  or  part 
owners  of  farms.  In  a  single  decade  the  number  of  Negro  farm  owners  increased 
about  17  per  cent.  In  the  South  three  out  of  four  Negro  farm  operators  were  tenants, 
the  larger  part  of  them  probably  share  tenants,  with  the  consequent  uncertainty. 

There  is  a  gradual  movement  of  Negro  laborers  from  the  unskilled  to  the  semi-skilled 
and  skilled  occupations.  In  a  single  decade,  1900  to  1910,  the  number  of  factory 
workers  increased  173  per  cent;  textile  workers  283  per  cent. 

An  incomplete  investigation  by  the  Department  of  Labor  covering  244  occupations 
in  30  plants  in  seven  typical  industries  where  Negroes  were  largely  employed  showed 
that  they  compared  fairly  well  with  other  workers  as  to  absenteeism  during  working 
hours,  labor  turnover,  and  quantity  and  quality  of  work  done. 

There  are  special  problems  connected  with  the  adjustment  of  colored  women  in 
industry  and  probably  in  domestic  and  personal  service.  Child  labor  is  an  acute 
problem  in  the  South. 

The  demands  for  Negro  labor  in  the  North  during  the  World  War  accelerated  tre- 
mendously the  movement  of  Negroes  from  the  South.  The  resulting  race  friction  and 
difficulties  of  racial  cooperation  imperatively  call  for  the  mediating  influence  of  the 
church.  Recent  race  riots  and  lynching  challenge  all  Americans  to  maintain  good- 
will, law  and  order. 

Welfare  agencies,  boards,  women's  clubs  and  associations  have  helped  to  secure 
training  and  industrial  opportunities  for  Negroes  in  towns  and  cities. 

In  many  cities  some  of  the  churches,  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.,  the  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  and  affiliated 
organizations  have  blazed  the  paths  showing  how  religious  agencies  may  bring  the 
principles  and  ideals  of  Jesus  to  bear  upon  the  modem  industrial  problems  confronting 
Negro  workers  in  towns  and  cities. 

Churches  in  rural  districts,  notably  in  Virginia  and  Mississippi,  have  cooperated  to 
improve  farm  conditions. 


88 


Negro  Americans :  HOME  MISSIONS 


GOVERNMENT  AGENCIES 

EXECUTIVE  departments  of  the  federal 
government,  especially  the  Department  of 
Agriculture  through  its  farm  demonstration 
agents,  and  the  Department  of  Labor  through 
its  Negro  economics  division,  have  done  con- 
structive, work  for  improving  the  efficiency  and 
conditions  of  Negroes  who  labor  in  agriculture 
and  industry. 

PROPOSED  POLICIES  AND 
PROGRAM 

JUSTICE  is  the  only  sure  basis  of  racial 
cooperation.  As  exponents  of  righteousness, 
Christian  people  have  the  opportunity  to 
demonstrate  to  the  world  by  example  that  (1) : 
fundamental  conflicts  of  interest  between  races 
can  be  settled  upon  the  basis  of  common-sense 
and  brotherly  spirit  rather  than  upon  the  basis 
of  brutal  force;  (2)  facilities  for  general  education 
of  Negro  wage-earners  especially  in  spare  hours 
should  be  provided;  (3)  councilsof  representative 
citizens  should  be  organized  by  the  churches  of 
the  community,  white  and  colored,  for  the  pur- 


pose of  interracial  discussion  of  the  problems  of 
white  workers, Negro  workers  and  employers;  (4) 
employment  bureaus,  through  which  the  worker 
may  find  suitable  employment,  mav  be  es- 
tablished by  the  Negro  churches;  (5)  coopera- 
tive buying  through  the  Negro  church  might 
be  encouraged  and  developed;  (6)  in  the  rural 
districts  the  churches  might  be  a  medium  for 
landlord  and  tenant  to  come  together  to  settle 
their  interests  on  a  Christian  basis;  (7)  wel- 
fare work  should  be  developed  to  train  the 
Negro  worker  already  employed  for  greater 
efficiency  in  occupations  now  open  to  him  and  in 
preparation  for  advanced  positions  in  the  future; 
(8)  trained  community  workers  are  needed  in 
every  town  and  city  church  to  visit  the  places 
of  work  and  the  homes  of  Negro  women  who 
are  now  going  through  their  first  experiences  in 
modem  industry;  (9)  training  in  domestic 
science  should  be  provided  for  migrant  Negro 
women  who  seek  emplojrment  in  domestic 
service;  (10)  a  thrift  organization  and  propa- 
ganda is  needed  in  every  church  to  help  Negroes 
conserve  their  surplus  earnings  for  the  inevitable 
rainy  day. 


PERCENTAGE  OF  ALL  LAND  IN  FARMS  OF  COLORED  FARMERS 
OPERATED  BY  COLORED  OWNERS,  BY  STATES:  1910 


Tht  heavy  lines  f. 


.)  show  geographic  divisions 


Less  than  10  per  cent  [  |40  to  50  per  cent 

^3  10  to  20  per  cent         ^113  50  to  60  per  cent 

\ j  ^  ♦"  30  per  cent         (       ~]60  to  70  per  cent 

L 1  30  to  40  per  cent        g^|  70  per  cent  and  over 


HOME  MISSIONS:  Negro  Americans 


89 


Housing  Conditions 


IN  NORTHERN  cities— Chicago,  Detroit,  Philadelphia,  New  York  and  more 
than  a  score  of  others,  large  and  small— the  recent  Negro  migration  has  created 
acute  housing  conditions.  Where  Negroes  have  moved  into  houses  which  whites 
have  vacated  they  usually  pay  higher  and  often  excessive  rents.  To  pay  these  rents 
the  houses  are  crowded  with  lodgers,  creating  physical  and  moral  ills. 

In  many  southern  cities  colored  people  who  do  not  own  their  homes  are  housed 
either  in  "gun-barrel"  frame  shanties  and  cottages  or  in  tenement  "arks"  of  a  pigeon 
house  type,  with  little  or  no  sanitary  facilities.  Unpaved,  undrained,  unpoliced 
streets  are  often  the  rule  even  in  the  best  Negro  neighborhoods. 

Housing  conditions  affect  health.  It  has  been  estimated  that  450,000  Negroes  in  the 
South  are  continuously  sick,  costing  them  $75,000,000  annually  and  entailing  a  loss 
in  earnings  of  $45,000,000.  It  is  further  estimated  that  600,000  Negroes  of  present 
population  will  die  of  tuberculosis,  of  whom  at  least  150,000  could  be  saved. 


SELECTED  PLANTATION  AREA,  BOUNDARIES  OF  COTTON  BELT, 
AND  COUNTIES  HAVING  50  PER  CENT  OR  MORE 
OF  NEGRO  POPULATION:  1910 


90 


Negro  Americans :  HOME  MISSIONS 


FIGHT  FOR  DECENCY 

IN  BOTH  northern  and  southern  cities  the 
"red  light"  districts,  both  white  and  colored, 
often  touch  upon  or  are  located  within  the 
segregated  Negro  neighborhoods.  Without 
adequate  police  provision  and  with  frequent 
political  connivance,  respectable  homes  of  black 
folk  often  wage  battles  almost  single-handed 
and  alone  for  protection  against  these  dangers. 

The  saloon  has  been  driven  from  these  neigh- 
borhoods, but  "buffet  flats"— a  sort  of  high- 
class  combination  of  gambling  parlor,  "blind 
tiger"  and  house  of  assignation— yet  flourish  in 
many  cities. 

RURAL  CABINS 

MANY  Negro  farm-owners  still  live  in  one- 
room  cabins.  Often  those  who  possess 
the  means  do  not  realize  the  advantages  of 
living  in  good,  well-built  houses. 

The  Negro  plantation  tenants  and  farm-hands 
must  depend  upon  the  landlord  to  emancipate 
them  from  the  one-room  cabin  with  the  "lean- 
to"  kitchen,  without  sanitation  or  privacy. 

CONSTRUCTIVE  FORCES: 
MODEL  TENEMENTS 

IN  SEVERAL  northern  cities— notably  New 
York,  Philadelphia  and  Cincinnati— model 
tenements  have  been  constructed  by  philan- 
thropic citizens.  Several  large  industrial  cor- 
porations have  built  model  houses  and  villages 
for  Negro  employees— notably  in  Birmingham, 
Ala.,  Maryville,  Tenn.,  Baden,  N.  C,  Middle- 
town,  Ohio,  and  at  other  places. 


HOUSING  CAMPAIGNS 

BETTER  housing  campaigns  have  been  pro- 
moted by  Negro  churches  mainly  in  the 
rural  districts  of  Virginiaand  Mississippi  through 
joint  organizations  both  local  and  state-wide. 

LEGISLATION 

SEVERAL  local  and  national  agencies  have 
done  notable  work  investigating  housing 
conditions  and  promoting  philanthropic  effort 
and  legislation  for  better  housing. 

PROPOSED  POLICIES  AND  PROGRAM 

ADJUSTMENTS  of  race  relations  involve 
Jl\.  the  cooperative  action  of  the  northern 
whites,  the  southern  whites  and  the  Negroes 
themselves. 

The  church  might  promote  the  building  of 
model  tenements  in  the  cities;  advocate  that 
unsuitable  dwellings  be  repaired  or  help  make 
many  houses  already  built  suitable  by  repairing 
and  remodeling;  create  a  sentiment  for  better 
building  laws  and  their  enforcement;  and  lead 
the  forces  of  law  and  order  and  morality  to  pro- 
tect respectable  Negro  neighborhoods  from 
vicious  elements — Negro  and  white. 

In  the  rural  districts  the  churches  might  lead 
in  cooperative  efforts  to  bring  the  latest  in- 
formation about  home  building  to  the  Negro 
farm  owner  and  part  owner,  and  foster  "clean- 
up" and  "home  beautiful"  campaigns,  covering 
such  items  as  the  whitewashing  and  the  paint- 
ing of  houses.  White  churches  and  landlords 
in  rural  districts  might  help  greatly  in  improv- 
ing housing  conditions. 


PERCENTAGE  URBAN  AND  RURAL 

IN  THE  NEGRO  AND  WHITE 
POPULATION,  BY  SECTIONS:  1910 


iNCCno 


flv^WMITt 


PERCENTAGE   URBAN  AND   RURAL 

IN  THE  NEGRO  POPULATION, 
BY  sections:  1910,  1900  AND  1890 


J 


HOME  MISSIONS :  Negro  Americans 


91 


Health  Conditions 


EALTH  is  the  passport  to  race  perpetuity;  mortality  points  the  finger 
toward  health  needs.  Conservation  of  health  increases  both  the  individual 
and  the  social  capacity  for  service  in  every  form. 

In  the  registration  area  the  total  number  of  deaths  in  1913  was  820,204  for  whites, 
and  67,266  for  Negroes.  The  death-rate  per  1,000  of  the  population  of  this  area 
was  13.7  for  whites,  21.9  for  Negroes,  largely  due  to  community  conditions. 

Certain  preventable  diseases — typhoid  fever,  pulmonary  tuberculosis,  pneumonia, 
Bright's  disease,  diarrhoea,  organic  heart  disease  and  enteritis — show  a  decided  excess 
of  deaths  among  Negroes,  due  to  gross  lack  of  healthful  facilities. 


RURAL  NEGRO  POPULATION,  1910 


SCALE: 

•  —     1,000 

•  i-  10.000 


State 

Number 

SUte 

Number 

SUte 

Number 

State 

Number 

Georgia 

Mississippi 

Alabama 

South  Carolina. 
North  Carolina 

Louisiana 

Virginia 

952.161 
914,130 
751,679 
734,141 
581,868 
553,029 
512.878 
511,185 
383,744 
322.582 
220,083 
155,025 
133.020 

Oklahoma 

Missouri 

West  Virginia. . 
Pennsylvania. . 

Ohio 

New  Jersey 

Illinois 

Delaware 

Kansas 

New  York 

Indiana 

Iowa     

100,630 
52,990 
48,793 
37.586 
29,170 
24.333 
23,511 
20,024 
17,834 
16,705 
11.895 
6,187 
4,959 

California 

Massachusetts. 

Colorado 

Washington .  . . 
Connecticut . .  . 

Wyoming 

Nebraska 

New  Mexico. . . 

Wisconsin 

.\rizona 

Minnesota 

Rhode  Island.. 
Maine 

3.246 

2,812 

2,094 

1,359 

1,216 

1,194 

1.068 

833 

759 

699 

666 

474 

439 

Nevada 

South  DakoU. 

Montana 

North  DakoU . 

Vermont 

Oregon 

Idaho 

412 
405 
379 
311 
280 
228 
225 

T^Kn> 

N.  Hampshire. 
Utah 

208 

Arkansas 

185 

Tennessee 

Florida 

Kentucky   . . . 

United  States.. 

7,138,534 

Maryland 

Michigan 

92 


Negro  Americans:  HOME  MISSIONS 


HOSPITALS  AND  PHYSICIANS 

IN  1910  there  were  about  3,887  Negro 
physicians,  surgeons  and  dentists  and  2,433 
trained  nurses.  There  were  less  than  ten  fairly 
well-equipped  hospitals,  two  of  which  were 
outside  the  South;  and  about  ninety  other 
private  hospitals  having  poor  plants,  inade- 
quate equipment  and  uncertain  support. 

Negro  physicians  are  usually  excluded  from  pub- 
lic hospitals  and  one  state  medical  board  in 
recent  years  practically  excludes  them  from 
that  state. 

HEALTH  EDUCATION 

EDUCATIONAL  propaganda  on  the  causes 
and  prevention  of  tuberculosis,  tjrphoid, 
hook-worm,  social  diseases  and  other  maladies 
have  been  promoted  by  private  agencies  and 
public  authorities.  Especially  during  the  past 
five  years  the  United  States  Public  Health 
Service  and  the  state,  county  and  city  boards  of 
health  have  made  efforts  to  educate  Negroes 
along  these  lines. 

Annual  "clean-up"  campaigns  have  been  con- 


ducted in  city  and  country,  North  and  South, 
by  a  number  of  cooperating  organizations. 

HOMES  FOR  AGED  AND 
CHILDREN 

THERE  is  no  adequate  information  at  the 
present  time  about  the  few  orphans'  homes 
for  Negro  children  and  homes  for  Negro  aged. 

The  Interchurch  World  Movement  survey  is 
now  locating  and  studying  these  institutions 
and  these  needs,  especially  of  child  life. 

PROPOSED  POLICIES  AND  PROGRAM 

TO  MEET  these  needs  there  should  be 
provided  in  the  next  ten  years  3,000  ad- 
ditional physicians  and  surgeons  and  500 
dentists  (see  under  Education,  page  96) ;  fifteen 
well-equipped  hospitals  and  homes  geographi- 
cally distributed  and  health  institutes  in  25,000 
Sunday  schools,  together  with  regular  health 
campaigns  in  every  church. 

The*  churches  might  cooperate  more  fully  with 
public  hospitals,  boards  of  health  and  physicians 
and  with  private  health  agencies. 


DECENNIAL  PERCENTAGE  INCREASE  OF  THE  NEGRO 
AND  OF  THE  WHITE  POPULATION:  1790-1910 


InttrchvrO)  World  Movemtnt  of  North  Amtrict 


e  a  127  B 


HOME  MISSIONS :  Negro  Americans 


93 


Recreation  Situation 


HERE  are  relatively  few  moving-picture  theatres  in  Negro  neighborhoods. 
A  number  of  these  use  questionable  pictures,  often  interspersed  with  vulgar 
vaudeville. 

Pool-rooms  run  for  gain  and  without  proper  supervision  are  simply  breeding-places 
for  gamblers.  Here  unwary  youth  with  their  natural  craving  for  pleasure  meet 
designing  exploiters  seeking  victims. 

Dance  halls  in  many  cities,  frequently  conducted  under  commercial  auspices,  are 
places  where  all  types  of  characters  mingle.  Often  innocent  youth  plays  without 
warning  with  tawdry  vice  and  designing  seducers. 

The  need  of  meeting-places  for  social  intercourse  and  of  places  with  equipment  for 
indoor  and  outdoor  games  under  trained  supervision  is  universal. 

The  Negro's  love  of  music  and  singing — an  unusual  power  for  religious  and  ethical 
culture — has  been  generally  left  without  adequate  organization  and  leadership. 

National  holidays,  picnics,  bazaars  and  festivals  have  been  largely  undirected. 


PERCENTAGE  OF  NEGRO  IN  THE  POPULATION 

BY  STATES:  1910 


]]  so  per  cent  and  over 


94 


Negro  Americans:  HOME  MISSIONS 


COLOR  OR  RACE, 

NATIVITY  AND 

PARENTAGE, 

BY  STATES:  1910 


MAINE 
N.  H. 
VT. 

MASS. 
R.  I. 
CONN. 


PER  CENT 

0       P      20     30      40     50     60     70      80     90    100 


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NATIVE  WHITE -FOREIGN  OR  MIXED  PARCNTAOf 

t^g  FOREIGN  BORN  WHITE 
^H     NEORO  ANO  ALL  OTHER 


CONSTRUCTIVE  FORCES 

THE  effort  of  the  churches  to  meet  the 
recreational  needs  of  the  Negro  people  has 
been  very  limited.  One  church  in  Massachu- 
setts, two  in  New  York,  one  in  Philadelphia  and 
one  in  Louisville,  Ky.,  are  providing  large 
facilities  and  leadership. 

Twelve  cities  have  Young  Men's  Christian 
Association  buildings  equipped  for  athletics 
and  games.  The  Young  Women's  Christian 
Association  has  eight  buildings  equipped  with 
gymnasia;  seventeen  city  associations  have 
buildings  equipped  for  leisure  activities  and 
eighteen  additional  recreation  centers. 

During  the  World  War  several  other  national 
agencies  opened  and  maintained  recreation 
centers  that  demonstrated  the  great  benefits 
which  flow  from  proper  supervision  of  recrea- 
tion. A  few  cities  of  the  South  have  provided 
public  playgrounds  which  Negro  children  may 
enjoy. 

PROPOSED  POLICIES  AND 
PROGRAM 

EXPERIENCES  of  the  World  War  in  camps, 
towns  and  cities  frequented  by  soldiers 
showed  the  power  for  good  of  recreational  ac- 
tivities. 

Cooperative  organizations  of  the  churches  in 
179  cities  for  picnics,  festivals,  fairs,  celebra- 
tions and  bazaars  will  bear  moral  and  spiritual 
fruitage. 

Negro  folk-songs  or  "spirituals"  are  the  nat- 
ural basis  for  efforts  to  develop  adequately 
the  musical  genius  of  the  Negro.  This  will  be 
a  real  service  to  the  Negro  and  to  musical 
art. 


FORMER  Ambassador  Bryce  once 
said  that  the  American  Negro  in 
the  first  thirty  years  of  his  liberation 
made  a  greater  advance  than  was 
ever  made  by  the  Anglo-Saxon  race 
in  a  similar  period  of  years. 


HOME  MISSIONS:  -ATe^ro  ilmericans 


95 


Educational  Conditions 

THE  inadequate  provision  for  Negro  education  is  well  known.    In  the  South, 
where  nearly  all  schools  for  Negroes  are  located,  they  receive  only  about 
18  per  cent,  of  the  total  expenditure  for  education,  although  they  consti- 
tute more  than  30  per  cent,  of  the  population. 

Large  numbers  of  children  and  youth  between  the  ages  of  six  and  twenty  years  are 

not  in  school.    Buildings,  equipment  and  the  pay  for  teachers  in  elementary  schools 
are  sorely  inadequate. 


PERCENTAGE  IN  SCHOOL  AND  NOT  IN  SCHOOL  OF  THE 

NEGRO  AND  WHITE  POPULATION  10  TO  14  YEARS  OF 

AGE  BY  SECTIONS  AND  SOUTHERN  STATES:   1910 


.NOT  IN  SCHOOL 

30  20  K) 


PER  CENT.  IN  SCHOOL 
30  40  50  60  70 


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96 


Negro  Americans:  HOME  MISSIONS 

In  1914,  expenditures  from  private  funds  for  Negro  education  were  more  than  one- 
half  of  the  total  of  all  expenditures  for  Negro  education,  private  or  public. 

Secondary  education  to  meet  the  need  for  teachers  in  the  elementary  schools  as  well 
as  secondary  and  higher  training  for  those  youths  who  should  go  into  other  professions 
are  essential  for  Negro  progress  of  all  kinds. 

Probably  one-half  or  more  of  about  30,000  Negro  school  teachers  and  professors 
are  unprepared  for  their  task.  They  need  preparation  through  work  in  normal  school, 
college  and  university.  There  is  need  for  county  teacher-training  schools  of  secondary 
school  grade  in  probably  800  counties  in  sixteen  southern  states  having  one-eighth 
or  more  Negro  population.  These  schools  should  provide  also  adequate  academic 
and  agricultural  courses  of  high  school  grade  to  meet  all  country-life  needs. 

The  foundations  of  Negro  education,  both  public  and  private,  were  laid  by  the  church 
through  home  mission  money  and  activity. 

The  denominations  whose  membership  is  white  or  largely  white  are  now  providing 
about  four-fifths,  and  the  colored  denominations  about  one-fifth,  of  the  support  for 
the  higher  and  secondary  institutions  for  Negro  youth. 

The  pay  of  Negro  teachers  in  both  denominational  and  independent  higher  and 
secondary  schools  is  more  inadequate  than  that  in  the  white  schools. 


CONSTRUCTIVE  FORCES: 
HIGHER  INSTITUTIONS 

THE  most  liberal  enumeration  of  higher 
institutions  shows  that  for  over  ten  million 
Negro  Americans  there  is  not  more  than  one 
institution  which  has  the  equipment,  endow- 
ment, students  and  teaching  force  required  by 
the  recent  standard  "efficient"  college  adopted 
by  the  Association  of  American  Colleges. 

Lack  of  these  higher  institutions  for  Negro 
youth  makes  their  opportunities  for  thorough 
college  education  very  inadequate.  Not  more 
than  thirty-six  of  the  institutions  can  be  reck- 
oned either  Al  in  the  second  grade  of  standard 
colleges;  or  A2  as  institutions  doing  both  col- 
lege and  secondary  work;  or  A3  as  institutions 
offering  some  college  subjects.  Only  two  insti- 
tutions offer  full  curricula  in  medicine,  dentis- 
try and  pharmacy.  Probably  less  than  2  per 
cent,  of  all  the  colored  pupils  of  the  United 
States  is  enrolled  in  college  and  professional 
schools. 


Estimated  total  valuation  of  the  property  of 
all  private  secondary  and  higher  institutions 
for  Negroes  is  less  than  thirty  million  dollars, 
with  a  total  annual  income  of  a  little  more  than 
three  million  dollars. 

It  is  estimated  that  the  higher  and  secondary 
institutions  for  whites  in  1914  had  endowment 
or  productive  funds,  exclvding  manual  training 
and  industrial  schools,  of  $413,943,427. 

The  productive  funds  of  Negro  institutions  in 
1915,  including  normal  and  industrial  schools, 
was  estimated  at  $7,850,000.  Excluding  in- 
dustrial schools  would  reduce  this  amount  about 
one-half.  The  white  population  is  about  ten 
times  as  large  as  the  Negro,  but  has  produc- 
tive educational  funds  more  than  fifty-three 
times  as  large. 

Existing  institutions  for  the  training  of  teachers 
are  sorely  inadequate  to  meet  the  demands. 
Only  five  states  and  three  cities  provide  normal 
training  schools  for  Negro  teachers. 


HOME  MISSIONS:  Negro  Americans 


97 


SECONDARY  SCHOOLS 

THERE  are  at  present  only  108  county 
training-schools  for  the  818  counties  where 
Negroes  made  up  one-eighth  or  more  of  the 
total  population  in  1910.  Only  a  few  of  these 
are   more   than   graded   elementary   schools. 


stitutions  into  closer  cooperation  with  the  ele- 
mentary and  secondary  schools  supported  by 
public  funds  so  as  to  stimulate  the  extension 
and  improvement  of  these  public  schools 
through  which  alone  all  the  people  may  receive 
instruction. 


PERCENTAGE  OF  ILLITERATES  IN  THE  NEGRO  POPULATION: 

10  YEARS  OF  AGE  AND  OVER, 
BY  STATES  1910: 


Th«  heavy  linw  ( )  show  geographic  divisions 

□  less  than  I  per  cent     ^^  ,o  to  15  per  cent 
p^  •  to  3  per  cent  |^3  ,5  j^  25  per  cent 

L^  3  to  5  per  cent  CI325  per  cent  and  over 

Li^  5  to  10  per  cent 


There  are  probably  not  more  than  seventy  pub- 
lic high  schools  for  Negroes  in  the  towns  and 
cities  of  the  sixteen  southern  states.  Only  about 
forty-five  of  these  offer  four-year  courses.  The 
others  range  from  three-year  courses  downward. 

PROPOSED  POLICIES  AND  PROGRAM 

THREE  great  policies  confront  those  who 
seek  to  strengthen  and  develop  strategic 
institutions  for  higher  education  adequate  to 
meet  the  need  of  the  Negro:  (1)  To  adjust  and 
increase  existing  educational  facilities  for  more 
than  ten  million  Negro  Americans;  (2)  To  im- 
prove the  administrative  direction  and  the 
quality  of  the  teaching  of  these  institutions  so 
as  to  put  them  on  a  par  with  the  nation's  best 
educational  standards;  (3)  To  bring  higher  in- 


NEEDS  TO  BE  MET 

THE  chief  needs  are:  (1)  To  provide  ele- 
mentary school  teachers;  (2)  To  establish 
educational  facilities  for  those  unable  to  attend 
college;  (3)  To  provide  preparatory  training 
for  those  going  to  universities  or  higher  institu- 
tions of  learning. 

The  179  cities  which  had  2,500  or  more  Negroes 
in  1910,  each  need  a  well  equipped  high  school 
with  adequate  academic  and  vocational  courses. 
Summer  schools  and  training  institutes  further 
to  prepare  teachers  of  secondary  and  elemen- 
tary schools  are  sorely  needed. 

Church  funds  must  provide  now  at  least  300 
high-grade  four-year  high  or  secondary  schools 
with  adequate  academic  and  vocational  courses. 


98 


Negro  Americans:  HOME  MISSIONS 


These  can  be  developed  from  the  substantial 
and  important  secondary  schools  which  now 
exist  under  denominational  boards  or  inde- 
pendent boards  of  trustees.  At  least  200 
of  these  should  be  located  in  rural  districts 
where  they  would  provide  academic  and  agri- 
cultural courses  for  the  future  leaders  of  these 
country  communities. 

The  building  of  this  secondary  school  sjrstem 
must  be  related  to  the  existing  elementary 
schools  in  the  South  and  to  the  public  school 
authorities  who  control  these  elementary  schools 
and  who  should  as  rapidly  as  possible  assume 
adequate  support   of  secondary  schools. 

HIGHER  INSTITUTIONS 

FOR  the  professional  leadership  of  more  than 
10,000,000  Negroes  there  should  be  pro- 
vided real  university  and  college  facilities.  This 
is  essential  in  order  to  prepare  teachers  and 
administrators  for  colleges,  secondary  and 
vocational  schools;  doctors,  ministers,  lawyers, 
and  other  professional  workers. 

In  1910  there  were  about  29,727  Negro  teachers, 
34,962  Negro  ministers,  3,409  physicians  and 
surgeons,  478  dentists  and  7,056  others  in  pro- 
fessional occupations. 

Northern  white  universities  will  furnish  some 
of  these  leaders  but  the  immediate  future  calls 
for  university  facilities  with  medical,  pharma- 
ceutical, dental  and  religious  departments  for 
8,000  students  within  the  reach  of  the  bulk  of 


the  Negro  population  in  the  South  to  furnish 
about  450  college  teachers,  about  350  medical 
men  and  about  1,200  ministers  a  year. 

Junior  and  senior  colleges  should  be  provided 
to  train  teachers  and  supervisory  officers  for 
secondary  schools  and  to  provide  preliminary 
training  for  doctors,  ministers  and  the  like. 

The  necessary  facilities  for  training  800  such 
leaders  per  year  for  the  next  two  years;  1,200 
yearly  during  the  following  three  years;  and 
4,000  to  5,000  each  succeeding  year  are  im- 
peratively needed  as  a  conservative  minimum 
in  order  to  increase  the  supply  of  about  60,000 
professional  people  now  at  work  and  to  replace 
poorly  prepared  leadership  with  one  equipped 
for  its  difficult  task. 

To  train  these  leaders  there  needs  to  be  devel- 
oped from  existing  institutions  during  the  next 
ten  years  at  least:  (1)  Three  "university 
centers"  with  well  equipped  medical,  religious 
and  graduate  schools;  (2)  Eleven  institutions  of 
standard  college  grade;  (3)  Twenty-one  institu- 
tions of  junior  college  grade. 

The  questions  of  content  of  curricula,  the  quali- 
fications of  teachers  and  the  life  of  the  institu- 
tion are  not  within  the  province  of  this  survey. 

The  selection  and  location  of  institutions  for  the 
development  of  these  different  grades  of  colleges 
must  be  determined  by  agreement  among  those 
charged  with  the  administration  of  the  schools 
and  funds. 


THE  Negro  faces  serious  problems  when  he  migrates  from  his 
southern  surroundings  to  a  northern  neighborhood.  He  enjoys 
larger  liberty  but  pays  an  excessive  rent,  to  raise  which  he  must  crowd 
his  rooms  with  promiscuous  lodgers,  a  danger  to  health  and  an  im- 
pairment to  family  life. 

Northern  migration  brings  problems  for  both  the  Negro  and  his  white 

neighbors,  but  the  odds  are  against  the  Negro.     Keener  competition, 

racial  animosity  and  unfair  discrimination  are  in  the  scale  against 

him. 

Only  the  Christian  ideal  of  brotherhood  can  solve  these  problems  for 

both  races. 


HOME  MISSIONS:  Negro  Americans 


99 


Religious  Life 


FIVE  out  of  every  eleven  Negroes  in  the  United  States  are  church  members. 
In  1916,  according  to   the  best  information,  Negro  church  organizations 
had  37,773  church  edifices  and  3,618  parsonages.     The  total  valuation  was 
estimated  at  more  than  $73,681,668,  with  an  indebtedness  of  $6,175,599. 

The  usual  type  of  building  and  equipment  of  the  average  Negro  country  church 
consists  of  an  unpainted  frame  structure  with  rough  benches,  a  platform  and  pulpit 
for  the  preacher.    Preaching  services  are  held  about  once  or  twice  a  month. 

The  Sunday  school  in  the  rural  Negro  church  usually  is  a  summertime  activity  in 
no  way  adequate  in  program,  methods,  supervision  or  leadership  for  the  religious 
education  of  the  people. 

The  minister  is  usually  non-resident,  often  living  and  working  at  some  other  occupa- 
tion in  a  nearby  city.  He  usually  comes  to  the  community  on  Saturday  night  or 
Sunday  morning  and  leaves  at  the  close  of  his  Sunday  labors.  He  is  generally  not 
equipped  with  adequate  knowledge  of  the  Bible,  of  church  history,  of  the  duties 
and  requirements  of  pastor  or  priest.  His  activity  is  usually  confined  to  preaching 
with  homely,  natural  eloquence  and  emotional  fervor.  Here  and  there  men  of 
character  and  training  have  been  going  into  rural  work  as  resident  ministers.  The 
effect  of  their  work  has  demonstrated  the  need  of  home  mission  work  for  the 
Negro  rural  community. 

The  financial  resources  of  the  Negro  country  church  cannot  now  support  a  resident 
minister  of  this  type. 

Here  is  a  call  for  home  mission  boards  to  send  trained  men  to  these  neglected  people. 

Well  educated  ministers  trained  in  psychological,  sociological  and  ethical  studies,  in 
addition  to  a  knowledge  of  the  Scriptures  and  of  religion,  are  needed. 

Negro  newcomers  and  older  residents  in  cities  require  the  best  trained  minds  to 
guide  them  in  ethics  and  religion.  The  people  love  their  churches  and  are  enthusi- 
astic and  responsive;  but  the  churches  need  a  complete  program  in  order  best  to  serve 
the  people. 

There  is  need  of  trained  Negro  laymen  to  assist  in  business  and  financial  matters 
connected  with  a  large  growing  church  in  order  to  lighten  the  burden  devolving 
upon  the  overtaxed  minister. 


100 


Negro  Americans:  HOME  MISSIONS 


CONSTRUCTIVE  FORCES: 
THE  CHURCHES 

THERE  are  two  general  groupings  of  Negro 
churches:  (1)  The  distinctly  Negro  denomi- 
nations, these  consisting  exclusively  of  Negro 
churches;  (2)  Negro  churches  in  denomina- 
tions having  both  white  and  Negro  members. 


Increase  of  Negro  Church  Members 

Denominations 
Exclusively  Negro 

1906 

U.S. 

Census 

1916 

U.S. 

Census 

Baptist  bodies 

Methodist  bodies.. . 
Other  bodies 

Total 

2,311,172 

869,710 

24,165 

2,967,085 

1,077,324 

38,869 

3,205,047 

4,083,278 

Negro  Members 

in  Denominations 

Having  Mixed 

Membership 

1906 

U.S. 

Census 

1916 
Church 
Year- 
books 

Baptist  bodies 

Methodist  bodies. . . 
Presbyterian  bodies. 
Protestant  Episcopal 

Congregational 

Christian  Church. .  . 

43,617 
312,421 
29,040 
19,098 
11,960 

53,842 
323,713 
33,386 
23,775 
13,209 
10,120 
11,863 
10,863 

T^i^/*inlps  of  C/hrist. . 

other  bodies 

Total 

23,409 

439,545 
3,205,047 

480,771 
4,083,278 

Total  from  above 
Grand  Total 

3,644,592 

4,564,049 

The  distinctly  Negro  denominations  held  86.8 
per  cent,  of  the  Negro  communicants  in  1890 
and  87  per  cent,  in  1906. 


THE  religious  nature  of  the  Negro  in- 
vites the  serious  attention  of  all  pro- 
gressive Christian  forces. 


THE  MINISTRY 

IN  DISTINCTLY  Negro  denominations  there 
were  31,624  ministers  according  to  the  1906 
census  and  34,962  in  1918  according  to  the 
Year  Book  of  the  Churches.  Ministers  were 
not  reported  separately  for  denominations  hav- 
ing both  white  and  Negro  members. 

Due  allowance  should  be  made  in  the  above 
figures  because  of  inaccurate  returns. 

THE  CHRISTIAN  ASSOCIATIONS 

THE  Young  Men's  Christian  Association 
has  forty-five  city  associations  of  colored 
men;  ten  of  them  in  southern  and  border  cities; 
fifteen  additional  industrial  associations  con- 
nected with  industrial  plants;  seven  interna- 
tional secretaries;  one  hundred  local  secretaries; 
20,000  members  and  twelve  standard-type 
buildings  costing  nearly  $2,000,000. 

The  Young  Women's  Christian  Association  has 
forty-nine  associations  and  four  affiliated  clubs 
of  colored  women;  twelve  national  and  eighty- 
five  local  workers,  and  23,683  members. 

PROPOSED   POLICIES   AND 
PROGRAM 

AMICABLE  adjustment  of  race  relations 
jt\,  on  the  basis  of  justice,  peace  and  good- 
will is  an  acid  test  for  the  Christian  church. 
To  this  end  the  church  must  offer  a  full  mea- 
sure of  practical  service  inspired  by  the 
principles  and  ideals  of  Jesus  Christ. 

RELIGIOUS  WORSHIP 

THE  highest  expression  of  both  individual 
and  group-life  of  Negroes  is  through 
their  churches.  Their  churches  are  their  very 
life-blood  and  through  them  Negroes  have 
found  their  truest  outlet  for  self  expression. 
Whatever  will  help  develop  their  churches  and 
church  life  will  help  toward  racial  self-realiza- 
tion. 

There  should  be  provided  an  adequate  number 
of  new  church  buildings  in  congested  city 
centers  equipped  for  worship,  for  religious  in- 
struction, and  for  community  service;  remod- 
eled and  improved  church  buildings  in  city  and 
coimtry;  model  parsonages  as  demonstrations 
of  what  homes  should  be. 


HOME  MISSIONS:  Negro  Americans 


101 


RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION 

THE  imperative  demand  for  educated  minis- 
ters and  other  educated  leaders  requires 
twelve  schools  of  religion  strategically  located 
in  connection  with  the  universities  and  colleges 
planned  above  (Educational,  page  98).  In 
addition  there  are  needed:  (1)  Ten  Bible 
schools  with  practical  courses  in  the  English 
Bible  built  upon  a  high  school  education 
or  its  equivalent;  (2)  Forty  summer  institutes 
strategically  distributed  throughout  the  United 
States  on  a  cooperative  denominational  basis 
and  furnishing  to  men  now  in  the  ministry 
instruction  in  the  English  Bible,  ethics  and 
practical  psychological,  sociological  and  eco- 
nomic subjects;  (3)  Eighty  rural  conferences  of 
three  to  six  days'  duration  at  suitable  seasons 
throughout  the  sixteen  southern  states  having 
Negro  populations;  (4)  Similar  conferences  in 
every  important  city  center;  (5)  A  system  of 
graded  Sunday  schools  with  state,  district  and 
county  supervision  and  teacher  training  courses 
in  secondary  and  higher  institutions  and  in 
churches. 


COMMUNITY  SERVICE 

CHURCHES  in  various  commimities,  rural 
and  urban  will  be  able  to  carry  out  parts 
of  the  programs  outlined  in  preceding  sections. 
In  addition,  through  the  churches  there  may 
be:  (1)  A  continuous  study  of  the  community 
and  all  its  needs;  (2)  Development  of  com- 
munity centers  with  adequate  programs,  trained 
workers  and  competent  supervision  to  meet 
the  employment,  housing,  recreation  and  other 
needs  as  discovered;  (3)  Conscientious  attention 
to  Negro  child  life.  The  Master  named  the 
child  as  the  type  of  the  kingdom  of  heaven. 
The  church  has  fostered  the  protection  of  child 
life,  the  reduction  of  child  labor  and  the  nurture 
of  child  nature. 

The  neglect  and  exploitation  of  the  mental, 
moral,  physical  and  spiritual  powers  of  the 
Negro  child  in  Christian  America  is  a  heart- 
rending confession.  The  churches,  white  and 
Negro,  may  gather  the  facts  and  lead  the 
conscience  of  the  nation  to  face  them.  An 
awakenened  national  conscience  will  demand 
justice. 


Law  and  Order 

/^NE  of  the  greatest  menaces  to  American  life  is  lawlessness  as 
^^  expressed  in  riots,  mobs  and  lynching.  This  has  borne  most 
heavily  upon  the  Negro  population  because  it  has  been  least  pro- 
tected and  respected.  During  the  past  thirty  years  691  white  men, 
11  white  women;  2,472  colored  men  and  50  colored  women,  have 
been  lynched  without  trial.  Nearly  three-fourths  of  the  Negro 
men  and  about  90  per  cent,  of  the  white  men  were  not  even  charged 
with  any  crimes  against  women. 

Not  only  are  law,  order  and  government  challenged  by  such  law- 
lessness, but  the  very  principles  of  human  brotherhood  which  the 
church  sponsors  are  flouted.  It  is  especially  the  duty  of  the  church 
to  work  not  only  for  the  protection  of  all  women  and  all  homes  but 
to  champion  the  crusade  against  all  crime  and  all  lawbreakers — 
individuals,  crowds  or  mobs. 


MIGRANT  GROUPS 

ONE  hundred  and  seventy  thousand  more  men  are  employed  in  the  manu- 
facturing industries  of  New  York  State  in  January  than  in  October; 
140,000  more  persons  are  engaged  in  canning  and  preserving  fruits  and 
vegetables  in  September  than  in  February.  Kansas  alone  asks  for  120,000  migratory 
workers  annually  in  the  wheat  fields.  Thus  run  the  records  of  the  most  recent 
federal  and  state  reports. 

The  truth  is  that  much  of  the  work  of  the  world  is  seasonal.  As  a  result  of  these 
seasonal  fluctuations,  an  army  of  a  million  and  a  half  migrant  laborers  constantly 
on  the  move  is  necessary  to  save  our  industries  from  disaster. 

These  casual  workers  go  tramping  over  fixed  paths  toward  goals  of  tremendous 
national  and  world  importance.  They  have  no  permanent  place  in  society  and 
receive  only  the  most  trivial  and  fleeting  recognition  for  their  important  work. 

The  accompanying  map  shows  the  national  nature  of  the  migrant  problem. 


AREAS  OF  MIGRANT  LABOR 


MINING  &  QUARRYING 
FISHING 
LUMBERING 
MANUFACTURING 


I 


104 


HARVEST  HANDS 

THE  migrant  follows  definite  paths  across 
the  country.  The  cycle  in  the  middle 
West  begins  when  the  first  recruits  come  to  the 
wheat  harvest  of  northern  Texas  from  the 
southern  oil  and  lumber  camps  and  more  espe- 
cially from  the  southern  farms  where  a  lack  of 
midsummer  staple  crops  permits  an  incursion 
into  these  harvest  fields  before  fall  work  begins. 

Wheat  is  a  great  staple  product  in  the  United 
States  throughout  ail  the  territory  north  of 
Texas,  Tennessee  and  North  Carolina  and 
in  the  Pacific  Coast  states.  Over  most  of 
this  area  it  is  raised  on  rather  small  fields  and 
as  a  single  feature  of  a  diversified  system  of 
agriculture.  The  grain  belt,  on  the  other  hand, 
where  nearly  three-fifths  of  the  total  supply 
is  produced,  is  a  great  empire  stretching  from 


Wheat  Acreage  for  1918 

State                         Acreage 

Missouri 

3,092,000    1 

Minnesota 

...  3,799,000 

Texas 

. . .      892,000 

Oklahoma 

...  2,611,000 

Kansas 

...  7,248,000 

Nebraska 

...  3,828,000 

South  Dakota 

...  3,765,000 

North  Dakota 

. ...  7,770,000    1 

Total 33,005,000 


northern  Texas  to  Canada.  Here  wheat  is  the 
chief  product.  Over  much  of  this  area  it  tends 
to  exclude  all  other  money  croDS. 

The  harvest  migration,  which  begins  in  Texas, 
moves  slowly  northward,  reinforced  continually 
by  "labor  vacationists" — factory  operatives — 
who  come  to  work  in  these  harvest  fields  as 
some  men  go  on  a  "loafing  vacation."  Fi- 
nally, when  the  wheat  harvest  of  Kansas  is  ripe, 
this  entire  army,  reinforced  by  every  available 
recruit,  attacks  one  of  the  country's  biggest 
jobs,  gathering  one-fourth  of  the  nation's  wheat. 

After  the  wheat  harvest,  the  demand  for 
migratory  workers  is  greatly  decreased.  A 
small  number  of  the  workers  stay  for  the 


Migrant  Groups:  HOME  MISSIONS 


threshing  in  areas  where  the  crops  have  been 
harvested.  Those  who  follow  through  the 
harvesting  operations  as  they  move  northward 
have  to  compete  with  new  labor  forces  from  the 
farms  of  the  Northwest  and  Northeast  and  from 
the  lumberjacks  and  mine  workers  of  northern 
Wisconsin,  Minnesota  and  Michigan.  Some  of 
the  more  persistent  migrant  workers,  however, 
follow  the  harvest  operations  far  into  Canada. 


THE  '*BIG"  GRAIN  BELT 


WHEAT      AC- 
NEAGK. 1900 


AV.   RCQUinEMENT 

or  Mio.  hahvesters 


TEXAS 

OKLAHOMA 
KANSAS  . 
MISSOURI 


326.176 5.000 

I.169.420  15. COO 

9.973.785  60-80  COO 

2.017  128 


NEBRASKA 
SO     DAKOTA 
NO.   DAKOTA 
MINNESOTA. 


2.662.916 
3.217  255 
8.188.782 
3.276.911. 


IO-15  OOO 
15-20.000 
25-30.000 


J 


T 


ECONOMIC  CONSIDERATIONS 

HE  outstanding  economic  facts  and  con- 


ditions about  harvesters  are: 

1.  The  number  of  men  engaged  is  very  large. 
It  is  conservatively  estimated  that  in  an  aver- 
age year  no  less  than  a  quarter  of  a  million 
transient  laborers  may  be  used  in  the  grain 
harvest.  This  figure  does  not  include  the  tens  of 
thousands  of  local  laborers  who  share  many  of 


HOME  MISSIONS:  Migrant  Groups 


105 


the  experiences  of  the  migrants,  though  only 
a  short  distance  from  home. 

2.  The  uncertainties  of  season  are  great.  The 
number  of  migrants  needed  in  any  grain  state 
or  in  the  grain  belt  as  a  whole  will  naturally 
vary  from  year  to  year  with  crop  conditions. 

3.  The  time  at  which  the  wheat  harvest  will 
begin  in  a  given  region  is  very  indefinite. 
The  accompanying  chart  shows  the  course  of 
the  harvest  date  lines  as  established  by  the 
Department  of  Agriculture  over  a  series  of  years. 
Within  the  expected  dates,  however,  there  will 
occur  all  manner  of  local  variations.  Thus, 
the  1919  harvest  found  wheat  cutting  in  Ne- 
braska, South  Dakota  and  North  Dakota  all  at 
the  same  time.  The  weather  plays  similar 
tricks  every  year. 

4.  Local  wages  fluctuate  very  greatly.  Be- 
cause of  the  uncertainty  of  time  and  season, 
it  is  impossible  adequately  to  regulate  the 
flow  of  men  into  the  harvest  fields.  As  a 
result,  certain  areas  may  have  three  or  four 


HARVEST  TIMES  AND   DATES 
OF  MIGRATION  OF  WORKERS 


AUG 
11-21 


AUQ 
HI 


JUNE 

IH2I 

JUNE 

HI 


AUQ 
11-21 


AUQ 
HI 


DATES  OF  BEOINNINO  OF  WHEAT  HARVEST 
IN  AVERAGE  YEAR 

-  SPRING  WHEAT  OATt  LINES         WINTER  HHtKT  DATE  UNES  • 


tinies  the  supply  of  labor  needed,  while  an 
adjoining  region  may  be  practically  without 
migrant  hands.  This  fact,  coupled  with  the 
prevalent  labor  agreement,  which  is  full  of  un- 
certainties and  opportunities  for  misunder- 
standing, causes  great  differences  in  wages  to 
prevail  throughout  the  grain  belt. 


THE    WHENCE   AND  WHITHER 
OF  THE  HARVEST  MIGRATION 


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/'       J  MINES  [         V         /'ll  LUMBER  I ''\ 


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CORN  PICKING 


K^i^yg^ 


! 


LUMBER 

MINES 
FARMS 

SCHOOL 
INDUSTRY 

INDUSTRY 
SCHOOL 


FARMS 


LUMBER 


OCCUPATIONS     AND    DIRECTIONS 
"•  FROM    WHICH    HARVEST   MIGRANTS  COME 

■*  TO   WHICH    HARVEST    MIGRANTS  OO 

O   CENTRAL     LABOR     MARKETS    IN   WHICH   MISOANTS    CONCtNTBATC 

mm^D^iA   ~  --  —  ^  --    ■■    ^-    


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5.  It  is  the  nature  of  harvest  work  that  there 
should  be  much  time  lost  from  weather  con- 
ditions, from  waits  between  jobs  and  from 
time  consumed  in  traveling.  As  the  men  in 
the  harvest  fields  are  paid  by  the  hour,  these 
delays  are  of  great  importance. 

As  the  harvesters  demobilize,  one  stream 
of  men  turns  southwestward  and  seeks  em- 
ployment in  mining  and  railroad  construc- 
tion or  in  agricultural  work  in  the  sugar-beet 
fields  and  fruit  areas,  even  going  as  far  as  the 
Pacific  Coast. 

A  larger  number  work  then-  way  south,  turning 
to  mining  and  lumbering  or  continuing  agri- 
cultural work  as  corn  pickers. 


r 


106 


Migrant  Groups:  HOME  MISSIONS 


Thus  they  move  on  from  one  field  of  labor  to 
another— a  restless,  roving  group  of  workers. 

EASTERN  MIGRATIONS 

THE  Atlantic  Coast  states  have  a  smaller 
agricultural  migration  than  the  middle 
West.  The  work  in  this  region  is  almost  entirely 
fruit-picking  and  truck-farming.  There  is  an 
annual  movement  between  the  Bahama  Islands 
and  Florida,  and  a  regular  influx  of  mountain- 
eers into  the  fruit  harvest  belt  of  the  Blue 
Ridge  mountains;  also  an  appreciable  but 
diminishing  movement  of  Virginia  Negroes 
into  the  farms  of  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey 
and  the  truck-farms  of  Long  Island  and  Con- 
necticut, where  they  contribute  their  labor  to 
the  big  task  of  feeding  our  cities'  thousands. 

The  main  migrations  in  the  East,  however,  take 
place  as  a  series  of  movements  within  states 
which  have  a  common  type  of  agriculture.  The 
New  Jersey  and  Hudson  valley  regions,  the 
cannery  and  truck  crops  of  New  York,  the  fruit 
areas  bordering  on  lakes  Ontario  and  Erie 
all  use  a  large  number  of  seasonal  workers. 
Here  the  succession  of  crops  affords  intermit- 
tent work  over  a  period  of  four  months.  A 
small  number  of  the  casual  laborers  in  these 
areas  are  men  who  start  work  in  Florida  and 
move  northward  with  the  crops.  The  major- 
ity, however,  come  from  the  large  cities,  par- 
ticularly Baltimore  and  Philadelphia. 

CANNERY  WORKERS 

IN  THE  fruit  and  vegetable  cannery  in- 
dustry the  problem  is  more  one  of  concen- 
tration than  of  geographical  distribution.  In 
the  eastern  states  the  chief  crops  involved  are 
beans,  peas,  com,  tomatoes,  cantaloupes,  water- 
melons, apples,  peaches,  grapes,  strawberries 
and  bush  fruits.  These  crops  are  raised  ver>' 
widely  throughout  the  country,  but  their  chief 
concentration  occurs  along  either  side  of 
Chesapeake  bay,  the  southern  two-thirds  of 
Delaware,  the  southern  half  of  New  Jersey, 
three  or  four  counties  in  the  Hudson  river 
valley  and  the  New  York  counties  bordering  on 
lakes  Erie  and  Ontario. 

It  is  very  difficult  to  estimate  the  number  of 
migrant  workers  required  in  this  region.  Careful 


inquiries  from  growers  and  agricultural  agents 
in  typical  counties,  together  with  the  estimates 
ventured  by  the  colleges  and  the  Department 
of  Labor  warrant  a  series  of  guesses  as  follows: 

New  York 14,000 

New  Jersey 3,500 

Maryland 3,600 

Delaware 2,350 

This  means  that  more  than  22,000  migrants 
are  required  to  harvest  the  fruit  and  cannery 
crops  of  the  eastern  states.  These  estimates 
are  for  years  of  average  crop  yield,  but,  as 


TOTAL  VEGETABLES 

1919  ACREAGE 
EXCEPT  POTATOES.  SWEET   POTATOES  AND  YAMS 


'*-\.:  •   .   .  .  ••  •  "Ni''  • 


.,•>    ...    .     .     .-. 

y"     %        %  *      '  f      '    '    • 


EACH  DOT  REPRESENTS  500  ACRES 


in  wheat  fields,  there  are  great  fluctuations  in 
the  demand  from  year  to  year.  In  1919,  for 
example,  the  short  tomato  crop  in  Maryland 
and  the  small  apple  crop  in  New  York  greatly 
reduced  the  average  demand  for  imported 
transient  labor. 

SANITATION  AND  HOUSING 

THE  characteristic  problem  which  the  work- 
ing conditions  of  the  cannery  group  adds 
to  the  problems  of  work  and  pay  found  in  the 
harvesting  group  is  the  very  acute  problem  of 


HOME  MISSIONS:  Migrant  Groups 


107 


housing,  sanitation  and  morals.  The  housing 
of  agricultural  labor  under  any  circumstances 
and  the  moral  effect  of  its  working  conditions 
upon  itself  and  upon  the  farm  families  and  com- 
munities with  which  it  is  in  contact  are  very 
urgent  problems.  When  the  ordinary  hired 
man  goes  to  the  average  farm,  singly  or  in 
groups  of  two  or  three,  he  simply  shares  the 
fortunes  of  the  farmer's  family.  If  the  num- 
ber of  workers  is  too  large  to  share  the  farmer's 
home,  the  owner  must  devise  some  form  of 
temporary  housing  to  care  for  these  migrants. 
Thus  labor  camps  come  into  existence.  In 
New  York  State  alone  about  five  hundred  fruit 
and  vegetable  pickers'  camps  are  required. 

The  majority  of  these  fruit  pickers'  camps 
consists  of  existing  outbuildings  temporarily 
devoted  to  human  habitation.  Conditions  in 
such  quarters  vary  greatly.  A  large  fruit 
grower  frequently  has  a  well-built  bunk  house 
near  his  residence,  the  second  story  of  which 
will  house  two  or  three  men  per  room,  the 
first  floor  being  used  for  a  dining  room  and 
kitchen.  Where  immigrant  family  labor  is 
used,  one  may  find  a  long  two-story  tenement 
in  the  midst  of  an  orchard  housing  an  indeter- 
minate number  of  families.  There  is  no  logical 
separation  of  living  quarters;  no  provision  for 
individual  privacy  or  domestic  economy.  An- 
other frequent  tjrpe  is  the  long  one-story  bunk- 
house,  a  shack  in  which  every  room  opens 
directly  out-of-doors.  Worst  of  all,  a  number  of 
families  may  be  housed  in  a  bam  loft  without 
any  partitions  whatever. 

Men,  women  and  children,  young  people  and 
adults,  the  married  and  the  unmarried  alike, 
are  compelled  to  live  in  this  promiscuous  way. 

MIGRANTS  IN  THE  WEST 

IN  CALIFORNIA  the  agricultural  situation 
concerns  a  group  of  highly  specialized  local 
industries  requiring  an  enormous  amount  of 
hand  labor.  The  situation  has  been  acute  and 
the  problem  has  been  especially  complicated 
by  the  influx  of  orientals  on  the  Pacific  Coast. 
Racial  animosities  are  keen.  Both  white  and 
yellow  men  are  employed  in  these  occupations 
and  situations  have  arisen  which  are  in  some 
cases  international  in  their  significance. 


The  Rocky  mountains  region  shows  perhaps 
the  most  romantic  example  of  seasonal  labor 
in  the  small  number  of  highly  expert  sheep 
shearers  who  follow  their  calling  up  and  down 
the  backbone  of  two  continents.  By  adding 
South  America  to  their  territory  they  can  find 
almost  continuous  work  covering  the  entire 
year. 

These  men  show  the  international  nature  of 
labor  migrations.  Special  cooperation  during 
the  war  allowed  seasonal  workers  to  be  inter- 
changed between  the  United  States,  Mexico 
and  Canada  by  a  modification  of  immigration 
regulations. 

LUMBERMEN 

THE  largest  single  group  of  migrant  workers 
is  found  in  the  logging  camp  regions  of 
America.  These  men  are  not  generally  looked 
upon  as  migrants,  but  from  a  broad  point  of 
view  they  must  be  considered  in  this  class.  As 
the  President's  Mediation  Commission  puts  it: 

Partly  the  rough  pioneer  character  of  the  indus- 
try, but  largely  the  failure  to  create  a  healthy  social 
environment,  has  resulted  in  the  migratory,  drifting 
character  of  workers.  Ninety  per  cent,  of  those  in  the 
camps  are  described  by  one  of  the  wisest  students  of  the 
problem,  not  too  inaccurately,  as  "homeless,  voteless 
and  jobless."  The  fact  is  that  about  90  per  cent,  of  them 
are  unmarried.  Their  work  is  most  intermittent,  the 
annual  labor  turnover  reaching  the  extraordinary  figure 
of  over  600  per  cent.  There  has  been  a  failure  to  make 
communities  of  these  camps.  It  is  not  to  be  wondered, 
then,  that  in  too  many  of  these  workers  the  instinct  of 
workmanship  is  impaired.  They  are,  or  rather,  have 
been  made,  disintegrating  forces  in  society. 

LOCATION   OF  THE   CAMPS 

1  UMBER  operations  are  conducted  in  every 
^  state  in  the  union.  There  are  five  areas, 
however,  where  the  lumbering  industry  is  of 
prime  importance:  the  State  of  Maine,  the  Great 
Lakes  region,  the  Gulf  region,  the  Appalachian 
mountains  and  the  Pacific  Northwest. 

From  the  point  of  view  of  the  church  the 
Pacific  Northwest  is  far  the  most  important 
district.  In  other  regions  the  industry  is 
noticeably  on  the  decline.  It  is  estimated  that 
85  per  cent,  of  the  standing  lumber  in  the  South 
will  be  cut  within  eight  years. 

In  the  seven  states  of  Washington,  Oregon, 


li 


108 


Migrant  Groups:  HOME  MISSIONS 


California,  Idaho,  Montana,  New  Mexico  and 
Arizona  there  are  more  than  six  hundred  in- 
corporated logging  companies.  Some  compa- 
nies have  ten  "sides"  or  camps;  some  only  one. 
The  number  of  men  in  a  camp  varies  from  fifty 
to  one  thousand.  But  averaging  three  sides  to 
each  company  and  sixty  men  to  a  side,  it  is 
conservatively  estimated  that  there  are  109,000 
men  engaged  in  the  logging  industry  in  the 
Pacific  Northwest  alone. 

This  does  not  take  into  consideration  1,700  odd 
millsand  innumerable  shingle  mills  located  in  the 
same  region  which  employ  over  120,000  men. 

LOGGERS 

THE  logging  camps  furnish  a  highly  special- 
ized problem.  While  related  to  more 
normal  communities  in  the  larger  mill  centers 
and  in  the  growing  agricultural  areas  which 
follow  the  cutting  of  the  forests,  the  logging 
camps  are  isolated  communities,  consisting 
largely  of  men  hidden  away  in  the  edge  of  the 
forests  and  moving  forward  into  them  at  the 
rate  of  about  three  miles  a  year.  These  camps 
also  afford  a  specialized  problem  from  the  fact 


that  they  are  centers  of  an  extremely  radical 
social  sentiment  and  propaganda.  Loggers 
are  almost  overwhelmingly  radical  and  strongly 
L  W.  W.  in  convictions.  The  men  are  indoc- 
trinated with  the  ideas  of  the  "revolution." 
They  look  upon  the  ministers  as  parasites. 
They  hold  that  the  churches  are  capitalistic 
and  that  there  will  be  no  church  in  the  "revolu- 
tion." They  are  uncompromising  in  their 
hostility  to  the  present  ownership  and  opera- 
tion of  the  lumber  industry. 

RADICALISM  IN  THE  WOODS 

THE  present  radical  strife  in  the  lumber 
industry  has  its  roots  far  back.  It  is  partly 
a  matter  of  an  uncompromising  hostility  which 
nothing  but  taking  over  the  industry  will 
satisfy.  It  is  as  savage  in  its  attack  on  craft 
unionism  and  the  American  Federation  of 
Labor  as  upon  the  companies  and  capitalistic 
management.  But  it  could  never  have  gained 
§uch  influence  except  for  grave  abuses. 

Before  the  war  the  relations  between  the 
men  and  the  companies  were  acutely  strained. 
The  companies  were  ruling  turbulent  men  with 


LUMBER  PRODUCTION  IN  1917 


BILLIONS  OF  BOARD  FEET 

I         I  Less  than  J*j 

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g        1  4      ••       » 


HOME  MISSIONS:  Migrant  Groups 


109 


an  iron  hand.    The  industry  was  on  a  ten-hour 
basis,  too  long  a  stretch  of  work  in  the  woods. 
The  bunk  houses  were  often  unfit  for  human 
habitation.     Wages  were  unsatisfactory  and 
there  was  too  much  black-listing  and  locking 
out  in  addition  to  seasons  of  unemployment. 
The  men  were  not  allowed  the  slightest  right 
to  organize.    The  policy  of  the  companies  was 
to  employ  unmarried  men  and  to  encourage  a 
migratory  body  of  labor.    Unfortunate  abuses 
by  employment  agencies  aggravated  the  situa- 
tion before  the  state  took  over  the  agencies. 
The  worst  of  these  abuses  have  now  been  cor- 
rected, and  except  for  the  ban  on  organization 
there  is  little  about  which  labor  has  to  complain. 
The  men  are  led  to  believe  by  I.  W.  W.  propa- 
ganda that  grave  wrongs  are  connected  with 
the  holding  of  big  areas  of  forest  land.    They 
resent  the  fact  that  land  which  costs  below  $10 
an  acre  is  cut  off  from  settlement  and  then  held 
for  settlers  at  $30  an  acre.    They  have  grown 
so  bitter  that  it  is  impossible  for  them  to  be 
just.    Their  experience  with  the  courts,  law- 
makers and  police  authorities  often  tends  to 
make  them  lose  confidence  in  orderly  procedure 
and  to  turn  to  syndicalism  and  sabotage. 

THE  WAR  AND  THE  MIGRANT 

A  LL  studies  based  upon  migratory  labor  as 
XJL  it  existed  before  the  war  are  now  entirely 
unsatisfactory  and  are  so  accounted  by  the 
most  competent  authorities.  The  last  three  or 
four  years  have  marked  the  elevation  of  the 
entire  migratory  class  and  the  practical  elimina- 
tion of  the  hobo.  This  is  realized  by  all  who 
understand  the  problem,  but  it  is  none  the 
less  a  stupendous  surprise  to  them.  What  had 
seemed  permanent  and  inevitable  has  proved 
subject  to  change  under  new  conditions. 

Investigation  shows  that  something  very 
radical  has  happened  in  all  of  the  chief  haunts 
of  the  migratory  worker.  In  Kansas  City, 
Sioux  City,  Chicago  and  Minneapolis  the  same 
story  is  heard:  the  migratory  worker  does  not 
do  the  things  he  used  to  do,  does  not  live  as  he 
used  to  live,  does  not  make  the  same  demands 
upon  agencies  which  tried  to  help  him. 

What  has  happened  is  symbolized  by  the  pass- 
ing of  the  "Bowery  Bread  Line"  in  New  York 
City.    In  the  well  equipped  "Helping  Hand" 


building  in  Kansas  City,  most  of  the  dormitories 
which  used  to  be  crowded  with  homeless  men 
are  now  closed;  many  of  the  cheap  lodging 
houses  formerly  inhabited  by  wandering  men 
are  abandoned. 

In  the  Salvation  Army  industrial  homes,  in 
city  after  city,  will  be  found  only  relatively 
few  men.  Most  of  these  are  old  and  physically 
decrepit.  The  demand  for  free  meals  and  lodg- 
ing for  the  migrant  class  has  practically  ceased. 
A  typical  statement  of  the  case  from  a  local 
standpoint  is  found  in  the  1918  report  of  the 
Lincoln  (Neb.)  Welfare  Society: 

In  Lincoln,  the  non-resident  single  men  applying  for 
aid  to  the  society  in  1915  were  1,756;  in  1917,  437; 
and  in  1918,  136, 

This  cannot  mean  that  there  has  been  any 
reduction  in  the  demand  for  seasonal  labor;  but 
the  jobs  have  been  so  numerous  and  close  to- 
gether that  the  whole  begging  and  stealing 
element  in  the  migratory  class  has  disappeared 
together  with  many  of  the  institutions  and 
activities  which  its  presence  necessitated. 

IMPROVED  ECONOMIC  CONDITIONS 

THESE  facts  seem  to  reveal  the  fundamen- 
tal economic  character  of  the  problem. 
Four  or  five  years  of  steady  work  at  good  wages 
has  elevated   the  migrant  class.    Coincident 
with  this  has  come  the  development  of  social 
agencies  and  reforms,  such  as  the  employment 
service,   housing  and  sanitary  improvements 
and  prohibition  that  have  helped  this  upward 
tendency.    Probably  the  most  potent  factor 
of  all  has  been  the  new  motive  for  better  living 
which  has  been  furnished  the  migrant.    Be- 
fore the  war  he  doubted,  and  often  with  rea- 
son, whether  society  had  any  decent  place  for 
him  or  any  serious  demand  for  his  services. 
During  the  war  he  learned  that  every  man  was 
greatly  needed.    The  peremptory  "work  or 
fight"  order  made  him  realize  that  he  really 
counted   in   the   worid.     Unquestionably  the 
migrant  showed  a  full  measure  of  war  patriot- 
ism.   The  breast  of  many  a  harvest  hand  was 
spangled  with  Liberty  Loan  and  Red  Cross 
buttons  and  a  large  number  went  into  har- 
vest   work    with   the   definite   consciousness 
that   they  were  serving    their  country  in  a 
time  of  need. 


no 


Migrant  Groups:  HOME  MISSIONS 


This  has  given  the  migrant  not  only  a  new 
individual  motive  but  has  put  a  new  motive 
into  the  class  as  such,  and  a  new  capacity- 
call  it  class  loyalty. 

GROUP  CONSCIOUSNESS 

IT    SEEMS    probable    that    the   American 
migrant  has  also  discovered  a  new  capacity 
for  social  organization.     For  many  years  the 
American  Federation  of  Labor  has  attempted, 
with  very  small  success  to  ally  transient  workers 
with  organized  labor.   There  was  no  cohesion  in 
the  group;  its  organization  has  fallen  apart  like 
grains  of  sand.    The  "  Hotels  de  Gink "  which 
were  organized  and  managed  by  migrants  m 
New  York  City,  Seattle  and  elsewhere  during 
the  winter  of  1914  were  interesting  and  showed 
a  certain  limited  capacity  for  practical  organiza- 
tion. In  Seattle  one  migratory  group  took  con- 
tracts for  clearing  land  and  employed  its  own 
members  in  order  to  tide  them  over  the  period 
of  unemployment. 

It  is  through  the  Industrial  Workers  of  the 
Worid,  however,  that  migrants  and  unskilled 
laborers  have  shown  the  greatest  ability, 
persistence  and  capacity  for  organization  which 
this  class  has  ever  developed  in  America.  In 
spite  of  the  fact  that  the  social  doctrines  pro- 
fessed by  this  organization  are  abhorrent  to 
American  ideals  and  inimical  to  our  institu- 
tions, the  successful  way  in  which  the  I.  W.  W. 
is  marshalling  and  holding  the  allegiance  of  a 
group  which  has  until  recently  been  below  the 
level  of  organization  is  an  important  social  phe- 
nomenon. 

New  group  organization  is  the  beginning  of  edu- 
cation in  social  action.  What  the  I.  W.  W.  can 
do,  some  other  movement  with  better  ideals 
can  do  and  to  better  purpose. 


THE  NEW  STATUS 

THE  migrant  has  reached  a  new  and 
higher  level  of  life  as  a  result  of  the  war. 
Plenty  of  work  at  good  wages  has  enabled  him 
to  attain  better  standards  of  living.  Institu- 
tional reforms  have  helped  him  to  retain  them. 
Government  propaganda  has  given  him  a  new 
sense  of  his  social  value.  As  a  result,  this 
group  has  developed  class  loyalty  and  a  cer- 
tain capacity  for  organization. 


DANGER  OF   REACTION 

THESE  are  real  and  striking  gains  but  they 
may  easily  be  lost  if  the  process  which 
helped  to  create  them  is  reversed.    There  is  a 
vast  permanent  demand  for  seasonal  labor. 
Such  labor  at  best  yields  a  very  narrow  margin 
of  profit.     It  is  difficult— for  many,  impossible 
—to  find  continuous  seasonal  work.    The  ex-, 
perience  through  which  the  migrant  must  go 
creates  a  serious  inclination  in  him  to  acquire 
the  permanent  habit  of  seasonal  labor.     Most 
labor  experts  expect  a  return  to  hobo  con- 
ditions.   It  is  most  important,  therefore,  to 
inquire  whether  at  least  some  of  the  gains  of 
the  immediate  past  cannot  be  kept.     Is  it 
necessary  or  inevitable  for  the  migrant  labor 
class  to  slump  back  into  previous  conditions? 

Already  there  are  signs  which  point  to  the  fact 
that  the  migrant's  war  status  is  declining. 
With  the  end  of  the  war  federal  emergency 
funds  which  had  supported  the  employment 
service  were  no  longer  available  and  it  had  its 
1919  work  to  do  with  greatly  reduced  forces 
and  largely  upon  the  basis  of  local  support. 

The  Kenyon-Nolan  bill  was  prepared  to  per- 
petuate the  service  in  something  like  its  war- 
time scope,  but  Congress  adjourned  with 
the  measure  still  in  committee.  The  result 
has  been  that  outside  of  Washington,  D.  C, 
the  federal  employment  offices  have  had  to  go 
out  of  existence.  According  to  those  best  in- 
formed, this  bill  will  never  be  passed. 

The  difficulties  of  supplying  labor  to  meet  a 
demand  so  fluctuating  both  as  to  time  and 
numbers  are  obvious.  Before  the  United  States 
employment  service  was  established  the  entire 
process  of  labor  distribution  was  very  inade- 
quate and  inaccurate.  Labor  was  misdirected 
as  often  as  directed.  The  result  was  delay, 
discouragement,  ill-health,  bitter  feeling  and, 
worst  of  all,  the  fixing  of  the  habit  of  casual 
work  in  a  large  number  of  workers. 


EXPLOITING  THE  MIGRANT 

IF  SOCIETY  has  reason  to  fear  the  migrant, 
he  certainly  has  greater  reason  to  fear 
society.  As  a  transient,  without  the  backing 
of  a  fixed  home  and  community  or  of  a  well-knit 
organization,  it  is  hard  for  him  to  protect  him- 


HOME  MISSIONS:  Migrant  Groups 


111 


self.  Every  agency  with  which  he  has  anything 
to  do  tends  to  exploit  him.  The  farmer,  the 
private  employment  agencies,  the  railroads, 
the  local  officials  and  police  fall  into  an  anti- 
social attitude  toward  him.  The  unscrup- 
ulous employer  uses  the  seasonal  worker  as  a 
strike-breaker  but  with  no  intention  of  incor- 
porating him  permanently  in  his  industry. 
The  ward  politician  buys  his  vote  at  election 
for  partisan  ends.  Thus  society  deals  with  him. 
Besides,  there  are  a  hoard  of  purely  parasitic 
forces  which  prey  on  him.  Drinking,  gambling 
and  prostitution  are  the  forms  of  amusement 
in  the  lodging-house  districts  which  he  is  com- 
pelled to  frequent.  Prohibition  and  a  general 
clean-up  of  the  cities  have  greatly  bettered 
living  conditions,  but  a  large  proportion  of 
seasonal  laborers  are  relieved  of  their  sav- 
ings as  soon  as  they  reach  the  city.  Besides, 
gamblers  and  hold-up  men  follow  the  harvest 
work  systematically  and  prey  upon  these  work- 
ers. Local  news  items  in  the  press  of  the  wheat 
belt  have  shown  conclusively  the  presence  of 
such  criminals.  These  forces  unite  to  pull  down 
men  already  demoralized  by  the  conditions 
under  which  they  are  compelled  to  live. 

EXCLUSION  FROM  CITIZENSHIP 

UNFORTUNATELY,  society  has  made  it 
almost  impossible  for  the  migrant  to 
improve  his  condition  through  political  means, 


since  our  existing  voting  laws  practically  dis- 
enfranchise him.  As  John  Spargo  has  put  it 
in  the  World's  Work: 

"We  penalize  the  men  who  provide  casual 
labor  by  excluding  them  from  the  privileges  of 
citizenship.  This  we  do  indirectly,  but  effec- 
tively, by  making  the  right  to  vote,  in  national 
as  well  as  local  elections,  dependent  upon 
residential  qualifications  which  the  migratory 
worker  can  rarely  meet.  A  fixed  residence  for 
a  definite  period  of  time,  personal  appearance 
for  registration  on  fixed  dates  in  order  to  vote, 
forfeiture  of  the  right  to  vote  as  a  result  of 
moving  within  certain  periods  of  time,  even  in 
pursuit  of  emplojnnent — these  are  the  devices 
which  make  our  migratory  workers  a  dis- 
enfranchised class,  a  proletariat  of  a  peculiarly 
helpless  kind.  Many  a  hard-working,  intelligent 
American,  who,  from  choice  or  from  necessity, 
is  a  migratory  worker  following  his  job,  never 
has  an  opportunity  to  vote  for  state  legislators, 
for  governor,  for  congressman,  or  president. 
He  is  just  as  effectively  excluded  from  the  actual 
electorate  as  if  he  were  a  Chinese  coolie, 
ignorant  of  our  customs  and  our  speech." 

One  of  the  most  effective  means  of  combatting 
radicalism  among  this  group  is  to  give  these 
men  the  ballot,  in  fact  as  well  as  in  theory.  By 
excluding  them  from  citizenship  we  deprive 
them  of  a  patriotic  interest  in  the  State. 


NATURE'S  prodigality  is  necessarily  seasonal.  To  harvest  her  diver- 
sified and  scattered  bounty  requires  an  army  of  1,500,000  migrant 
workers.  This  anny  is  unorganized,  unskilled,  uncared  for,  and  is  at  the  mercy 
of  the  radical  and  the  exploiter.  Thus  we  have  a  moral  problem  of  the  first 
magnitude  which  the  church  must  help  to  solve. 

Home  life  must  be  substituted  for  hobo  life.  This  means  making  men  steady 
through  steady  employment.  In  order  to  accomplish  this  the  employer  and 
the  worker  must  learn  to  shake  hands  rather  than  fists.  We  should  substi- 
tute constructive  Christianity  for  "red"  radicalism  on  the  one  hand  and 
rank  reactionism  on  the  other.     The  issue  is  Christ  or  chaos. 


112 


Migrant  Groups:  HOME  MISSIONS 


The  Problems 


MIGRANTS  are  the  by-products  of  seasonal  industries.    These  periodic 
fluctuations  in  industry  are  due  to  three  main  causes.    In  the  first 
place,  nature  herself  is  to  blame.    Grain  must  be  harvested  when  it  is 
ripe — bricks  have  to  be  baked  when  the  water  does  not  freeze  in  the  clay. 

In  the  second  place,  there  is  the  seasonal  demand  for  goods.  For  example,  straw 
hats  could  be  manufactured  twelve  months  in  the  year,  but  since  they  are  worn  only 
in  warm  weather  we  find  more  than  twice  as  many  people  employed  in  this  occu- 
pation in  February  than  in  July. 

Finally,  there  is  the  problem  of  human  nature.  After  a  man  becomes  accustomed 
to  temporar>^  employment,  he  may  refuse  steady  work,  or  any  job  at  all  for  that 
matter;  but  usually  he  starts  his  life  of  vagrancy  through  necessity  rather  than  choice. 


WINTER  WHEAT  REGION 

SEASONAL  DISTRIBUTION  OF  TOTAL  LABOR 

ON  AN 

800  ACRE  WHEAT  AND  SUMMER  FALLOW  FARM 

WALLA  WALLA.  WASHINGTON 


SPRING  WHEAT  REGION 

SEASONAL  DISTRIBUTION  OF  TOTAL  LABOR 

ON  AN 

600  ACRE  GRAIN  FARM 
NORTH  DAKOTA 


„0y^  JAN  FEB  MAR 

APR  MAY  JUNE  JULY  AUG  SEPT  OC 

•  B     •»    «M     «tO    «»    WIO     Ml 

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These  diagrams  show  the  fluctuations  in  labor  demand  on  single  typical  farms. 
Multiply  these  figures  by  the  hundreds  of  thousands  of  farms  in  the  United  States 
and  it  is  easy  to  understand  why  a  quarter  of  a  million  migrants  are  needed  annually 
in  the  grain  belt  alone. 


HOME  MISSIONS:  Migrant  Groups 


113 


FEDERAL  REPORT 

THE  Commission  on  Industrial  Relations 
reporting  on  migrant  labor  in  1916  stated 
that  there  are  several  million  migrant  workers 
in  the  United  States  even  in  the  best  of  times 
and  that  the  number  is  increasing;  that  if  all 
men  wanted  to  work  all  the  time,  very  large 
numbers  would  be  idle  part  of  the  time  on 
account  of  the  inequality  of  seasonal  demands; 
that  migrant  labor  tends  to  produce  a  habit 
and  a  type  of  man  unfavorable  to  steady  em- 
ployment; and  that  the  habitual  migrant  is 
ruined  economically  and  degraded  morally. 

The  labor  market,  this  report  points  out,  is 
unorganized,  the  migrant  movement  is  con- 


trolled largely  by  rumor,  and  the  search  for 
work  is  practically  undirected. 

Likewise  the  local  control  of  the  migrant  situ- 
ation is  inadequate  because  seasonal  labor  is 
interstate  and  even  international.  It  affects 
vast  industries  and  often  involves  hundreds  of 
thousands  of  workers  at  a  time  who  travel  over 
great  distances.  The  problem,  therefore,  is 
of  fundamental  national  importance,  since  our 
more  basic  industries  depend  on  such  labor. 

We  have  already  noted  that  living  conditions 
of  migrant  labor  are  generally  very  bad;  that 
labor  camps  are  characteristically  unsanitary 
and  both  physically  and  morally  degrading, 
while  city  lodgings  for  migrants  are  no  better. 


MONTHLY   FLUCTUATIONS 
IN   MIGRATORY   MANUFACTURING    INDUSTRIES 


BRICK  AND  TILE 
TERRACOTTA.  AND  FIRE  CLAY  PRODUCTS 


w 

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•*  J   '  1   '  i  '  1  '   1  '  1  '  1  '  1   '  1    '  1 

JAN,     FEB.    MAR    APR.    MAY    JUNE  JULY    AUG    SEPT     OCT.   NOV.    DE9. 

MAXIMUM  YEARLY  FLUCTUATIONS    47.419 


NUMBER 
OF  WAGE 
EARNERS 

170.000 
160.000 
150,000 
140.000 
130.000 
120,000 
110.000 


100.000 


90,000 


80,000 


70,000 


60.000 


50,000 


40,000 


30,000 


20.000 


10.000 


CANNING  AND 
PRESERVING  FRUITS  AND  VEGETABLES 


JAN.    FEB.    MAR.   APR.    MAY    JUNE    JULY   AUG.  SEPT.  OCT   NOV.    DEC. 
MAXIMUM  YEARLY  FLUCTUATIONS    140.390 


J 


114 


Migrant  Groups:  HOME  MISSIONS 


The  recommendation  submitted  by  the  Com- 
mission included  the  development  of  employ- 
ment agencies  on  a  national  basis  such  as  actu- 
ally took  place  during  the  war;  legislation  pro- 
viding for  cheap  railroad  fares  for  workers 
traveling  under  the  direction  of  the  public 
emplo3niient  service;  establishment  of  work- 
ingmen's  hotels  in  all  large  cities  and  suitable 
accommodations  for  transients  of  this  class 
elsewhere;  and,  finally,  the  establishment  of 
tramp  colonies  to  retrain  and  reeducate  such 
habitual  vagrants  as  can  be  made  safe  for  re- 
turn to  society,  and  to  keep  the  permanently 
unfit  from  being  a  burden  and  menace  to  others 
by  permanent  segregation. 

ECONOMIC   PROPOSALS 

AN  INVESTIGATION  by  the  Interchurch 
k.  World  Movement  brought  out  the  follow- 
ing points  in  the  field  of  economic  reorganiza- 
tion: The  evils  of  migratory  labor  might 
be  lessened  by  decreasing  the  demand  for  this 
type  of  worker.  For  example,  in  the  grain 
harvest  such  a  reduction  might  come  through  a 
further  use  of  labor-saving  machines;  through 
crop  diversification,  which  in  the  grain  belt 
would  require  more  men  throughout  the  year 
and  less  extra  help  during  the  harvest;  and 
through  the  introduction  of  local  industries 
which  might  even  up  the  seasonal  labor  in  a 
given  locality  and  reduce  the  necessity  of  im- 
porting short-time  harvest  hands. 

But  none  of  these  possibilitiespromises  any  great 
reduction  in  the  total  demand  for  seasonal  labor 
within  the  near  futiire. 

SEQUENTIAL  EMPLOYMENT 

THE  immediate  need,  therefore,  is  to  make 
the  best  of  the  present  situation  and  devise 
the  most  profitable  use  of  casual  workers. 
There  are  a  number  of  remedies  which  can  be 
applied  at  once: 

The  establishment  of  national  sequences  of 
seasonal  emplo3niient  would  enable  workers  to 
go  from  one  job  to  another  with  the  minimum 
of  delay. 

An  organization  of  seasonal  laborers  would  en- 
able them  to  influence  the  conditions  of  their 
employment  and  best  seciu-e  the  advantages 
of  collectiye  bargaining. 


VOCATIONAL  GUIDANCE 

INASMUCH  as  the  harvest  army  includes  a 
very  large  number  of  young  men  or  others 
who  are  definitely  seeking  to  improve  their 
conditions,  with  fair  hope  of  succeeding,  it  is 
highly  important  that  vocational  guidance  be 
extended  to  the  workers.  About  one-third  of 
them  report  themselves  as  farmers  and  another 
third  as  laborers.  On  the  agricultural  side  such 
guidance  should  hold  before  young  men  the 
opportunities  for  agricultural  education  and 
should  present  to  all  who  are  seeking  a  perma- 
nent place  in  agriculture  the  opportunity  of 
securing  a  farm  and  working  into  farm  owner- 
ship and  stable  citizenship. 

CONTINUOUS  EMPLOYMENT 

RATHER  than  to  suffer  the  burdens  of 
inevitable  winter  unemployment  to  be 
visited  on  a  large  number  of  seasonal  workers 
and  of  general  unemplojnnent  in  times  of  indus- 
trial depression,  it  is  at  least  fair  to  question 
whether  society  would  not  be  wiser  to  devise 
an  artificial  demand  for  labor  at  such  times 
through  the  undertaking  of  such  public  works 
as  the  construction  of  national  highways,  the 
reclamation  of  agricultural  lands  or  important 
civic  improvements. 

The  risk  of  degradation  through  unemployment 
is  certainly  too  heavy  for  the  individual  to 
carry  alone.  It  might  well  be  shared  by  society 
through  some  form  of  unemployment  insurance. 

LEGISLATIVE  IMPROVEMENTS 

LEGISLATIVE  and  administrative  meas- 
ures for  the  amelioration  of  the  migrant 
ought  to  include  the  passage  of  a  bill  for  legally 
establishing  and  perpetuating  the  federal  em- 
ployment service.  This  is  essential  if  we  are  to 
avoid  the  chaotic  conditions  of  pre-war  days. 

There  should  be  general  revision  of  vagrancy 
laws  on  the  basis  of  present  knowledge,  so  that 
the  legal  oppression  of  migrants  might  be  miti- 
gated. Further  legislation  ought  to  be  enacted 
to  protect  migrant  laborers  from  fraud  and  in- 
justice, and  to  enable  them  to  vote. 

Finally,  sanitary  laws  and  building  require- 
ments should  be  modified  in  the  light  of  our 
new  knowledge. 


HOME  MISSIONS:  Migrant  Groups 


115 


Forces  at  Work 


IN  THIS  entire  field  the  religious  forces  are  scattered  and  handicapped.  FVom 
any  statesman-like  viewpoint  it  may  be  said  to  be  an  untouched  field.  The 
church  has  never  attempted  to  deal  adequately  with  the  problem  of  labor 
migration.  There  have  been  certain  notable  exceptions.  There  are  rescue  missions 
which  have  been  wonderfully  successful  in  dealing  with  the  men  of  this  class,  a 
striking  example  of  which  is  the  Union  City  Mission  in  Minneapolis.  The  club 
operated  by  this  organization  is  conducted  on  as  high  a  level  as  those  run  for  soldiers 
during  the  war.  The  lodging  and  rooming  accommodations  are  beyond  reproach. 
Morgan  Memorial  in  Boston  is  another  model  mission.  This  institution,  under 
efficient  direction,  provides  for  all  of  the  needs — ^physical,  mental  and  moral — of 
the  men  of  this  class.  Missions  of  this  type,  however,  are  very  exceptional.  The 
majority  are  characteristically  under-manned  and  inadequately  equipped.  Many 
are  painfully  lacking  in  sanitary  equipment. 

The  worst  feature  is  the  lack  of  Christian  cooperation.  Mission  competes  with 
mission.  As  a  result  the  "panhandler"  is  able  to  *'make  the  rounds"  as  he  calls 
it.  He  goes  from  one  mission  to  another,  getting  aid  from  each.  As  there  is  no 
cooperation  between  them  there  is  no  possibility  of  knowing  what  the  other  organi- 
zations are  doing  for  him. 

Lack  of  denominational  church  supervision  is  another  serious  defect  in  the  present 
system.  A  few  are  run  by  certain  denominations  and  an  even  larger  number  sub- 
sidized by  them,  but  on  the  whole  the  majority  are  free-lance  organizations. 

What  is  needed  is  an  organization  to  get  behind  these  competing  enterprises  and  bring 
order  out  of  chaos.  The  advantage  of  united  action  is  demonstrated  by  the  efficiency 
of  the  Salvation  Army.  No  single  agency  working  with  migrants  in  our  cities  is  as 
well  known  or  as  effective  as  the  Army.  It  frequently  follows  these  men  into  the 
small  centers  where  it  is  practically  the  only  philanthropic  agency  which  pays  any 
attention  to  them.  Its  methods  may  not  approve  themselves  entirely  to  other  phil- 
anthropic societies  or  to  organized  religion,  but  it  has  done  better  than  any  other 
agency,  largely  because  it  has  been  nationally  organized. 

The  same  sort  of  service,  with  new  emphasis  and  new  social  vision,  would  revolution- 
ize the  migrancy  problem  in  our  cities. 

Outside  of  its  efforts  in  the  cities,  the  only  large  piece  of  work  which  the  church  is 
doing  for  migrant  groups  is  in  the  lumber  camps. 


116 


Migrant  Groups:  HOME  MISSIONS 


A  TYPICAL  OPPORTUNITY 

THE  forces  involved  in  these  camps,  how- 
ever, are  entirely  inadequate.  Were  each 
of  the  "sky  pilots"  (employed  by  the  denomina- 
tions) to  visit  three  camps  a  week,  they  would 
not  be  able  to  make  the  rounds  once  in  a  year. 

The  inadequacy  of  the  church's  approach  is 
illustrated  by  the  conditions  in  Grays  Harbor 
County,  Washington.  In  thiscounty,  which  is  ap- 
proximately fifty  miles  long  by  thirty-five  miles 
wide,  there  are  about  50,000  people.  Of  this 
number,  only  3,000  are  members  of  any  church 
and  yet  there  are  44  churches  ministering  to 


these  people.  In  the  county  there  are  64  log- 
ging camps,  employing  5,000  men,  located  in 
the  midst  of  primeval  forests  far  from  social, 
moral  and  religious  influences.  Of  the  64  log- 
ging camps  in  the  county,  56  are  without 
religious  ministrations.  Five  hundred  children 
receive  no  religious  or  educational  advantages. 

The  possibilities  for  service  in  a  lumber  county 
like  Grays  Harbor  are  limitless.  The  equip- 
ment is  ready  at  hand.  There  are  recreation 
halls,  most  of  which  were  built  under  the  excite- 
ment of  the  war,  and  all  of  which  could  be 
easily  secured  for  the  use  of  the  church. 


GRAYS  HARBOR  COUNTY 

WASHINGTON 


HOME  MISSIONS:  Migrant  Groups 


117 


Proposed  Policies 


BESIDES  the  purely  economic  problems,  there  is  a  field  of  voluntary  activity 
to  be  found  in  meeting  some  of  the  immediate  needs  of  the  migrant  men. 
These  are  best  met  by  Christian  kindness  expressed  through  personal 
contacts.  It  must  be  understood  that  such  activities,  while  fundamental  from  the 
standpoint  of  the  individual,  are  palliative  rather  than  preventive  with  respect  to 
the  problem  as  a  whole.  They  must  not  be  substituted  in  thought  or  in  fact  for  any 
of  the  deeper-lying  measures  which  it  is  the  duty  of  enlightened  public  opinion  to 
demand  and  of  the  state  to  work  out. 

A  fundamental  service  to  be  performed  by  the  church  is  to  provide  these  men  with 
non-commercial  and  friendly  resorts  while  waiting  between  seasons  and  between 
jobs.  Almost  everything  which  it  has  been  necessary  to  do  for  the  soldier  in  travel, 
in  camp  and  at  leisure  ought  to  be  done  for  the  migrant  worker. 

The  World  War  has  shown  numerous  examples  of  welfare  service  in  which  voluntary 
philanthropic  agencies  cooperated  with  the  army.  Exact  methods  have  been  devel- 
oped; a  successful  technique  has  been  discovered  and,  most  important,  a  strong 
body  of  Christian  workers  has  been  educated.  Even  the  necessary  equipment  is 
at  hand.    All  these  may  be  capitalized  for  the  benefit  of  the  migrant  workers. 

The  methods  of  this  welfare  service  will  naturally  have  to  vary  from  community  to 
community.  Sometimes  food,  shelter,  recreation,  reading  and  writing  material, 
clinic  or  hospital  service  would  need  to  be  supplied.  The  direction  of  the  service 
would  be  in  the  hands  of  the  minister,  chaplain  or  other  Christian  worker;  and  its 
success  would  be  in  proportion  to  their  tact,  efficiency  and  genuine  brotherliness. 

The  striking  degree  to  which  commercial  agencies  exploit  migrant  workers  results  in 
bitterness  and  intense  radicalism  among  these  peoples.  What  could  be  more  Chris- 
tian than  to  substitute  an  organized  movement  of  kindness  for  one  of  injustice? 

An  example  of  this  sort  of  service  is  to  be  found  in  the  experiment  of  Mayor  Gregory, 
of  Pratt,  Kansas.  He  erected  a  large  tent  on  a  vacant  lot  opposite  the  court  house 
for  the  accommodation  of  harvest  hands.  It  was  furnished  with  seats,  tables,  writing 
materials,  a  music  box,  cots  and  bundles  of  straw.  Men  who  had  no  money  to  buy 
meals  were  given  work  on  the  streets  or  sent  out  on  short  jobs.  Farmers  met  the 
workers  at  the  camp  and  organized  their  harvest  crews. 

Ministers  of  Pratt  visited  the  camps  each  evening  and  on  Sundays  addressed  the  men. 


118 


Migrant  Groups:  HOME  MISSIONS 


1. 


A  Tentative  Cooperative  Program 

IN  LARGE  CITIES 

Existing  Christian  agencies  dealing  with  migrants,  such  as  city  rescue 
missions,  so  far  as  their  usefulness  is  justified  by  the  survey,  should  be 
brought  to  adopt  modem  ideals  and  then  given  adequate  financial  support. 

2.  The  Christian  forces  should  cooperate  with  the  general  social  and 
philanthropic  agencies  of  the  city,  especially  with  the  public  employ- 
ment service. 

3.  In  all  cities  which  are  central  labor  markets  for  migrant  workers,  permanent 
welfare  centers  should  be  set  up,  places  of  resort,  direction  and  informa- 
tion, with  adequate  equipment  and  leadership. 


IN  OTHER  COMMUNITIES 


1. 


2. 


Wherever  seasonal  industry  is  prevalent,  the  local  church  should  always 
include  the  welfare  of  migrants  in  its  program. 

It  may  well  add  specially  trained  workers  to  its  staff  for  this  purpose,  who 
should  be  supervised  and  directed  by  some  joint  agency  of  the  churches. 


3.  In  temporary  labor  camps  a  "hut"  should  be  established  as  a  special 
center  for  the  workers  and  directed  by  a  trained  secretary. 

4.  When  women  and  children  are  involved  in  seasonal  labor,  women  leaders      I 
and  suitable  special  facilities  should  be  supplied. 


5.     Itinerant  missionaries  should  follow  the  migratory  movement  itself  as 
counsellors  and  companions  of  the  transient  workers. 

In  all  these  forms  of  service  the  aim  should  be  to  reach  men  while  they  are 
up  and  doing  and  before  they  are  down  and  out. 


HOME  MISSIONS:  Migrant  Groups 


119 


Proposed  Program  for  Migrant  Workers 

Type  of 
enterprise 

Number 

of 

workers 

needed 

How  arrived  at 

,_j          Number  of  enter- 
O           prises  proposed  for 
'^          five-year  program 

Months   per  year 
operated 

Cost  per  enterprise 
one  year 

Cost  per  year  en- 
ire  program 

1 

3 

u 

3 

3 
u 

I.  Units  at- 
tached   to 
employment 
service. 

400 

Actual  number  public  em- 
ployment offices  handling 
1,000  men  per  month. 

12 

$3,000 

$300,000 

$150,000 

II.   Itinerat- 
ing units  for 
grain  har- 
vest hands. 

75 
5,000 

Estimated  number  of  coun- 
ties handling  1,000  harvest 
migrants  at  a  given  time. 

50 
1,000 

200 

3 

800 

40,000 

20,000 

III.    Labor 
camp  units. 

Estimate  based  on  offi- 
cially reported  number 
and  population  of  labor 
camps  in  New  York  and 
California. 

8 
3 

1,500 

1,500,000 

750,000 

IV.  Units  for 
women    and 
children  in 
cannery  and 
agricultural 
labor  camps. 

1,000 

Estimate  based  on  investi- 
gation of  cannery  and  ag- 
ricultural labor  camps  in 
New  York,  New  Jersey, 
Delaware  and  Maryland 
and  a  study  of  California 
official  reports. 

800 

160,000 

80,000 

V.  City  "res- 
cue" mis- 
sions. 

No  estimate  possible  cre- 
vious  to  survey 

1  year 
5  years 

$1,000,000 

$5,000,000 

AMERICAN  INDIANS 

THE  Indian  of  the  old  trail  was  a  religious  being.  The  very  perils  and  hard- 
ships of  the  chase  and  war-path  created  in  him  a  longing  for  some  relation- 
ship with  the  unseen  world  of  mystery  round  about  him. 

But  the  old  Indian  has  passed  on,  leaving  behind  chiefly  such  vestiges  of  the  old 
regime  as  war  paint  and  feathers,  bow  and  arrow,  blanket  and  moccasin. 

The  Indian  of  today  is  just  commg  into  citizenship.  He  must  meet  the  demands 
of  this  new  transition  period.  He  has  entered  upon  the  highway  of  knowledge  and 
cannot  turn  back  to  the  old  trails. 

less  than  one-third  of  the  Indian  population  is  related  to  the  various  Christian 
communions;  approximately  46,000  are  neglected  by  Christian  agencies  and  unreached 
by  Roman  Catholic  or  Protestant  missionaries. 

Nine  thousand  Indian  youths  heard  their  country's  call  in  the  late  war  and  left  their 
tribal  clans  to  fight  for  liberty.    Six  thousand  were  volunteers. 


PROTESTANT  MISSIONS  TO  INDIANS 
IN  THE  UNITED  STATES 


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122 


American  Indians:  HOME  MISSIONS 


HOME  MISSIONS:  American  Indians 


123 


NOT  A  VANISHING  RACE 

THE  total  number  of  Indians  in  the  con- 
tinental United  States  is  approximately 
336,000.  They  are  divided  into  tribal  bands 
and  clans  exceeding  150  in  number,  all  speaking 
different  languages  and  dialects  and  scattered 
on  147  reservations  and  in  different  com- 
munities in  practically  every  state  of  the 
union. 

In  1900  there  were  in  the  continental  United 
States  23^,196;  in  1890,  248,253;  in  1880, 
244,000  and  in  1870,  278,000.  It  appears, 
therefore,  that  the  number  of  Indians  in  the 
continental  United  States  declined  from  1870 
to  1900,  but  increased  considerably  during  the 
decade  between  1900  and  1910. 

The  largest  number  of  Indians  in  1918  was  in 
Oklahoma,  there  being  in  this  state  119,175. 
Other  states  having  an  Indian  population  of 
.  over  10,000  were:  Arizona,  44,499;  South  Da- 
kota, 23,217;  New  Mexico,  21,186;  California 
15,725;  Minnesota  12,003;  Montana,  12,079; 
Washington,  11,082;  Wisconsin,  10,302. 

The  several  groups  of  Dakotas  or  Sioux,  for 
example,  number  in  round  terms  30,000  and 
the  Chippewas  20,000.  They  are  settled  in 
what  used  to  be  known  as  the  Northwest— 
that  is,  the  region  tributary  to  the  Great  Lakes 
and  the  upper  Mississippi.  In  the  Southwest 
the  Navajos  outnumber  all  other  groups  of  a 
single  name.  More  than  20,000  live  on  a  reser- 
vation nearly  twice  as  large  as  Massachusetts, 
or  about  one-third  the  size  of  New  York. 

The  total  number  of  Indians  in  the  continental 
United  States  in  1910  was  distributed  by  blood 
as  follows: 

All  classes 266,683  100  per  cent 

Full  blood 150,053  56.5  " 

Mixed  blood 93,423  35.1  " 

White  and  Indian 88,030  33.1  " 

Negro  and  Indian 2,255  0.8  " 

White,  Negro  and  Indian  1,793  0.7  " 
Other  mixture  and  mixture 

unknown 1,345  0.5  " 

Not  reported 22,207  8.4  " 

Of  the  Indians  in  Alaska  84.7  per  cent,  are  full- 
blooded  and  15.3  per  cent,  are  of  mixed  blood. 
Of  the  total  number  of  Indians  in  the  continen- 
tal United  States  50.9  per  cent,  are  males  and 


49.1  per  cent,  are  females;  the  number  of  males 
to  100  females  thus  being  103.6.  The  birth- 
rate is  greater  among  the  Indians  of  mixed 
blood  than  it  is  among  the  full-blooded  Indians; 
it  is  greater  among  those  of  white  and  Indian 
mixture. 

CHRISTIAN  FORCES 
AT  WORK 

SINCE  the  days  of  Roger  Williams,  John 
Eliot  and  David  Brainard  sporadic 
attempts  have  been  made  at  occupying  this 
field  by  the  Christian  forces.  According  to  par- 
tial returns  furnished  by  the  commissioner  of 
Indian  affairs  in  his  report  of  1919  there  are 
642  churches  composed  of  Indians,  with  429 
Protestant  and  208  Roman  Catholic  mission- 
aries working  among  them.  There  are  44,730 
Protestant  and  58,641  Catholic  church-going 
Indians.  The  actual  number  of  adherents 
would  probably  reach  70,000. 

Twenty-six  different  boards  representing 
twenty-one  different  Protestant  denominations 
have  been  responsible  for  this  work.  Partial 
statistics  available  from  eighteen  of  these 
denominations  show  that  there  are  missions 
established  in  over  one  hundred  different  tribes 
and  tribal  bands  with  500  organized  churches 
and  as  many  outstations.  More  than  250 
white  workers  and  300  native  helpers,  inter- 
preters and  assistants  serve  these  points. 

There  are  25  Protestant  mission  schools  with 
an  enrolment  of  2,000. 

The  annual  expenditure  for  all  missionary  work, 
including  the  maintenance  of  these  mission 
schools  does  not  exceed  $330,000  according  to 
the  last  annual  report  of  the  Home  Missions 
Council. 

In  addition  to  these  denominational  efforts 
there  are  such  agencies  as  the  Young  Men's 
Christian  Association,  with  about  75  organiza- 
tions and  2,200  members  and  the  Young 
Women's  Christian  Association  with  17  schools 
and  approximately  1,200  members. 

Other  organizations  are  the  National  Indian 
Association,  the  Indian  Rights  Association,  the 
John  Eliot  Foundation  for  Moral  Training  and 
a  few  independent  missions. 


124 


American  Indians:  HOME  MISSIONS 


OUR  OBLIGATION 

THAT  the  Christian  churches  of  this  land 
owe  a  debt  to  the  Indian,  the  eternal  debt 
of  love  forever  unpaid  which  proximity  and 
the  claims  of  neighborliness  bring,  no  one  will 
question.  The  long-deferred  payment  of  this 
debt  calls  for  immediate  settlement  before  the 
night  comes  on  and  the  people  are  left  in  their 
darkness.  This  settlement  demands  a  construc- 
tive program  of  advance  instead  of  sporadic 
efforts  and  retrenchment  policies,  and  a  vision 
which  admits  difficulties,  identifies  adversaries 
and  overcomes  in  conquering   might. 

The  task  is  well  summed  up  in  the  words  of 
one  deeply  interested  in  the  cause  of  the 
American  Indian: 

The  great  problem  above  all  others  which  we  (the  Chris- 
tian agencies)  face  perpetually  among  these  people  is, 
first  of  all  that  they  are  a  primitive  people  with  little 
conception  of  organized  life  other  than  their  tribal 
ways  of  doing  things;  that  the  work  among  them 
must  be  primarily  personal;  that  the  only  hope  of  the 
coming  generations  lies  in  a  native  leadership;  that  if 
we  are  to  hold  the  young  people  who  come  back  from 
school  there  must  be  a  program  of  social  Christianity, 
not  simply  the  preaching  of  personal  salvation,  im- 
portant as  that  is;  and  that  the  material  for  religious 
education  for  a  primitive  i)eople  must  be  of  a  sort 
to  meet  their  needs  and  give  expression  to  their  think- 
ing, which  is  concrete  and  not  abstract. 

A  PROGRAM  OF  ADVANCE 

STATESMANLIKE  program  of  advance 
is  presented  in  the  following  suggestions: 

1.  The  evangelization  of  pagan  tribes  and  por- 
tions of  tribes  should  be  realized  by  and  through 
a  thorough-going  policy  of  comity  and  coopera- 
tion which  shall  prevent  over-lapping,  competi- 
tion and  crowding  on  the  part  of  all  evangelical 
agencies  in  providing  for  these  unmet  needs. 

2.  The  adequate  strengthening  of  the  forces 
already  on  the  field  calls  for  an  increase  in  the 
personnel  which  shall  make  for  a  greater 
number  of  workers  and  thus  afford  opportunity 
for  the  personal  work  so  necessary  if  the  Ameri- 
can Indians  are  to  be  fully  Christianized. 

3.  A  substantial  material  equipment  should 
involve  construction  of  new  buildings  wherever 
necessary  and  adequate  repairs  at  such  mission 
stations  which  are  now  in  a  state  of  deteriora- 
tion.     Community    houses    and    community 


A 


centers  should  be  established  and  maintained 
in  order  to  meet  the  peculiar  demands  of  the 
Indian  people. 

4.  The  time  has  come  when  the  Christian 
forces  must  unite  on  a  great  central  institution 
for  the  training  of  native  leaders  to  meet  the 
needs  among  all  the  Indian  tribes,  thus  fur- 
nishing the  means  of  extending  the  kingdom  of 
God  among  the  millions  of  Indians,  not  only 
in  the  United  States,  but  in  Central  and  South 
America  as  well.  m 

5.  More  than  7,000  Navajo  children  are  not 
in  school.  Mission  schools  already  existing 
should  be  greatly  strengthened  in  order  to 
educate  and  prepare  the  children  for  more 
advanced  institutes  and  seminaries  which  will 
train  ministers  and  Christian  workers.  This 
elementary  education  is  all  the  more  desirable 
in  view  of  the  fact  that  public  schools  are  not 
yet  provided  in  sufficient  numbers  and  in 
suitable  locations  to  meet  the  needs  of  our 
Indian  youth. 

6.  A  unified  religious  education  program  is 
required  for  Indian  schools  under  trained 
directors,  especially  government  non-reserva- 
tion schools;  these  should  be  supplied  with 
literature  prepared  and  adapted  to  meet  the 
needs  of  these  students. 

7.  A  program  of  applied  social  Christianity 
should  be  arranged  in  Indian  communities  and 
on  reservations;  it  must  be  intensely  practical 
and  should  embody  the  social  message  of  the 
gospel  in  all  its  applications  to  modem  life. 

8.  Two  great  interdenominational  projects 
which  call  for  a  united  approach  on  the  part  of 
all  evangelical  agencies  demand  special  men- 
tion. They  are:  (1)  To  establish  and  maintain 
a  central  interdenominational  institution  for 
training  Christian  leaders  for  all  the  tribes  of 
the  United  States  and  eventually  for  the  twenty 
million  or  more  Indians  in  Central  and  South 
America;  (2)  To  meet  the  need  of  a  unified 
religious  education  program  under  trained  re- 
ligious work  directors.  Especially  in  the  gov- 
ernment non-reservation  schools,  there  is  im- 
perative need  for  a  united  approach  on  behalf 
of  all  the  evangelical  agencies;  and  religious 
directors,  preferably  ordained  ministers  of  the 
gospel,  should  be  appointed  in  key-institutions. 


ALASKA 


MISSIONARY  work  in  Alaska  includes  a  ministry  to  the  natives  as  well 
as  to  the  white  settlers.  The  entire  population  is  about  64,000,  more 
than  half  of  which  is  white.  Two-thirds  of  the  white  population  is 
composed  of  Swedish,  Norwegian,  Canadian,  German,  Irish,  English  and  a  small 
representation  of  a  few  other  stocks. 

The  natives  are  divided  into  four  groups:  Eskimos,  Aleuts,  Thlinkits  and  Athabascans. 
Three  raih-oads  penetrate  to  the  interior  of  Alaska's  598,884  square  miles. 

The  natural  wealth  of  Alaska  consists  largely  in  its  minerals:  gold,  copper,  tin,  coal 
and  other  deposits. 

Fishing,  fur  trading,  reindeer  raising  and  agriculture  are  also  important  industries. 

Alaska  was  purchased  by  the  United  States  from  Russia  in  March  1867  for 
$7,200,000.  In  1912  the  product  of  the  Alaskan  fisheries  alone  totaled  $18,877,468 
for  the  year. 

A  considerable  portion  of  Alaska  is  inaccessible  from  October  1  to  June  1  each  year. 

The  difficulties  of  travel  and  transportation  over  this  vast  field  make  missionary  work 
a  hazardous  undertaking.  At  certain  seasons  of  the  year  the  trails  become  almost 
impassable. 

The  seasonal  nature  of  many  districts  in  Alaska  makes  the  army  of  migrant  laborers 
relatively  large.  In  1912  more  than  24,000  people  were  employed  in  the  various 
branches  of  her  fisheries. 

The  very  great  preponderance  of  males  over  females  in  the  population  creates  peculiar 
problems.  In  1910  there  were  five  times  as  many  white  men  as  white  women 
in  Alaska. 

There  are  relatively  few  churches  in  Alaska,  hundreds  of  square  miles  being  without 
a  chapel  or  meeting  house. 

The  influenza  epidemic  has  brought  about  the  depopulation  of  certain  areas  and 
villages.    This  scourge  has  been  particularly  severe  among  the  natives. 

Conditions  in  Russia  have  caused  the  practical  breakdown  of  the  missionary  work 
oi  the  Greek  Catholic  Church  in  Alaska. 


126 


Alaska:  HOME  MISSIONS 


Certain  Protestant  mission  boards  have  been  forced  to  retrench  even  in  the  face  of 
important  needs. 

The  present  situation  demands  more  missionaries,  a  broader  ministry  and  a  more 
generously  supported  work  so  that  every  occupied  place  may  be  reached. 

New  Christian  hospitals  with  doctors  and  nurses  are  particularly  needed. 

The  distances  from  one  station  to  another  are  so  great  that  it  is  almost  impossible  for 
one  man  to  serve  more  than  a  single  station. 

There  must  be  worked  out  in  the  near  future  a  system  of  missionary  supervision  for 
Alaska  so  that  a  wise,  comprehensive  and  non-competitive  missionary  program  may 
be  established.  This  system  of  supervision  will  also  be  a  great  boon  to  mission- 
aries now  working  at  lonely  mission  stations  where  they  rarely  see  a  white  face  and 
seldom  get  news  from  the  outside  world. 

A  very  definite  allocation  of  responsibility  is  possible  in  the  present  state  of  Alaska's 
development  and  this  is  being  furthered  to  some  e  tent  by  the  recently  created 
Associated  Evangelical  Churches  of  Alaska.  This  is  an  organization  made  up  of 
those  missionary  agencies  at  work  in  Alaska  which  signify  their  willingness  to  share 
in  a  coordinated  cooperative  program  for  Alaska.  Recommendations  concerning 
the  opening  of  new  fields  and  the  allocation  of  denominational  responsibilities  will 
be  passed  upon  by  the  organization. 


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ORIENTALS  IN  THE 
UNITED  STATES 


WHILE  twenty-eight  millions  of  immigrants  from  Europe  have  come  to 
the  United  States  since  the  beginning  of  the  nineteenth  century, 
somewhat  less  than  450,000  have  come  from  Asia.  This  survey 
covers  four  oriental  peoples  in  the  United  States:  Chinese,  the  earliest  immigration 
now  steadily  decreasing  through  return  of  considerable  numbers  annually  to  their 
homes;  Japanese,  increasing  steadily  by  the  immigration  of  picture  brides  and  the 
high  birth  rate,  although  immigration  of  new  laborers  is  prohibited;  East  Indians, 
or  Hindus,  and  Koreans,  who  are  present  in  almost  negligible  numbers,  but  who  for 
various  reasons  have  attracted  considerable  public  attention. 

Of  these  four  groups,  the  first  three  mentioned  are  peoples  who  in  each  case  come 
from  districts  where  their  own  countrymen  are  especially  enterprising  or  venture- 
some, being  distinguished  as  traders,  fishermen  or  soldiers. 

The  census  of  1910  gives  71,531  Chinese  and  72,157  Japanese  in  the  continental  United 
States.  The  Chinese  have  decreased  18,332  and  the  Japanese  have  increased  47,831 
since  1900.  In  1870  there  were  63,199  Chinese  and  only  55  Japanese  in  the  United 
States.  About  75  per  cent,  of  the  Chinese  and  90  per  cent,  of  the  Japanese  are  in 
the  Pacific  Coast  and  Mountain  states. 

Practically  all  the  Chinese  in  America  are  Cantonese,  coming  from  the  restricted 
area  of  three  or  four  counties  lying  between  Hongkong  and  Canton  city.  They  speak 
a  language  quite  different  from  that  used  throughout  most  of  China,  so  that  only  a 
very  few  missionaries  from  China  can  speak  the  language  of  the  Chinese  in  America. 
Most  of  the  Chinese  students  in  the  American  colleges  are  also  out  of  touch  with  the 
mass  of  their  fellow  countrymen  here,  both  through  difference  of  language  and  social 
status. 

The  early  immigration  of  Chinese  supplied  the  demand  for  labor  in  the  develop- 
ment of  California,  and  the  Chinese  laborers  became  pretty  well  scattered  in  the 
mines  and  on  the  ranches,  as  well  as  throughout  the  whole  United  States  in  small 
numbers. 

They  developed  later  a  tendency  to  mass  together  in  large  centers  of  population. 
The  number  in  San  Francisco  was  formerly  three  times  what  it  is  now,  though  the 


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Orientals  in  the  United  States:  HOME  MISSIONS 


district  occupied  was  little,  if  any  larger.  The  Chinese  were  driven  out  of  some  cities, 
as  Tacoma,  Washington,  and  later  were  largely  supplanted  on  the  ranches  by  the  in- 
flux of  Japanese.  At  present  the  Chinese  are  found  mostly  in  and  about  the  large 
towns,  though  there  still  remain  a  considerable  number  of  Chinese  farmers  and 
market  gardeners,  particularly  in  the  Sacramento  river  district. 

The  Chinese  on  the  ranches  in  California  form  one  of  the  most  valuable  elements  of 
the  Chinese  population,  but  they  are  still  largely  untouched  by  Christian  influences, 
due  to  the  difficulty  of  reaching  them  and  the  lack  of  trained  Christian  workers. 

The  Japanese  laborers  come  mostly  from  the  southwest  coast  provinces  of  Japan. 
As  compared  with  the  Chinese,  they  are  more  homogeneous  in  language  and  spirit, 
though  the  distinction  between  laborers  and  student  classes  is  somewhat  in  evidence. 
All  missionaries  from  Japan  can  do  effective  work  among  the  Japanese  in  America  dur- 
ing their  periods  of  furlough,  and  are  enthusiastically  welcomed  by  the  Japanese  here. 

Many  Japanese  have  remained  on  the  land,  entering  extensively  into  agricultural 
pursuits.  Of  all  Japanese,  the  farmers  are  the  least  effectively  reached  by  the  forces  of 
Christianity.  The  Japanese  are  strongly  massed  in  such  large  centers  as  Seattle,  San 
Francisco  and  Los  Angeles,  and  their  social  and  economic  life  is  well  organized. 

From  these  centers  much  effective  influence  goes  out  to  the  Japanese  in  the  country, 
for  the  Japanese  are  great  readers  of  newspapers  and  keep  in  close  touch  with  their 
protective  national  associations.  These  agencies  should  be  more  widely  used  by 
Christian  workers. 

The  Hindu  immigrants  who  come  from  the  plains  of  northern  India,  are  scattered 
in  small  but  conspicuous  groups  from  Vancouver,  B.  C.  to  the  Imperial  valley  in 
southern  California,  where  they  are  found  in  lumber  camps  and  in  the  warm  interior 
valleys.  They  are  largely  untouched  by  Christian  influences,  are  very  suspicious 
on  account  of  their  connection  with  revolutionary  plans  in  India,  are  generally  tran- 
sient laborers  without  families,  and  have  a  correspondingly  low  standard  of  living 
and  of  morals.  The  majority  of  these  people  are  Sikhs  in  religion  though  some  are 
Moslems.  The  former  are  generally  adherents  of  reformed  sects  and  belong  to 
racial  groups  which  are  physically  and  morally  superior  to  most  of  the  population 
of  India. 

• 

The  Koreans  consist  of  small  scattered  groups,  mostly  in  California  and  Hawaii, 
with  a  strong  national  spirit,  very  largely  Christians  or  adherents,  good  workers 
in  various  industries,  principally  agriculture,  and  generally  not  distinguished  from  the 
Japanese. 


HOME  MISSIONS:  Orientals  in  the  United  States 


129 


The  Problem 

THE  race  prejudice  which  has  so  seriously  hampered  efforts  to  assimilate  the 
orientals  with  American  Christian  civilization  has  had  its  source  largely  in 
economic  competition,  and  only  in  a  slight  degree  has  it  arisen  from  differ- 
ence in  social  and  religious  customs.  It  is  a  most  serious  hindrance  to  our  Christian 
work  and  can  only  be  offset  by  broad  Christian  sympathy. 

The  restriction  of  the  orientals  to  certain  small  poor  quarters  of  the  towns  and 
cities  has  arisen  partly  from  their  own  efforts  toward  self-protection,  but  mainly 
from  the  determined  effort  of  others  to  keep  them  from  social  contact  and  from 
engaging  in  activities  which  would  compete  with  white  labor. 

The  violent  prejudice  against  the  Chinese  many  years  ago  has  now  given  way  to  a 
kindly  indifference,  while  the  prejudice  against  the  more  serious  competition  of  the 
Japanese  and  the  East  Indians  has  flamed  up  intensely,  as  the  patient  industry  of 
these  people  has  begun  to  secure  for  them  not  only  standard  American  wages  but 
economic  independence  as  well. 

The  Chinese  have  in  general  accepted  the  positions  of  narrow  economic  opportunity 
to  which  they  were  forced,  and  are  no  longer  a  disturbing  factor,  but  this  acquiescence 
in  social  and  economic  segregation  makes  the  problem  of  mission  work  among  them 
with  the  view  of  Christian  assimilation  all  the  harder.  We  shall  solve  this  perplex- 
ing problem  only  through  the  adoption  of  more  Christian  policies  and  the  practise 
of  a  more  Christian  attitude. 

The  urgent  pressure  upward  of  the  Japanese  in  America,  while  it  intensifies  race 
prejudice  among  certain  classes,  is  a  most  hopeful  promise  of  the  success  of  our 
mission  work  among  them. 

Mission  work  for  orientals,  in  its  protest  against  neglect  and  prejudice,  has  often 
gone  too  far  in  the  other  direction,  and  failed  to  develop  normal  initiative  and 
responsibility  in  Christianized  groups  of  these  people. 

The  problem  of  Christian  work  among  them  is  one  of  aiding  in  racial  adjustments, 
securing  a  fair  chance  in  industrial  competition,  and  developing  a  public  sentiment 
which  will  not  only  recognize  missionary  responsibility  for  the  oriental  but  will  meet 
him  in  a  spirit  of  brotheriiness,  and  will  be  willing  to  grant  him  all  the  economic 
opportunities  and  political  privileges  which  Christian  brotheriiness  implies  and 
demands. 


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Orientals  in  the  United  States:  HOME  MISSIONS 


The  Forces 


THE  organized  work  carried  on  for  so  many  years  by  the  various  mission 
boards  has  been  especially  reinforced  very  recently  by  the  activities  of  civic 
bodies  through  the  Americanization  campaign,  which  has  enlisted  patriotism 
in  cooperation  with  religion  for  the  solution  of  the  many  racial  problems  in 
America. 

Although  there  has  been  some  hesitation  on  the  part  of  civic  bodies  to  extend  to 
the  oriental  communities  the  full  application  of  their  Americanization  campaign, 
yet  the  material  and  the  methods  made  available  by  them  have  been  of  very  great 
help  in  the  work  carried  on  by  religious  organizations,  and  the  possibilities  of  coopera- 
tion between  civic  organizations  and  Christian  forces  are  opening  up. 

For  several  years  past  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association  and  the  Young 
Women's  Christian  Association  have  taken  large  interest  in  the  work  for  orientals, 
and  their  associations  for  Chinese  and  Japanese,  and  the  International  Institutes 
of  the  Young  Women's  Christian  Association  have  had  a  large  influence  upon  the 
oriental  communities  in  all  the  Pacific  Coast  states  and  in  Hawaii. 

A  large  work  of  Christianization  and  Americanization  of  the  orientals  in  America 
has  been  done  and  is  being  done  by  church  organizations,  particularly  the  Baptist, 
Congregationalist,  Presbyterian,  Disciples  of  Christ,  Episcopalian,  Methodist, 
Methodist  (South),  with  seven  other  denominations  doing  a  limited  amount  of  work. 

The  work  of  these  denominations  has  followed  a  traditional  method,  beginning  with 
the  English  night  school  for  adults,  and  developing  as  opportunity  offered  into  the 
ordinary  lines  of  church  organization  on  the  same  plan  as  American  churches. 
Provision  of  dormitories  for  the  single  men  who  largely  predominated  in  the  earlier 
oriental  immigration  has  been  a  characteristic  feature  of  the  work,  and  later  the 
special  ministration  to  oriental  women  and  children  through  district  visitors  and 
kindergartens  or  special  day  and  supplementary  language  schools  has  developed  to 
meet  the  peculiar  difficulties  of  Christian  Americanization  among  these  people. 

In  late  years  the  Japanese  farmers  and  laborers  have  gone  from  the  coimtry  districts 
of  the  coast  states  to  the  mines  and  farms  of  Utah,  Idaho,  Colorado,  Wyoming  and 
even  Nebraska.  This  greatly  extended  territory  we  have  never  adequately  covered. 
We  should  do  so  without  delay.  Duplication  of  work  in  certain  large  and  important 
centers  has  been  very  manifest,  while  the  country  districts  have  been  neglected  and 
.  the  new  districts  occupied  by  the  migration  eastward  have  been  almost  overlooked. 


HOME  MISSIONS:  Orientals  in  the  United  States 


131 


The  Program 


THERE  must  be  special  effort  to  keep  in  touch  with  the  movement  of  oriental 
population,  seasonal  and  permanent,  so  that  our  religious  work  may  not 
be  sporadic  or  massed  in  large  centers,  but  follow  a  plan  which  covers  the 
entire  field  of  omental  settlements  in  a  more  adequate  way.  To  do  this  plans  must 
be  devised  for  larger  contacts  with  orientals  scattered  in  the  country,  through  traveling 
evangelists  and  colporters.  ^ 

It  will  be  impracticable  to  do  such  work  unless  the  districts  where  there  is  a  large 
rural  population  of  orientals  are  definitely  assigned  to  some  Christian  agency 
denominational  or  interdenominational,  and  workers  are  specially  tmined  for  this 
aimcult  task. 

Cooperation  and  combination  in  large  centers  should  be  developed  for  the  sake  of 
efficiency  in  our  supplementary  day  and  night  schools  for  teaching  English  or  Chinese 

and  Japanese,  for  improvements  in  Sunday  school  methods  and  for  kindergarten 
worK. 

Mission  boards  must  cooperate  to  secure  proper  dispensary  and  hospital  facilities 

for  oriental  communities  and  opportmiities  for  health  education,  especiaUy  among 
the  women.  >     f        j  ».uuiig 

There  is  need  of  more  adequate  buildings  and  equipment  for  our  oriental  missions 
m  almost  every  place  outside  of  San  Francisco,  where  there  has  been  a  very  dis- 
proportionate outlay.  Much  more  is  needed  especially  for  Japanese  buildings 
Many  encouraging  Christian  enterprises  among  the  Chinese  and  Japanese  are  dwarfed 
and  stunted  by  the  lack  of  proper  buildings.  The  reluctance  of  most  mission  boards 
to  repeat  the  competitive  building  program  of  San  Francisco  has  hindered  proper 
advance  m  building  in  other  places.  Some  combination  is  desirable  in  certain  places 
as  a  preliminary  to  a  new  building  program. 

The  n^  is  not  alone  for  church  buildings,  but  for  dormitories  to  provide  a  Christian 
home  for  the  single  men,  who  still  form  a  majority  of  the  orientals  in  the  United 
Stat^.  The  contributory  effect  upon  Christian  work  for  orientals  of  the  dormitories 
associated  with  almost  every  mission,  at  least  in  its  earlier  stages,  and  of  the  homes 
for  oriental  wornen  and  children  which  have  been  established  by  Presbyterian, 
Methodist  and  Baptist  churches  in  recent  year,  has  been  very  great,  and  such 
institutions  are  needed  more  than  ever,  although  the  increase  in  family  life  is  a  most 
hopeful  aspect  of  Christian  work  at  present. 


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Orientals  in  the  United  States:  HOME  MISSIONS 


RELIGIOUS  LITERATURE 

THERE  is  a  particularly  large  opportunity 
for  the  circulation  of  Christian  literature 
among  the  Japanese,  who  are  almost  all  eager 
readers.  Thousands  of  copies  of  Japanese 
Christian  tracts  have  been  sold  to  the  Japanese 
of  the  Pacific  Coast  and  Mountain  states  and 
the  territory  of  Hawaii.  The  bookstores  which 
are  found  in  all  large  Japanese  communities 
frequently  carry  a  line  of  Christian  books,  the 
American  Bible  Society  has  distributed  great 
numbers  of  Bibles  and  testaments,  and  the 
Japanese  churches  demand  a  highly  educated 
ministry  because  they  are  generally  well  read 
and  anxious  for  information. 

CHRISTIAN  NEWSPAPERS 

ALMOST  equally  important  as  a  policy  for 
^  the  future  is  the  development  of  the 
Christian  newspaper  as  a  means  of  religious 
education  and  evangelization  among  the  orien- 
tals. A  Japanese  Christian  newspaper  is 
published  in  Hawaii,  and  two  in  California, 
which  have  considerable  circulation  and  large 
influence.  All  these  are  ably  edited  by  Japanese 
pastors,  and  would  reach  a  much  larger  number 
if  they  could  receive  additional  aid  from  mis- 
sion boards. 


In  addition  to  these  papers  with  general  cir- 
culation, very  many  Japanese  ministers  issue 
small  local  religious  papers  or  church  bulletins 
which  are  circulated  widely  beyond  the  circle 
of  church  attendance.  Formerly  a  Christian 
monthly  in  Chinese  was  issued  by  the  Chinese 
Church  Union  of  San  Francisco,  but  it  has 
been  discontinued.  Such  a  paper  is  equally 
needed  to  promote  the  religious  life  and  church 
development  among  the  Chinese  as  among  the 
Japanese,  and  encouragement  of  the  production 
and  circulation  of  Chinese  religious  literature, 
periodical  and  permanent,  would  be  of  very 
great  advantage  to  the  religious  work  just  now. 

USING  AVAILABLE  FORCES 

THE  public  schools,  national  associations  of 
Chinese  and  Japanese  and  the  press  in 
both  languages  might  be  utilized  much  more 
definitely  by  Christian  workers  among  orien- 
tals, if  systematic  effort  were  made  to  secure 


the  sjmipathetic  cooperation  of  these  agencies. 

Many  public  school  teachers,  influential  editors 
of  Chinese  and  Japanese  newspapers  and 
secretaries  of  national  associations  are  Chris- 
tians or  interested  in  mission  work.  Careful 
plans  for  enlisting  their  support  and  promotion 
of  oriental  churches  and  schools,  such  as  have 
been  worked  out  in  connection  with  the  Young 
Men's  Christian  Association  and  the  Young 
Women's  Christian  Association  work  for  ori- 
entals, would  probably  secure  larger  results. 

There  has  been  enlisted  a  large  amount  of 
generous  volunteer  service  in  the  care  of  orien- 
tal churches  from  American  pastors  in  local 
churches  associated  with  oriental  mission  work, 
from  laymen  and  women  in  those  churches  who 
have  accepted  large  responsibilities  in  financing 
and  advising  the  missions,  and  from  teachers 
who  have  given  their  help  in  Sunday  schools 
and  instruction  in  English  and  music  for  the 
Chinese  and  Japanese. 

A  CHRISTIAN  ASSIMILATION 

THE  completion  of  our  task  of  Christian 
assimilation  of  orientals  in  America  de- 
pends very  largely  on  the  enlistment  of  personal 
helpfulness  in  the  local  communities  where  the 
orientals  are  living.  Generous  increases  in  the 
budgets  for  oriental  missions  will  not  meet  the 
situation  unless  the  local  American  churches 
accept  the  obligation  of  neighborliness  and 
Christian  brotherhood  toward  the  orientals 
living  among  them,  and  particularly  toward 
the  beginnings  of  Christian  organizations  which 
the  mission  boards  undertake. 

Finally,  the  policies  for  the  future  look  toward 
a  more  careful  planning  for  the  young  people 
bom  in  this  country  of  oriental  parentage, 
many  of  them  with  a  better  knowledge  of 
English  than  of  their  parents'  language.  Often 
lacking  many  of  the  traditions  and  restraints 
either  of  oriental  or  American  social  life,  they 
specially  need  social  and  vocational  as  well  as 
religious  guidance.  Their  pastors,  with  ex- 
cellent training  in  Christianity  and  oriental 
ideals,  are  unable  to  meet  the  problem  of  these 
American-bom  orientals.  Very  particular  at- 
tention must  increasingly  be  given  to  the 
Christian  nurture  of  these  young  people. 


HAWAII 


HAWAII  presents  one  of  our  most  complex  and  difficult  home  mission  fields. 
Its  important  location  as  well  as  the  nature  of  its  population  makes  it  a 
field  of  great  significance.  A  well  known  statesman  recently  said :  "  There 
is  no  spot  under  our  flag  today  of  such  strategic  importance  to  our  government  as 
Hawaii." 

The  Hawaiian  problem  is  in  reality  a  Japanese  problem. 

The  estimated  total  population  of  Hawaii  in  1917  was  250,627.  Of  these,  102,479 
were  Japanese.  In  other  words,  the  group  of  Japanese  was  more  than  three  times 
larger  than  the  next  largest  racial  group  on  the  Islands  and  four  times  larger  than  the 
group  of  native  Hawaiians.  Since  that  time  the  number  of  Japanese  has  steadily 
increased. 

The  number  of  Japanese  children  bom  in  Hawaii  is  large.  Already  Japanese  influence 
is  the  determining  factor  in  the  decision  of  many  important  questions.  This  was 
recently  demonstrated  in  the  defeat  of  the  Americanization  bill  providing  for  the 
teaching  of  English  and  of  the  principles  of  the  American  government  in  the  schools 
of  the  Islands. 

There  are  today  seventy-eight  Buddhist  and  Shinto  temples  in  the  Islands. 

The  Buddhist  temple  in  Honolulu  cost  $100,000  and  is,  with  the  exception  of  the 
Mormon  temple  there,  the  most  expensive  building  on  the  Islands. 

Schools  are  maintained  in  connection  with  most  of  these  temples  where,  after  public 
school  hours,  boys  and  girls  are  taught  the  Japanese  language  and  other  things 
Japanese.   The  teachers  are  Buddhist  priests  or  teachers  imported  largely  from  Japan. 

So  strong  has  Buddhism  become  on  the  Islands  that  an  organized  persecution  of 
Japanese  Christians  was  undertaken  in  the  spring  of  1919.  The  Buddhists  have 
recently  shown  their  powerful  hand  in  another  way,  namely,  by  defeating  the 
proposed  law  to  compel  every  teacher  of  every  school  to  pass  an  examination  in  the 
English  language  and  in  American  ideals.  On  the  other  hand  Japanese  Christians 
in  Hawaii  were  among  the  most  active  supporters  of  this  bill. 

Mormonism  is  also  active  here  and  the  Mormon  Church  has  gathered  as  many 
adherents  among  the  native  Hawaiian  as  has  the  first  and  oldest  missionary  society 
which  has  been  at  work  in  the  Islands  for  a  century. 


134 


Hawaii:  HOME  MISSIONS 


Missionary  work  in  Hawaii  divides  itself  largely  into  work  for  Japanese,  Chinese, 
Koreans  and  natives.    There  is  also  work  for  Filipinos  and  Portuguese. 

The  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  and  the  Congregational  Church  through  its  Ameri- 
can Board,  have  been  very  active  in  Hawaii.  According  to  a  comity  arrangement 
the  Japanese  and  Chinese  work  has  been  largely  given  into  the  hands  of  the  American 
Board  while  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  is  at  work  among  Koreans.  An  unde- 
nominational organization  known  as  the  Hawaiian  Board  is  now  the  heir  of  the  work 
of  the  American  Board.  This  Board  is  largely  supported  by  the  children  of  mission- 
aries who  live  in  Hawaii.  There  are  nineteen  Japanese  churches  with  a  membership 
of  1,954  and  eight  Chinese  churches  with  a  membership  of  653  under  the  Hawaiian 
Board  and  three  Japanese  churches  and  twenty-nine  Korean  missions  under  Metho- 
dist Episcopal  auspices.  The  Episcopalians  have  a  church  and  a  school  for  Chinese 
and  one  for  the  Japanese. 

Although  most  of  the  territory  of  Hawaii  has  been  districted  and  assigned  to  differ- 
ent denominations  it  is  not  yet  fully  or  adequately  occupied. 

Nothing  but  a  united,  spiritually  energized  Christian  program  can  succeed  in  the  face 
of  such  a  challenge  as  is  presented  to  the  church  in  Hawaii. 


II 


LOCATION  OF 

THE  HAWAIIAN  ISLANDS 


I 


SPANISH-SPEAKING  PEOPLES 
IN  THE  UNITED  STATES 


THE  Spanish-speaking  group  in  the  United 
States  is  made  up  chiefly  of  Mexican,  Mex- 
American,  Spanish,  South  American  and  West 
Indian  elements.  Of  these  the  Mexican  and 
Mex-American  groups  are  the  largest  and  for 
our  present  purposes  the  most  important. 

The  Mex-Americans  (often  called  Spanish 
Americans)  consist  mainly  of  those  individuals 
or  their  descendants  who  became  a  part  of  our 
nation  through  the  acquisition  of  territory  by 
the  United  States. 

They  reside  chiefly  in  the  Southwest.  Their 
language  is  Spanish.  Many  of  them  can  neither 
speak  nor  read  English. 


Their  religious  and  moral  conceptions  have 
grown  out  of  an  environment  and  traditions 
quite  different  from  our  own. 

Ignorance,  superstition  and  prejudice  are  ob- 
stacles to  be  overcome. 

In  the  states  of  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  where 
the  percentage  of  Mex-American  population  is 
particularly  large  the  percentage  of  illiteracy 
was  in  1910  nearly  three  times  greater  than  the 
general  average  of  illiteracy  for  the  entire 
country,  the  percentage  of  illiteracy  among  the 
women  of  New  Mexico  over  ten  years  of  age 
being  25.4.  Texas  and  California  also  have 
large  Mexican  populations  and  Mexicans  are 
to  be  found  in  varying  numbers  in  many  other 
states. 


'XcX 


The  total  number  of  Mexicans  in  the  United 
States  is  perhaps  conservatively  estimated  at 
a  million  and  a  half. 

A  recent  report  from  the  Atchison,  Topeka  and 
Santa  Fe  Railroad  indicated  that  it  had  more 
than  14,000  Mexicans  employed  on  its  lines, 
mostly  in  track  work. 

During  the  war  the  demand  for  common  labor 
on  the  farms  of  the  Southwest  led  to  the 
temporary  admission  of  otherwise  inadmissible 
Mexican  aliens  to  work  in  agricultiu*al  pursuits, 
especially  in  the  sugar  beet  fields.  During  a 
recent  month  4,621  Mexicans  were  admitted 
to  the  United  States  and  255  departed. 

In  the  Southwest  these  new  arrivals  are  doing 
almost  every  conceivable  sort  of  labor. 

They  work  on  the  railroads,  tend  cattle,  care 
for  sheep,  pick  oranges  and  walnuts,  work  with 
irrigation,  do  construction  work,  raise  flowers, 
work  in  the  sugar  beet  fields,  produce  vegetables 


—  ,-~^.^^m'im$mtl^^ 


136 


Spanish-speaking  Peoples  in  the  United  States:  HOME  MISSIONS 


>     ••  %» 


and  in  fact  take  an  important  part  in  practi- 
cally all  of  the  industries  in  our  southwestern 
states. 

The  survey  reports  for  the  Southwest  show  that 
in  general  the  living  conditions  of  the  Spanish 
population  are  considerably  lower  than  those 
of  the  older  American  stock,  that  their  houses 
are  poor,  their  general  environment  unsanitary, 
their  educational  facilities  scant  and  often 
there  is  no  organized  religious  opportunity  of 
any  sort  for  them. 

One  rural  community,  for  example,  with  a  sub- 
stantial settlement  of  Mexicans  reports  no 
school  or  church  opportunities  and  no  Bibles 
in  the  homes  although  one  of  the  Mexican 
leaders  in  this  community  has  made  a  definite 
plea  to  representative  Protestants  for  assist- 
ance in  alleviating  this  condition  of  neglect. 
Similar  instances  of  need  abound. 

It  is  the  well-nigh  universal  testimony  of 
religious  workers  that  they  are  open  to  the 
message  of  the  gospel  when  properly  ap- 
proached. 


One  young  man  who  recently  was  a  captain 
under  Villa  is  now  studying  for  the  Christian 
ministry.  Many  other  recent  arrivals  have 
been  won. 

In  addition  to  a  considerable  number  of  local 
churches  there  are  approximately  forty  mission 
schools  and  neighborhood  houses  under  the 
auspices  of  missionary  agencies  conducted  for 
the  benefit  of  Mexicans  who  are  resident  in 
the  United  States. 

Some  of  these  are  boarding  schools,  others  are 
day  schools.  They  include  all  sorts  of  instruc- 
tion from  work  in  the  elementary  grades  up  to 
and  including  approved  standard  secondary 
school  work. 

These  schools  are  also  furnishing  an  opportunity 
for  a  Christian  education  to  a  considerable 


number  of  bo3rs  and  girls  whose  homes  are  in 
old  Mexico. 

Up  to  date,  however,  no  adequate  program  of 
Christian  education  or  evangelism  has  been 
worked  out  for  our  Spanish-speaking  popula- 
tion as  a  whole.  The  present  outstanding  need 
seems  to  be  for  an  intelligent,  comprehensive, 
non-competitive  program  of  advance  and  the 

development  of  a  trained,  sjonpathetic,  native 
leadership. 

When  the  Spanish-speaking  survey  is  com- 
pleted, data  should  be  available  for  the  con- 
struction of  an  adequate  program  of  Christian 
education,  evangelism  and  social  service  for 
these  people,  who  by  their  labors  are  now  mak- 
ing such  an  important  contribution  to  our 
national  life. 


WEST  INDIES 

Cuba 

THE  United  States  gave  Cuba  her  political  freedom  and  many  other  material 
blessings.    She  is  following  our  national  leadership  in  many  directions,  as 
was  evidenced  by  her  declaration  of  war  upon  Genriany  immediately  after 
this  country  went  into  the  World  War. 

This  "island  of  a  hundred  harbors"  is  the  largest  and  richest  of  the  West 
Indies.  Its  population  is  over  2,500,000  and  its  area  is  44,164  square  miles.  It  is 
800  miles  long  by  about  60  wide.  It  lies  only  one  hundred  miles  from  the  Florida 
peninsula. 

An  analysis  of  the  population  in  1907  revealed  the  following  percentages:  whites  69.75, 
negroes  13.28,  mixed  16.40  and  yellow  0.57.  These  various  groups  demand  special 
types  of  approach. 

Cuba,  especially  her  capital  and  metropolis,  Havana,  is  rapidly  becoming  the 
favorite  winter  resort  for  many  visitors  from  the  United  States. 

Havana,  with  a  population  of  400,000,  is  one  of  the  six  largest  cities  in  Latin  America. 
It  is  the  city  of  the  world's  greatest  and  most  democratic  clubs,  the  largest  having 
a  membership  of  109,000. 

American  trade  with  Cuba  is  larger  than  it  is  with  Japan  and  China  combined  and 
far  larger  than  with  any  nation  to  the  south. 

Since  the  last  American  intervention,  with  the  coming  of  Protestant  missionaries,  the 
number  of  marriages  among  all  classes  has  increased  50  per  cent.,  an  evidence  of 
improved  moral  and  religious  conditions. 

In  1898  the  percentage  of  illiteracy  was  84.  It  is  now  only  54  per  cent.,  and  includes 
few  persons  above  30  years  of  age.  The  years  of  American  occupation  emphasized 
the  importance  of  popular  education  and  the  results  speak  for  themselves  in  the 
reduction  of  illiteracy  by  30  per  cent,  in  two  decades. 

The  same  or  at  least  a  similar  result  may  reasonably  be  predicted  in  respect  to 
religious  interest  if  the  church  should  present  to  the  Cubans  a  religion  pure  and 
undefiled  and  in  sympathetic  accord  with  the  principles  of  American  democracy. 


138 


West  Indies:  HOME  MISSIONS 


WHAT'S  THE  ANSWER? 

MILLIONS  of  dollars  of  American  capital 
are  invested  in  Cuban  sugar  plantations. 
How  much  will  the  Christians  of  America 
invest  in  uplifting  the  lives  of  the  Cuban 
people? 

Gambling  and  impurity  are  Cuba's  national 
vices.  Her  people  are  naturally  temperate  as 
to  the  use  of  intoxicants  but  American  brewers 
have  undertaken  to  overcome  this  by  the 
introduction  of  beer  "kindergartens." 

Ten  thousand  Cuban  young  people  are  students 
in  American  schools  and  universities. 

Is  the  religious  message  they  will  receive  on 
their  return  to  be  in  harmony  with  their  new 
educational  vision? 

Owing  to  the  predominance  of  the  Negro  and 
mulatto  elements,  Cuba  has  an  increasingly 
difficult  race  problem. 

Cuba  has  school  facilities  for  only  half  of  her 
600,000  children.  In  the  cities  49.9  per  cent, 
of  the  children  attends  school;  in  the  country 
districts,  31.6  per  cent. 

FORCES   IN   THE   FIELD 

SEVEN  Protestant  denominations  have  mis- 
sions in  Cuba:  Baptists,  (North  and  South) 
Presbyterians  (North  and  South)  Episcopa- 
lians, Friends  and  Southern  Methodists. 
There  is  a  Protestant  church  membership  of 
12,000,  or  one  in  two  hundred  of  the  population. 
There  are  nearly  11,000  Sunday  school  scholars 
and  5,000  Christian  adherents.  There  are  204 
congregations  with  193  Cuban  workers  and  a 
foreign  missionary  staff  of  141 — 53  of  whom 
are  ordained  ministers. 

In  educational  work  the  American  mission 
boards  have  seven  normal  and  training  schools, 
half  of  which  give  some  theological  teaching. 
There  are  3,337  pupils  under  instruction  in 
forty-two  elementary  schools  and  sixteen  board- 
ing and  high  schools. 


REINFORCEMENTS  NEEDED 

FOR  the  next  five  years  an  additional  force 
of  322  Cuban  workers,  80  new  foreign 
missionaries  and  154  American  teachers  is 
called  for  by  the  boards  working  in  Cuba  in 
order  properly  to  occupy  the  fields  for  which 
they  are  responsible. 

For  112  needed  buildings  and  their  equipment 
$1,600,000  is  required.  The  support  of  new 
evangelistic  workers  and  primary  schools  in 
addition  to  the  church  property  investment 
totals  $3,016,500,  of  which  $1,880,500  is  to  be 
raised  in  North  America,  while  $1,136,000  will 
come  from  Cuba. 

An  interdenominational  normal  school  that  shall 
be  broadly  representative  of  the  best  in  Christian 
cultiu-e  is  planned  for  the  city  of  Havana. 

Six  secondary  schools  of  various  types  through- 
out the  Island  will  prepare  pupils  for  entrance 
to  the  government  professional  schools  as  well 
as  provide  for  the  needs  of  those  who  wish 
briefer  and  more  utilitarian  courses. 

A  great  union  English-speaking  church  with 
all  kind  of  institutional  features  is  projected 
for  Havana  to  minister  to  the  large  foreign 
colony  as  well  as  the  tourists  that  throng  the 
city  every  winter. 

The  prestige  which  the  Cuban  capital  enjoys 
throughout  Latin  America  as  a  center  of  culture 
is  to  be  utilized  in  the  location  there  of  an 
evangelical  publishing  center  which  shall  pro- 
duce Christian  literature  in  Spanish. 

It  is  proposed  that  in  the  support  of  this  work 
the  Cubans  will  share  the  expense  with  the 
Christians  in  the  United  States,  the  latter 
assuming  two-thirds  of  the  budget. 

America  has  put  across  an  adequate  program 
of  sanitation,  public  order  and  political  freedom 
for  Cuba. 

Will  the  church  project  an  adequate  program 
for  her  religious  and  moral  freedom? 


THE  United  States  government  wiped  out  yellow  fever  in  Cuba  by  abolish- 
ing unsanitary  conditions.     The  church  must  wipe  out  immorality  and 
irreligion  by  processes  of  education,  worship  and  community  service. 


HOME  MISSIONS:  West  Indies 


139 


Porto  Rico 

PORTO  RICO  is  said  to  be  more  responsive  to  the  message  of  the  gospel  than 
any  other  country  in  Latin  America.  But  until  the  American  intervention 
in  1899  the  type  of  religion  that  flourished  on  the  island  was  inclined  to 
be  one  of  rigid  formalism  with  a  naive  separation  between  religion  and  morality 
that  did  not  tend  to  improve  the  quality  or  influence  of  either. 

What  is  needed  is  a  dynamic  gospel  message  if  the  kindly  people  of  Porto  Rico  are  to 
become  Christians  in  more  than  name. 

In  1918  the  island  adopted  prohibition  by  a  vote  of  nearly  2  to  1,  the  influence  of 
Protestant  pastors  and  workers  being  a  powerful  factor  in  securing  this  result. 

Through  the  schools,  the  press  and  other  influences,  loyalty  to  America  is  rapidly 
developing.  As  the  average  of  intelligence  rises  the  demand  for  thoroughly  trained 
ministers  and  leaders  increases.  More  adequate  facilities  for  training  and  support- 
ing such  must  be  provided. 

Most  of  the  Porto  Ricans  live  in  one-room  thatched  huts  in  small  agricultural  villages 
and  are  mostly  in  a  state  of  poverty. 

The  first  census  taken  after  the  American  occupation  in  1899  showed  that  83  per 
cent,  of  the  population  was  illiterate.  American  supervised  public  schools  which  now 
enroll  175,000  children  have  greatly  improved  this  condition  for  the  younger  men 
and  women  of  Porto  Rico  and  for  the  rising  generation. 


A  FERTILE  FIELD 

PORTO  RICO,  with  3,888  square  miles  of 
area,  has  a  population  of  1,198,970  or  330 
to  the  square  mile,  making  it  one  of  the  most 
densely  peopled  countries  of  the  world.  It 
is  108  miles  long  by  36  miles  broad,  being 
approximately  the  size  of  Rhode  Island  and 
Delaware  combined  but  with  nearly  twice 
their  population.  It  lies  70  miles  east  of  Santo 
Domingo  and  1,400  miles  from  New  York, 
being  the  farthest  east  of  the  Greater  Antilles! 
In  spite  of  her  large  population,  Porto  Rico  is 
distinctly  a  rural  community,  having  no  large 
cities  and  with  a  majority  of  her  people  engaged 
in  agriculture. 

Porto  Rico's  trade  with  the  United  States  in 


1918  amounted  to  over  $124,511,408,  of  which 
$65,515,650  was  the  value  of  the  exports  from 
the  United  States.  Her  commerce  with  other 
nations  is  almost  negligible  in  comparison. 
Sugar  growing  is  her  chief  industry.  Coffee, 
rice,  tobacco,  salt,  corn  and  tropical  fruits  are 
also  produced  and  exported  in  considerable 
quantities. 

FORCES  AT  WORK 

TEN  American  Protestant  bodies  sus- 
tain mission  work  in  Porto  Rico:  North- 
em  Baptists,  Congregationalists,  Methodists, 
Disciples,  Presbyterians,  Episcopalians,  United 
Brethren,  Christian  Church,  Evangelical  Luther- 
ans and  the  Christian  Alliance.     There  is  a 


140 


West  Indies:  HOME  MISSIONS 


fine  spirit  of  cooperation  among  the  workers  of 
these  denominations,  which  has  made  possible 
many  practical  phases  of  missionary  comity. 

There  are  12,143  communicants  in  the  Protes- 
tant churches  with  5,000  adherents  of  all  ages 
and  a  Sunday  school  membership  of  20,000. 
The  mission  stations  number  43,  with  323  sub- 
stations accommodating  156  organized  congrega- 
tions. These  are  served  by  a  Porto  Rican  force 
of  233  workers  with  134  foreign  missionaries. 

HELPFUL  AGENCIES 

THE  educational  problem  of  Porto  Rico  is 
somewhat  simplified  by  the  presence  of 
excellent  public  schools.  Sixteen  isolated  dis- 
tricts have  parish  day-schools  with  1,426  pupils. 
There  are  three  normal  and  training  schools 
where  some  theological  work  also  is  given  and 
three  residential  high  schools. 

Several  Christian  hospitals  have  been  de- 
veloped in  Porto  Rico  and  are  doing  valu- 
able work.    Combination  orphanages  and  in- 


dustrial and  agricultural  training  schools  have 
proved  very  useful. 

"Puerto  Rico  Evangelico",  the  semi-weekly 
united  Protestant  paper,  has  the  largest  circu- 
lation of  any  periodical  on  the  Island. 

WHAT  IS  NEEDED 

THE  following  is  an  outline  of  the  program 
of  advance:  buildings  for  new  evangelical 
seminary,  in  which  six  communions  cooperate; 
increased  equipment  for  union  printing  plant; 
bookstores  in  San  Juan  and  other  cities;  cam- 
paign of  education  by  social  reform  committee; 
lectureships  and  evangelistic  campaigns  for 
reaching  all  classes  of  people  with  the  gospel;  a 
conference  center  or  "Northfield"  for  develop- 
ing more  spiritual  and  efficient  leadership;  ex- 
tensive enlargement  of  Polytechnic  Institute  to 
make  this  one  of  the  outstanding  educational 
institutions  of  the  West  Indies;  development  of 
Blanche  Kellogg  Institute  as  a  training  school 
for  Bible  women,  Sunday  school  teachers  and 
home  makers. 


CILF   OF    MEXICO 


BAHAMA!. 


lUy  WmI** 


AMOROS 


Havana 


^M.        .    ■-  »        aSAM  SAtVAOON 

T|  *  •  0«  WAIUHO  I.    y 

"  *-,V>UMCAy  ■'- 


THE  WEST  INDIES 

SCALE  Of  MILES 

'"P  *°  *<* 


OnCAT  CXUMA^* 
L0«0 

CMOOKtb  i.yU 

ACKUN  IjiT 


MAKWUANA        '•   J, 

-.CAICOS  IS  O 

^^^UtAT  INACUA 


/  <t  ..'vmCIN     ANOUILLAItMtl 
«    *■-      '*•       WTBAHTMOtOMfW 


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HOME  MISSIONS:  West  Indies 


141 


Jamaica 


JAMAICA,  the  chief  center  of  British  interests  in  the  West  Indies,  has  an  area 
of  4,207  square  miles  and  a  population  of  851,383.    It  is  thus  slightly  smaller 
in  both  area  and  population  than  the  state  of  Connecticut.    Pure-blooded 
whites  comprise  less  than  2  per  cent,  of  the  population. 

Four  evils  are  gripping  the  people  of  Jamaica  and  an  appeal  for  liberation  from  them 
is  an  appeal  to  the  Christian  church  to  give  to  them  the  glorious  liberty  of  the  gospel 
of  Jesus  Christ. 

These  evils  are:  Illiteracy.  Less  than  one-half  the  people  can  read  and  write  and 
considerably  less  than  one-half  the  children  of  school  age  are  in  school. 

Superstition.  This  always  goes  hand  in  hand  with  ignorance.  In  Jamaica  there  are 
many  superstitious  beliefs  and  practises  brought  from  Africa. 

Vice.  More  than  60  per  cent,  of  the  children  are  born  out  of  wedlock.  Jamaicans 
are  not  naturally  criminal  but  they  are  easily  influenced.  Drinking,  gambling  and 
thieving  are  prevalent. 

Poverty.  People  living  in  poverty  and  children  reared  without  proper  food,  clothing 
and  shelter  cannot  rise  above  the  evils  of  ignorance,  superstition  and  vice. 

The  people  must  be  taught  how  to  produce  more  in  order  that  they  may  be  led  to 
live  better  and  to  make  better  use  of  their  resources. 


THE  OPPORTUNITY 

THERE  are  thirty  thousand  East  Indian 
coolies  working  on  the  plantations  which 
form  a  distinct  group  and  require  attention  in 
a  very  special  way.  The  cultured  classes  which 
are  English  in  customs  and  ideals  are  ready  to 
cooperate  in  missionary  effort  but  must  have 
leadership  in  the  accomplishment  of  the  task. 
The  British  Government  in  Jamaica  is  also 
sympathetic  towards  missionary  effort,  es- 
pecially along  educational  lines;  but  initiative 
must  come  from  the  churches. 

THE  FORCES   IN  THE   FIELD 

THE  American  Friends,  Christian  and  Mis- 
sionary Alliance,  Disciples  of  Christ,  North- 
em  Baptists,  African  Methodists,  all  work  here. 


THE   PROGRAM   OF  ADVANCE 

AN  INDUSTRIAL  school  of  sufficient 
Jl\.  magnitude  to  provide  the  whole  Island 
with  a  new  economic,  social  and  Christian 
spirit  is  needed;  also  a  union  theological  train- 
ing-school; a  normal  school  to  prepare  the 
Jamaicans  for  greatly  needed  leadership  to  lift 
the  people  out  of  their  degradation  and  give 
them  proper  standards  for  life;  a  training- 
school  for  catechists  for  the  East  Indians  who 
are  numerous  on  the  Island;  and  a  literature 
adapted  to  the  peculiar  needs  of  the  Jamaicans, 
especially  a  representative  Christian  periodical. 
The  American  boards  representing  the  Friends, 
the  Disciples  and  the  Moravians  are  each 
planning  a  gradual  increase  of  their  regular 
work,  especially  the  building  of  more  chapels. 


142 


West  Indies:  HOME  MISSIONS 


Santo  Domingo  and  Haiti 

ITH  a  heritage  of  centuries  of  slavery  and  exploitation  it  is  no  wonder 
that  government  in  Haiti  and  Santo  Domingo  has  been  unstable  for 
the  past  century. 

Once  the  most  prosperous  colony  of  the  Indies  with  cities  boasting  all  the  culture  of 
Paris  and  Madrid,  the  Island  has  lost  much  of  its  superficial  civilization  and  now  in 
its  remoter  parts  savagery  is  found  but  little  removed  from  that  of  the  Congo. 

Santo  Domingo  has  still  a  small  cultured  aristocracy  which  has  produced  literary 
works  of  merit;  but  this  only  serves  to  intensify  the  dark  background  of  the  prevailing 
poverty  of  life  and  remoteness  from  the  world's  onward  movements. 

With  few  passable  roads  only  the  beginnings  of  a  railway  system  and  with  well-nigh 
universal  illiteracy,  the  poverty  of  the  government  and  its  instability  and  lack  of 
leadership  make  the  problems  of  education  and  of  Christianization  almost  akin  to 
those  in  virgin  fields. 

Illegitimacy  and  social  disease  are  the  rule  among  the  lower  classes,  especially  in 
Haiti.  There  is  no  such  thing  as  modesty  among  the  blacks  of  the  interior.  It  is 
to  such  surroimdings  that  America  is  sending  thousands  of  her  young  marines. 

The  Island  of  Santo  Domingo-Haiti  which  Columbus  christened  Hispaniola  (Little 
Spain)  lies  between  Cuba  and  Porto  Rico  with  an  area  of  nearly  30,000  square  miles. 
Santo  Domingo  occupies  the  eastern  two-thirds  of  the  Island  and  Haiti  the  western 
third. 

Haiti,  the  Black  Republic,  with  its  smaller  territory  has  an  estimated  population  of 
2,500,000,  as  compared  with  Santo  Domingo's  750,000.  Santo  Domingo's  greater 
progressiveness  is  evident  in  the  fact  that  her  foreign  commerce  for  1916  totalled 
$33,000,000;  while  that  of  Haiti  for  1913  was  only  $17,000,000. 

The  Island  of  Santo  Domingo-Haiti  is  one  of  the  richest,  most  beautiful  and  healthful 
of  the  West  Indies,  but  has  for  a  century  been  among  the  worst  governed.  It  has 
many  harbors  and  rivers  and  its  climate  is  modified  by  lofty  mountain  ranges  that 
contain  rich  minerals. 

Because  of  threatened  international  complications  due  to  the  long  unpaid  obligations 
of  the  two  republics,  the  United  States  has  for  some  years  exercised  a  protectorate, 
administering  the  customs  and  policing  the  two  countries  with  a  force  of  marines. 


HOME  MISSIONS:  West  Indies 


143 


FEW  SCHOOL   BUILDINGS 

NOT  a  half  dozen  school  buildings  have  ever 
been  erected  in  all  Santo  Domingo.  Such 
schools  as  exist  are  housed  in  residences,  old 
monasteries  or  other  converted  structures. 
These  provisions  are  wholly  inadequate  to  meet 
the  situation. 

Santo  Domingo  under  American  urging  now 
spends  $1,000,000  annually  for  education  while 
Haiti  with  her  three  times  greater  population 
and  need  spends  only  $300,000. 

A  Haitian  school  teacher  unable  to  sign  his 
salary  warrant  was  not  a  whit  embarrassed  at 
the  inconsistency  of  his  position.  "That  does 
not  matter,"  he  explained,  "you  see  I  am  the 
teacher  of  reading,  not  of  writing." 

What  can  Christianity  offer  the  starved  social 
and  intellectual  life  of  Haiti  with  its  unmorality 
due  to  ignorance  and  the  darker  viciousness  of 
its  pagan  "voodooism"? 

FORCES  AT  WORK 

THE  Episcopal  Church  has  twenty-seven 
preaching  stations  in  Haiti  conducted  by 
native  Haitians  and  has  recently  sent  a  white 
clergyman  to  Santo  Domingo  City  to  minister 
to  Americans  and  English-speaking  Negroes. 

The  Weslyan  Methodists  of  England  have  long 
done  some  work  in  both  countries,  but  now 
only  support  two  missionaries  in  the  whole 
Island.  The  Methodist  Protestant  Church 
has  sent  a  few  evangelistic  workers  into  the 
northern  part  of  Santo  Domingo. 

Two  of  the  American  Negro  denominations  con- 
duct evangelistic  work  in  the  Island  and  there 
are  a  few  scattering  independent  workers. 

What  is  said  to  be  the  most  efficient  boarding- 
school  for  boys  in  Haiti,  and  probably  the  only 
one  that  would  approximate  American  stand- 
ards, is  conducted  by  the  French  Catholic 
Brothers  of  St.  Louis. 

Bird  College  for  girls  conducted  by  an  indepen- 
dent Wesleyan  missionary  is  the  only  Protes- 
tant boarding  school  on  the  Island. 

The  Moravians  have  several  preaching  points 
in  Santo  Domingo,  but  only  for  English- 
speaking  Negroes. 


The  only  places  where  Protestantism  is  meeting 
with  any  general  favor  are  a  few  of  the 
Haitian  towns  where  many  seem  attracted  by 
an  emotional,  revivalistic  type  of  service  that 
makes  no  persistent  effort  to  relate  itself  effect- 
ively to  the  moral  and  social  problems  of  the 
people. 

The  great  village  and  rural  population  is 
untouched,  as  is  the  majority  of  the  urban 
folk. 

PROGRAM   FOR  SANTO   DOMINGO 

FOR  Santo  Domingo  it  is  proposed  to  develop 
two  large  urban  centers  with  well  equipped 
social,  educational  and  evangelistic  work  at 
Santo  Domingo  City  and  at  Santiago. 

Industrial  schools  with  courses  in  trades,  agri- 
culture, sanitation,  community  service,  prepara- 
tion for  rural  teaching,  and  domestic  science, 
are  to  be  featured,  with  an  evangelical  book- 
store and  a  large  union  hospital  and  nurses' 
training  school  at  the  capital. 

The  institutional  churches  proposed  for  these 
centers  will  inaugurate  programs  with  lectures 
on  moral,  hygienic,  educational  and  religious 
topics  offering  courses  in  religious  education 
with  a  public  forum,  boys  and  girls  clubs, 
kindergarten,  night  school,  public  library,  clinic 
and  dispensary. 

Four  smaller  centers  are  to  be  provided  at  San 
Pedro  de  Macoris,  Puerto  Plata,  La  Vega  and 
Azua. 

PROGRAM   FOR   HAITI 

FOR  Haiti  three  principal  centers  are  pro- 
posed, at  Port  au  Prince,  Cape  Hatien  and 
Gonaives.  Similar  features  to  those  outlined 
for  Santo  Domingo  are  planned  with  an  especial 
emphasis  on  industrial  education  along  the 
lines  of  Hampton  Institute  but  more  elementary 
in  character.  With  several  such  institutions  in 
operation  it  is  impossible  to  state  how  much 
more  might  not  be  accomplished  in  a  few 
years. 

The  mission  boards  uniting  in  the  Committee 
on  Cooperation  for  Latin  America  have  agreed 
to  cooperate  in  developing  the  foregoing  pro- 
gram for  Santo  Domingo  and  Haiti. 


144 


West  Indies:  HOME  MISSIONS 


The  Smaller  West  Indian  Islands 

The  Windward    Islands,    the   Bahamas,   Barbados,   the   Leeward    Islands, 
Trinidad,  Martinique,  Guadaloupe  and  the  Virgin  Islands 

IN  ALL  these  islands  the  Negro  population  predominates.  Primitive  in  their  life, 
these  islanders  tend  in  most  cases  to  become  devotees  of  the  more  emotional 
types  of  religion,  both  Protestant  and  Catholic,  seeking  sensation  rather  than 
spiritual  guidance.  They  need  education  and  constructive  religious  leadership. 
The  island  Negroes  need  to  know  the  dignity  of  labor,  as  in  some  cases  false  notions  of 
caste  have  injured  the  usefulness  of  those  who  have  received  little  education. 

Higher  social  ideals,  the  sanctity  of  home  life  and  a  general  enrichment  of  environment 
and  interests  are  needed  in  these  picturesque  tropical  islands,  so  many  of  which  are 
out  of  touch  with  the  sweep  of  modem  progress. 

The  Moravians  have  missions  in  the  Leeward  and  Windward  Islands. 

In  Barbados  and  in  many  of  the  lesser  Antilles  the  Salem  Baptist  Church  has  work 
which  it  hopes  greatly  to  enlarge.  The  Northern  Baptists  and  African  Methodists 
as  well  as  the  Christian  Missions  in  Many  Lands,  the  United  Free  Church  of  Scotland, 
the  Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel  and  the  Wesleyan  Methodists  of 
England  also  sustain  work  in  this  group. 

In  Trinidad  the  Canadian  Presbyterians  are  well  established  but  have  been  hampered 
by  an  inadequate  staff  of  workers.  They  conduct  primary  schools,  a  girls'  school,  a 
college,  a  training  school  and  a  theological  college. 

In  the  Virgin  Islands  the, Reformed  Church  of  America  supports  a  church  at  St. 
Thomas  with  one  missionary  who  serves  also  as  chaplain  of  the  American  marine 
forces.  The  Moravians  also  have  work  there  and  other  communions  represented 
are  Episcopalians,  Wesleyans,  Lutherans  and  Roman  Catholics. 

Since  American  ownership  some  of  these  churches  have  made  connections  with  their 
conmiimions  in  the  United  States. 

The  future  program  of  advance  consists  in  greatly  strengthening  present  work,  and 
especially  in  developing  industrial  schools.  Such  schools  are  urgently  needed,  not 
only  to  reduce  the  high  percentage  of  illiteracy  but  to  aid  in  the  development  of 
agriculture  and  industry.  They  will  also  improve  the  quality  of  the  Negro  immigra- 
tion to  this  country. 


HOME  MISSIONS:  Budget  Tables 


145 


BUDGET  TABLES 

THE  budget  tables  for  the  home  mission  work 
will  be  found  in  the  back  part  of  this  volume 
where  they  appear  as  Table  II  and  Table  III.  The 
former  of  these  represents  the  total  budgets  approved  by 
the  various  organizations  and  boards  included  in  the 
financial  purview  of  the  survey.  They  by  no  means 
represent  the  total  need  as  disclosed  by  the  survey,  nor 
are  they  inclusive  of  all  the  Protestant  agencies  at 
work  in  the  various  fields  of  American  Christian 
endeavor.  The  figures  do  however,  make  very  definite 
and  concrete  the  financial  responsibilities  resting  upon 
all  the  included  organizations  and  serve  to  emphasize 
the  important  place  of  these  agencies  in  the  welfare  of 
our  national  structure. 

Table  III,  while  representing  the  same  totals  as  Table  II, 
distributes  the  amounts  to  the  several  types  of  work 
undertaken  by  the  boards.  A  careful  study  of  these 
tables  will  yield  a  number  of  important  deductions. 

Mention  should  be  made  also  of  Table  IX,  the  General 
Summary  of  all  the  budgets,  in  which  the  sums  asked 
for  in  Table  II  have  been  incorporated.  By  reference  to 
this  table  it  will  be  seen  what  relation  the  budget  of  the 
home  mission  work  bears  to  the  total  budget  of  the 
larger  enterprise. 


< 


AMERICAN  EDUCATION 


i 


AMERICAN  EDUCATION 


A  MERICA'S  ruling  passion  is  for  education.    Almost  all  the  people  share  it. 
/jk       The  laws  of  all  the  states  require  some  school  attendance.     Our  total 
L      m.    investment  in  school  plants,  elementary  and  higher,  exceeds  $3,500,000,000. 
We  spend  for  education  annually  $1,000,000,000. 

The  rate  of  increase  in  school  enrolment  is  many  times  greater  than  the  increase  in 
population.  There  is  an  unprecedented  attendance  at  our  schools,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  normal  schools,  this  first  year  since  the  World  War. 

In  itself,  education  is  neither  good  nor  bad.  It  becomes  one  or  the  other  in  accor- 
dance with  its  content  and  motive.  William  von  Humboldt,  the  first  Prussian  min- 
ister of  education,  with  Hegel,  Treitschke,  Nietzsche  and  others  used  education  to 
create,  maintain  and  strengthen  Prussian  militarism.  Education  so  used  is  like  a 
sharp,  two-edged  sword  threatening  the  life  of  the  world. 

Christian  England  and  America  use  education  to  establish  and  defend  the  ideals  of 
liberty,  justice  and  righteousness.  It  was  education  in  the  service  of  these  ideals 
which  overcame  the  menace  of  a  prostituted  education  and  gave  modem  civilization 
another  chance. 

This  passion,  this  investment,  this  high  motive,  bring  to  the  churches  a  responsibility 
unique  and  heavy.  American  education  and  all  its  processes  must  be  Christianized. 
We  must  make  our  people  good  as  well  as  wise,  powerful  and  rich.  The  churches 
must  implant  in  the  hearts  and  consciences  of  their  members  and  of  all  our  people 
the  fundamental  truth  that  "the  soul  of  education  is  the  education  of  the  soul." 
The  spirit  of  the  Master  Teacher  must  be  present  in  our  schools. 

This  unique  opportunity  centers  in  the  fact  that  all  America's  potential  leaders  are 
enrolled  in  these  schools.  In  our  day  the  "  self-made  "  leader  is  so  rare  as  to  be  negligible. 
If  the  churches  are  to  have  a  stream  of  leaders  going  forth  to  world  ministry,  lay  and 
professional,  in  the  broad  and  largely  untried  way  of  which  Jesus  spoke  when  he  gave 
to  his  disciples  the  great  commission,  they  must  come  forth  from  schools  permeated 
by  his  spirit.  Our  schools  are  now  the  formative  centers  of  our  civilization.  This 
civilization  may  be  made  Christian  by  our  schools  as  Germany's  civilization  was 
made  military  by  her  schools. 

American  education  stands  at  its  greatest  door  of  opportunity.  But  it  must  not 
delay.    Now  is  the  moment  for  occupancy  and  realization. 


150 


Introduction:  AMERICAN  EDUCATION 


RELATIVE  ATTENDANCE  IN  THE  FIELD  OF 

HIGHER  EDUCATION 

(PERCENTAGE  INDICATED  BY  AREA) 


Theological 
Seminaries 

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AMERICAN  EDUCATION;  Introduction 


151 


MEN  AND  MONEY 

OF  THE  four  hundred  thousand  students 
in  institutions  of  higher  grade  one-half 
is  in  institutions  founded  by  the  church.  The 
investment  in  these  colleges  and  universities 
is  more  than  half  the  total  investment  in  higher 
education  reported  by  the  United  States  Bu- 
reau of  Education. 

Within  the  last  four  years  no  less  than  one 
hundred  million  dollars  has  been  added  to  the 
educational  investments  of  the  churches  affil- 
iated with  this  Movement. 

THE  RELIGIOUS  IMPULSE 

A  LARGE  majority  of  America's  institu- 
tions of  higher  learning  was  founded  by 
the  churches.  This  statement  is  not  only  true 
of  the  group  made  up  of  our  oldest  colleges — 
Harvard,  Yale,  Princeton,  Kings',  William  and 
Mary,  Williams,  Brown,  Rutgers — but  it  ap- 
plies to  hundreds  of  the  more  recently  estab- 
lished institutions.  Even  today,  although  the 
state  exercises  great  authority  in  education, 
a  majority  of  our  institutions  is  organically 
related  to  some  denomination. 

Nor  has  the  religious  impulse  been  absent  in  the 
founding  and  extension  of  our  public  schools. 
Among  the  earliest  legislation  in  Congress  was 
the  Act  of  1787  providing  for  the  government 
of  the  Northwest  Territory. 

Its  famous  preamble  says: 
"Religion,    morality    and    knowledge    being 
necessary  to  good  government  and  the  happi- 
ness of  mankind,  schools  and  the  means  of  edu- 
cation shall  be  forever  encouraged." 

The  Act  provided  that  section  16  in  every  town- 
ship should  be  given  to  schools;  and  section 
29  should  be  given  for  the  purposes  of  religion. 
The  twin  causes  of  religion  and  education  were 
inseparable  in  the  minds  of  the  members  of  our 
first  American  Congress. 

They  had,  however  incorporated  in  the  Con- 
stitution the  principle  of  separation  of  church 
and  state. 

A  great  problem  was  thus  created.  The  state 
must  engage  in  education.  But  the  state  can- 
not directly  engage  in  the  work  of  religion. 


How  then  can  state  education,  as  well  as  in- 
dependent education,  be  kept  Christian  as  our 
forefathers,  including  the  members  of  the  first 
Congress,  intended? 

The  administration  of  nearly  all  of  these  in- 
stitutions, state  and  independent,  considers 
religion  an  essential  element  in  the  highest 
type  of  character.  Few  of  the  schools  are  sec- 
tarian; none  of  them  is  professedly  atheistic; 
nearly  all  of  them  aspire  to  be  Christian. 

BOARDS  OF  EDUCATION 

MOST  of  the  denominations  have  estab- 
lished boards  of  education  whose  present 
aggregate  income  exceeds  one  and  one-half 
millions.  These  boards  have  far-reaching  in- 
fluence in  the  schools,  the  colleges,  the  semin- 
aries, the  training  schools  and  the  universities 
upon  various  phases  of  enlistment  for  life- 
service  and  training  for  Christian  leadership. 

Counting  institutions  now  recognized  as  de- 
nominational and  those  listed  as  independent 
but  of  denominational  origin,  there  are  in  the 
United  States  about  514  colleges  and  univer- 
sities; 620  secondary  schools,  including  pre- 
paratory departments  in  colleges,  a  vanishing 
quantity,  and  200  theological  seminaries  and 
religious  training  schools. 

In  addition  there  are  350  institutions  of  higher 
grade  supported  by  public  taxation,  including 
state  and  municipal  colleges,  universities  and 
normal  schools. 

CHRISTIAN  ATMOSPHERE 

THESE  institutions  are  distributed  un- 
evenly in  every  state  of  the  Union  and  have 
within  and  about  them  a  distinctive  community 
life. 

The  churches  should  make  it  possible  for  the 
students  in  all  of  these  schools  to  breathe  the 
Christian  atmosphere  and,  as  Yale's  charter 
quaintly  says  "be  fitted  for  public  employment 
both  in  the  church  and  civil  state." 

PUBLIC  EMPLOYMENT 

THE  colonial  colleges  had  a  clearly  defined 
program.  They  did  their  work  well  in 
fitting  men  for  public  employment.  To  select 
a  few  typical  founders  of  our  nation,  they  pro- 


152 


Introduction:  AMERICAN  EDUCATION 


duced  for  service  in  the  "civil  state"  Thomas 
Jefferson,  James  Monroe,  John  Marshall,  Alex- 
ander Hamilton,  James  Otis,  Samuel  Adams, 
John  Hancock,  John  Adams  and  Josiah  Quincy. 

They  contributed  to  the  church  Increase  and 
Cotton  Mather,  Johnathan  Edwards,  Samuel 
Hopkins,  Nathaniel  Emmons,  Timothy  Dwight, 
Joseph  Bellamy  and  Lyman  Beecher. 

The  colonial  colleges  were  quite  as  successful 
in  producing  men  true  to  t3rpe  as  were  the 
German  gymnasia  and  universities  of  the  period 
before  the  Great  War. 

Nor  has  there  been  a  more  brilliant  page  in  the 
history  of  American  education  than  that  which 
records  the  story  of  American  college  men  and 
women  in  the  laboratories,  the  camps,  the  hos- 
pitals and  at  the  front  during  the  same  war. 

It  has  been  sufficiently  demonstrated  that  what 
a  people  would  accomplish  in  their  national 
life  they  must  put  first  in  the  minds  and  hearts 
of  their  youth  in  the  schools. 

The  urgency  of  the  call  for  constructive  leaders 
at  this  present  moment  of  world  turmoil  is 
certainly  as  great  as  that  which  has  come  dur- 
ing any  period  in  the  past.  Everywhere,  at 
home  and  abroad,  there  is  need  and  demand, 
not  only  for  our  food  and  our  money,  but  for 
our  ideals  and  our  leaders. 

TYPES  OF  LEADERS  NEEDED 

THE  great  mass  of  our  citizenship  must  be 
trained  in  the  principles  of  righteousness. 
This  is  the  most  important  task  of  our  schools. 
Leaders  with  steady  minds  and  quickened 
consciences  must  be  developed  for  the  profes- 
sions, for  business,  for  education,  for  social 
service. 

Will  the  American  colleges  of  this  era  be  able 
to  meet  the  present  crisis  as  those  of  the  pre- 
vious eras  met  their  tasks?  Certain  outstand- 
ing facts  indicate  a  possible  reply  in  the  affirm- 
ative. 

The  world  need  has  appalled  the  churches. 

The  social  message  of  Jesus  has  awakened  the 
sense  of  responsibility. 

Shall  the  old  and  tested  gospel  of  Christ  be 
fitted  to  the  unprecedented  need? 


Shall  our  institutions  of  learning  produce  men 
and  women  equipped  to  proclaim  by  word  and 
deed  the  only  saving  message? 

More  specifically,  our  institutions  must  be 
equipped  to  send  forth  an  adequate  supply  of 
professional  and  unprofessional  workers  such  as 

Ministers 

Missionaries 

Physicians 

Teachers 

Bible  Teachers 

Religious  Education  Directors 

Religious  Activity  Directors 

Physical  Work  Directors 

Y.  M.  C.  A.  and  Y.  W.  C.  A.  Secretaries 

Social  Workers 

Deaconesses 

Nurses 

Pastors'  Assistants 

Sunday  School  Leaders 

Leaders  in  Young  People's  Work 

Evangelistic  Workers  and  Singers 

THE  NUMBERS  REQUIRED 

THE  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  is  calling 
for  13,000  volunteers  to  go  into  training 
for  specific  tasks.  The  churches  of  American 
Protestantism  certainly  need  100,000  enlist- 
ments during  the  next  five  years. 

It  is  to  be  the  greatest  crusade  in  the  history 
of  Christendom.  The  crusaders  must  be  trained 
in  body  and  mind  and  heart.  Our  schools  and 
colleges  are  the  training  stations. 

A  RELATIVELY  SMALL  INVEST- 
MENT FOR  A  LARGE  TASK 

IT  HAS  recently  been  declared  that  educa- 
tion is  now  the  greatest  word  in  America's 
vocabulary.  This  is  the  declaration  of  a  mod- 
em prophet. 

Neither  our  statesmen  nor  our  people  have 
caught  this  vision  if  their  deeds  are  the  symbols 
of  their  faith.  The  federal  government  alone 
is  spending  this  year  a  sum  equal  to  five  times 
America's  entire  expenditure  for  education. 

The  cost  of  twenty  battleships  would  provide 
for  the  total  five-year  estimate  of  the  American 
Education  Survey  Department. 


AMERICAN  EDUCATION:  Introduction 


153 


COMPARISON  OF  ANNUAL  EXPENDITURES 

FOR  GENERAL  EDUCATION  WITH 

EXPENDITURES  FOR  CHURCH  SCHOOLS 


ENTIRE  SCHOOL  SYSTEM 


/  /.ooaooaooo 


MV  TO  TMC 
OROCnOf 


BANK  OF  AMERICAN  INDUSTRY 


^n&  ^/Si^//u^:^i/ . 


Dollars 


THE  GRADE  SCHOOLS 


650,  OOQOOO  .J^iouyy  /920 


BANK  OF  AMERICAN  INDUSTRY 


COLLEGES  AND  _   _ 
PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS 


S^SO,000,000  ^u^^ /920 

BANK  OF  AMERICAN  INDUSm 


THE  PUBLIC  HIGH 
SCHOOLS 


S  /00.000,000        ^«u^Y  /920 

BANK  or  AMERICAN  INDUSTRY 


ALL  CHURCH 
SCHOOLS 


154 


Introduction:  AMERICAN  EDUCATION 


One  act  of  Congress  during  the  war  authorized 
for  the  construction  of  aeroplanes  a  sum  three 
times  as  large  as  the  Interchurch  estimate  for 
American  education. 

And  yet  the  billion  dollars  spent  by  the  Amer- 
ican people  is  a  large  sum  as  compared  with  the 
expenditure  for  distinctly  Christian  education 
by  churches  representing  25,000,000  members. 

The  combined  expenditures  of  Protestant  de- 
nominations for  the  maintenance  of  all  types 
of  educational  institutions  which  they  control 
total  about  $25,000,000  per  year. 

Protestants  appropriate  one  dollar  apiece  each 
year  to  the  operation  of  their  own  educational 
institutions. 

The  state  spends  for  education  $40  where  the 
church  spends  but  one. 

Christian  education  must  be  made  more  than 
the  greatest  word  in  our  vocabulary.  Lip 
service  will  not  suffice.  It  must  be  made  even 
more  than  a  national  passion.  It  must  be  made 
a  living  fact  in  our  national  life. 


THE  INVESTMENT  IN  MEN 

BY  THE  present-day  process  of  selection, 
in  the  operation  of  which  multitudes  of  our 
boys  and  girls  stop  short  of  a  college  education, 
much  human  material  is  lost  to  the  highest  uses. 
Out  of  the  1,000  pupils  who  enter  the  first  grade 
of  our  American  schools  only  14  remain  to 
complete  the  college  course.  From  this 
small  group  come  most  of  the  leaders  of  the 
churches  as  well  as  the  leaders  in  other  phases 
of  national  life. 

It  is  upon  the  training  of  the  38  who  enter 
college,  of  whom  14  finally  "graduate"  that 
the  Protestant  churches  now  focus  their  money, 
their  skill,  their  prayer. 

Speaking  broadly,  the  state  trains  the  children 
and  the  adolescents.  The  American  Religious 
Education  Survey  Department  presents  the 
need  and  the  opportunity  in  the  home,  school, 
and  community.  It  is  evident  that  in  the 
field  of  higher  education  there  has  been  as 
yet  a  relatively  small  investment  of  human 
resources. 


A  SMALL  BUT  PERSISTENT  MINORITY  REACHES  THE  TOP 


(nead  this  diaqram  rnoM  the  bottom  up) 


14   will  graduat*  from  Coll«t«  tht«  yaar 


38 

•ntfd  Collapa 


111 
finished  High  Schooi  in  1915-1916 


300 
entered  High  Schoor 


600 

finished  the  Eighth  Grade 


Out  of  every  1,000  pupils  who  entered  the 
First  Grade  in  1903-1904 


HOME  MISSIONS:  American  Education 


155 


EDUCATION   OF  SOUTHERN 

METHODIST  MISSIONARIES 

IN  ACTIVE  SERVICE  SINCE 

1910 


attended 

Mathodiat 

oollagaa 


10 


<IW<rt  Ittg  dWWll  MlMB 


14 


CillllK 


16 

Miy  sUte  sdiools 


288  Reporting 


I 


A  DISPROPORTIONATE  INCOME 

AND  yet  this  small  investment  in  human 
c  and  material  resources  has  produced  a 
marvelous  return.  The  churches  have  sown 
sparingly  but  under  the  favor  of  God  they  have 
reaped  abundantly. 

The  authorities  of  the  denominations  repre- 
sented in  the  Interchurch  World  Movement 
consistently  report  that  on  the  average  90  per 
cent,  of  their  ministers  and  missionaries  have 
been  trained  in  the  institutions  under  their 
own  jurisdiction. 


COUNTY  SOURCES  OF  STUDENTS  OF  A 
SINGLE  DENOMINATIONAL  COLLEGE 
SINCE  1860 


FIGURES  INDICATE  NUMBER  OF  STUDENTS  FROM 
EACH  COUNTY 


The  lowest  estimate  made  by  any  of  these  de- 
nominations is  80  per  cent. 

The  Disciples  report  that  but  10  per  cent,  of  their 
college  students  attend  their  own  denomina- 
tional colleges  and  yet  from  that  number  come 
80  per  cent,  of  the  leaders  of  the  denomination 

It  has  been  found  that  of  288  missionaries  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  (South) 
trained  since  1910  and  now  in  active  service, 

236  attended  Methodist  colleges; 

10  attended  other  denominational  colleges; 

14  attended  independent  colleges; 

16  attended  only  state  institutions; 

12  are  without  college  training. 


156 


Introduction:  AMERICAN  EDUCATION 


CX:CUPYING  THE  FIELD 

A  GLANCE  at  the  map  discloses  the  un- 
even distribution  of  our  educational 
institutions.  They  were  not  located  from  a 
central  office  like  branch  houses  of  a  great 
trust.  They  sprang  up  spontaneously  from 
various  motives,  out  of  the  general  passion  for 
education  and  have  maintained  close  contact 
with  their  communities. 

The  problem  of  the  geographical  distribution 
of  these  institutions  is  not  an  easy  one.  The 
greatest  of  them  depend  upon  a  relatively  local 
area  for  the  bulk  of  their  attendance.  Almost 
60  per  cent,  of  the  students  of  Harvard  lives 
within  fifty  miles  of  Cambridge. 

The  adjoining  chart  illustrates  the  operation 
of  this  principle  in  the  case  of  a  typical  Ameri- 
can college.  It  is  observed  that  within  one 
hundred  miles  from  this  college  come  65  per 
cent,  of  its  students,  and  within  fifty  miles,  45 
j)er  cent,  of  its  students. 

It  is  by  no  means  true  that  schools  can  or  should 
be  established  on  a  purely  geographical  basis. 
There  are  many  other  vital  considerations  in- 
volved in  a  study  of  the  field. 

FOUR  PROBLEMS 

THERE  should  be  first,  a  more  satisfactory 
utilization  of  institutions  that  now  exist. 
Our  present  educational  mechanics  should  be 
made  dynamic.  Into  institutions  which  are  un- 
fruitful or  decadent  should,  if  possible,  be 
breathed  the  breath  of  life. 

2.  Economy  of  educational  administration  and 
supervision  may  require  specializations  of 
functions  and  combination  of  efforts.  Union 
universities  thrive  on  the  foreign  field.  Why 
not  at  home? 

3.  Radical  changes  in  the  policy  of  some  in- 
stitutions, or  even  abandonment  of  efforts  un- 
wisely begun,  may  prove  desirable  in  the  inter- 
ests of  the  kingdom  program.  There  are  all  too 
rare  instances  in  which  denominations  have 
voluntarily  retired  from  certain  fields  and 
handed  over  to  sister  denominations  their 
abandoned  phases  of  work. 

Cooperation,  not  competition,  is  our  educa- 
tional watchword. 


4.  It  is  desirable  both  to  avoid  unnecessary 
duplications  and  denominational  rivalries;  and 
to  guarantee  that  within  reasonable  distance  ol 
every  considerable    (Community  there   be  an 


WHERE  COLLEGES  GET  THEIR 
STUDENTS 

THE  COLLEGE  SERVES  THE  COMMUNITY 

THE  COMMUNITY  SHOULD  ASSIST  THE 

COLLEGE 


DOTS  SHOW  HOW  MANY  STUDENTS  OUT 

OF  EACH  ONE  HUNDRED  COME  FROM  THE 

AREAS  INDICATED 


educational  institution  permeated  with  the 
Christian  spirit  and  equipped  for  training  the 
youth  of  a  great  Christian  democracy. 


F 


TWO  IMPORTANT  PRINCIPLES 

IRST:  what  the  churches  undertake  to  do 
they  should  do  in  the  best  possible  way. 


Second:  American  education  should  be  per- 
meated with  the  spirit  of  democracy,  which  is 
the  spirit  of  Christ. 

*'  Christianity  is  the  greatest  civilizing,  mould- 
ing, uplifting  power  on  this  globe,  and  it  is  a 
sad  defect  in  any  institution  of  high  learning 
.if  it  does  not  bring  those  under  its  care  into 
the  closest  possible  relation  to  it." — Mark 
Hopkins,  after  fifty  years  at  Williams  College, 


AMERICAN  EDUCATION:  Denominational  Institutions 


157 


DENOMINATIONAL  AND  INDE- 
PENDENT COLLEGES 

IN  THE  educational  program  the  college  is  central  in  its  relationships  and  pre- 
eminent in  importance.  It  imposes  conditions  on  the  educational  processes 
which  precede  it  and  largely  determines  those  which  follow.  The  completion 
of  the  college  course  and  the  winning  of  the  baccalaureate  degree  bring  the  student 
to  the  moment  when,  in  an  important  sense,  childish  things  are  put  away  and  he 
becomes  a  man.  He  came  to  college  a  boy;  he  leaves  college  ready,  at  least,  to  begin 
to  be  a  man. 

During  the  years  immediately  preceding  college  entrance  the  boy's  life  was  like  a 
fertile  seed-bed  which  receives  whatever  is  cast  by  the  sower,  whether  good  or  bad. 
In  this  respect  the  years  of  adolescence,  including  those  usually  devoted  to  college 
.preparation,  deserve  more  careful  attention  than  the  college  years.  It  is  better 
economy  to  winnow  the  seed  than  to  pluck  out  the  tares  from  the  growing  wheat. 

Whatever  the  seed  sowing  may  have  been  the  freshman  enters  upon  a  new  experience. 
The  horizon  of  childhood  and  early  youth  lifts  and  reveals  long  vistas  of  life  and 
endeavor  reaching  into  the  dim  distance.  Purposes  vaguely  felt  begin  to  take  form 
and  urgency.  Ideals  dimly  seen  become  guiding  stars.  During  four  years  the  boy, 
about  to  become  a  man,  is  finding  his  place  in  the  scheme  of  things.  He  is  relating 
himself  to  the  long  past  of  human  history  and  beginning  to  think  forward  into  the 
unknown  future.  He  is  articulating  himself  with  the  web  of  present-day  life 
and  beginning  to  concern  himself  with  its  tangles  and  troubles.  Out  of  it  all  there 
begins  to  emerge  and  take  form  whatever  solid  substance  and  structure  of  manhood 
he  is  to  possess  and  this  process  we  call  the  formation  of  character.  It  is  the  chief 
business  of  the  college.  It  is  here  that  the  destiny  of  the  Republic  is  largely 
determined. 

The  conditions  and  influences  of  college  life  are,  or  should  be  formed  in  view  of  the 
objective  which  has  just  been  stated.  Some  one  has  said  that  the  most  important  part 
of  the  university  is  its  library;  but  the  most  important  part  of  the  college  is  its  faculty. 
The  epigram  points  to  a  clear  distinction  between  the  two  different  stages  of  study. 
The  imiversity  student  is  seeking  truth  or  acquiring  skill.  The  college  student, 
consciously  or  unconsciously,  is  seeking  culture  of  mind,  heart,  and  will. 

The  means  in  either  stage  of  study  should  be  adapted  to  the  end.  Libraries  and  labor- 
atories with  scholars  in  charge  will  constitute  the  necessary  equipment  of  the  imiver- 


158 


Denominational  Institutions:  AMERICAN  EDUCATION 


AMERICAN  EDUCATION:  Denominational  Institut 


ions 


159 


DENOMINATIO     NAL    COLLEGES 

LOCATION      I  AND  CONTROL 


MONT. 


^^^J 


* — 


WYO. 


R2, !-.. J . _ „ 


UTAH 


ARIZ. 


•^... 


>«*«^B«* 


cotq, 


Pl>  M. 


f 


•  ^iH»*»  « 


.-.__._.J 


160 


Denomination&l  Institutions:  AMERICAN  EDUCATION 


sity.  Teachers  full  of  faith  and  enthusiasm  are  the  sine  qua  mm  of  the  college.  As 
flame  kindles  flame,  so  the  genius  for  living  is  kindled  in  the  heart  of  the  student 
who  is  so  fortunate  as  to  find  great  teachers.  "He  fixed  my  destiny  in  life"  said 
Thomas  Jefferson  of  William  Small,  a  member  of  the  faculty  of  William  and  Mary 
College. 

Many  great  teachers  in  our  American  colleges  have  guided  thousands  of  earnest 
students  into  paths  of  service  and  honor.  Recognition  of  the  gifts  of  the  colleges  to 
the  life  of  the  nation  prompted  a  recent  editorial  writer  to  say  of  the  colleges:  ''They 
are  the  foimtain  heads  of  patriotism;  the  life  springs  of  national  courage  and  devo- 
tion; the  inspiration  of  the  people;  the  sacred  shrines  of  the  ideals  and  the  abnegations, 
which  far  more  than  her  material  prowess,  make  a  nation  great." 

The  same  writer  quotes  with  approval  an  English  estimate  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge, 
emphasizing  the  relation  of  these  historic  universities  to  the  life  of  the  nation;  "The 
main  intention  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge,"  said  the  English  writer  "is  to  encourage 
a  spirit  among  the  yoimg  men  of  England  which  looks  instinctively  beyond  utility 
and  is  conscious  of  a  call  to  account  very  strictly  to  the  world  for  such  talent  or  power 
as  a  man  may  have." 


The  Field 


ITS  AREA 


WHAT  has  already  been -said  suggests 
that  the  field  of  the  college  is  more  than 
a  mere  geographical  or  pedagogical  area.  It  is 
also  an  intellectual,  moral  and  spiritual  area. 
An  adequate  survey  would  include  a  study  of 
all  the  springs  of  impulse  and  comingling  in- 
fluence and  purpose  which  have  united  to  make 
the  American  college.  It  would  describe  its 
contributions  to  the  social,  civil,  economic  and 
religious  life  of  the  nation.  Some  of  these 
things  have  already  been  suggested  in  the  pre- 
ceding paragraphs.  Others  will  be  mentioned 
later. 

AN  ILLUSTRATION 

BEFORE  passing  to  the  description  of  the 
more  material  aspects  of  the  field  of  col- 
lege activity  it  will  be  interesting  to  note  the 
work  of  college  graduates  and  their  relation 
to  the  life  of  the  community  as  indicated  by 
the  accompanying  illustration: 

The  forty-three  colleges  from  which  the  figures 


LIFE  WORK  OF  COLLEGE 
GRADUATES 


REPORTS  FROM  43  PRESBYTERIAN  COLLEGES 
CONCERNING  38.827  FORMER  STUDENTS 


AMERICAN  EDUCATION:  Denominational  Institutions 


161 


used  in  this  illustration  were  obtained  are 
sufficiently  typical  and  widely  scattered  to 
make  the  statement  significant.  The  out- 
standing fact  is  that  college  groups  are  leaders 
in  the  communities  in  which  they  live  and  work. 
About  58.4  per  cent,  of  those  whose  occupa- 
tions are  definitely  known  belong  to  groups 
which,  in  every  community,  are  the  natural 
leaders.  In  any  community  no  other  four  men 
will  ordinarily  exert  the  aggregate  of  influence 
exerted  by  the  minister,  the  teacher,  the  lawyer 
and  the  physician.  Moreover,  these  four 
groups  are  composed  of  those  who,  for  the  most 
part,  are  guided  by  altruistic  motives.  Even 
if  the  cynically  inclined  would  exclude  lawyers 
as  a  group  from  altruists,  it  may  still  be  said 
so  far  as  these  figures  are  concerned  they  show 
that  the  typical  college  graduate  is  spending 
his  life  with  an  unselfish  motive  for  the  good 
of  his  fellows. 

If  it  had  been  possible  to  follow  the  10,323 
graduates  concerning  whom  no  information 
was  given,  doubtless  it  would  have  been  found 
that  they  are  distributed  among  the  remaining 
groups  in  about  the  proportions  of  those  whose 
vocations  were  reported.  The  conclusions  in- 
dicated would  therefore  be  strengthened  rather 
than  weakened. 

The  American  Christian  college  is  the  source 
of  high  ideals  and  splendid  leadership  now  as  in 
the  days  of  our  fathers. 

THE  INTERCHURCH  MOVEMENT 
AND  THE  COLLEGES 

THE  Interchurch  World  Movement  is  deal- 
ing with  the  colleges  in  certain  particular 
ways  with  a  specific  and  practical  end  in  view. 
It  is,  first,  differentiating  the  college  from  other 
types  of  educational  institutions;  secondly, 
it  is  attempting  to  secure  more  complete  and 
better  analyzed  information  concerning  it 
than  has  in  the  past  been  available;  thirdly, 
it  is  proposing  to  use  this  information  in  secur- 
ing more  adequate  appreciation  and  support 
for  the  college  than  it  has  had  thus  far.  Ulti- 
mately, it  hopes  to  assist  in  making  better  col- 
leges—better financially,  educationally,  spir- 
itually. The  accomplishment  of  this  task  will 
inject  a  new  spirit  into  the  educational  factors 
of  our  national  life. 


DIFFERENTIATION 

DESCRIBED  in  present-day  academic 
terms,  the  college  is  an  educational  in- 
stitution offering  certain  courses  of  study  and 
requiring  15  Carnegie  units  for  entrance  and 
120  semester  hours  of  such  work  as  its  faculty 
may  determine  for  graduation. 

Completion  of  the  courses  of  study  is  marked 
by  the  conferring  of  a  baccalaureate  degree. 
These  differences  separate  the  college  sharply 
from  the  preparatory  school  on  the  one  hand 
and  from  the  university  on  the  other. 

The  university,  when  its  practise  is  in  accord 
with  its  name,  requires  a  baccalaureate  degree 
for  entrance  upon  its  courses  of  study. 

The  preparatory  school  carries  its  students  only 
to  the  doors  of  the  college,  presenting  them 
there  with  their  credit  of  15  or  more  units. 

THE  JUNIOR  COLLEGE 

IN  RECENT  years  a  new  type  of  institution 
has  appeared.  At  least  a  new  name  has 
been  applied  to  it.  Its  distinctive  feature  is  a 
course  of  study  paralleling  the  freshman  and 
sophomore  years  of  the  college  course  and  im- 
posing the  same  entrance  requirements.  Usu- 
ally this  course  is  offered  in  connection  with  the 
secondary  or  preparatory  course  of  study. 

The  junior  college  is  sometimes  developed 
from  a  secondary  school  which  has  extended 
its  courses  of  study.  In  other  instances,  four- 
year  college  courses  have  been  reduced  and  the 
granting  of  degrees  discontinued.  In  still  other 
cases,  at  the  time  the  institutions  were  estab- 
lished, schools  of  this  type  were  thought  better 
suited  to  the  needs  of  the  communities  than 
either  the  secondary  school  or  the  college.  For 
convenience,  the  junior  colleges  are  grouped 
with  the  colleges  in  the  Interchurch  Worid 
Survey. 

PREPARATORY  DEPARTMENTS 

Almost  all  of  our  American  colleges 
Xjl  either  began  as  academies  or  during  their 
earlier  years  maintained  preparatory  courses  in 
connection  with  their  college  work.  As  they  have 
grown  older  and  stronger  they  have  usually 
abandoned  their  preparatory  departments. 
Many  of  the  colleges,  however,  still  find  it 


162 


Denominational  Institutions:  AMERICAN  EDUCATION 


necessary  to  maintain  such  departments.  The 
educational  survey  includes  information  con- 
cerning these  departments. 

ECCLESIASTICAL  RELATIONS 

THE  Interchurch  World  Movement,  being 
a  cooperative  movement  on  the  part  of  the 
church  bodies,  is  limited  in  certain  particular 
respects.  Any  funds  which  it  secures  or  di- 
rectly aids  in  securing  will  belong  to  the  co- 
operating church  agencies.  The  colleges  which 
may  benefit  by  such  funds  are  those  the  needs 
of  which  are  included  in  the  official  budgets 
of  these  agencies. 

INDEPENDENT  COLLEGES 

THERE  is,  however,  a  wider  horizon  than 
this  which  lifts  at  least  in  one  direction. 
There  are  conspicuous  and  useful  colleges, 
among  them  some  of  the  oldest  and  strongest 
in  the  land,  which  have  never  sustained  such  an 
ecclesiastical  relation  as  has  been  mentioned 
in  the  preceding  paragraph,  or  if  such  relation 
once  existed,  it  has  been  so  long  lost  that  it 
would  not  now  be  possible  or  wise  to  restore  it. 
These  colleges  fill  a  most  important  place  in  our 
educational  system  and  are  certain  to  derive 
benefit  from  the  common  survey. 

USES  OF  THE  SURVEY 

IF  THE  survey  can  be  made  practically  com- 
plete a  most  valuable  storehouse  of  infor- 
mation will  be  created.  Special  studies  of  the 
greatest  usefulness  will  be  made  possible. 
Standards  can  be  erected,  good  customs  and 
worthy  institutions  strengthened  and  poor  ones 
made  good  or  eliminated. 

Commissions  for  the  study  of  special  phases  of 
college  education  have  been  provided  for  by  the 
Council  of  the  Church  Boards  of  Education 
and  the  Association  of  American  Colleges. 
The  material  produced  by  the  survey  will  be 
available  to  students  and  administrators  of 
educational  work  for  years  to  come. 

THE  NUMBER  OF  COLLEGES 

IT  WILL  probably  be  forever  impossible  to 
know  at  any  given  moment  the  exact  num- 
ber of  colleges.  Opinions  concerning  particu- 
lar institutions  will  sometimes  vary.    The  facts 


also  change  from  year  to  year  as  institutions 
are  compelled  by  new  conditions  to  advance 
or  retreat.  Institutions  bearing  marks  of  the 
college,  as  those  marks  have  already  been  de- 
scribed, are  scattered  thoughout  the  land  and 
are  found  in  every  state  but  three,  the  excep- 
tions being  Arizona,  New  Mexico  and  Nevada. 
The  total  number,  with  the  reservations  noted 
above,  is  514.  Of  these,  419  sustain  some 
acknowledged  relation  with  a  recognized  church 
body.  This  relation  may  be  close  and  organic, 
carrying  with  it  a  degree  of  authority  over  the 
college;  or  it  may  be  merely  historic  and  in- 
formal. In  the  latter  case  the  college  is  organ- 
ically independent  and  autonomous,  the  denom- 
inational relationship  involving  friendly  interest 
and,  sometimes,  financial  support  but  no  admin- 
istrative control.  For  the  purposes  of  the  In- 
terchurch World  Survey,  all  colleges  to  which 
this  description  applies  are  called  "denom- 
inational." 

The  remaining  95  institutions  of  the  college 
type  are  called  *'indej)endent."  Among  them 
are  some  of  the  oldest,  strongest  and  most  use- 
ful colleges  in  the  land.  Many  of  them  were 
organized  by  action  of  ecclesiastical  bodies  or 
in  the  interests  of  the  church. 

Owing  to  methods  of  orjganization  in  use  in 
earlier  days,  or  to  changing  conditions,  the 
ecclesiastical  relations  once  established  or  sus- 
tained have  lapsed.  This  group  of  colleges, 
however,  because  of  its  age,  its  large  numbers 
of  friends  and  the  wise  administration  it  has 
enjoyed,  has  become  a  powerful  factor  in 
American  education. 

DENOMINATIONAL  GROUPS 

THE  419  "denominational"  colleges,  the 
names  of  which  have  been  classified  by 
the  American  Education  Survey  Department, 
are  related,  as  indicated  above,  to  30  different 
church  bodies.  Before  announcing  the  classi- 
fication it  is  necessary  to  explain  some  differ- 
ences which  wir  be  immediately  apparent  when 
the  list  is  compared  with  the  various  denomina- 
tional lists.  Many  denominational  lists  in- 
clude colleges,  preparatory  schools,  universities, 
seminaries  and  training  schools  in  a  single  un- 
analyzed  group.  It  is  not  always  possible  to 
reach  an  agreement  with  regard  to  a  given  in- 


AMERICAN  EDUCATION:  Denominational  Institutions 


163 


stitution.  Definitions  have  not  yet  been  so 
formulated  as  to  be  generally  accepted  and 
classifications  will  therefore  differ  in  details. 
A  few  institutions  are  under  joint  control  and 
their  names  appear  in  two  different  denomina- 
tional lists.  The  names  of  some  old  colleges, 
now  classified  as  independent,  still  appear  in 
lists  published  by  church  boards  of  education. 
Boards  of  education  have  in  a  few  instances  ap- 
parently omitted  the  names  which  they  pre- 
viously included.  With  these  explanations  of 
differences— which  will  at  once  be  noted  when 
the  numbers  as  given  below  are  compared  with 
church  lists— the  following  classification  of  419 
"denominational  colleges"  is  submitted  as  ap- 
proximately correct  but  subject  to  changes  in 
detail: 

COLLEGES  OF  30  DENOMINATIONS 

Advent  Bodies 2 

Northern  Baptist  Convention 29 

Southern  Baptist  Convention 46 

Seventh  Day  Baptist 3 


General  Baptist 1 

Church  of  the  Brethren 8 

American  Christian  Convention 7 

Congregational  Churches 23 

Disciples  of  Christ 20 

Evangelical  Association 3 

Society  of  Friends 10 

Holiness  Church 1 

Lutheran  Bodies 40 

Mennonite  Bodies 3 

Methodist  Episcopal  Church 44 

Methodist  Episcopal  Church  (South) 54 

Wesleyan  Methodist  Church 3 

Free  Methodist  Church  of  North  America 3 

Methodist  Protestant  Church 3 

Moravian  Bodies 2 

Presbyterian  Church  in  the  U.  S.  A.  (North) 52 

Presbyterian  Church  in  the  U.  S.  (South) 30 

Associate  Synod  of  North  America 3 

Reformed  Presbyterian  Church l 

Cumberland  Presbyterian  Church l 

United  Presbyterian  Church 5 

Protestant  Episcopal  Church 3 

Reformed  Bodies 10 

United  Brethren  Bodies g 

Universalist  Churches 1 

Total 419 


CONTRIBUTION  OF  ONE  COLLEGE  TO  THE  FOREIGN  FIELD 

IN  FORTY  YEARS 


164 


Denominational  Institutions:  AMERICAN  EDUCATION 


The  Present  Resources 


SPIRITUAL  ASSETS 

AN  ENUMERATION  of  the  resources  of  the 
Xjl  American  Christian  colleges  must  first 
take  account  of  their  spiritual  assets.  From 
the  earliest  colonial  days  the  American  com- 
munity has  been  receiving  from  her  colleges 
returns  which  are  infinitely  great  when  com- 
pared with  the  material  investment  involved. 
Measured  by  spiritual  standards  one  William 
Small,  one  President  Humphrey,  or  one  Mark 
Hopkins  will  more  than  equal  in  value  all  the 
millions  of  money  which  have  been  invested  in 
our  famous  old  colleges.  Thousands  of  less 
known  but  equally  devoted  teachers  have  in- 
vested their  lives  in  American  Christian  educa- 
tion, and  through  their  unselfish  service  an  in- 
finite accumulation  of  spiritual  power  has 
accrued  to  the  benefit  of  our  colleges.  Out 
of  this  spiritual  heritage  we  as  a  people  have 
reaped  a  great  harvest  of  good  in  every  field 
of  religious  and  civil  life.  Our  Christian 
democracy,  still  sound  at  heart,  though  threat- 
ened on  every  side  by  dangers  and  tempta- 
tions arising  from  our  modem  prosperity  and 
the  development  of  American  civilization,  is  the 
product  of  this  moral  and  spiritual  investment. 

THE  COLLEGES  AND  MISSIONS 

MORE  than  one  hundred  years  ago  in  the 
heart  of  Samuel  John  Mills,  a  college 
boy,  there  was  kindled  a  flame  of  missionary 
zeal  which,  lighting  first  a  few  and  then  a  mul- 
titude of  other  lives,  has  spread  around  and 
around  the  world.  College  students  the  world 
over  have  been  the  first  to  feel  the  urgency  of 
the  command  to  go  into  all  the  world  and  to 
make  disciples  of  all  nations. 

During  the  first  twenty-eight  years  of  the  his- 
tory of  the  American  Board  of  Commissioners 
for  Foreign  Missions,  201  men  were  sent  out 
to  the  various  fields  served.  Of  these,  159  were 
college  graduates,  although  in  those  days  college 
training  was  not  so  easy  to  obtain  as  now. 
The  map  shown  in  the  foregoing  illustration 
tells  the  story  of  the  part  played  by  one  col- 
lege in  the  work  of  foreign  missions. 


This  institution  is  only  one  of  a  very  consider- 
able number,  any  of  which  might  equally  have 
served  the  purpose.  Such  an  institution  is 
like  a  city  set  on  a  hill — it  cannot  he  hid.  Its 
light  and  truth  shine  through  all  the  world. 
Such  institutions  may  truly  be  reckoned  among 
the  spiritual  assets  of  the  nation.    Their  value 


INVESTMENTS  IN  EDUCATION 
BY  LEADING  DENOMINATIONS 

n  Endowments 
Q  Land  and  Buildings 
Congregational 


1 

Northern  Baptist 

. 

I 

Methodist  Episcopal 

1                 1 

Presbyterian  North 

1          1 

1 

Soathern  Methodist 

1 

Lutheran 

1 

Presbyterian  South 

1 

Disciploi 

U 

11 

Reformed  in  U.S. 
United  Presbyterian 
United  Brethren 

The  longest  line  represents  $80,000,000 


cannot  be  computed.  The  Scotch  suggest  a 
point  of  view  in  thinking  of  such  institutions 
when  they  say  "  Ilka  scholar  adds  to  the  riches 
of  the  commonwealth." 


AMERICAN  EDUCATION:  Denominational  Institutions 


165 


MATERIAL  INVESTMENTS 

WE  HAVE  thought  in  the  past  that  our 
investments  in  endowments,  buildings, 
and  equipment  were  large.  Great  expenditures 
for  other  purposes  have  recently  tended  to 
humble  our  pride  in  what  we  have  done  for  our 
colleges.  Just  what  has  been  done  no  one  can 
know  exactly,  but  detailed  statistics  are  not 
needed  to  indicate  the  most  important  fact 
with  which  the  American  Christian  college 
must  deal.  That  fact  is  the  imperative  need 
that  the  present  material  resources  of  our 
Christian  colleges  should  be  multiplied  by  two 
or  three  if,  in  this  extremely  important  field 
of  activity,  we  are  to  keep  pace  with  twentieth 
century  progress. 

A  PARTIAL  VIEW 

THE  facts  at  present  known  permit  only 
a  partial  view  of  what  the  churches  have 
invested  in  Christian  education,  and  this  view 
is  one  of  relations  rather  than  completely 
developed  conditions.  The  preceding  illustra- 
tion indicates  the  relative  investment  in  educa- 
tion as  made  by  eleven  denominations.  The 
measuring  rod  of  $80,000,000  furnished  by  the 
longest  line  will  enable  one  to  form  an  impres- 
sion concerning  the  total  investment  by  these 
eleven  denominations. 

ANOTHER  ASPECT 

FROM  a  different  point  of  view  attention  is 
directed  to  the  most  important  item  in  the 
college  schedule  of  material  resources.  There 
are  but  three  possible  sources  of  college  income, 
namely:  student  fees,  income  from  endowment 
funds  and  annual  donations.  The  latter  source 
of  income  is  an  uncertain  one.  While  depend- 
ence upon  it  serves  in  part  to  keep  an  institu- 
tion in  living  relations  with  its  constituency, 
it  does  not,  because  of  its  uncertain  character, 
provide  a  sound  or  permanent  foundation  on 
which  to  build.  Students  should  pay  a  just 
proportion  of  the  cost  of  their  education.  That 
proportion  will  vary  somewhat  with  different 
students  and  in  different  institutions.  The 
best  information  available  shows  that  the 
average  student  in  our  American  colleges  pays 
a  little  more  than  one-third  of  the  cost  of  his 
education.    The    remainder    is    borne    about 


equally  by  the  income  of  endowment  funds 
and  annual  donations. 

In  other  words  the  American  Christian  college 
is  like  a  house  built  upon  a  foundation  one- 


HOW  INDEPENDENT 

INSTITUTIONS  DEPEND  ON 

ENDOWMENTS 


Columbia 


Stanford 


Harvard 


>. 

CO 

C 
C 
« 
Q. 

o 

9 
C 

3 


G 
9 

at         .*i 


o 
X 

CO 


Yale 


11 


9 

e 

b 

C8 
O 


'co 

9 


e 
o 


CO 


166 


AMERICAN  EDUCATION:  Denominational  Institutions 


third  of  which  is  shifting  sand.  This  fact  pre- 
sents one  of  the  most  serious  problems  in  the 
college  field,  namely,  the  problem  of  assured 
financial  support.  The  answer  is  in  the  three 
words — largely  increased  endowments.  These, 
and  these  only,  will  meet  the  need. 

The  account  of  the  struggles  of  our  colleges 
to  secure  adequate  endowment  forms  one  of 
the  most  interesting  chapters  in  the  history  of 
American  education.  As  a  college  grows  old 
its  alumni  and  friends  build  under  it  a  firm 
foundation  of  permanently  invested  funds. 
The  illustration  on  page  165  shows  what  has 
been  done  in  providing  endowments  for  nine 
well-known  institutions. 

Though  the  aggregate  of  college  endowments 
is  measured  by  hundreds  of  millions,  it  is  still 
sadly  inadequate.  Harvard,  Princeton,  Cornell, 
Smith  and  other  well-known  institutions  are 
now  in  the  midst  of  campaigns  for  greater 
endowments.    These  and  many  similar  facts 


serve  to  emphasize  the  vital  importance  of  this 
aspect  of  the  college  situation. 


WHO  PAYS  FOR  COLLEGE 
EDUCATION? 

FIGURES  FROM  SO  AVERAGE  COLLEGES 
1918-1919 


The  Problems 


THE  HISTORICAL  PROBLEM 

HISTORICALLY,  the  first  of  the  college 
problems  to  emerge  in  this  country  was 
the  ecclesiastical  problem.  The  genius  of 
American  civilization  arose  in  New  England 
and  the  men  and  women  who  first  established 
communities  there  entered  upon  that  perilous 
enterprise  "for  the  glory  of  God  and  the  ad- 
vancement of  the  Christian  faith."  Having 
established  the  civil  government  and  builded 
houses  for  themselves  and  reared  convenient 
places  for  God's  worship,  the  next  thing  they 
"longed  for  and  looked  after  was  to  advance 
learning  and  to  perpetuate  it  to  posterity, 
dreading  to  leave  an  illiterate  ministry  to  the 
churches  when  our  present  ministers  shall  lie 
in  the  dust."  Therefore  the  church  and  the 
college  were  built  side  by  side  and  all  but  iden- 
tified by  the  closeness  of  their  relationship. 
Indeed,  it  was  a  church-state  which  was 
established — a  real  theocracy  in  a  new  world. 


first  colleges  passed  there  arose  in  a  very  human 
and  natural  way  bitter  controversies  concern- 
ing forms  and  practises.  Colleges  were  estab- 
lished in  the  interest  of  this  or  that  religious 
practise  or  theological  dogma.  In  the  course 
of  time  the  state  as  we  shall  see  in  a  later  para- 
graph, began  to  participate  in  education.  State 
institutions  under  the  accepted  constitutional 
theory  could  sustain  no  official  relations  with 
the  church.  Some  of  the  older  colleges  estab- 
lished by  the  church  and  at  first  identified  with 
it  broke  their  formal,  organic  bonds  and  are  to- 
day quite  as  independent  of  the  church  as  are 
the  state  institutions. 

But  the  church  has  never  ceased  to  participate 
in  education  and  its  vital  interest  in  this  cause 
is  generally  conceded.  It  may,  therefore,  be  a 
cause  of  wonder  that  the  problem  of  the  ecclesi- 
astical relation  of  the  college  to  the  church 
seems  no  nearer  a  satisfactory  solution  than 
in  the  past. 


Out  of  the  sacrifices  and  sufferings  for  the  sake     Shall  the  church,  as  such,  own  and  operate  the 
of  religion  through  which  the  founders  of  the     colleges,  as  some  contend? 


AMERICAN  EDUCATION:  Denominational  Institutions  167 


Or,  shall  it  sustain  an  organic  relation  with 
them,  exercising  by  charter  provisions  a  measure 
of  authority  and  control? 

Or,  shall  it  depend  upon  historic  friendships 
and  established  traditions  for  the  accomplish- 
ment of  its  objects? 

What  are  the  objects  of  the  church  in  entering 
the  field  of  education?  There  have  been 
times  when  churches  pursued  unworthy  objects 
in  this  field.  Colleges  have  been  used  to  vindi- 
cate dogmas  for  their  own  sake  or  merely  to 
defend  practises  hallowed  by  time.  But  these 
things  have  been  only  temporary  violations  of  a 
noble  tradition.  The  subject  both  of  the  church 
and  education  is  the  human  soul.  When  with 
clearer  vision  and  simpler  faith  we  reconcile 
differences  of  means  and  methods  by  judging 
them  with  reference  to  the  one  common  center 
of  interest  we  may  reach  a  solution  of  this 
problem.  In  the  light  of  such  a  vision  no 
church  would  seek  to  control  education  in  the 
interest  of  a  mere  sectarian  interpretation  of 
Christianity.    As  little  would  any  institution 


forsake  its  central  and  fundamental  objective 
of  spiritual  culture.  Mere  ecclesiastical  relation- 
ships will  be  seen  only  as  means  to  an  end .  They 
will  not  be  made  ends  in  themselves.  The  right 
and  effective  method  of  avoiding  a  danger  which 
lurks  in  an  organic  relationship  between  the 
college  and  the  church  is  the  arousing  and  main- 
taining of  a  right  spirit  in  the  church.  When 
this  is  done  the  organic  relationship  will  in- 
volve no  danger  to  education  and  the  inde- 
pendent college  will  be  so  influenced  by  its  en- 
vironment that  it  will  not  fail  to  follow  its 
heavenly  vision. 

THE  PERSONAL  PROBLEM 

THE  problem  of  the  institution  as  related 
to  the  church  is  closely  connected  with  the 
problem  of  the  student  as  he  submits  himself 
more  or  less  deliberately  to  the  influence  and 
inspirations  of  college  life.  Culture  of  the  soul 
which  has  been  suggested  as  the  objective  of 
college  life  is  a  comprehensive  thing.  The  ob- 
ject of  all  culture  is  the  development  of  the 
subject  into  the  likeness  of  its  own  prototjrpe. 


RELIGIOUS  PRODUCT  OF  TWO  LIKE  COLLEGES  IN  THE 

SAME  STATE 

1850-1860     1860-1870    1870-1880     1880-1890    1890-1900    1900-1910    1910-1920 


168 


Denominational  Institutions:  AMERICAN  EDUCATION 


The  highest  human  aspiration  will  be  satisfied 
when  the  soul  awakes  in  likeness  to  God.  The 
American  Christian  college,  therefore,  justifies 
itself  if  it  helps  to  produce  a  race  of  more  god- 
like men.  Does  college  experience  on  the  whole 
send  men  and  women  out  into  the  world  with 
clearer  and  more  comprehensive  vision,  purer 
aspiration,  nobler,  stronger  and  more  unselfish 
purpose?  Unless  it  does  all  of  these  things 
it  has  failed  fully  to  accomplish  its  objectives. 

The  survey,  though  it  is  not  yet  sufficiently  ad- 
vanced to  permit  the  tabulation  of  statistics 
which  would  illustrate  this  part  of  the  discus- 
sion, has  revealed  many  particular  facts  which 
strengthen  our  faith  in  the  character-forming 
influence  of  our  colleges.  Here  and  there  in- 
stitutions are  conspicuous  by  the  character- 
istic altruism  of  their  graduates.  The  rosters 
of  some  mission  stations  seem  almost  like  the 
alumni  rolls  of  certain  colleges.  When  in  the 
World  War  liberty  and  righteousness  seemed 
to  be  trembling  on  the  edge  of  the  abyss,  col- 
lege students  and  recent  graduates  filled  the 
first  ranks  of  the  volunteer  armies.  If  com- 
passion for  the  sinful  and  suffering,  self-sac- 
rifice for  the  sake  of  the  world  or  a  neighbor, 
allegiance  to  the  things  that  are  true  and 
righteous  are  among  the  "marks  of  the  Lord 
Jesus"  upon  men,  the  colleges  have  done  much 
to  solve  the  personal  problem  with  which  every 
real  student  must  concern  himself. 


THE  PROBLEM  OF  WORK 

THE  critics  of  a  certain  college  said  of  it: 
"It  is  a  social  institution,  not  an  educa- 
tional institution."  A  well-known  college  presi- 
dent after  visiting  a  number  of  colleges  re- 
ported having  seen  on  the  walls  of  several  stu- 
dents' rooms  the  motto:  "Do  not  let  your 
studies  interfere  with  your  college  life." 

Thea#^o  half-serious  flings  at  the  kind  of 
life  college  students  are  supposed  to  live  indicate 
another  modem  college  problem:  how  shall 
old-fashioned  habits  of  work  be  re-established? 
Thoroughness,  accuracy,  ability  and  willing- 
ness to  stick  to  a  task  until  it  is  finished  are 
things  which  will  be  demanded  of  the  college 
graduate,  but  college  experience  does  not  al- 
ways give  them. 


There  are  signs,  however,  of  a  renascence  of 
work  among  college  students.  The  currents  of 
world-life  have  swept  away  all  provincial  bar- 
riers. The  forces  and  interests  of  a  new  time 
have  laid  hold  upon  all  except  the  incorrigible 
pleasure  seekers.  Many  of  the  present  gen- 
eration of  college  students  have  passed  through 
a  war  experience  involving  either  the  most 
exacting  training,  active  military  service  or 
both.  This  experience  has  made  college  men 
out  of  many  hundreds  of  college  boys.  To 
these  young  veterans  of  the  war  college  life 
now  means  serious,  earnest  work.  To  the  col- 
leges the  presence  of  a  very  considerable  body 
of  such  students  means  a  real  revival  of  study 
and,  in  part,  at  least,  a  solution  of  the  problem 
of  work  in  college. 

THE  FINANCIAL  PROBLEM 

THE  problem  which  compels  the  most  earn- 
est attention  of  college  presidents  and 
trustees  has  already  been  suggested.  Its  terms 
are  very  simple.  It  begins  with  the  accepted 
theory  that  education  is,  in  part,  a  philanthropy. 
Students  have  never  been  able  to  pay  the  full 
cost  of  their  education.  The  good  of  the  com- 
munity requires  that  the  benefits  of  education 
be  available  to  as  many  as  are  fitted  by  natural 
qualifications  and  disposition  to  receive  them. 
After  collecting  from  the  student  what  he  can 
and  ought  to  pay,  the  balance  must  in  some 
way  be  secured  from  the  community. 

In  America,  the  constitutional  principle  of 
separation  between  church  and  state  must  be 
taken  into  account.  The  result  of  the  applica- 
tion of  this  principle  has  been  a  double  solution 
of  the  problem  of  the  financial  support  of  edu- 
cation, namely,  large  state  appropriations  for 
one  group  of  institutions,  and  large  private 
foundations  for  institutions  of  another  group. 

It  is  with  the  latter  group  that  we  are  concerned 
in  this  part  of  our  discussion.  Stated  in  its 
briefest  and  simplest  form,  the  problem  is  to 
secure  adequate  endowment  for  the  support 
of  the  colleges  which  ought  to  be  perpetuated. 
Two  specific  questions  immediately  present 
themselves,  namely,  how  much  of  its  income 
should  a  college  receive  from  properly  invested 
endowments;  and,  secondly,  how  may  such  per- 
manent endowments  be  obtained? 


AMERICAN  EDUCATION:  Denominational  Institutions 


169 


At  present  the  demonstrated  fact,  as  already 
stated,  is  that  about  two- thirds  of  college  in- 
come is  derived  from  sources  other  than  student 
fees.  Should  this  necessary  two-thirds  of 
college  income  be  capitalized  by  safely  invested 
endowment  or  should  any  considerable  portion 
of  it  be  derived  from  uncertain  annual  dona- 
tions? 

The  argument  that  dependence  upon  its  con- 
stituency for  financial  support  will  keep  the 
institution  responsive  to  the  needs  and  desires 
of  its  constituent  group  is  weakened  by  two 
considerations:  the  first  is  that  the  objective 
presented  is  not  an  educational  but  an  eccles- 
iastical one;  and  the  second  is  that  such  a  situ- 
ation puts  educational  efficiency  in  constant 
jeopardy.  In  the  twentieth  centiuy,  educa- 
tional freedom  cannot  be  subjected  to  eccles- 
iastical interests  however  valid  and  important 
those  interests  are.  Moreover  the  efficiency 
of  an  educational  program  requires  the  assur- 
ance of  a  reasonable  support.  Such  support 
cannot  be  given  while  any  considerable  portion 
of  the  necessary  income  of  the  college  is  derived 
from  a  source  as  variable  and  uncertain  as 
annual  donations  will  always  be.  The  sug- 
gested solution  of  the  problem,  therefore,  is 
that  endowment  sufficient  to  produce  approxi- 
mately two-thirds  of  the  necessary  income 
should  be  secured. 

Special  emphasis  is  given  to  this  aspect  of  the 
situation  by  a  particular  group  of  facts.  The 
great  reason  given  in  justification  for  their  cam- 
paigns by  all  the  colleges  now  seeking  larger 
endowments  is  the  necessity  of  increasing 
teachers'  salaries.  In  colonial  days  teachers 
accepted  commodities  in  part  payment  of 
their  meager  salaries.  In  days  not  so  distant, 
members  of  the  faculty  of  an  institution  which 
now  stands  among  the  greatest  in  the  land 
gratefully  accepted  loads  of  hay  and  other 
farm  produce  as  satisfactory  payments  on 
salaries.  It  is  even  recorded  that,  the  college 
having  come  into  possession  of  a  quantity  of 
pills  which  were  judiciously  distributed  in 
payments  on  salary  balances  long  overdue,  one 
member  of  the  faculty  entered  formal  complaint 
of  inequality  in  such  payments. 

But  such  days  are  long  past.  Teachers  in  our 
American  colleges  must  meet  present-day  re- 


quirements with  regard  to  their  training  and 
they  must  meet  strong  competition  with  more 
highly  paid  instructors  in  lavishly  supported 
state  institutions.  They  must  measure  sal- 
aries but  slightly  increased  against  costs  of 
living  which  have  almost  or  quite  doubled, 
and  they  must  compare  their  utterly  inade- 
quate salaries  with  the  wages  of  industrial 
workers  which  have  more  than  kept  pace  with 
the  increased  cost  of  living. 

The  salaries  of  college  professors  must  be  largely 
increased  if  we  are  to  maintain  even  our  present 
standards  of  efficiency.  A  recent  study  shows 
that  the  cost  of  living  has  increased  82  per  cent.; 
that  the  average  wages  paid  to  workers  in 
eight  of  our  leading  industries  has  been  in- 
creased 95  per  cent.;  but  that  the  salaries  of 
professors  in  Presbyterian  colleges  have  been 
increased  only  31  per  cent,  during  the  same 
period. 

These  facts  are  presented  in  interesting  graphic 
form  by  the  following  illustration: 


WHY  INCREASE  TEACHERS'  SALARIES? 

Ciiaages  in  four  years  speak  for  thenselves 


90% 


90% 

IncresMd 

7QP/c 

Cost 

ecr'f 

of 

5<r, 

Living 

40^; 

30-, 

82  Vo 

KF'c 

31  Vo 

Salary 


I 

Pracbytarian 
Collaga 


Wago 

Incroaao 

in 

Eight 

Loading 

Industrios 


95  Vo 


A  PROGRAM  OF  PROMOTION 

COMING  still  nearer  to  the  ultimate  terms 
of  the  problem,  it  resolves  itself  into  a 
program  of  promotion  by  the  administration 
of  the  local  institution  on  the  one  hand;  and 


170 


Denominational  Institutions:  AMERICAN  EDUCATION 


on  the  other,  such  guidance,  limitation  and 
encouragement  as  the  church  board  or  other 
representative  group  may  be  able  to  give. 

Without  carrying  the  discussion  further  it 
would  seem  that  all  the  essential  factors  of 
this  most  urgent  of  the  practical  problems  de- 
manding solution  by  the  college  have  now  been 
stated.    In  a  situation  as  complicated  and  elas- 


tic as  that  surrounding  the  American  denom- 
inational college  all  of  these  factors  must  be 
taken  into  account.  The  final  solution  in  any 
particular  instance  will  depend  for  the  most 
part  upon  the  energy,  initiative,  wisdom  and 
persistence  of  the  local  college  administration. 

Perhaps  when  this  statement  is  reduced  to  its 
lowest  terms  it  is: "  First,  catch  your  president." 


The  Policies 


FOUNDED  ON  FACTS 


THE  Interchurch  World  Movement,  being 
the  cooperative  functioning  of  its  constit- 
uent bodies,  can  have  policies  and  programs 
in  any  field  of  activity  only  as  they  emerge 
through  conference  and  agreement  on  the  part 
of  the  cooperating  churches.  It  does,  however, 
enjoy  the  advantage  of  having  a  more  complete 
fund  of  information  than  exists  elsewhere  and 
it  sees  the  world-situation  from  a  more  central 
and  comprehensive  point  of  view.  It  is  there- 
fore able  to  formulate  wiser  policies  and  to 
suggest  programs  promising  greater  efficiency, 
economy  and  success  than  could  be  expected 
from  other  sources.  Church  boards,  even  the 
greatest,  include  only  a  part  of  the  field  which 
is  the  world.  Board  secretaries,  even  the  wisest, 
are  human  and  subject  to  the  limitations  of 
tradition  and  constituency. 

The  Interchurch  World  Movement  is  in  its 
essence  the  expression  of  a  divinely  stimulated 
and  guided  impulse  bringing  the  churches  to- 
gether under  conditions  of  twentieth  century 
freedom  from  precedent  and  prejudice  to  unite 
their  knowledge,  wisdom  and  devotion  for  their 
common  efficiency  in  promoting  the  good  of  the 
world.  The  few  particular  things  which  are 
proposed  as  desirable  in  the  field  of  education 
are  therefore  presented  not  with  administrative 
authority  but  only  as  our  best  interpretation 
of  the  completest  possible  assemblage  of  facts. 

COOPERATION 

YEARS  before  the  Interchurch  World  Move- 
ment was  bom,  competition  in  education 
was  denounced  by  many  of  the  wisest  and  most 
forward-looking  men.    With  our  increasing  wis- 


dom and  wider  vision  we  recognize  with  regret 
the  waste  of  money,  men  and  opportunity  due 
to  unwise  and  sometimes  selfish  competition 
in  altruistic  activities. 

In  the  college  field,  unrelated  denominational 
ambitions  and  activities  have  too  often  de- 
generated into  wasteful  competition.  More 
colleges  than  are  needed  have  been  established 
in  some  regions.  Perhaps  there  may  be  a  few 
places  where  now  or  in  the  future  new  colleges 
should  be  established.  Who  knows?  Ineffi- 
ciency and  waste,  loss  of  prestige  and  power 
have  resulted  from  such  a  situation. 

The  policy  which  the  Interchurch  World  Move- 
ment would  recommend  is  obvious.  It  is  ex- 
pressed by  the  single  word  "cooperation." 
With  such  a  policy,  no  right-minded  person 
would  quarrel.  The  difficulties  arise  when  we 
begin  to  state  in  detail  what  we  mean  by  co- 
operation. In  general  terms  the  program 
of  cooperation  proposes  to  secure  in  any  given 
region  the  right  number  of  efficient  and  con- 
veniently located  colleges. 

The  adoption  and  carrying  out  of  such  a  pro- 
gram involves  agreement  in  answering  several 
preliminary  questions. 

What  is  the  most  desirable  number  of  students 
in  a  college  group? 

How  ought  denominational  interests  in  collegi- 
ate work  to  be  represented  and  cared  for? 

What  correlations,  economies  and  special  em- 
phasis should  be  sought? 

These  and  similar  questions  which  will  arise 
indicate  the  difficulties  to  be  overcome  in  em- 


AMERICAN  EDUCATION:  Denominational  Institutions 


171 


bodying  the  policy  of  cooperation  in  practical     student-hour  of  particular  courses  or  depart- 
programs.  ments  may  be. 


Difficulties,  however,  exist  in  order  to  be  over- 
come. Cooperation  has  come  to  be  much  more 
than  an  interesting  theory.  It  is  an  imperative 
obligation  imposed  by  a  newly-awakened  spir- 
itual sense  on  the  part  of  all  altruistic  organiza- 
tions and  individuals.  There  are  many  signs 
of  the  pressure  of  this  new  sense  of  obligation. 
Some  combinations  of  overlapping  work  have 
already  been  made;  others  are  in  progress. 
As  has  already  been  stated.  Commissions  have 
been  appointed  by  the  Association  of  American 
Colleges  and  the  Council  of  Church  Boards  of 
Education  to  study  the  facts  disclosed  by  the 
Interchurch  World  Movement  survey.  Out  of 
such  studies  there  will  come  practical  sugges- 
tions of  programs  which  will  hasten  the  day 
when  Methodist  and  Congregational  colleges 
will  lie  down  together  in  the  same  green  meadow 
of  ecclesiastical  relation;  when  Presbyterian  and 
Baptist  colleges  will  walk  amicably  together 
beside  the  same  still  waters  of  religious  purpose 
because  all  are  led  by  a  common  spirit  of  co- 
operation in  serving  the  one  great  cause. 

STANDARDIZATION 

THE  preceding  paragraph  suggests,  by  im- 
plication, at  least,  a  second  policy  which 
may  well  be  embodied  in  college  practise, 
namely:  the  standardization  of  all  college  ac- 
counting. If  there  is  to  be  a  real  cooperation 
and  in  some  cases  consolidation,  varjdng  prac- 
tises and  contradictory  terminology  must  be 
reduced  to  harmony. 

In  very  many  particular  institutions  a  third 
thing  even  more  elementary  in  character  must 
be  done:  a  real  organization  must  be  effected 
and  real  and  appropriate  accounting  methods 
must  be  adopted. 

The  American  Education  Survey  Department 
uses  the  term  "accounting"  to  describe  reports 
both  of  the  financial  and  the  academic  activities 
of  the  college.  Few  colleges  have  kept  ade- 
quate records  of  their  academic  activities. 
Almost  none  can  tell  by  means  of  exact  data 
how  the  activities  of  one  department  compare 
with  those  of  another;  to  what  degree  students 
and  teachers  actually  meet  routine  academic 
obligations;  what  the  cost  per  student,  or  per 


The  obligations  and  the  advantages  of  such 
administration  of  college  affairs  are  more  and 
more  apparent.  Great  business  enterprises 
appeal  for  public  confidence  and  investment  by 
explaining  in  minutest  detail  the  nature,  the 
cost  and  the  reasons  for  their  operations.  Much 
more  should  colleges,  having  the  highest  altru- 
istic objectives  and  dependent  largely  upon 
philanthropy  for  their  maintenance,  be  anxious 
■  to  make  a  complete  and  intelligible  accounting 
of  their  work. 

If  this  emphasis  rests  more  heavily  in  one  place 
than  another  that  place  is  the  financial  admin- 
istration of  the  college.  There  was  once  a  time 
when  the  college  president  could  keep,  or  at 
least  attempted  to  keep,  the  college  books  in 
his  waistcoat  pocket  and  the  knowledge  of  its 
financial  affairs  in  a  brain  sadly  over-burdened 
with  other  and,  as  he  may  have  thought, 
higher  interests.  But  that  day  is  long  past. 
College  finances  now  require  a  system  of  ac- 
counting adapted  to  the  nature  of  the  business. 
Reports  should  be  presented  at  such  intervals 
and  in  such  analyzed  form  that  it  may  be  pos- 
sible by  the  use  both  of  academic  and  financial 
statements  to  answer  any  reasonable  question 
with  regard  to  costs,  relative  values  or  needs. 
Moreover  the  most  of  such  information  should 
be  available  to  the  public.  Here  the  obligation 
of  publicity  is  coterminus  with  the  dependence 
of  the  institution  upon  the  public  for  patron- 
age and  support. 

Some  very  interesting  and  gratifying  comments 
concerning  the  policies  of  accoimting  now  pro- 
posed have  already  been  elicited  by  the  survey. 
The  methods  of  accounting  necessarily  sug- 
gested by  the  form  of  the  questionnaire  have 
called  forth  both  criticism  and  praise.  The 
important  thing  however  is  that  the  desirabil- 
ity of  finding  and  adopting  appropriate  and 
standardized  methods  of  accounting  is  almost 
universally  conceded. 

EMPHASIS 

MORE  than  one  hundred  years  ago, 
William  von  Humboldt,  the  first  Prus- 
sian Minister  of  Education  said:  "What  you 
would  have  in  the  state,  you  must  first  put  into 


172 


Denominational  Institutions:  AMERICAN  EDUCATION 


the  minds  of  the  people  by  means  of  the 
schools."  The  rulers  of  Prussia  desired  a  mili- 
tary autocracy.  Through  the  policy  estab- 
lished by  von  Humboldt  and  maintained  by 
his  successors  they  obtained  it. 

What  do  we  desire  in  America?  Two  things 
at  least:  in  government,  democracy;  in  per- 
sonal life,  true  religion.  But  before  democracy 
can  exist  as  a  form  of  government  it  must  exist 
as  an  ideal,  a  plan  and  a  desire  in  the  minds 
and  hearts  of  the  people.  The  way  to  secure 
and  perpetuate  democracy  was  pointed  out 
by  von  Humboldt.  It  was  emphasized  by  a 
recent  editorial  writer  in  America  who  said: 
"  The  educational  system  is  the  very  mind  and 
soul  of  the  nation." 

The  colleges  of  a  democracy  should  emphasize 
that  group  of  subjects  which  unfold  the  prin- 
ciples of  government,  interpret  history  and 
provide  a  philosophic  background  for  the  con- 
stantly changing  drama  of  sociology  and  eco- 
nomics. In  all  of  these  wide  ranges  of  knowl- 
edge and  experience,  the  boy  before  he  leaves 
college  should  have  settled  the  points  of  his 
intellectual  compass  and  obtained  a  hold  upon 
the  immutable  truth  whch  will  serve  him  as  a 
lodestar  amid  all  the  winds  of  passion  and 
storms  of  controversy  which  will  svu-ely  over- 
take him. 

In  religion,  a  similar  policy  of  emphasis  will 
produce  similar  results.  Since  religion  is  a 
kind  of  personal  life  it  is  more  directly  and 
quickly  moulded  by  such  a  policy  than  is  na- 
tional life.  The  fact  that  the  study  of  the 
Bible  and  subjects  related  to  religion  has  greatly 
increased  in  recent  years  is  therefore  especially 
interesting  and  significant.  These  subjects  are 
rapidly  taking  rank  with  other  leading  subjects 
in  the  college  curriculum.  Many  chairs  and 
departments  of  Bible  study  have  been  estab- 
lished. One  strong  denomination  has,  dur- 
ing the  past  few  years,  used  a  gift  of  $100,000 
as  a  leverage  with  which  to  secure  the  perma- 
nent endowment  of  twenty  chairs  of  Bible 
study  in  as  many  colleges. 

The  personal  as  well  as  the  intellectual  claims 
of  religion  are  urged  upon  the  students  of  to- 
day as  they  have  not  been  urged  since  the 
earliest  days  of  our  colleges.    There  was  a 


time  when  David  Brainard  could  be  expelled 
from  Harvard  College  for  saying  in  the  heat 
of  religious  feeling,  of  a  certain  instructor: 
"He  has  no  more  grace  than  this  chair;"  when 
students  in  Yale  were  required  to  attend  an 
exposition  of  the  Scriptures  at  a  chapel  exer- 
cise held  at  seven  o'clock  in  the  morning,  and 
to  assemble  again  at  five  o'clock  in  the  after- 
noon to  report  on  the  exposition  of  the  morning 
and  their  own  reading  of  the  Scriptures  dur- 
ing the  intervening  hours;  when  Amherst 
College  enjoyed  an  almost  continual  revival  of 

religion. 

Those  earlier  days  of  exacting  religious  observ- 
ances and  requirements  passed  away  and  for 
many  years,  skepticism  and  doubt  seemed  to 
be  the  marks  of  college  life.  The  cycle  of  the 
years  has  now  brought  us  to  a  time  when  a  more 
natural  and  genuine  emphasis  is  placed  upon 
personal  religion.  Christian  associations  have 
multiplied  in  number  and  increased  in  power. 
Days  and  weeks  of  prayer,  when  other  activi- 
ties are  suspended  and  the  claims  of  personal 
religion  are  presented,  have  regular  places  on 
college  calendars.  Such  emphasis  upon  religion 
is  the  settled  policy  of  many  colleges.  We  may 
hope  to  see  it  extended  to  all. 

CAPITALIZATION 

THE  adequate  capitalization  of  our  college 
work  has  been  quite  fully  discussed  in  earl- 
ier paragraphs.  As  a  policy  it  needs  no  urging. 
Stem  necessity  is  its  own  whip  and  spur  to  the 
colleges.  The  budget  which  follows  states  the 
amounts  which  the  official  educational  agencies 
of  the  church  bodies  participating  in  the  Inter- 
church  World  Movement  have,  with  care 
and  prayer,  determined  to  get  for  their  colleges. 
It  is  measured  by  their  faith;  but  faith  without 
works  is  dead.  Together  these  cooperating 
churches  are  soon  to  go  out  through  the  land 
to  prove  whether  they  do  indeed  believe  that 
Christian  education  is  the  fundamentally  im- 
portant enterprise  in  a  Christian  democracy. 


EDUCATION  is  not  mere  instruction.  It 
is  the  unfolding  of  the  whole  human 
nature.  It  is  growing  up  in  all  things  to  our 
highest  possibility. — J.  F,  Clarke, 


I 


AMERICAN  EDUCATION:  Secondary  Schools 


173 


SECONDARY  SCHOOLS 

THE  American  public  school  is  sometimes  referred  to  as  the  most  distinctive 
creation  of  the  western  hemisphere.  Its  growth  in  magnitude  and  power 
is  one  of  the  most  remarkable  facts  in  the  history  of  the  education  of  any 
people.  The  American  public  schools  and  the  problems  growing  out  of  them,  in  so 
far  as  they  bear  upon  the  general  purpose  of  the  Interchurch  World  Movement, 
are  being  considered  by  the  American  Religious  Education  Survey  Department. 

The  survey  of  the  schools  supported  by  mission  boards  and  of  those  conducted  for 
exceptional  populations  or  racial  groups  is  under  the  immediate  jurisdiction  of  the 
Home  Missions  Survey  Department  of  the  Interchurch  World  Movement  which  is 
using  whenever  practicable  the  schedules  of  the  American  Education  Survey  De- 
partment. 

The  American  Education  Survey  Department  concerns  itself  with  private  schools, 
denominational  and  independent,  by  many  of  which  the  entire  life  of  the  students  is 
supervised  for  three-fourths  of  the  year.  In  these  schools  an  unusual  opportunity  is 
furnished  for  strong  personalities  to  exert  an  inspiring  influence,  during  the  im- 
pressionable period  of  adolescence,  upon  American  boys  and  girls  who  are  to  become 
leaders  in  the  activities  of  their  generation. 

The  survey  includes  not  only  schools  related  in  more  or  less  intimate  fashion  with 
Protestant  denominations  but  also  Protestant  secondary  institutions  which  are 
independent  of  denominational  influence.  Most  of  these  independent  schools  are 
distinctly  Christian  in  spirit  and  motive. 

The  importance  of  the  denominational  and  independent  secondary  schools  in  the 
program  of  Christian  education  has  not  always  been  appreciated.  The  reports 
of  the  federal  and  state  commissioners  of  education  have  as  a  rule  given  little  atten- 
tion to  the  private  schools.  The  past  neglect  of  this  field  makes  necessary  a  thorough 
study  by  the  Interchurch  World  Movement  of  the  needs  and  difficulties,  the  mission 
and  opportunities  of  denominational  and  independent  schools  of  secondary  grade,  with 
special  reference  to  their  function  of  developing  Christian  character. 

Furthermore  it  is  important  that  the  churches  should  be  informed  as  to  the  present 
status  and  possible  development  of  these  instruments  of  American  education  which 
they  are  fostering,  so  that  in  equipment,  personnel,  and  educational  standards 
and  methods  they  may  be  brought  to  the  highest  degree  of  effectiveness. 


174 


Secondary  Schools:  AMERICAN  EDUCATION 


THE  FIELD 

THE  last  published  report  of  the  United 
States  Commissioner  of  Education  lists 
2,203  private  schools  for  the  year  1915-16,  of 
which  1,570  were  denominational  schools  and 
633  non-sectarian.  Of  the  denominational 
schools  981  are  Roman  Catholic,  leaving  589 
Protestant  schools  distributed  among  25  differ- 
ent denominations. 


GRONATTH  OF  ATTENDANCE 

AT   PUBLIC  AND   PRIVATE   HIGH 
SCHOOLS  AND  ACADEMIES 


18»^  «    -94     -Se     '«    1900   -02     D«     DS    t)8     10      12      M 

1.M9.NI 
1  SMMI 

I4NlIM 

I.3W.IN 

V 

im.m 

1 

r 

\mm 

x.m.m 

1 

m.m 

/ 

8M.IN 

J 

^ 

7N.IM 

> 

V 

MI.9M 

1/ 

S4I.IM 

/ 

L^ 

■ 

4M.IM 

/ 

PUBLIC  HIGH  SCHOOL 

3N.IN 
2M.IM 

mm 

X 

L> 

^ 

raMHtnOH  SCHOOLS 

AND 

.Ml 

OCMCT. 

The  Roman  Catholic  Educational  Association 
lists  1,276  schools  engaged  in  secondary  work. 
The  Roman  Catholic  Church  is  far  more  alive 
to  the  importance  of  religious  emphasis  in  sec- 
ondary education  than  is  the  Protestant  church, 
and  if  we  compare  the  list  of  Protestant  schools 
given  by  the  Commissioner  with  the  list 
vouched  for  by  the  Roman  Catholic  Associa- 
tion it  will  be  found  that  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church  is  supporting  more  than  twice  as  many 


secondary  schools  as  all  of  the  Protestant 
denominations  combined. 

The  recent  development  of  secondary  education 
is  indicated  in  the  accompanying  graph.  It 
shows  that  during  the  first  fifteen  years  of  the 
present  century  the  attendance  at  public  high 
schools  more  than  doubled.  While  the  attend- 
ance at  private  schools  fluctuated  from  1890 
to  1908,  during  which  period  the  future  of  the 
private  school  was  uncertain,  since  1908  the 
attendance  at  these  schools  has  steadily  and 
rapidly  increased,  and  more  than  doubled  in 
six  years. 

The  demand  for  private  schools  is  undoubtedly 
increasing  and  the  enrolment  is  rapidly  grow- 
ing. Whether  there  will  be  a  similar  demand 
for  denominational  schools  of  secondary  grade 
later  developments  will  show. 

The  Protestant  church  now  has  between  600 
and  700  secondary  schools,  furnishing  a  possible 
instrument  for  developing  Christian  leadership. 
Some  are  under  direct  denc.iinational  control, 
others  are  closely  affiliated,  and  others  still  are 
entirely  independent  but  Protestant  in  their 
traditions  and  patronage. 

A  map  giving  the  distribution  of  denomina- 
tional schools  would  show  that  it  coincides 
fairly  well  with  the  distribution  of  popula- 
tion. The  schools  in  the  Atlantic  seaboard 
states  are  generally  independent  of  colleges, 
except  in  Pennsylvania,  where  the  dependent 
and  independent  schools  are  nearly  equal  in 
number.  On  the  contrary,  in  the  Central 
States,  schools  dependent  upon  colleges  pre- 
dominate. As  the  public  schools,  in  the  areas 
supporting  these  combined  colleges  and  schools, 
grow  in  number  and  strength,  the  college  be- 
comes stronger  and  the  dependent  academy 
weaker,  until  the  academy  finally  is  abandoned 
or  an  independent  denominational  school  is 
established. 

SECONDARY  SCHOOLS  AND 
CHURCH  LEADERSHIP 

IT  IS  a  well-established  fact  that  ministers 
and  missionaries  receive  their  training  in  the 
colleges.  It  is  not  true  however  that  the  col- 
leges discover  a  majority  of  these  prospective 


AMERICAN  EDUCATION:  Secondary  Schools 


175 


leaders  for  the  church,  or  that  these  leaders 
commit  themselves  to  definite  Christian  ser- 
vice during  their  college  careers. 

On  the  other  hand  there  is  cumulative  evidence 
to  indicate  that  life  decisions  are  made  for  the 
most  part  during  the  secondary  school  period. 
The  accompanying  chart  gives  the  results  of  an 
investigation  made  at  the  University  of  Minne- 
sota which  discloses  the  fact  that  out  of  1,340 
graduates  70  per  cent,  decided  their  future 
calling  before  entering  college,  and  12  per  cent, 
at  the  time  of  entrance.  That  is  to  say,  82 
per  cent,  of  these  students  decided  their  voca- 
tions during  the  secondary  school  period. 


STUDY  OF  MINNESOTA  STATE 
UNIVERSITY 


Upon 
Entering 
College 

During 

Not 

Decided 

12% 

Course 

\\% 

7% 

Dr.  Keppel  of  Columbia  University  has  shown 
that  out  of  492  Columbia  and  Dartmouth  men 
216  chose  their  future  occupation  before  enter- 
ing college  and  did  not  change  their  choice 
later. 

An  elaborate  study  made  by  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church  (South)  with  specific  refer- 
ence to  the  ministry  showed  that  seventeen 
was  the  average  age  at  which  the  ministers  of 
that  denomination  had  decided  upon  their 
life  work. 

A  similar  study  in  the  Presbjrterian  Church 
(South)  revealed  the  fact  that  out  of  894  min- 
isters 110  chose  their  vocation  before  they 
were  sixteen  years  of  age  and  524  before  enter- 
ing college. 


The  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  reports  that 
22  per  cent,  only  of  its  ministry  made  choice  of 
vocation  after  entering  college. 

But  even  when  the  choice  of  vocation  is  made 
during  college  years  the  attitude  toward  life 
has  usually  been  determined  in  school  days. 
It  is  seldom  that  the  first  impulse  to  religious 
choice  comes  during  the  college  course.  Too 
often  the  religious  motive,  which  begins  to  oper- 
ate in  school  days,  loses  its  force  during  college 
years.  Certainly  it  will  not  do  to  depend  upon 
the  influence  of  the  college  period  alone  for  the 
development  of  Christian  leadership. 

PROBLEMS  AND  POLICIES 

A  FEW  private  schools  are  well  endowed  or 
are  able  to  charge  large  annual  fees. 
They  are  well  equipped  materially  and  fhey 
pay  salaries  which  enable  them  to  retain  highly 
trained  and  cultured  teachers. 

Many  others  have  the  field  and  constituency 
but  lack  buildings  and  equipment  and  an  income 
sufficient  to  pay  qualified  teachers.  For  these 
reasons  they  are  not  able  to  meet  the  oppor- 
tunity which  lies  before  them.  They  are  usu- 
ally located  in  needy  communities  where  the 
public  schools  are  of  low  grade  and  where  ade- 
quate facilities  for  secondary  education  do  not 
exist  save  as  they  are  provided  from  outside 
sources. 

These  schools  are  directed  and  served  by  hard- 
working men  and  women  of  Christian  char- 
acter, purposes  and  ideals,  and  with  a  genuine 
love  and  enthusiasm  for  their  work.  But  the 
survey  has  already  shown  that  many  of  these 
men  and  women  are  struggling  under  severe 
hardships  and  handicaps.  If  the  institutions 
which  they  serve  are  to  fulfil  their  proper  mis- 
sion and  enter  the  opportunities  awaiting  them 
these  schools  must  have  generous  help.  Either 
the  churches  should  discharge  the  obligation 
of  support  which  is  involved  in  denominational 
control  or  they  should  abandon  their  control. 

There  are  still  secondary  schools  which  are 
attached  to  colleges  as  preparatory  depart- 
ments. It  is  generally  admitted  that  the  union 
is  undesirable.  The  secondary  school  at  least 
suffers  by  the  connection.    The  relation  of 


I 


176 


Secondary  Schools:  AMERICAN  EDUCATION 


dependence  hampers  its  development.  Where 
the  church  is  responsible  for  this  unequal  union 
it  should  exercise  its  right  of  control  to  bring 
about  a  separation  and,  if  need  be,  help  the 
secondary  school  to  stand  alone. 

If  it  is  found  that  a  denominational  school 
is  duplicating  and  competing  with  a  public 
high  school  and  thus  hindering  the  latter's 
development,  it  may  well  be  that  the  best  con- 
tribution that  such  a  school  can  make  to  Chris- 
tian education  is  to  close  its  doors.  The  church 
has  ever  been  a  pioneer  in  education.  It  has 
founded  colleges  and  schools  in  new  communities 
and  maintained  them  until  the  wholecommunity, 
taught  by  the  church  school,  assumed  by  pref- 
erence the  burden  of  support  which  the  church 
had  borne  alone.  Historically  it  has  been  the 
educational  mission  of  the  chiuxih  to  give  birth 
to  institutions  of  learning,  to  noi;irish  them  in 
their  infancy  and  struggling  youth,  and  then 
to  give  them  their  independence.  A  denomi- 
national academy  may  have  fulfilled  its  suc- 
cessful mission  as  a  pioneer  when  it  retires  from 
the  field  in  favor  of  the  public  high  school. 

If  a  denominational  school  misguidedly  re- 
lies on  its  religious  impulse  and  church  connec- 
tion as  a  substitute  for  high  educational  stand- 
ards and  progressive  methods,  it  needs  to  be 
led  into  the  straight  and  narrow  path  of  in- 
tellectual honesty  and  educational  thorough- 


ness. If  the  church  is  to  stand  sponsor  for 
institutions  of  learning,  it  should  guard  its  own 
good  name  and  see  that  it  is  not  responsible 
for  educational  shallowness  or  pretence. 

If  in  spite  of  its  defects  and  limitations  a 
denominational  school  has  a  field  of  its  own 
and  a  -constituency  still  loyal,  it  should  be  fos- 
tered and  helped  to  a  position  where  it  can  stand 
without  apology,  offering  in  the  name  of  the 
church  the  opportunities  for  a  genuine,  pro- 
gressive. Christian  education. 


T 


USES  OF  THE  SURVEY 

HE  principal  of  a  denominational  school, 
writing  regarding  the  survey  question- 
naire, made  this  statement:  "When  the  blank 
is  filled  out  we  shall  know  a  good  deal  more  about 
ourselves  than  we  have  ever  known  before." 
What  the  questionnaire  has  done  for  this  and 
other  denominational  schools  the  Movement 
seeks  to  do  in  a  larger  way  for  denominational 
education. 

The  newly-elected  headmaster  of  one  of  the 
great  secondary  schools  said  to  a  representative 
of  the  school  survey:  "There  is  no  Christianity 
in  this  school.  I  am  determined  to  establish 
it  upon  a  Christian  basis."  If  there  is  a  pagan 
tendency  in  our  schools  or  colleges  it  should 
be  known;  the  causes  should  be  discovered, 
and  the  remedies  found. 


I  AM  not  against  college  education.  I  never  have  been.  Today  industrial 
conditions  favor  the  college  man.  Old  crudities  are  disappearing;  science 
is  dethroning  chance.  Business  is  conducted  on  so  vast  a  scale  that  the 
broadening  effects  of  higher  education  write  a  large  figure. — Charles  M, 
Schwab. 

IT  IS  a  mistake  to  train  yoimg  people  in  all  lines  of  knowledge  and  give 
them  full  college  equipment  for  undertaking  the  big  tasks  of  life  without 
making  sure  also  that  fundamental  principles  of  right  and  wrong  as  taught  in 
the  Bible  have  become  a  part  of  their  equipment.  There  is  a  control  of  forces 
and  motives  essential  to  the  management  of  vast  affairs  which  comes  only 
through  an  educated  conscience. — James  J.  HUL  ! 


M 


AMERICAN  EDUCATION:  Tax-supported  Institutions 


177 


TAX^SUPPORTED  INSTITUTIONS 

THE  rapid  and  solid  growth  of  tax-supported  colleges  and  universities  is  an 
indication  of  the  soundness  of  American  democracy.  When  the  people, 
acting  through  their  state  legislatures,  create,  support  and  steadily  develop 
great  institutions  for  research  and  instruction  they  demonstrate  their  clearness  of 
vision  and  their  practical  wisdom.  Fully  one-half  the  opportunities  for  higher 
education  in  this  country  are  now  offered  by  the  tax-supported  institutions. 

There  are  three  periods  in  American  history  which  are  characterized  by  marked 
advance  in  popular  higher  education: 

The  first  began  with  the  war  between  the  states.  When  the  stress  of  conflict  de- 
manded greater  production  from  farms  and  factories  President  Lincoln  and  congress 
turned  to  education  and  by  the  gift  of  public  lands  encouraged  the  several  states  to 
support  colleges  of  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts.  The  soldiers  of  both  armies 
who  returned  from  the  field  with  higher  ideals  for  the  nation  and  for  their  own 
children  gave  a  new  impetus  to  public  education  that  was  first  felt  by  the  high 
schools  and  later  by  the  colleges  and  universities. 

The  second  great  wave  of  advance  in  higher  education  began  about  1890  with  the 
widespread  application  of  science  to  industry. 

The  World  War  started  the  third  wave  of  expansion.  How  far  it  will  go  and  how 
much  of  the  present  increased  student  enrolment  will  be  permanent  is  problematical. 

The  annual  working  income  of  the  state  colleges  and  universities  is  now  $60,000,000 
and  it  is  recognized  as  a  wise  investment. 

The  public  normal  schools  are  rapidly  assuming  the  task  of  training  teachers  for  the 
public  schools  as  a  logical  and  necessary  part  of  the  public  school  system.  This 
calls  for  far-reaching  adjustments  in  religious  education. 

No  college  desires  to  shirk  its  full  responsibility  but  when  the  state  institutions 
attempt  to  deal  with  religious  instruction  they  are  hedged  about  by  restrictions  of 
law  and  tradition. 

Practically  every  one  of  the  state  colleges  and  universities  invites  and  expects  the 
churches  to  organize  religious  work  among  their  students.  This  is  an  invitation  to 
the  churches  to  stand  beside  the  colleges  and  assist  in  insuring  for  all  the  students 
a  well-rounded  preparation  for  Christian  citizenship. 


178  Tax-Supported  Institutions:  AMERICAN  EDUCATION 


AMERICAN  EDUCATION:  Tax-Supported  Institutions 


179 


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Tax  supported  Universities.Agricultural  and  Technical  Schools 
State  Normal  Schools  and  Colleges 
Independent  Colleges  and  Universities 
Denominational  Colleges  and  Universities 


AND  NORMAL  SCHOOLS 

AND  CONTROL 


STATUTE  MILES 
0        SO       100      ISO      200      ?S0      300 


180 


Tax-supported  Institutions:  AMERICAN  EDUCATION 


ONE  LARGE  STATE  UNIVERSITY  COMPARED 

WITH  50  REPRESENTATIVE  DENOMINATIONAL 

COLLEGES  IN  RESPECT  TO  INCOME  AND 

ATTENDANCE 

University 


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Colleges 


Income 


$3,075,403. 


RELATIVE 
INCOME 


Combined 


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$2,927.31-1. 


RELATIVE 
ATTENDANCE 


University 


Attendance 


571ti 


Colleges 


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13,357 


THE  FIELD 

THIS  survey  attempts  for  the  first  time  to 
discover  the  entire  field  open  for  the  train- 
ing of  Christian  citizens  and  leaders  among  the 
students  in  tax-supported  institutions.  It  also 
includes  certain  large  institutions  whose  organ- 
ization approximates  more  nearly  to  that  of  the 
state  university  than  to  that  of  the  typical 
college. 

As  indicated  by  the  double  page  map  preceding, 
each  state  has  at  least  one  tax-supported  college 
or  university  as  such  institutions  are  defined 
by  the  United  States  Bureau  of  Education. 

A  NEW  LEARNED  PROFESSION 

INCE  the  beginning  of  the  application  of 


s 


modem  science  to  the  problems  of  industry 
the  place  of  the  state  college  and  university 
has  been  secure.  Their  rapid  growth  since  that 
time  is  illustrated  by  the  chart  on  page  181. 

By  all  such  discoveries  as  the  Babcock  milk 
test  in  Wisconsin;  by  the  extension  of  the  uses 
of  laboratories  as  in  the  raising  of  pure-bred 
seeds  adapted  to  various  soils  and  climates; 
by  the  numerous  developments  in  plant  and 
animal  pathology,  and  by  other  practical 
achievements  these  institutions  have  raised 
agriculture  to  the  dignity  of  a  learned  profes- 
sion by  means  of  which  great  wealth  has  al- 
ready been  produced.  It  might  be  expected 
that  colleges  whose  graduates  can  so  easily 
turn  to  gainful  pursuits  would  be  crowded  with 
students.  Nor  need  we  wonder  that  soldiers 
returning  from  a  war  that  was  fought  and  won 
so  largely  by  the  application  of  scientific  knowl- 
edge should  immediately  add  a  new  impetus 
to  technical  education.  The  chart  (page  181) 
omits  all  data  concerning  students  in  the  pro- 
fessional schools  and  in  the  summer  and  other 
short  courses  and  does  not  show  the  unusual 
enrolment  during  the  present  college  year. 

THE  UNIVERSITIES*  DIVERSITY 
OF  OPERATIONS 

IT  MUST  be  remembered  that  the  influence 
of  these  institutions  is  not  confined  to  the 
circle  of  their  resident  students.  A  large  part 
of  the  income  is  expended  ujwn  research  work 
and  this  is  carried  through  the  extension  de- 
partments to  every  comer  of  the  state. 


AMERICAN  EDUCATION:  Tax-supported  Institutions 


181 


r 


RELATIVE  GROWTH 

OF    COLLEGES    AND    UNIVERSITIES 
UNDER  PUBLIC  AND  PRIVATE  CONTROL 

(COLLEGE  AND  RESIDENT  GRADUATE  STUDENTS) 


•89-^^2 
275.000 


250. 000 


•94  96  '98  00  02  04  X)6  08    10  12    14   16  18  '20 


225.000 


200.000 


175.000 


150,000 


125.000 


100.000 


75.000 


50.000 


25.000 


L 


182 


The  chart,  showing  income  of  one  university 
and  fifty  small  colleges,  illustrates  the  relative 
cost  of  maintaining  one  university  as  compared 
with  fifty  small  colleges  with  twice  the  total 
number  of  students.  The  chart  does  not  and 
cannot  bring  out  the  fact  that  the  universities 
are  expending  large  sums  of  money  in  travel 
and  libraries;  in  apparatus;  in  county  agencies; 
and  that  by  correspondence,  extension  lectures 
and  courses  of  study,  and  by  many  other 
methods  are  striving  to  improve  conditions  in 
every  section  of  the  several  states  throughout 
the  country. 

The  survey  is  making  a  study  of  this  extra- 
mural work.  It  will  disclose  the  opportunities 
awaiting  the  churches  and  it  will  show  that 
the  universities  are  inviting  their  cooperation. 

Under  wise  guidance  and  by  the  use  of  similar 
methods  the  churches  may  give  to  the  villages 
and  rural  communities  the  same  type  of  help 
as  that  being  given  by  these  tax-supported 
institutions.    Many  of  the  state  colleges  of 
agriculture  are  making  careful  studies  of  the 
social,  economic  and  recreational  life  of  the 
rural  regions  and  are  contributing  much  to  the 
general  social  uplift.     These  studies  and  plans 
contemplate  the  cooperation  of  the  country 
churches,  but  they  will  fail,  in  part,  if  deprived 
of  the  assistance  which  the  churches  themselves 
can  give.     As  the  field  of  the  university  is 
many  times  larger  than   its  campus  so  the 
program  of  Christian  education  must  take  in 
the  entire  state  and  nation. 

Two  years  ago.  Professor  Sanderson  of  Cornell 
University  published  the  results  of  a  study  of  the 
attitude  of  416  institutions  of  learning  toward 
the  problem  of  rural  life.  Only  four  privately- 
supported  institutions  were  found  to  be  giving 
courses  in  rural  sociology.  On  the  other  hand, 
of  the  48  land-grant  colleges  studied,  64  per 
cent,  were  teaching  rural  sociology.  Forty- 
five  per  cent,  of  the  20  state  universities  studied, 
and  32  per  cent,  of  the  91  state  normal  schools 
were  conducting  courses  in  this  subject. 

STATE  NORMAL  SCHOOLS 

THE  majority  of  the  state  normal  schools 
are  of  recent  origin.     The  raising  of  the 
standards  of  teaching  has  brought  them  into 


Tax-supported  Institutions:  AMERICAN  EDUCATION 


DISTRIBUTION  BY  DEPARTMENTS 
IN  ONE  STATE  UNIVERSITY 


NET  TOTAL 


IN  ONE  TYPICAL  COLLEGE 


existence  and  they  are  now  preparing  the  larger 
number  of  the  teachers  in  the  public  schools. 
A  few  years  ago  this  task  was  performed  by  the 
church  schools  and  colleges,  if  performed  at  all. 

The  survey  has  already  shown  that  many  of 
these  otherwise  well  equipped  schools  are  un- 
able to  provide  the  religious  instruction  so 
essential  to  the  full  equipment  of  the  men  and 


AMERICAN  EDUCATION:  Tax-supported  Institutions 


183 


women  who  are  to  take  the  leading  part  in 
forming  the  characters  and  ideals  of  American 
children.  While  the  churches,  working  to- 
gether, are  improving  the  instruction  given  in 
the  Sunday  schools  and  are  striving  to  bring 
about  the  return  of  religious  instruction  in  the 
homes,  they  should  make  certain  that  Amer- 


ica's public  school  teachers  know  and  appre- 
ciate the  principles  upon  which  a  Christian 
democracy  is  founded.  The  greatness  and 
difficulty  of  this  task  would  discourage  any 
single  denomination  working  alone.  But  it 
presents  an  appealing  opportunity  when  viewed 
as  a  cooperative  enterprise. 


The  Problems 


AN  ILLUSTRATION  OF 
THE  PROBLEMS 

AS  AN  illustration  of  some  of  the  important 
Xjl  and  neglected  student  centers,  one  in- 
stance out  of  fourteen  possible  instances  of  like 
magnitude  may  be  cited.  The  survey  is  making 
a  study  of  all  these  situations. 

On  the  west  side  of  Chicago  there  is  a  group  of 
medical  and  other  professional  schools  of  high 
grade  which  bring  into  one  section  of  the  city 
four  thousand  students,  including  those  in  the 
nurses'  training  schools.  This  region,  once  a 
section  in  which  many  of  Chicago's  leading  citi- 
zens lived,  is  now  "down  town,"  and  the  ma- 
jority of  the  residents  live  in  lodging  houses. 

Churches  are  pressed  with  their  own  parish 
problems.  They  are  not  equipped  either  with 
buildings  or  with  personnel  to  meet  the  religious 
needs  of  students  and  particularly  of  students 
who  present  so  peculiarly  important  and  diffi- 
cult a  problem  as  do  these.  They  have  come  to 
the  professional  schools  with  at  least  high  school 
preparation  and  to  the  better  schools  with  col- 
lege degrees.  They  are  doing  highly  specialized 
work  at  a  stage  in  their  development  when  they 
are  apt  to  look  with  disfavor  upon  religion 
as  inexact  and  emotional.  Left  alone,  they 
gradually  lose  all  interest  in  religion,  and,  after 
their  years  of  training,  they  leave  this  section 
with  its  untoward  influences  to  enter  upon  pro- 
fessions in  which  they  are  destined  to  become 
influential  citizens  in  their  communities. 

During  their  student  life  in  this  section  they 
are  certainly  left  very  much  alone.  Many  of 
them  are  far  from  their  homes.  It  has  been 
found  that  among  1,800  investigated,  41  states 
and  28  foreign  countries  were  represented.  The 
teachers  and  lecturers  rarely  live  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  schools  and  therefore  have  no  opportu- 


nity to  exert  personal  influence  upon  the  stu- 
dents outside  of  the  classroom.  There  are  few 
if  any  Christian  homes  open  to  these  young  men 
and  women  and  the  social  life  of  the  churches 
has  little  attraction.  The  great  majority  never 
come  into  contact  with  vital  Christian  influ- 
ences during  their  life  as  graduate  students. 

THE  CHURCH  AND  THE 
PUBLIC  SCHOOLS 

THE  survey  assumes  that  the  public  school 
system,  from  the  primary  grades  to  the 
university,  is  the  logical  outgrowth  of  what  the 
churches  began  when  they  founded  the  first 
schools  and  colleges.  It  assumes  that  it  is  the 
duty  of  the  state  not  merely  to  abolish  illit- 
eracy but  to  provide  opportunity  for  the  highest 
possible  development  of  all  its  youth.  It  as- 
sumes also  that  it  is  the  duty  of  the  churches 
to  develop  a  sympathetic  interest  in  the  growth 
and  support  of  these  schools  and  universities 
through  a  knowledge  of  what  they  are  doing. 

It  recognizes  the  validity  of  the  doctrine  of 
the  separation  between  church  and  state  and 
understands  that  it  is  not  the  business  of  any 
church  as  an  institution  to  interfere  with  the 
management  of  the  public  schools.  It  empha- 
sizes the  duty  of  all  citizens  to  remember  that 
the  public  school  and  university  belong  to  all 
the  people  and  to  realize  that  the  same  respon- 
sibility exists  for  the  moral  and  religious  life 
of  the  students  in  these  institutions  as  for  those 
in  the  homes  and  the  churches. 

It  assumes  that  the  unselfish  social  service  of 
these  institutions  and  of  their  faculties  in  im- 
proving the  conditions  of  life  for  all  the  people 
is  religious  in  its  motive  and  results  in,  and  is 
itself  the  outgrowth  of,  the  Christian  spirit. 
When  the  late  President  Van  Hise  of  Wisconsin 


184 


Tax-supported  Institutions:  AMERICAN  EDUCATION 


AMERICAN  EDUCATION:  Tax-supported  Institutions 


185 


said,  **  I  shall  not  rest  content  until  the  benefi- 
cent influences  of  this  university  reach  and 
help  all  the  citizens  of  this  commonwealth," 
he  spoke  as  a  prophet  of  the  new  day  and  in  the 
name  of  the  new  education.  When  the  late 
Josiah  Strong  saw  what  that  and  other  univer- 
sities were  doing  to  bring  the  methods  and  re- 
sults of  modem  scholarship  to  the  solution 
of  the  vexing  problems  of  every  home  and  farm 
and  industry  where  such  help  would  be  accepted 
he  said:  "This  is  what  I  hoped  the  united 
churches  would  sometime  do." 

Once  more,  the  survey  assumes  that  this  splen- 
did religious  motive  cannot  be  maintained 
without  vital  religion  in  the  hearts  of  the  teach- 
ers and  students  in  all  these  institutions. 

The  number  of  state  colleges  and  universities 
is  so  great  that  they  cannot  be  described  in 
general  terms.  Conditions  vary  greatly  in 
different  centers.  Laws  governing  religious 
instruction  are  not  uniform.  Traditions  of  the 
campus,  the  personnel  of  the  faculty,  the 
strength  and  vitality  of  the  churches  in  the 
student  quarter  and  many  other  factors  must 
be  considered.  But  there  is  not  an  institution 
among  them  that  does  not  need  and  will  not 
welcome  the  help  of  the  churches.  Very  many 
are  appealing  for  such  help. 

Many  surprising  conditions  are  being  disclosed. 
A  few  instances  will  illustrate:    One  state  col- 
lege with  2,000  students  during  the  twelve 
months  is  in  a  small  community  with  but  one 
church  whose  building  will  seat  not  more  than 
250  people.    Another  is  five  miles  distant  from 
the  nearest  church.    Another  is  served  by  two 
little  churches  with  less  than  forty  members 
each,  with  buildings  so  small  and  so  badly 
located  that  they  are  almost  useless.    There 
are    many    student    communities    without  a 
church  that  is  able  to  support  a  ministry  ade- 
quate to  the  needs  of  the  faculty  and  students. 
And  the  number  of  churches  in  the  larger  cen- 
ters that  have  made  a  serious  attempt  to  bring 
the  students  in  large  numbers  within  the  life 
and  service  of  a  Christian  community  is  com- 
paratively small.    On  the  other  hand  every 
church  that  is  making  this  attempt  is  succeed- 
ing.   The  ultimate  influences  of  this  type  of 
church  ministry  are  beyond  computation. 


THE  BIG  PROBLEM 

THE  big  problem  is  how  best  to  keep  alive 
the  faith  of  the  students  enrolled  in  the 
schools  and  colleges  which  by  law  and  tradi- 
tion are  restrained  from  making  adequate  pro- 
vision for  religious  worship  and  instruction; 
how  to  inspire  the  students  with  the  Christian 
ideals  of  service  while  training  the  larger  num- 
ber of  them  for  gainful  pursuits;  how  to  keep 
them  from  becoming  materialists  whose  only 
object  of  worship  is  success  while  making  them 
efficient  in  their  vocations.  In  short,  the  prob- 
lem is  to  vitalize  the  student  body  with  the 
spirit  and  teaching  of  Christ.  Among  the 
particular  problems  are  these: 

1.  To  determine  what  particular  churches  and 
Christian  agencies  are  responsible  for  maintain- 
ing organized  work  with  students  in  each  edu- 
cational center. 

2.  To  discover  how  these  churches  may  do  their 
part  in  providing  for  the  religious  needs  of  the 
students  without  relieving  the  university  of 
its  proper  responsibility  for  the  spiritual  and 
moral  culture  of  these  same  students. 

3.  To  learn  how  much  of  the  investment  in 
personnel  and  money  shall  be  devoted  to  pas- 
toral care  and  counsel  in  personal  religion  and 
how  much  to  class  instruction  in  religious  sub- 
jects. 

4.  To  canvas  and  consider  the  entire  situation 
with  regard  to  religious  instruction  in  its  many 
phases. 

5.  To  consider  what  each  church  shall  do, 
acting  alone;  and  what  form  of  interchurch  or- 
ganization is  possible  to  insure  a  unified  pre- 
sentation of  the  claims  of  Christ  to  the  entire 
institution. 

6.  To  apportion  responsibility  between  the  local 
church  and  the  state  and  national  bodies  of 
each  denomination. 

7.  The  largest  problem  of  all  is  how  to  arouse 
the  churches  to  do  their  best  work  in  these 
great  centers  of  influence;  to  make  them  see  the 
importance  of  providing  enough  and  only 
enough  church  buildings  of  the  right  sort;  and 
to  see  the  greater  necessity  of  providing  the 
preachers  and  pastors  and  teachers  who  know 


how  to  lead  students  into  the  joy  of  Christian 
service. 

8.  A  tremendously  important  problem  is  that 
of  organization.  It  should  be  possible  to 
stand  at  the  entrance  of  the  campus  and  say 
truthfully  that  every  student  has  been  brought 
into  contact  with  some  positive  Christian  in- 
fluence.   This  cannot  now  be  said. 

Calculate  what  one  Christian  physician  may 
accomplish  for  good  in  the  homes  of  the  com- 
munity during  a  life  time  of  professional  ser- 
vice; what  one  Christian  mining  engineer  may 
do  to  sweeten  the  lives  of  the  employees  of 
his  compnay;  what  one  educated  Christian 
farmer  may  do  in  reviving  the  country  church. 
Add  to  these  the  lawyer,  the  banker,  the  mer- 
chant, the  editor,  the  teacher  and  all  the  others; 
and  then  multiply  the  result  by  the  thousands 
who  are  preparing  in  these  state  institutions 
for  positions  of  leadership  and  of  power  and 
we  begin  to  see  something  of  the  size  of  our 
problem. 

WHERE  DOES  THE 
RESPONSIBILITY  REST? 

INFORMATION  such  as  is  given  in  the 
table  of  church  relations  which  appears 
with  this  paragraph  determines  what  churches 
are  responsible,  and  it  is  usually  true  that  these 
are  the  churches  that  have  the  largest  member- 
ship in  the  state. 

The  figures  given  are  for  the  first  half  of  the 
year  1919-20  and  do  not  include  the  summer 
term,  with  the  single  exception  of  Indiana 
University.  The  enrolment  for  the  twelve 
months  will  be  much  larger  and  the  church 
membership  proportionately  larger. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  the  large  proportion  of 
church  members;  61.4  per  cent,  of  the  total 
enrolment;  of  these  79.6  per  cent,  made  a  report 
of  their  church  relations.  Experience  in  deal- 
ing with  students  always  shows  that  many 
among  those  who  do  not  report  are  church 
members. 

In  every  institution  the  reporting  by  students 
of  church  relations  is  voluntary.  Some  of  the 
state  universities  did  not  provide  opportunity 
for  such  reporting  until  recently.    The  fact 


that  so  large  a  number  make  this  report  is  elo- 
quent evidence  of  the  interest  of  the  students 
in  religion  and  is  a  challenge  to  the  churches. 

There  are  two  lines  of  figures  after  the  name  of 
each  institution.  The  first  gives  the  number 
who  report  themselves  as  members  of  the 
churches  named,  the  second  the  numbers  of 
those  who  are  not  members  but  who  name  the 
church  of  their  choice  or  the  one  of  which  their 
parents  are  members. 

In  the  column  under  the  heading  "others" 
are  brought  together  the  smaller  groups.  These 
include  churches  that  easily  affiliate  with  the 
churches  having  the  larger  numbers. 

This  second  table  is  printed  because  the  infor- 
mation given  is  of  equal  interest  with  that  in 
the  first  one;  but  the  reports  received  were  not 
complete  enough  to  allow  the  calculation  of 
definite  proportions. 

A  glance  at  these  tables  shows  that  there  is  a 
definite  number  of  denominations  with  a  pecul- 
iar responsibility  for  maintaining  organized 
student  work  in  each  center.  It  is  not  safe 
to  decide  how  small  a  number  shall  determine 
the  responsibility  of  any  one  church  when  any 
one  of  these  students  might  by  proper  stimulus 
and  training  become  a  Henry  Drummond  or  a 
Phillips  Brooks.  But  no  church  ought  to  be 
willing  to  neglect  a  company  of  75  potential 
leaders  during  the  years  when  they  are  forming 
their  philosophy  of  life  and  making  the  final  de- 
cision as  to  their  vocation. 

FORCES  AT  WORK 

THESE  state  colleges,  universities,  and  nor- 
mal schools  are  agencies  doing  a  part  of 
the  work  of  the  church. 

Too  many  have  looked  upon  these  institutions 
as  liabilities  whereas  they  are  genuine  assets 
whenever  the  church  stands  behind  them.  Up- 
on the  colleges  and  universities,  not  including 
the  normal  schools,  the  states  are  spending 
more  than  $60,000,000  each  year.  In  its  origin, 
this  amount  is  evenly  distributed  through 
taxation  and  is  a  burden  to  no  one,  and  it 
pays  for  all  the  elements  of  education  except 
religion,  leaving  the  churches  free  to  do  their 
own  share  without  financial  strain. 


h 


186 


Tax-supported  Institutions:  AMERICAN  EDUCATION 


Student  Church  Relations 


Selected 

State  Institutions 

January— 1920 

S3 

c 

.2 

*^ 

zi 

V 
u 
tL 

C 
0 

U 

u 

.9* 

■■A 

Q 

O. 
0 
u 

IT 

"5, 

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-3 
C 
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V 

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c 
« 

11 

3 

4-1 

e 
« 

u 

Roman  Catholic 

c 

.2 
'C 

'c 

u 

o 

Total 
Members 

g       Not  Reported 

Total  Enrollment 

Colorado     State     Teachers' 
College 

32 

159 
14 

164 
46 

126 
24 

156 
56 

319 
70 

169 
17 

14 

5 

237 
59 

133 

38 

32 
13 

14 
4 

198 
104 

298 

82 

92 
43 

483 
315 

292 
137 

11 
4 

76 
24 

29 
7 

24 

6 

488 
59 

230 
61 

151 
43 

161 

58 

136 
16 

183 
61 

17 

9 

247 
105 

27 
2 

60 
9 

88 
24 

21 
6 

529 
116 

177 

1 

29 

1 

13 
2 

13 

1 

11 

3 

19 

10 

13 
2 

3 

53 
3 

158 
37 

227 
16 

20 
6 

221 
19 

208 
54 

3 

102 
30 

805 
98 

986 
417 

861 
300 

630 
176 

994 
311 

752 
322 

43 
16 

419 
101 

687 
238 

63 
15 

344 

47 

373 
139 

449 
122 

301 
66 

907 
201 

458 
190 

49 
23 

750 
94 

281 
67 

26 

3 

3 
5 

192 
14 

102 

157 
28 

61 
15 

222 
103 

112 
31 

6 

3 

187 
186 

178 
31 

319 
74 

2221 
244 

2459 
823 

2823 
665 

1539 
439 

4597 
1289 

2682 
826 

180 

57 

3878 
853 

1895 
503 

513 

Indiana  University 

115 

155 

3 

418 

86 
13 

578 
24 

256 

25 

893 

129 

3 

3 
4 

10 

5 

22 
23 

12 

35 

29 
14 

10 

8 

1 

194 

2659 

Iowa  State  College  of  Agri- 
culture  

445 

3727 

Iowa,  State  University  of      . 

215 

3703 

Kansas    State    Agricultural 
College 

342 

2320 

Michigan,  University  of 

8 
3 

14 

188 
76 

32 

2126 

8012 

Nebraska,  University  of 

576 

4084 

12 
6 

482 
71 

57 
8 

1453 
242 

New  Mexico,  University  of 

37 

274 

Pennsylvania,  University  of. 

26 
16 

28 

1 

449 

291 

18 
3 

340 

3 

107 
2 

4069 

8800 

Pardue  University 

312 

2710 

TOTALS 

1509 
332 

1525 
733 

1646 
409 

143 
24 

732 
372 

1340 
140 

5279 
2009 

3975 
964 

2681 
43 

90 
89 

1220 
416 

22593 
5773 

8436 

36802 

PERCENTAGES  .  . 

4.1 

.9 

4.1 
2.0 

4.5 
1.1 

3.9 
.7 

.3 

2.0 
1.0 

3.6 
.4 

17.1 

5.4 

10.8 
2.6 

7.3 
.1 

.2 
.2 

3.3 
1.1 

61.4 
15.7 

22.9 

100. 

—L 

79.6%  of  all  reporting  are  church  members. 
20.4%  express  a  church  preference. 


V 

t 


AMERICAN  EDUCATION:  Tax-supported  Institutions 


187 


Student  Church  Relations 


State  Institutions  Reporting  Combined 

Church  Membership  and  Preferences, 

January,  1920 


California  State  University. 

Cornell  University 

Illinois  State  University. . . . 

Iowa  Teachers  College 

Kansas  State  University 

Missouri  State  University. . . 

Ohio  State  University 

Pennsylvania  State  College*. 


Members  ami  Preferences. 


Percentages. 


No  record  of  Methodists. 


rt 


450 
357 
421 
40 
241 
480 
240 
108 


c 
.2 

rt 
bO 
V 

u 
CD 

C 

o 
U 


400 

357 


.S* 


400 
41 


478  579 


a 
o 

u 

■5, 


2337  1884 


91 

195 

52 

280 

31 


6.7 


5.4 


67 

288 

534 

45 

23 


1977 


5.6 


1000 
715 
330 
18 
166 
115 
200 
134 


<A 

-a 

c 

V 


2628 


7.5 


100 

22 
7 
4 

10 

? 

34 
26 


u 

X 


203 


? 

159 

125 

2 

19 

54 

268 

63 


c 

u 


3 


690 


2.0 


150 

126 

314 

82 

78 

44 

380 

338 


1512 


4.1 


1300 
735 

1598 
564 
986 
720 

2143 


c 
« 

u 
>. 

V, 

U 


8046 


23.1 


1300 

1096 

1196 

244 

568 

489 

1209 

637 


o 


U 

c 

£ 

o 


c 
U3 


6739 


19.9 


900 
607 

443 

? 

152 

65 

410 

168 


2745 


7.8 


130 

29 
? 

14 
9 
20 

5 

207 
.6 


u 

JC 


3700 
277 
315 
102 
132 
88 
926 
263 

5803 
16.7 


00 

c 


o 

a 

u 


o 

H 


9700 

4622 

5835 

1214 

2799 

2650 

6155 

1796 

34771 


188 


Tax-supported  Institutions:  AMERICAN  EDUCATION 


CHRISTIAN  TEACHERS 


THE  large  number  of  active  Christians  in 
the  faculties  represents  another  force  at 
work  which  will  be  able  to  do  much  more  with 
proper  leadership.    Three  of  the  smaller  state 
colleges  report  111,  185  and  240  such  Christian 
members  of  their  respective  faculties.    In  most 
of  the  faculties  there  are  some  who  are  religious 
but  out  of  sympathy  with  the  church ;  others  who 
are  indifferent,  and  some  who  are  anti-religious. 
But  before  we  decline  to  regard   the  faculty 
as  a  possible  religious  force  let  us  remember 
that  those  who  want  to  do  positive  Christian 
work  have  small  chance  for  it  in  the  classroom 
or  on  the  campus,  and  that  they  need  a  vigor- 
ous near-by  church;  that  many  now  indifferent 
have  had  no  training  in  religion  and  would  re- 
spond to  the  stimulus  of  the  right  sort  of  lead- 
ership; and  that  those  who  are  antagonistic  and 
whose  teaching  unsettles  the  faith  of  their  stu- 
dents could  have  little  influence  if  their  teach- 
ing were  confronted  with  the  vigorous  spiritual 
life  of  a  church  that  is  adequately  meeting  the 
needs  of  the  college  community. 


CHRISTIAN  STUDENTS 

MOTHER   almost    unused   force    is   the 


A 


mass  of  Christian  students. 


Picture  this  possibility  in  institutions  of  differ- 
ent types  in  widely  scattered  parts  of  the  coun- 
try. In  1914  a  study  was  made  of  the  church 
relations  of  students  and  faculties  in  50  state 
institutions.  The  results  were  similar  to  those 
just  stated.  The  army  of  freshmen  in  these 
great  centers  is  eager  to  enter  the  fight  for  right 
but  it  waits  for  leadership.  There  were  7,000 
students  in  the  recent  Student  Volunteer  Con- 
vention in  Des  Moines,  and  there  would  have 
been  12,000  had  there  been  room  for  so 
many.  The  Protestant  churches,  one-fourth  of 
the  population  of  the  United  States,  furnish 
most  of  the  students  in  all  the  colleges  and  uni- 
versities. The  presence  of  these  multitudes 
of  Christian  students  in  our  colleges  and  uni- 
versities is  a  challenge  to  the  churches  they 
dare  not  ignore. 

Our  boys  were  eager  to  enlist  for  the  World 
War  although  they  knew  the  filth  and  suffer- 


STUDENT  CHURCH  RELATIONS 


REPORTS  FROM 
18  STATE  COLLEGES 
AND  UNIVERSITIES 

JANUARY  1920 


rniENos  I  j  }?• 
UNrnoiiANS 

.     H 

iHCBRCwi' 


LUTHERANS 
2.992 


DISCIPLES 
4,032 


CONGRCGATlONALiSrS 

4.142 

BAPTISTS 
4,178 


The  whole  number  of  students 
reporting  Church  Mennbership  or 
Preference  is  63,137.  From  20  per 
cent,  to  25  per  cent,  of  the  students 
in  these  institutions  made  no  such 
report,  and  are  not  included  in  the 
figures  here  shown. 


EPISCOPALIANS 
4.323 


ROMAN  CATHOLICS  5,469 


MISCELLANEOUS     7,439 


PRESBYTERIANS       11,678 


METHODIST  STUDENTS       16,334 


3 


AMERICAN  EDUCATION:  Tax-supported  Institutions 


189 


ing  and  death  they  must  encounter;  and  al- 
though they  knew  that  if  they  came  out  alive 
they  would  lose  years  of  the  best  part  of  their 
lives,  yet  they  did  not  hesitate.  And  why? 
Every  school  they  had  attended  had  its  flag; 
its  pictures  of  Washington,  Lincoln  and  other 
heroes  of  the  nation;  its  classes  and  texts  teach- 
ing the  meaning  and  value  of  American  institu- 
tions and  the  price  our  fathers  paid  for  liberty. 
The  nation  had  put  much  into  them  and  in  its 
time  of  need  they  were  ready  to  give  their  all 
in  return. 

These  same  youths  and  others  like  them  do  not 
respond  with  like  abandon  to  the  call  of  the 
church  for  heroic  sacrifice.  When  the  church 
becomes  as  faithful  in  teaching  the  value  of 
Christian  institutions  as  the  public  schools 
have  been  in  teaching  patriotism  she  will  get 
the  same  response  from  her  youth. 

It  is  expected  that  the  survey  will  discover 
what  is  being  done  in  all  these  centers  to  enlist 
faculty  and  students  in  Christian  service  and 
that  it  will  show  what  more  can  be  done  in  the 
immediate  future.  Already  there  are  clear 
indications  of  progress. 

Many  churches  in  university  centers  have  en- 
larged their  program  of  student  work  and  many 
are  erecting  or  planning  soon  to  erect  new 
buildings  with  adequate  class-rooms.  Several 
church  boards  of  education  have  within  the 
year  added  university  secretaries  to  their  staffs. 
The  Christian  associations  in  many  centers 
are  emplojdng  older  and  better  trained  secre- 
taries, and,  best  of  all,  decided  progress  has 
been  made  in  forming  interchurch  organiza- 
tions that  include  the  Christian  associations. 

CONDITIONS  RECOGNIZED 

THE  policy  of  some  of  the  eastern  states 
allows  the  granting  of  public  funds  for  the 
partial  support  of  an  independent  college  or  to 
the  full  support  of  certain  schools  or  depart- 
ments within  a  university,  while  the  policy 
of  the  majority  of  the  states  requires  that  all 
institutions  receiving  public  funds  be  kept 
under  the  full  control  of  the  state.  This  differ- 
ence has  a  distinct  bearing  upon  the  support 
of  religious  instruction.  The  independent  in- 
stitution is  free  to  maintain  chapel  services 


for  public  worship  and  to  administer  funds  for 
the  support  of  religious  instruction.  The  col- 
lege under  state  control  must  observe  the  laws 
of  its  state  with  regard  to  religious  instruction. 
Even  when  there  is  no  legal  restriction,  the  fact 
that  the  institution  belongs  to  all  the  people 
makes  it  difficult  to  provide  for  religious  in- 
struction without  arousing  adverse  criticism. 

ORGANIZATION 

IT  IS  the  policy  of  the  church  workers  in  uni- 
versities and  of  the  Council  of  Church 
Boards  of  Education  so  to  organize  the  work  in 
each  center  that  there  shall  be  no  unnecessary 
duplication  either  of  equipment  or  of  effort, 
and  to  plan  so  that  there  shall  be  a  unified 
program  for  all  the  evangelical  agencies. 

In  some  of  the  smaller  centers,  beginning  this 
year,  four  denominations  acting  through  their 
boards  of  education  are  uniting  to  pay  the  sal- 
ary and  expenses  of  the  one  student-pastor 
who  represents  the  interests  of  all.  In  a  few 
of  the  larger  centers  these  same  church  boards 
are  uniting  to  support  a  staff  of  thoroughly 
trained  men  and  women,  each  one  responsible 
for  the  interests  of  his  own  church  and  at  the 
same  time  in  charge  of  one  special  department 
of  instruction  or  activity. 

PROGRAM 

PASTORAL  care  and  provision  for  public 
worship  does  not  meet  all  the  needs  of  the 
students  nor  does  it  discharge  all  the  responsi- 
bility of  the  churches.  Much  interest  is  now 
being  developed  in  providing  adequate  religious 
instruction.  As  the  amount  of  this  instruction 
increases  it  will  mean,  no  doubt,  the  formation 
of  some  sort  of  school  of  religion.  The  survey 
attempts  to  bring  together  all  the  facts  on  this 
subject  for  a  thorough  study  and  report  by  a 
competent  commission.  Without  such  a  study 
there  is  danger  that  serious  mistakes  may  be 
made  which  cannot  easily  be  corrected  after 
they  are  embodied  in  permanent  buildings 
and  organizations.  At  present  none  of  these 
enterprises  have  gone  so  far  as  to  become  rigid. 
The  present  survey  comes  at  a  time  when  it 
is  possible  to  re-study  all  the  methods  and 
policies  and  to  reduce  waste  by  preventing 
mistakes. 


190 


Theological  Seminaries:  AMERICAN  EDUCATION 


THEOLOGICAL  SEMINARIES  AND 

TRAINING  SCHOOLS 

IN  ORDER  to  hold  the  attention  of  the  community  in  this  generation  the  minister 
must  be  thoroughly  trained  for  his  task.  No  physician  is  permitted  to  prac- 
tise until  he  has  completed  years  of  rigid  preparation  for  his  chosen  field  but 
one-half  the  men  who  enter  the  ministry  today  have  not  taken  nor  have  they  been 
afforded  seminary  training. 

To  meet  this  situation  adequately  the  church  must  provide  its  seminaries  with  the  men, 
equipment  and  other  resources  necessary  to  give  the  grade  of  instruction  properly 
demanded  of  its  ministers.  In  a  peculiar  sense  seminaries  and  training-schools  serve 
the  denomination  and  community  at  large  rather  than  a  small  local  constituency. 
Their  graduates  minister  both  at  home  and  abroad. 

These  schools  therefore  should  receive  general  support  and  be  brought  to  an 
adequate  standard  of  excellence  throughout  the  country. 

As  the  theological  seminary  is  the  chief  type  of  institution  which  furnishes  profession- 
ally trained  men  for  the  church  it  is  obvious  that  the  interest  of  the  church  in  a  thor- 
oughly trained  leadership  is  measured  by  the  support  which  it  gives  to  the  seminaries. 
Too  often  we  are  disposed  to  accept  an  efficient  leadership  as  a  matter  of  course  with- 
out recognizing  the  obligation  incurred  in  the  production  of  such  leadership.  The 
seminaries  have  a  much  greater  claim  on  the  church  than  has  been  recognized. 

The  training-schools  are  attempting  to  serve  widely  diversified  fields  and  to  meet 
peculiar  needs.  They  not  only  aim  to  give  their  students  the  tools  with  which  to 
work  but  actually  to  train  them  in  the  use  of  these  tools. 

Both  these  classes  of  institutions  are  profoundly  affected  by  the  times.  Material 
and  spiritual  readjustments  are  forced  upon  them.  They  cope  constantly  with  new 
problems  and  issues.  They  face  the  difficult  task  of  keeping  pace  with  the  trend 
of  higher  religious  education,  and,  at  the  same  time,  they  are  attempting  to  direct  its 
course  and  interpret  its  significance. 

The  seminary  is  also  reaching  out  through  extension  work,  institutes,  and  summer 
courses  to  the  great  mass  of  professional  and  lay  religious  workers  who  have  not  had 
advanced  instruction.  This  field,  its  needs  and  possibilities,  must  be  measured  and 
provided  for. 


AMERICAN  EDUCATION;  Theological  Seminaries 


191 


The  Seminary  Field 


A 


LL  the  Protestant  "theological  semina- 
ries" and  "training-schools"  professing 
to  prepare  for  specialized  forms  of  religious 
leadership  come  within  the  scope  of  this  divi- 
sion of  the  survey.  These  institutions  number 
approximately  200.  About  140  are  called 
theological  seminaries.  The  other  60  are  more 
generally  thought  of  as  training-schools. 

The  vast  majority  of  these  schools  are  under 
denominational  control.  A  dozen  seminaries 
and  one-half  as  many  training-schools  claim  in- 
dependence. Among  these  independent  schools 
are  to  be  found  several  of  the  strongest  institu- 
tions in  the  country. 

LOCATION  AND 
DENOMINATIONAL  CONTROL 

FOR  the  location  and  denominational  con- 
trol of  these  schools  attention  is  called 
to  the  map  on  pages  192  and  193.  It  is  at  once 
evident  that  the  situation  of  these  schools  has 
been  governed  by  historical  considerations. 
Their  location  generally  represents  the  needs 
of  a  previous  generation  rather  than  those  of 
the  present.  More  than  one-third  of  all  the 
seminaries  and  training-schools  in  the  country 
are  in  New  England  and  the  North  Atlantic 
states.  Approximately  but  one-fourth  are  west 
of  the  Mississippi. 

An  illustration  of  the  divergence  between  the 
location  of  seminaries  and  the  distribution  of 
denominational  constituency  is  found  in  the 
fact  that  50  per  cent,  of  all  the  seminaries  of 
Congregational  affiliation  are  in  New  England 
while  five-eighths  of  the  membership  of  the 
denomination  is  west  of  the  Hudson. 


As  between  urban  and  rural  location,  the  fact 
that  nearly  all  training-schools  are  in  large  cen- 
ters can  no  longer  be  ignored  by  the  seminaries. 
Great  laboratories  for  the  study  of  human 
society  in  all  its  complex  forms  in  our  cosmo- 
politan centers  are  proving  to  be  as  vital  to 
the  life  of  the  seminary  whose  denomination 
is  largely  urban  as  for  the  training-school. 

LIMITS  OF  THE  FIELD 

THE  determination  of  the  field  cannot  yet 
be  fully  stated.  Discriminations  will  be 
made  as  the  survey  progresses  between  semi- 
naries, training-schools  and  schools  of  religion 
at  state  universities  and  divinity  houses  and 
departments  of  Biblical  instruction  in  colleges. 
Overlapping  and  duplication  as  yet  are  inevit- 
able. 

There  has  never  been  a  list  of  these  institutions 
which  was  comprehensive  or  accurate  either 
as  to  number  or  classification.  The  lack  of 
such  a  list  gives  evidence  as  to  the  neglect  of 
this  field  in  the  past.  The  first  step  in  the  sur- 
vey therefore  involved  the  formulation  of  a 
working  list  of  schools.  In  the  interest  of 
fairness  it  seemed  advisable  to  include  tenta- 
tively those  institutions  which  by  long  custom, 
by  the  classification  of  denominational  and 
government  agencies  or  by  their  own  claims 
were  rated  as  seminaries  or  training-schools. 
At  the  same  time  it  was  recognized  that  many 
schools  so  listed  might  more  properly  fall  under 
other  classifications  when  the  survey  was  com- 
pleted. The  completed  survey  will  afford  for 
the  first  time  a  basis  for  accurately  evaluating 
and  listing  all  the  agencies  in  this  field. 


It 


T^AKE  the   Cambridge  calendar,   or  take  the  Oxford  calendar  for  two 
-*-  hundred  years;  look  at  the  church,  the  parliament,  or  the  bar,  and  it 
has  always  been  the  case  that  the  men  who  were  first  in  the  competition 
of  the  schools  have  been  first  in  the  competition  of  life. — Macaulay. 


192 


)i 


L 


Theological  Seminaries:  AMERICAN  EDUCATION 


AMERICAN  EDUCATION;  Theological  Seminariea 


193 


AND    TRAINING    SCHOOLS 


f\ 


MONT. 


■••.-—#• 


N.D. 


MINN. 


WYO. 


S.D. 


.J. 


NEB. 


lu' 


COLO. 


KANS. 


r 


N.M. 


V. 


■  D 


OKU. 


'*''^.'VV>.. 


»•■ 


•' 


•  t^^B  •  •^■»*«  ^BBS* 


j    V — ^... 


TEX. 


> 


0 


IOWA 


ri 
r 


■•a      /  "-»••■  u,  m\ 

•      ■***.  ■'*'>  ■"!       IND 


'•!  MO 


■'^^'    w.vX.,../ 


V  Bi"  .-CONN.! 


CAMBRIDGC  MAS9 


■  C     are   BPn 

aCti  BE 

■UnoanS 


STATUTE  MILES 
•       M       100      ISO     200     2M     300 


194 


Theological  Seminaries'.  AMERICAN  EDUCATION 


Problems  Involved 


WHAT  THE  CHURCH  DEMANDS 
OF  THE  SEMINARY 

THE  demands  made  upon  these  seminaries 
and    training-schools    are    almost    over- 
whelming.   It  requires  five  thousand  men  every 


WHERE  WE 
MINI 


GET  OUR 


u 
O 

bl 


o 

c 
u. 

¥• 
U 
u 

c 


> 

I; 


2 

c 

IS 

z 

hi 


LESS  THAN 

25%  — 
WITHOUT 
HIGHER 
EDUCATION 


500 
COLLEGE 
TRAINED 

ENTER 
SEMINARY 


1,500 

COLLEGE 

GRADUATES 

ENTER 
SEMINARY 


FROM  OTHER 
SOURCES 


1.800  1.500    WITH 

SEMINARY      SEMINARY 
GRADUATES    TRAINING 
ENTER  ENTER 

MINISTRY       MINISTRY 


MORE  THAN  5,000  A  YEAR 

BY  DEATH,  SUPERANNUATION 

CHANGE  OF  OCCUPATION 

DROP  OUT 


1 


year  merely  to  fill  the  gaps  in  the  ranks  of  the 
ministry  at  home  without  sending  a  single  man 
into  new  fields  or  providing  for  the  normal  in- 
crease in  population.  These  men  the  semi- 
naries simply  do  not  have.  That  the  quota 
which  they  supply  each  year  is  considerable 
is  indicated  by  the  accompanying  chart.  Yet 
it  would  require  an  expansion  of  at  least  50 
per  cent,  simply  to  meet  the  needs  of  the  church 
in  our  home  land. 

EDUCATIONAL  SOURCES  OF 
THE  MINISTRY 

TWO  hundred  schools  are  attempting  to 
train  the  leaders  in  the  field  of  greatest 
need  for  a  nation  of  110,000,000  people.  But 
when  we  undertake  to  estimate  the  demand 
made  upon  the  seminary  for  a  wider  world  lead- 
ei^hip  the  figures  are  even  more  astonishingly 
large.  The  foreign  missionary  program  con- 
templates training  a  spiritual  army  to  reach  a 
world  of  1,600,000,000  souls.  Here  are  200 
officers'  training-schools  which  are  expected 
to  provide  America's  part  of  this  type  of  pro- 
fessional leadership  for  these  hundreds  of  mil- 
lions. With  the  most  liberal  allowance  for 
what  other  enlightened  countries  can  contribute 
the  responsibility  for  the  leadership  of  literally 
millions  of  souls  rests  upon  every  one  of  these 
schools.    This  is  their  task. 

NEEDS 

THE  need  is  two-fold:  first,  to  provide  insti- 
tutions capable  of  training  men  adequately 
for  a  large  part  in  the  task  of  Christianizing 
the  world;  and,  second,  to  secure  men  of  large 
capacity  in  sufficient  numbers  to  be  trained  for 
the  task. 

The  need  of  adequate  funds  is  basic.  With 
these  provided  many  other  ills  can  easily  be 
cured.  No  accepted  study  has  ever  been  made 
to  determine  the  exact  assets  necessary  for  a 
standard  seminary,  but  figures  based  on  a  study 
of  some  80  institutions  suggest  $600,000  as  a  con- 
servative estimate  of  the  needed  assets. 


AMERICAN  EDUCATION;  Theological  Seminaries 


195 


Another  study  shows  that  67  seminaries  of  8 
leading  denominations  have  $31,295,000,  or 
about  half  the  total  assets  of  all  the  institutions 
in  the  field. 

If  all  the  seminaries  in  America  measured  up 
to  this  standard  the  aggregate  of  their  assets 
would   be  over  $100,000,000  instead  of  the 


SEMINARY  AHENDANCE  IN  RELATION  TO 

CHURCH  MEMBERSHIP  AND  NUMBERS 

OF  MINISTERS 


.000,00^' 


40 


30.000.000 


20.000.000 


10.000.000 


1880 


1890 


1900 


1910 


1920 


CHURCH  MEMBERSHIP 


200.000 


150.000 


100,000 


50.000 


NUMBER  OF  MINISTERS 
20,000 

16.000 
10.000 


6,000  " 


■ 


.J^ 

-— 

-^ 

■ 

SEMINARY  ATTENDANCE 


$64,000,000  accredited  to  them  through  the 
reports  to  the  United  States  Bureau  of  Educa- 
tion. Even  this  is  an  estimate  on  a  pre-war 
basis  and  does  not  take  into  account  either  pres- 
ent conditions  or  future  expansion.  Fully  50 
per  cent,  must  be  added  to  income  to  maintain 
even  the  pre-war  standard. 

Seminaries  are  not  in  a  position  to  increase 
to  any  great  extent  their  income  without  help. 
Almost  none  collect  tuition  fees.  Their  alumni 
do  not  enter  money-making  professions.  Their 
best  faculty  members  are  eageriy  sought  for 
service  in  better  paying  positions.  One  professor 
recently  refused  an  $8,000  position  to  remain  in 
the  seminary  at  a  salary  of  $2,200.  Such  a 
sacrifice  may  be  a  credit  to  the  man  and  a  com- 
pliment to  the  institution,  but  it  is  not  a  credit 
to  the  church  which  by  neglecting  to  provide 
adequate  financial  support  makes  the  sacrifice 
necessary. 

Even  in  the  long  established  schools,  opportu- 
nities for  outstanding  service  in  exceptional 
times  and  strategic  places  are  denied  by  lack 
of  funds. 

Assuming  proper  financial  support,  with  all  that 
it  implies  in  equipment,  trained  faculty  and 
other  resources,  the  seminaries  would  still  be 
conscious  of  the  problem  of  adapting  their  work 
to  modem  exigencies.  This  condition  affects 
profoundlv  the  life  of  the  schools,  and  it  must 
be  met. 

It  is  a  significant  fact,  shown  in  the  accompany- 
ing chart,  that  seminary  attendance  is  failing 
to  keep  pace  with  the  growth  of  the  church. 
Careful  attention  must  be  given  to  determining 
the  causes  and  to  meeting  the  requirements  of 
this  situation. 

One  of  the  most  obvious  and  serious  problems 
involved  in  securing  attendance  is  the  basic 
one  of  ministerial  salaries.  The  law  of  self- 
preservation  is  a  rigorous  one  for  the  average 
minister.  The  college  student,  if  he  is  consid- 
ering the  ministry  as  a  calling,  weighs  carefully 
the  problem  of  meeting  the  needs  of  a  family 
on  the  income  he  may  reasonably  expect  to 
receive.  Undoubtedly  seminary  attendance 
is  diminished  materially  because  of  such  facts 
as  those  revealed  in  the  following  comparison 


i 


196 


Theological  Seminaries:  AMERICAN  EDUCATION 


of  the  average  income  of  the  minister  with  that 
of  men  in  other  professions. 


Occupation 


Lawyers 

Doctors 

Engineers 

Manufacturers 

Architects 

Merchants 

Commer.  Travelers 
Ministers 


Over 
$3,000 


1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 


m 


5 

in  7.5 
in  9 
in  10 
in  10 
in  22 
in  22 
in  100 


Over 

$5,000 


lin  9 
lin    12 

lin    12 

lin  33 
lin  50 
lin  240 


The  majority  of  ministers  get  less  than 
$1,000. 

Closely  correlated  with  the  problem  of  semi- 
nary attendance  is  the  pressing  one  of  student 
help.    So  long  as  the  majority  of  men  entering 


COLLEGE  MEN  IN  THEOLOGICAL 
SEMINARIES 

#    With  college  degree  66% 

%   College  trained:  no  degree  20% 

O   No  college  training  14% 

o ••••••••*  *^ 


these  schools  come  from  the  less  favored 
class  financially,  more  student  help  must  be 
provided. 

Some  denominations  meet  this  in  part  by  loan 
funds.  While  this  plan  has  many  advantages 
it  requires  the  young  minister  to  enter  his  career 
under  a  burden  of  debt.  Other  denominations 
provide  scholarships  and  direct  gifts.  Although 
denominational  boards  are  in  this  way  supple- 


menting the  work  of  the  seminaries  in  holding 
their  students,  much  more  must  be  done  if 
the  supply  is  to  equal  the  demand. 

Much  depends  also  upon  methods  of  recruiting. 
The  challenge  of  the  ministry  must  be  more  ade- 
quately presented  to  strong  men.  Since  but 
14  students  graduate  from  college,  out  of  every 
1,000  pupils  entering  the  first  grade  of  school, 
much  more  effort  must  be  made  to  reach  this 
very  small  group  with  the  claims  of  the  modem 
ministry. 

In  view  of  the  heavy  demand  being  made 
upon  the  seminaries  and  training  schools 
every  agency  available  must  be  called  to  their 
relief. 

EDUCATIONAL  PREPARATION 

ATTENTION  has  been  called  to  the  educa- 
^  tional  resources  of  the  ministry,  but  the 
accompanying  diagram  will  illustrate  more 
clearly  the  relative  numbers  of  college  graduates 
and  of  partially  trained  college  men.  The 
following  figures  are  taken  from  the  government 
reports  and  show  the  total  number  of  students 
attending  theological  schools  as  well  as  the 
proportion  of  those  having  had  full,  partial  and 
no  college  training: 

In  1890  22   per  cent,  were  college  graduates 

In  1914-15  66.2       " 

In  1915-16  66.7       " 

In  1916-17  66.5       " 

]f  those  who  pursued  partial  college  courses  are 
included,  the  following  percentages  represent 
the  facts: 

In  1914-15 87.1  per  cent. 

Inl91&.16 86.5     " 

In  1916-17... 83.4     " 

One  denomination  reported  in  1914  that  94.5 
per  cent,  of  its  ministers  were  graduates  of  col- 
leges. The  percentage  of  college  graduates 
in  its  seminaries  is  far  above  the  averages  indi- 
cated in  the  above  table.  This  is  exceptional. 
There  are  other  denominations  however  in 
which  the  proportion  falls  as  low  as  5  per  cent. 
The  seminaries  are  far  from  uniformity  of  re- 
quirement  for   entrance.    Some   are    strictly 


AMERICAN  EDUCATION:  Theological  Seminaries 


197 


graduate  schools;  many  approach  this  ideal  but 
a  very  large  number  receive  men  into  their 
classes  without  the  application  of  stringent 
academic  tests. 

The  training  schools  as  a  class  do  not  require 
as  much  preparation  as  the  seminaries.  A 
very  few  demand  college  diplomas,  while  great 
numbers  of  them  ask  little  more  than  an 
elementary  education. 

OCCUPATIONAL  SOURCES 

IN  THE  matter  of  recruiting  the  ministry 
due  consideration  should  be  given  not  only 
to  the  educational  sources  but  to  the  social 
classes  from  which  the  men  come.  The  farm 
has  led  all  other  fields  in  producing  men  for  the 
ministry.  The  next  largest  number  has  come 
from  the  homes  of  ministers.  From  other  occu- 
pations men  have  entered  the  pulpit  in  very 
small  numbers.  While  these  fields  can  never 
be  overlooked,  new  emphasis  must  be  placed 
upon  securing  recruits  in  much  larger  numbers 
from  the  more  competitive  and  aggressive  occu- 
pations. A  scientific  study  of  the  entire  field 
must  be  made  and  an  adequate  program  adopted 
for  attracting  strong  men  to  the  ministry  from 
a  much  wider  range  of  trades  and  professions. 
It  should  be  more  nearly  representative  of  all 
social  classes. 


THE  PARENTS  OF  MINISTERS 

ILLUSTRATED  BY  THREE  DENOMINATIONS 

Farmers 


PRESBYTERIAN 
U.  S.  A. 


PRESBYTERIAN 
SOUTH 


METHODIST 

EPISCOPAL 

SOUTH 


THE  HOMES  OF  FARMERS  AND  MINISTERS 

PRODUCE  THE  LARGEST  PERCENTAGE  OF 

OUR  MINISTERS 


A  Clarion  Call  for  Trained  Leaders 

THE  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  calls  for  thirteen  thousand  new  leaders 
during  the  next  five  years  to  carry  out  the  Centenary  program.  The 
Life  Work  Department  of  the  Interchurch  World  Movement  estimates  that 
we  will  need  one  hundred  thousand  new  trained  leaders  during  the  next  five 
years.  It  is  estimated  that  Protestantism  needs  immediately  five  thousand 
foreign  missionaries  to  bring  the  work  up  to  the  point  at  which  it  would  have 
been  if  the  war  had  not  occurred. — Frank  W.  Bible. 

The  Foreign  Mission  Board  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  could  use  in  their 
work  the  entire  present  output  of  our  theological  seminaries,  leaving  none  for 
the  ministry  in  this  country. — Robert  E.  Speer, 

The  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  in  India  is  working  in  that  coimtry  on  a 
25  per  cent,  efficiency  basis  because  of  an  insufficient  number  of  leaders. 
They  are  baptizing  fifty  thousand  converts  per  year  and  turning  away  one 
hundred  and  fifty  thousand. — Arthur  Bruce  Moss, 


198 


Theological  Seminaries:  AMERICAN  EDUCATION 


Present  Forces  in  the  Field 


IN  VIEW  of  the  heavy  tasks  before  these 
schools,  they  are  decidedly  inadequate. 
There  is  a  sufficient  number  but,  on  the  whole, 
too  many  are  of  an  unsatisfactory  quality. 
Of  the  200  now  in  the  field,  perhaps  5  per  cent, 
may  be  classed  as  of  exceptionally  high  stand- 
ing; 10  per  cent,  as  strong;  35  per  cent,  as  fair; 
and  50  per  cent,  as  weak. 

RANK  AND  STANDING 

THERE  is  no  uniformity  in  rank  and  stand- 
ing between  denominations  and  all  too 
little  within  denominations.  Any  sort  of  insti- 
tution may  bear  the  name  of  a  "theological 
seminary"  or  "training-school,"  ranging  all  the 
way  from  those  having  but  a  single  instructor 
and  little  or  no  equipment  up  to  the  few  which 
possess  large  faculties  sometimes  luxuriously 
provided  for.  The  greatest  uniformity  may 
be  found  among  those  classed  as  "  independent." 
Only  a  few  denominations  have  a  standard  even 
of  their  own. 

DENOMINATIONAL  CONTROL 

SOME  denominations,  like  the  Lutherans, 
exercise  strict  control  over  their  semina- 
ries; whereas  others,  such  as  the  Congrega- 
tionalists,  have  practically  no  control.  Many 
schools  of  denominational  origin  have  in  recent 
years  become  independent.  This  tendency  is 
significant.  Three-fourths  of  the  200  institu- 
tions in  the  field  are  affiliated  with  or  controlled 
by  eight  denominational  groups,  as  shown  in 
the  accompanying  tentative  list. 

The  remaining  one-fourth  is  distributed  among 
many  smaller  denominations. 


Denominational 
Groups 

Seminaries 

Training-  ^ 
Schools 

Baptist 

14 
8 
9 

24 

15 
20 
13 

7 

7 
6 
2 

13 
5 
3 

Congregational .... 
Disciples 

Lutheran 

Methodist 

Presbyterian 

Episcopalian 

Reformed 

FIELD  SERVED 

THE  field  served  by  individual  schools  varies 
greatly,  depending  largely  upon  the  size, 
purpose  and  constituency.  Some,  by  the  very 
nature  of  the  case,  serve  local  communities 
almost  exclusively  while  others  extend  their 
helpful  influence  to  the  ends  of  the  earth. 

DISTRIBUTION  OF 
SEMINARY  GRADUATES 

THE  accompanying  maps  show  the  location 
of  the  alumni  of  a  high-grade  seminary  of 
average  size.  Multiply  in  imagination  the 
influence  of  this  one  school  by  the  number  of 
schools  reaching  out  into  world-service  and  you 
will  have  a  good  mental  picture  of  the  currents 
of  p)ower  over  the  earth  emanating  from  these 
spiritual  centers.  Although  the  forces  in  the 
field  even  as  at  present  equipped  are  rendering 
a  far-reaching  service  yet  the  vastly  greater 
work  still  to  be  accomplished  demands  that  the 
seminaries  and  training-schools  attain  their 
highest  efficiency. 


TO  EDUCATE  the  reason  without  educating  the  desire  is  like 
placing  the  repeating  rifle  in  the  hands  of  the  savagt. ^Herbert 
Spencer, 


AMERICAN  EDUCATION:  Theological  Seminaries 


199 


DISTRIBUTION  OF  GRADUATES  OF  A 

SINGLE  SEMINARY 


1«'  160'  180 


80'  IM 


140°         160°         m 


200 


Theological  Seminaries:  AMERICAN  EDUCATION 


Proposed  Policies  and  Program 


STUDY  OF  THE  SURVEY 

COMPETENT  commissions  will  make  a 
careful  study  of  the  material  collected  by 
the  survey.  From  this  fund  of  information 
deductions  will  be  drawn  and  policies  and  pro- 
grams reconmiended. 


T 


PROVISION  OF  FUNDS 

HOSE    institutions    especially    deserving 


help  should  receive  immediate  attention. 
Their  needs  and  opportunities  should  be  care- 
fully balanced.  Investment  in  these  schools 
should  be  more  judiciously  made. 

Schools  strategically  located  and  seriously 
grappling  with  the  needs  of  the  day  should  be 
encouraged  in  every  way  possible.  The  policy 
should  be  to  promote  all  those  that  have  the 
vision  of  service  and  that  are  seriously  attempt- 
ing to  realize  this  vision  in  human  society. 

CREATION  OF  GOOD  WILL 

FROM  this  study  it  is  expected  that  ways  and 
means  may  be  found  of  placing  before  the 
college  and  university  student,  with  proper 
emphasis  and  dignity,  the  cause  of  higher 
religious  education  and  of  the  ministry. 

The  claims  of  these  schools  will  be  brought  to 
the  attention  of  the  general  public  in  ways  most 
helpful  to  them  and  to  the  churches  they  repre- 
sent. The  attention  of  men  of  means  will  be 
called  to  this  field  of  investment  as  one  having 
the  greatest  strategic  importance.    A  new  atti- 


tude of  intelligent  appreciation  towards  semi- 
naries and  training-schools  should  follow. 

RAISING  OF  STANDARDS 

WEAKER  schools  will  be  urged  to  raise 
their  standards  as  rapidly  as  possible. 
Ways  and  means  of  doing  this  are  to  be  studied. 
Spiritual  as  well  as  academic  tests  should  be 
applied  to  all  alike. 

ESTABLISHING  NORMS 

FROM  the  information  provided,  norms  for 
types  of  work  in  seminaries  and  training- 
schools  are  to  be  ascertained.  General  lines 
of  cleavage  between  classes  and  grades  of  in- 
stitutions will  be  determined.  Classification 
and  standardization  will  be  made  possible  if 
this  shall  prove  desirable. 

COORDINATION  AND 
COOPERATION 

THE  policy  of  promoting  efficiency  through 
coordination  and  cooperation  wherever 
possible  will  be  followed.  This  will  minimize 
duplication  and  make  greater  specialization  pos- 
sible within  and  between  institutions  of  differ- 
ent classes  and  denominations.  The  methods 
of  securing  this  much  needed  coordination 
and  specialization  are  to  be  most  carefully 
studied. 

"NOW  ARE  THEY  MANY  MEMBERS, 
YET  BUT  ONE  BODY." 


THE  Budget  Table  for  American  Education  is  Table  IV,  appear- 
ing on  pages  304  and  305  of  this  volume.  It  presents  the 
financial  needs  both  by  denominations  and  by  tjrpes  of  work  carried 
on.  Special  attention  is  called  to  the  fact  that  while  most  figures 
are  for  a  one  year  budget,  others  are  for  a  two  year  or  a  five  year 
budget,  but  in  each  case  these  variations  are  clearly  indicated.  The 
interpretative  foot  note  should  be  carefully  noted. 


RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION 


RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION:  The  Nation' s  Light 


203 


A  National  Emergency 

THE  United  States  of  America  has  been  invaded 
by  three  enemy  armies  which  threaten  our  national 
existence.  First,  there  is  within  our  borders  an 
army  of  five  and  one-half  miUion  iUiterates  above  nine  years 
of  age;  second,  there  is  an  army  of  fifty  milHon  people 
above  nine  years  of  age  who  are  not  identified  with  any 
church— Jewish,  Catholic  or  Protestant;  third,  there  is  an 
army  of  twenty-seven  million  Protestant  children  and  youth, 
under  twenty-five  years  of  age,  who  are  not  enrolled  in  any 
Sunday  school  or  other  institution  for  religious  training. 

If  these  three  armies  should  form  in  double  column,  three 
feet  apart,  they  would  reach  one  and  one-fifth  times  around 
the  globe  at  the  equator.  If  they  should  march  in  review 
before  the  President  of  the  United  States,  moving  double 
column  at  the  rate  of  twenty-five  miles  a  day,  it  would  take 
the  three  armies  three  years  and  five  months  to  pass  the 
President. 

These  three  interlocking  armies  constitute  a  triple  alliance 
which  threatens  the  life  of  our  democracy.  Patriotism 
demands  that  every  loyal  American  enlist  for  service  and 
wage  three  great  campaigns— a  campaign  of  American- 
ization, a  campaign  of  adult  evangelism,  and  a  campaign 
for  the  spiritual  nurture  of  childhood. 

The  American  Religious  Education  Survey  Department 
presents  in  the  following  pages  certain  facts  and  needs 
which  have  been  revealed  by  the  survey  now  in  progress. 


L 


204 


The  Nation's  Light:  RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION 


Intelligence  and  Righteous 

Universal  Education  is  the  Only 

THE  fundamental  elements  of  a  nation's  strength  are  the  intelligence  and  moral  insight 
of  its  people.  The  machinery  with  which  a  democracy  sets  each  new  generation  on  the 
shoulders  of  the  race  is  the  public  school  system.  Through  the  public  schools  the  state 
secures  an  effective,  socially-minded,  homogeneous  citizenship.  It  gives  common  knowledge 
and  develops  common  skills,  common  attitudes  and  common  ideals.  Its  curriculum,  besides 
providing  for  individual  needs,  contains  common  elements  which  become  the  basis  of  the 
likemindedness  of  the  people  and  insure  united  and  collective  activity.  It  is  thus  that  social 
solidarity  is  secured  in  a  democracy. 

The  world  war  revealed  many  defects  in  our  educational  system.     It  has  clearly  shown  the 
importance  of  rural  education,  the  necessity  for  a  complete  program  of  physical  and  health 
education,  the  need  of  radical  measures  to  reduce  adult  illiteracy,   the  necessity  for  the 
preparation  and   supply  of  competent  teachers  and  the  equalizing  of  educational   oppor- 
tunities.   The  Smith -Towner   Bill,   now  pending  before  Congress,  is  the  nation's  educa- 
tional  program   for   the   reconstruction  period.    This 
bill  creates  a  department  of  education  in  our  national 
government  and  places  a  secretary  of  education  in  the 
President's  cabinet.     For  the  first  time  in  our 'nation's 
life  it  provides  a  national  educational  policy.    This  is 
done  without  limiting  the  initiative  and  self-govern- 
ment of  states  and  cities.     The  active  support  of  this 
bill  by  the  church  is  but  an  expression  of  a  deep-seated 
conviction  of  the  Protestant  church   that   Christian 
citizens  should  aid  the  state  in  guaranteeing  adequate 
educational  privileges  to  all  the  children  of  the  nation 
regardless  of  whether  they  are  bom  in  centers  of  wealth 
or  in  the  midst  of  poverty. 

We  have  set  out  to  build  the  most  effective  system  of 
public  schools  which  the  world  has  ever  seen.  These 
schools  will  give  us  a  people  physically  and  mentally 
capable  of  sustaining  a  socialized-industrial-democracy. 


RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION:  The  Nation's  Light 


205 


No  child  should  be 
damned  to  illiteracy 
because  he  chanced  to  be 
born  in  one  of  the  waste 
places  of  the  nation.'* 


ness  Must  be  Coextensive 

Guarantee  of  Democratic  Government 

BUT  the  democratic  state  has  not  yet  established  the  machinery  which  will  conserve  and 
perpetuate  the  moral  and  spiritual  achievements  of  the  race  and  guarantee  that  the 
citizenship  of  the  future  will  be  dominated  by  the  highest  of  moral  and  spiritual  ideals. 
Democracy  must  learn  how  to  make  intelligence  and  righteousness  coextensive.  A  new  piece 
of  machinery  must  be  created  and  made  a  vital,  integral  part  of  the  life  of  every  community. 
This  new  piece  of  machinery  must  spiritualize  our  citizenship  just  as  the  public  school  makes  it 
wise  and  efficient.  The  nation  that  can  build  this  new  machinery  will  write  a  new  page  in  the 
history  of  democratic  government. 

The  task  of  religious  education  is  to  motivate  conduct  in  terms  of  a  religious  ideal  of  life.     In  a 
democracy  the  common  facts,  attitudes  and  ideals  which  constitute  the  basis  of  collective 
activity  must  be  surcharged  with  religious  interpretation.    Spiritual  significance  and  God 
consciousness  must  permeate  the  entire  content  of  the  secular  curriculum.    The  nationa" 
public  school  system  must  be  supplemented  by  a  unified  program  of  religious  education 

which  will  insure  a  cultured,  efficient  and  righteous  citi- 
zenship. Unless  such  a  program  of  religious  educa- 
tion can  be  created  there  is  great  danger  that  a 
system  of  public  schools  will  become  naturalistic  and 
materialistic  in  theory  and  practise  and  that  the  direction 
of  social  development  will  be  determined  by  the  secular 
influences  within  the  state  rather  than  by  the  spiritual 
forces  represented  by  the  church. 

Each  religious  denomination  has  as  its  greatest  present 
responsibility  the  development  of  an  efficient  system  of 
church  schools  and  the  correlation  of  these  schools  with 
those  of  other  denominations  into  a  unified  program 
of  religious  education  for  the  American  people.  Such 
a  system  of  schools  will  sustain  the  spiritual  ideals  of 
our  democracy,  and  guarantee  that  inte!ligence  and 
righteousness  will  be  coextensive. 


A  RELIGIOUS  education 
should  be  the  heritage 
of  every  child.  Spiritual  illit- 
eracy is  the  greatest  peril  of 
organized  society.** 


r 


206 


The  Nation's  Light:  RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION 


Table  Showing  Distribution  of  Population  of  United  States  by  States,  by  Religious 
Denominations,  and  those  not  Members  of  any  Religious  Denomination 


Estimated  Population  of  the 

United  States  for  1917 

(Census  Bureau  Estimate) 


Catholic 


Jewish 


Per  cent.  Per 

Alabama 2,363,939|a    46,600      1.9  11,086 

Arizona 263,788        50,000   19.0  1,013 

Ark.ansas 1,766,343        23,000     1.3  5,012 

California 3,029,0326  595,000   19.5  63,652 

Colorado 988,320      113,638    11.4  14,565 

Connecticut 1,265,373      523,795   41.3  66,862 

Delaware 215.160C     39,000   18.3  3,806 

District  of  Columbia. . .  369,282 d  10,000 

Florida 916,185        51,000     5.6  6,451 

Georgia 2,895,841        19,400       .6  22,414 

Idaho 445,176        18,000     4.0  1,078 

Illinois 6,234,995   1,481,789   23.7  246,637 

Indiana 2,835,492      275,914     9.7  25.833 

Iowa 2,224,771      265,500   11.9  15,555 

Kansas 1,851,870      132,210     7.1  9,450 

Kentucky 2,394,093      178,296     7.4  13,362 

Louisiana 1,856,954      618,619   33.3  12,723 

Maine 777,340      152,635    19.6  7,387 

Maryland 1,373,673 «  272,400    19.7  62,642 

Massachusetts 3,775,973   1,406,845    37.3  189,671 

Michigan 3,094,266      631,500   20.4  63,254 

Minnesota 2,312,445      483,494   20.9  31,462 

Mississippi 1,976,570        30,479     1.5  3,888 

Missouri 3,429,595      538,692   15.7  80,807 

Montana 472,935      103,850   21.8  2,518 

Nebraska 1,284,126      129,279    10.1  13,547 

Nevada 110,738/  508 

New    Hampshire 444,429      135,600   30.5  3,257 

New  Jersey 3,014,194      746,319   24.7  149,476 

New  Mexico 423,649      140,573    33.1  858 

New  York 10,460,182  3,089,266   29.51,603,923 

North  Carolina 2,434,381          8,100       .3  4,915 

North  Dakota 765,319      105,871    13.8  1,492 

Ohio 5,212,085      866,715    16.6  166,361 

Oklahoma 2,289,855        46.343     2.0  3.461 

Oregon 861.992        71,755     8.3  9,767 

Pennsylvania 8,660,042  1,867,000   21.5  322,406 

Rhode  Island 625,865      275,000  43.9  20,502 

South  Carolina 1.643,205        10,000       .6  4,816 

South  Dakota 716,972        89,950   12.5  1.262 

Tennessee 2,304,629        25,000     1.0  14,034 

Texas 4.515,423      464.339    10.2  30.839 

Utah 443,866^     15,609     3.5  3.737 

Vermont 364.946       90,830   24.8  2,221 

Virginia 2,2\3,02Sh     42,800     1.9  15,403 

Washington 1,597,400      105,836     6.6  9.117 

West  Virginia 1.412,6021      60,000     4.2  5.129 

Wisconsin 2.527.167      592,233   23.4  28,581 

Wyoming 184,970        19,000    10.2  498 


All  other  Non- 
Protestant 
Faiths 


Total  Pop.  of  U.  S..  1917. . . .  103,640,473 


17,049,074    16.5 


cent. 

.5 
.4 
.3 
2.1 
1.5 
5.3 
1.8 
2.7 
.7 
.8 
.2 
3.9 
.9 
.7 
.5 
.5 
.7 
.9 
4.6 
5.0 
2.0 
1.4 
.2 
2.3 
.5 
1.0 
.2 
.7 
4.9 
.2 
15.3 
.2 
.2 
3.2 
.2 
1.1 
3.71 
3.3 
.3 
.2 
.6 
.7 
.8 
.6 
.7 
.6 
.4 
1.1 
.3 


Per  cent. 
4,728  .2 
1,134 


39,377 

10,871 
8,857 
215 
1,846 
6,413 
2,895 

74.196 

43.644 
5,670 

11,123 
5,555 
4,788 
1,857 
3,886 
4,111 

37.759 

12.377 
9,249 
1,976 

13,718 
3,783 
5,136 
4,650 
2,222 

12,056 
1,694 

83,681 


3,387.238     3.2 


Protestant 


Church 
Members 


Per  cent, 


1.3 

1.1 
.7 
.1 
.5 
.7 
.1 
16.4 
.7 
.2 
.5 
.3 
.2 
.1 
.5 
.3 

1.0 
.4 
.4 
.1 
.4 
.8 
.4 

4.2 
.5 
.4 
.4 
.8 


765 

15.636 
2.289 
6.033 

15.960 
6,258 

12,725 
717 
2,304 
4,515 
219,270 
1,457 
4,426 
7,987 
1.412 
7.581 

10.913 


.1 

.3 
.1 
.7 
.2 

1.0 
.8 
.1 
.1 
.1 
49.4 
.4 
.2 
.5 
.1 
.3 

5.91 


910,117 

16,618 
487,510 
433,151 
156,319 
246.074 

51.853 

109.677 

281,386 

1,192,674 

49,414 
1,278,173 
793,938 
573,990 
414,818 
711.043 
360.259 
104.940 
304.559 
558,844 
572,439 
513,362 
711,428 
823,102 

37,834 

288,928 

8,416 

66,219 
560,660 

28.485 

1,569,027 

968,783 

160,716 

1,370,778 

354,4% 

148.262 

2.137,690 

81,986 

816,386 

154.765 

719.044 

1,092.732 

11.540 

66,410 
854,227 
297,0% 
340,437 
548,394 

15,317 


Children 
under  10 
years  of 
age  not 
members 


38 
6.3 
27.61 
14 
16.1 
19.5 
24.1 
29.7 
30.7 
41.2 
11.1 
20.5 
28.0 
25.8 
22.4 
29.7 
19.4 
13.5 
22.2 
14.8 
18.5 
22.2 
36.0 
23.9 

8.0 
22.5 

7.6 
14.9 
18.6 

6.7 
15.0 
39.8 
21.0 
26.3 
15.5 
17.2 
24.7 
13.1 
49.7 
21.6 
31.2 
24.3 

2.6 
18.2 
38.6 
18.6 
24.1 
21.7 

8.3 


351,880 
4.920 

188.660 
79,480 
38,500 
58,420 
12,490 
20,420 
93,380 

456,430 
15,130 

325.240 


234.350 

131.350 

23.960 

80.430 


739,715   .724,352,316  23.5 


No.  not  reported 
as  members  of  any 

Religious  Faith, 
including  children 
under  10  years  of 
age  of  Protestant 
Parents 

: — I'gr  rgnT. 


1,391,408 
195,023 
1,250,821 
1,897,852 
692,927 
419,785 
120,286 
247,759 
570,935 
1,658,458 
302,488 
3,184.752 
198.200|  1.734.137 
151,460  1,358.603 
115.5701  1,289,837 
1,486,604 
863,496 
508,492 
729,%1 
126,7801  1,582.854 
146.640|  1,814,696 
1,274.878 
1.228.799 


140.710 
276.520 
221.120  1.973.276 
9.030   324.950 

83.840  847,236 
1,440   97,164 

14.220  237.131 
219.300  1.545.683 

10,220  252,039 
360,280  4.114.285 
384.400  1,452.583 

57,600  496,475 
327,840  2,792,595 
135,740  1,883,266 

31,260  626,175 
588.350  4.316,986 

19,100  242,119 
330,370   799,278 

48,900  470,278 

249,920  1,544,247 

401,840  2,922,998 

4,110   193,710 

15,350  204,028 
292,270  1,2%,  169 

66,010  1,177,364 

118,880  1,005,624 

147,250  1,350,378 

3,680   139,242 


7,413,240 


73.9 
70.S 
hl.S 
70.0 
33.2 
55.8 
h7A 
hlJ 
.^7.3 
68.0 
>1.2 
f>1.2 
61.1 
69.7 
62.1 
+^..5 
65.5 
^3.7 
41.9 
'-S.7 
55.2 
62.2 
=;7.7 
68.9 
(/>.l 
S7.8 
==3.4 
51.3 

=;9.6 

.?9.4 
59.7 
64.9 
=13.7 
H2.2 
72.7 
49.9 
3S.7 
48.6 
65.r. 
67.1 
(A.7 
43.7 
56.0 
58.6 
73.3 
71.2 
53.5 
75.2 


58,110,130  ^(>-^ 


Compiled  from  the  Government  Religious  Census,  The  Official  Catholic  Directory  for  1919,  The  American  Jewish  Year  Book  for  1919-1920,  and 

from  computations  based  on  the  population  estimates  for  1917  of  the  United  States  Census  Bureau. 

a  Alabama  includes  W.  Florida.  d  Dist.  of  Columbia  included  in  Maryland.         g  Utah  includes  Nevada. 

b  California  includes  part  of  Nevada.  e   Maryland  includes  District  of  Columbia.  h  Virginia  includes  part  of  West  Virginia. 

c  Delaware  includes  part  of  Maryland  and  Virginia.       /  Nevada  included  in  Utah.  t   West  Virginia  includes  part  of  Virginia. 


RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION:  The  Nation's  Li^ht 


207 


Table  Showing  the  Distribution  of  Persons  Under  Twenty-five  Years  of  Age  in  the 
United  States  by  States,  and  those  not  Attending  Protestant  Sunday  School 


Children  in  United  States 

Under  2.'>  years  of  Age 

(1917) 


Alabama 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

Dist.  (Jf  Columbia, 

Florida 

Georgia 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts. . . . 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New  Hampshire.. 

New  Jersey 

New  Mexico 

New  York 

North  Carolina . . . 
North  Dakota... . 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode  Island 

South  Carolina.. . 

South  Dakota 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington 

West  Virginia.. . 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 


Per 
1,418,3601a  27,960 


131,890 
1,059,800 


1,241,9006243,950 


464,510 

594,720 

103,270  c 

155,090rf 

513,060 

1,766,460 

231,490 

3,055,140 

1,389,390 

1,134,630 

944,450 

1,340,690 

1,095,600 

342,030 


1,699,180 
1,516,190 
1,225,590 
1,205,700 
1,749,090 

222,270 

693,420 
40,970 

195,540 
1.446,810 

249,950 


1,484,970 

436,230 
2,449,680 
1,351,010 

387,890 
4,330,020 

294,150 
1,035,210 

379,990 
1,313,630 


Catholic 


25,000 
13,800 


53,410 

252,180 

18,720 

28,560 
11,830 
9,360 
732,070 
137,940 
135,400 
67,420 
97,840 
365,130 
67,150 
686,830|«  136,350 


623,180 
309,430 
256,250 
18,550 
274,730 
49,040 
69,800 

59,660 

376,230 

82,930 


f 


4,916,2801,478,950 


4,940 

59,770 

425,350 

27,340 

32,290 

1,158,500 

129,250 

6,300 

48,200 

14,250 


2,664,090  273,960 
253,000  gr  8,890 
160,570   39,960 

1,261,420  &  24,390 
734,800  48,680 
805,180  i  34,200 

1,314,120  307,960 
88,780   9,120 


cent. 

1.9 
18.9 

1.3 
19.6 
11.5 
42.41 
18.1 

5.6 
.6 

4.0 
23.9 

9.9 
11.9 

7.1 

7.3 
33.3 
19.6 
19.8 
36.7 
20.4 
20.9 

1 

15.7 
22.1 
10.1 

30.5 

26.0 

33.2 

30.0 

.3 

13.7 

17.4 

2.0 

8.3 

26.7 

43.9 

.6 

12.6 

1.1 

10.3 

3.5 

24.9 

1.9 

6.6 

4.2 

23.4 

10.2 


Jewish 


53,575,0408,676,170   16.1 


All  other 

Non- Protestant 

Faiths 


Per 

6,650 

500 

3,000 

26,090 

6,840 

31,420 

1,820 

4,200 

3,610 

13,670 

560 

120,870 

12,650 

7,930 

4,820 

7,480 

7,500 

3,250 

31,320 

85,350 

30,990 

16,670 

2,370 

41,210 

1,180 

7,310 

100 

1,430 

71,740 

500 

753,840 

2,990 

850 

78,190 

2,040 

4,390 

161,200 

9,630 

3,030 

660 

7,990 

18,190 

2,130 

970 

8,780 

4,190 

2.920 

14,860 

230 


cent, 
J. 

A 

.3 

2.1 

1.5 

5.3 

1.8 

2.7 

.7 

.8 

.2 

3.9 

.9 

.7 

.5 

.5 

.7 

.9 

4.6 

5.0 

2.0 

1.4 

.2 

2.3 

.5 

1.0 

.2 

.7 

4.9 

.2 

15.4 

.2 

.2 

3.2 

.2 

1.1 

3.71 

3.3 

.3 

.2 

.6 

.7 

.8 

.6 

.7 

.6 

.4 

1.1 

.3 


Per  cent, 


2,830 
560 


16,140 
5,100 
4,160 
100 
770 
3,590 
1,760 

35,580 

21,380 
2,820 
5,670 
2,830 
2,680 
1,090 
1,710 
2,050 

16,990 
6,060 
4,900 
1,200 
6,850 
1,770 
2,770 
1,720 
970 
5,780 
990 

39,330 


1.3 

1.1 
.7 
.1 
.5 
.71 
.1 
15.4 
.7 
.2 
.5 
.3 
.2 
.1 
.5 
.3 

1.0 
.4 
.4 
.1 
.4 
.8 
.4 

4.2 
.5 
.4 
.4 
.8 


Protestant 


1,630,110  3.1 


430 
7,340 
1,350 
2,710 
7,980 
2,940 
8,010 

370 
1,310 
2,660 


.1 
.3 
.1 
.7 
.2 
1.0 
.8 
.1 
.1 
.1 


124,970  49.4 


640 
2,510 
3,670 

800 
3,840 
5,230 


.4) 
.2 
.5 
.1 
.3 
5.9 


376,910   .7 


Not  Reported 
(Nominally 
Protestant) 


Per  cent 

757,200  53.4 

10,760  8.2 

405,700  38.3 

210,990  17.0 

91,560  19.7 

143,110  24.1 

30,880  29.9 

54,640  35.2 

209,860  40.9 

1,005,950  56.9 

33,560  14.5 

785,670  25.7 

486,140  35.0 

369,980  32.6 

270,490  28.6 

529,420  39.5 

290,040  26.5 

56,710  16.6 

192,490  28.0 

308,530  18.1 

352,340  23.2 

346,660  28.3 

602,640  50.0 

532,550  30.4 

22,020  9.9 

201,290  29.0 

3,640  8.9 

35,390  18.1 

374,380  25.9 

22,830  9.1 

906,770  18.4 

825,440  55.6 

124,440  28.5 

798,350  32.6 

289,240  21.4 

80,780  20.8 

1,363,020  31.5 

47,510  16.1 

722,450  69.8 

107,940  28.4 

552,310  42.0 

881,800  33.1 

8,920  3.5 

35,970  22.4 

653,500  51.8 

167.030  22.7 

261,810  32.5 

361,730  27.5 

9,110  10.3 


No.  in  Sunday 

School 
Less  Cradle  Roll 


Per  cent. 

623,720  44.0 

95,070  72.1 

637,300  60.1 

744,730  60.0 

307,600  66.2 

163,850  27.5 

51,750  50.1 

95,480  61.6 

267,440  52.1 

733,250  41.6 

152,430  65.9 

1,395,150  45.8 

749,840  54.0 

615,650  54.3 

598,890  63.5 

703,270  52.5 

431,840  39.4 

213,210  62.4 

324,620  47.3 

665,130  39.2 

817,370  53.9 

601,110  49.0 

580,940  48.2 

893,750  51.2 

148,260  66.7 

412,250  59.5 

35,510  86.7 

98,090  50.2 

618,680  42.8 

142,700  57.1 

1,737,390  35.5 

651,600  43.9 

250,740  57.5 

1,140,450  46.5 

1,031,040  76.3 

267,720  69.1 

1,639,320  37.9 

104,820  35.7 

295,420  28.5 

222,820  58.7 

737,770  56.2 

1,487,480  55.8 

108,090  42.8 

83,030  51.7 

572,240  45.4 

511,240  69.6 

505,450  62.8 

625,730  47.7 

65,090  73.3 


16,935,540  31.625,956,320  48.5 


Per  cent. 
263,500  19.1 

27,740  26.2 
141,000  13.5 
265,820  27.8 

88,870  22.3 
133,070  43.3 

39,720  48.1 

68,740  45.8 

87,870  18.4 
374,610  21.5 

19,110  10.3 
775,240  35.5 
615,130  49.8 
382,590  38.8 
400,700  46.1 
392,440  31.8 

89,200  12.3 
111,720  41.4 
268,420  51.9 
315,030  32.3 
500,750  42.8 
217,280  22.9 
418,580  35.4 
502,310  35.2 

51,920  30.5 

163,830  26.7 

3,620  9.2 

60,020  45.0 
382,270  38.5 

30,180  18.2 
808,610  30.6 
586,280  39.7 

60,590  16.1 
778,140  40.1 
291,120  22.0 

95,280  27.4 
1,825,540  60.8 

48,890  32.1 
318,490  31.3 

52,380  15.8 

316,570  24.5 

917,700  38.7 

9,880  8.9 

50,570  42.4 
363,490  29.6 
165,250  24.4 
276,700  36.1 
191,410  19.41 

13,730  18.5 


No.  of  children  in 
U.  S.  (Protestant 
and  Nominally 
Protestant)  Not 
in  Sunday  Schoo 


14,361,900*33.5 

Cradle  Roll 


1,100.250 

76.490 

890.000 

664.500 

29«A'M0 

161,100 

39,150 

75,920 

383,430 

1.348,790 

164,540 

1,317.770 

551.590 

570.910 

429,9fj0 

821.150 

624,690 

143,700 

231.570 

627.210' 

584.  UX)' 

7W,,330 

755.900 

883,4'X) 

115.620 

426,940 

35.290 

66.150 

574.2(X) 

l32,'^=;o 

1,755,870 
885.=;  40 

306,soa 

1,052.880 

1,028,000 

'240.170 

977,')(£ 

99,080 

669.340 

27o:m 

970.420 

1.376,  >S0 

106.040 

62,810 

8^)0,080 

496,350 

472,640 

779,590 

59.340 

27.274,210 

1,255.740 

2S.529.9"0 


Compiled  from  the  Government   Religious  Census.  The  Official  (Catholic  Directory  for  1919.  The  American  Jewish  Year  Book  for  1919-1920.  the 

International  Sunday  School  Report  for  1918,  and  from  computations  based  on  the  population  estimates  for  1917  of  the  United  States  Census  Bureau. 

a  Alabama  includes  W.  Florida.  d  District  of  Columbia  included  in  Maryland.  g  Utah  includes  part  of  Nevada. 

b  California  includes  part  of  Nevada.  e   Maryland  includes  District  of  Columbia.  h  Virginia  includes  part  of  West  Virginia. 

c  Delaware  includes  part  of  Maryland  and  W.  Virginia.        /  Part  of  Nevada  included  in  Utah.  »  West  Virginia  includes  part  of  Virginia. 

•  Percentage  of  Protestant  and  not  reported. 


r 


208 


!.'l|i 


The  Nation's  Light:  RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION 


WHERE   58   MILLIONS   UNCHURCHED 
PROTESTANT  AMERICANS  RESIDE 


ALABAMA 

ARIZONA 

ARKANSAS 

CALIFORNIA 

COLORADO 

CONNECTICUT 

DELAWARE 

D.  C. 

FLORIDA 

GEORGIA 

IDAHO 

ILLINOIS 

INDIANA 

IOWA 

KANSAS 

KENTUCKY 

LOUISIANA 

MAINE 

MARYLAND 

MASSACHUSETTS 

MICHIGAN 

MINNESOTA 

MISSISSIPPI 

MISSOURI 

MONTANA 

NEBRASKA 

NEVADA 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE 

NEW  JERSEY 

NEW  MEXICO 

NEW  YORK 

N.CAROLINA 

N.  DAKOTA 

OHIO 

OKLAHOMA 

OREGON 

PENNSYLVANIA 

RHODE  ISLAND 

S.CAROLINA 

S.  DAKOTA 

TENNESSEE 

TEXAS 

UTAH 

VERMONT 

VIRGINIA 

WASHINGTON 

W.VIRGINIA 

WISCONSIN 

WYOMING 


m//////////////////////////////////A 


^^^^^m.y//j7/M 


mV///yW/////////^^^^^ 


i 


CATHOLIC 


includes 
children 


JEWISH 

includes 
Children 


Totals:  Catholics  17.049.000  Jews  3.387,200  Other  Non-ProL  739.700 
Protestants  24,354,300  Not  members  of  any  church  58,110,100 

PERSONS 
OTHER  NON  PROTESTANT  CHILDREN       "TSL^liE^V^'t^??       CHILDREN 


PROTESTANT   CHURCH  MEMBERS    und«  loyears        Not  members 
includes  ONLY      „       ^    ?**■""?..         o<  any  church 

children  Protestant  church  homes 


under  10  years 

of  age  m 

Unchurched  homes 


RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION:  The  Nation's  Light 


209 


Lessons  from  Statistics 

THERE  are  16,935,000  children  and  youth  (under  twenty-five  years  of  age) 
in  the  Protestant  church  homes  of  the  United  States.  Approximately 
15,617,000  children  are  enrolled  in  the  Sunday  schools  or  are  on  cradle  or 
font  rolls.  This  leaves  1,318,000  children  of  Protestant  church  homes  who  are  not 
reached  by  the  educational  program  of  the  Protestant  church.  But  all  of  the 
15,617,000  members  of  Sunday  schools  or  cradle  rolls  are  not  from  church  homes. 
Many  are  from  non-church  homes.  When  these  have  been  deducted  it  will  be  seen 
that  there  are  millions  of  children  in  Protestant  church  homes  who  are  not  being  touched 
by  the  educational  program  of  the  church. 

The  figures  given  here  for  Protestant  religious  school  enrolment  includes  168,723 

children  and  youth  enrolled  in  Protestant  parochial  schools  distributed  as  follows: 

Lutheran,   126,927;   German  Evangelical,   17,410;    Protestant  Episcopal,  14,086; 
Christian  Reformed,  10,000. 

The  map  at  the  bottom  of  this  page  will  reward  careful  study  in  connection  with  the 
statistical  tables  on  pages  206  and  207. 


AMERICA'S  GREATEST  PERIL 

THE  SPIRITUAL  NEGLECT  OF  CHILDHOOD 

DistritHition  of  over  twenty-seven  million  children  and  youth  (under  25  years),  nominally 
Protestant,  who  are  not  enrolled  in  Sunday  School  and  who  receive  no  formal  or  systematic 
religious  training.     This  is  the  seed  plot  of  immorality,  crime,  social  unrest  and  anarchy 


SPIRITUAL  ILLITERACY  IS  THE 
FORERUNNER  OF  MORAL  BANK- 
RUPTCY AND  NATIONAL  DECAY 


210 


The  Nation's  Light:  RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION 


It  is  not  possible  to  tell  what  proportion  of  the  children  from  Protestant  church 
families  attend  religious  schools  because  of  the  enrohnent  of  children  from  non-church 
homes  in  Protestant  religious  schools. 

Our  children  and  youth,  (under  twenty-five  years  of  age)  are  distributed  as  follows: 


Denomination 


E 


Roman  Catholic  (including  Ruthenian 
Catholic) 

Jewish 

Protestant  children  and  children  whose 
parents  are  not  reported  as  belong- 
ing to  any  faith  (nominally  Protes- 
tant)   

*Does  not  include  Cradle  or  Font  Roll  (1.225,740) 


In  Sunday, 

Parochial  or 

Congregational 

School 


1,870,000 
87,000 

*  14,361,900 


Not  in  Sunday, 

Parochial  or 

Congregational 

School 


6,806,000 
1,543,000 

28,529,950 


Total 


8,676,000 
1,630,000 

42,891,850 


Summarizing  the  columns  above  we  have  the  following  startling  facts; 


Denomination 

Number  of 
Children 

Number  not  in 
Religioiis 
Schools 

Number  in 

Religious 

Schools 

Per  Cent,  not 

in  Religious 

Schools 

Catholic 

Jewish 

Protestant  and  nomi- 
nally Protestant  . . 

Totals 

♦Includes  Cradle  or 

^ — 1 

8,676,000 
1,630,000 

42,891,850 

6,806,000 
1,543,000 

*28,529,950 

1,870,000 
87.000 

14,361,900 

78.4 
95.2 

66.5 

53,197,850 

Font  Roll  (1.255.740) 

36,878,950 

16,318,900 

69.3 

The  one  question  which  arises  most  clearly  from  these  studies  is  this:  How  long  can  a 
nation  endure,  69.3  per  cent,  of  whose  children  and  youth  are  receiving  no  systematic 
instruction  in  the  religious  and  moral  sanctions  upon  which  our  democratic  institu- 
tions rest?  And  this  question  becomes  acute  when  we  learn  how  few  hours  of  in- 
struction are  available  annually  for  those  children  who  do  enroll  in  religious  schools. 


If  "spiritual  illiteracy  is  the  forerunner  of  moral  bankruptcy  and  national  decay 
what  are  the  lessons  from  these  statistics? 


y» 


MILLIONS  of  children  in  Protestant  homes  are  wholly  untouched  by  the 
present  educational  program  of  the  church. 

Two  out  of  every  three  children  under  25  years  of  age  attend  no  religious  school ! 

Train  up  a  child  in  the  way  he  should  go:     And  even  when  he  is  old  he 
will  not  depart  from  it. — Proverbs  22:6, 


RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION:   The  Nation's  Light 


211 


L 


's  Weakest  Spot 


IF  YOU  would  point  to  the  weakest  spot  in  the 
Protestant  church  you  would  put  your  finger  on  the 
army  of  twenty-seven  million  children  and  youth  in  our 
own  land  who  are  growing  up  in  spiritual  illiteracy  and 
sixteen  million  other  American  Protestant  children  whose 
religious  instruction  is  limited  to  a  brief  half  hour  once  a 
week,  often  sandwiched  in  between  a  delayed  preaching 
service  and  the  American  Sunday  dinner.  Let  it  be 
burned  into  the  minds  of  our  church  leaders  that  a 
church  which  cannot  save  its  own  children  can  never 
save  the  world. 


CHART  SHOWING  RELATION  OF  SUNDAY  SCHOOL  ENROLMENT  TO  TOTAL  CHURCH 
MEMBERSHIP  FOR  EACH  NON-PROTESTANT  BODY 


WTTER  OAV  SAINTS 
( PEOOGANIZtD  1 

LATTCR  DAY  SAINTS 

OLD  ROMAN 
CATHOLIC 

SHAKERS 


JEWISH  CHURCH 

NAT  L  ASSOCIATION 
SPIRITUALISTS 

ROMAN  CATHOLIC 

POLISH  NATIONAL 
CATHOLIC  CHURCH 

RUSSIAN  CHURCH 
RUMANIAN  CHURCH 

BUDDHISTS 
JAPANESE  TEMPLES 

SCRBIAN  CHURCH 
SYRIAN  CHURCH 
BAMAIS 

ARMENIAN 

LITHUANIAN  CHURCH 
NAT  L  CATHOLIC 

CREEK  CHURCH 
HELLENIC 

AMANA  SOCIETY 
ALBANIAN  CHURCH 
BULGARIAN  CHURCH 


PER  CENT 
50 


212 


The  Nation's  Light:  RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION 


CHART  SHOWING  RELATION  OF  SUNDAY  SCHOOL  ENROLMENT  TO  TOTAL  CHURCH  MEMBERSHIP 
FOR  EACH  PROTESTANT  BODY  REPORTING  A  MEMBERSHIP  OF  MORE  THAN  25,000 


(U.  S.  ReligioiM  Census  for  1916) 


PERCENT 


TREEKItTHOOISTS 
UNITED  EVAN  CH. 
EVAN.ASSN. 
CH  OFGOOGLELDSR 
PENT  CH  NAZARENE 
UNIT  BRETH  INCH. 
SALVATION  ARMY 
CHURCH  OF  BRETH 
MENNONITECH 
SWEDISH  MISSION 
METHODIST  EPISC 
UNITED  PRESBYTN. 
METHODIST  PROT 
SEVEN  DAY  ADVENT 
RFMO  CH.  IN  US. 
PRES.CH  INU.S. 
PRES  CH  INU  S  A 
RFMD  CH  INAMER 
GEN  SYNOD  STHN 
NTN  BAPT  CON. 
CONGREGATION  L  ST 
METHOD  EPISC 
■CHRISTIAN  CHURCH 
UNTD  SYN  SO  LUTH. 
DISCIPLES  OF  CHRIST 
CUMBER  PRESB 
INDEPEND  CHS. 
FRIENDS  ORTHDX. 
ADVENT  CHRISTN. 
COLD  METH  EPIS. 
CHRIST  RFMD  CH. 
SOUTH  BAPT  CON 
GEN.  COUNC.  LUTH 
UNIVERSALISTS 
MORAVIAN  CHURCH 
AFRICAN  M.  E. 
GENERAL  BAPT. 
CHURCHES  OF  CHRIST 
AFRICAN  METHODISTS 
HAUGES  SYN  LUTH. 
PROTEST.  EPISC. 
GEN  EVAN  SYNOD 
FREE  WILL  BAPT. 
JOINTSYN  OFO  LUTH 
NAT  NL  BAPTIST 
LUTHERIANFREECH. 
SYNOD  FOR  IOWA  LUTH 
UNITARIANS 
SYNFORNOVCH  LTH 

UNTD  NOV.  CH    LUTH 
SYNOOIC/U.  CON.  LUTH 


RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION:  The  Nation's  Light 


213 


Sunday  School  Enrolment  and  Church  Membership  of  Protestant  Bodies 
Reporting  a  Membership  of  more  than  25,000 


From  United  States  Religious  Census,  1 9 16 


Denominations 


Methodist  Episcopal 

National  Baptist  Convention 

Southern  Baptist  Convention 

Methodist  Episcopal,  South 

Presb.  Church  in  the  U.  S.  A.  (North)  . . , 

Northern  Baptist  Convention 

Disciples  of  Christ  

Protestant  Episcopal 

Congregational 

Synodical  Conference  (Lutheran) 

African  Methodist  Episcopal 

General  Lutheran  Council 

General  Lutheran  Synod 

Presbyterian  Church  in  U.  S.  (South) .  . 

United  Brethren  in  Christ 

Reformed  Church  in  the  U.  S. 

General  Evangelical  Sjmod 

Churches  of  Christ 

African  Methodist  Episcopal  Zion 

Colored  Methodist  Episcopal 

Methodist  Protestant 

United  Norwegian  Church  (Lutheran) . 

Joint  S5mod  of  Ohio  (Lutheran) 

United  Presbyterian 

Reformed  Church  in  America,  Dutch. .  . 

Synod  of  Iowa  (Lutheran) 

Evangelical  Association 

Christian  Church 

Norwegian  Lutheran  Church  of  America 

Church  of  the  Brethren 

Friends  (Orthodox) 

United  Evangelical  Church 

Unitarian 

Seventh  Day  Adventist 

Cumberland  Presbyterian 

Universalist 

United  Synod,  South  (Lutheran) 

Free  Will  Baptist 

Independent  churches 

Christian  Reformed  Church 

Salvation  Army 

Free  Methodist 

Mennonite  Church 

General  Baptist 

Pentecostal  Church  of  the  Nazarene 

Advent  Christian 

Hauges  Synod  (Lutheran) 

Swedish  Mission  Covenant 

Church  of  God — General  Eldership  .    . 

Lutheran  Free  Church 

Moravian  Church 


Sunday  School 

Total  Church 

Sunday  School 

Membership  Com- 

Membership 

Enrolment 

pared  with  Church 
Per  Cent. 

3,717,785 

3,872,264 

104.1 

2,938,579 

1,181,270 

40.2 

2,708,870 

1,665,996 

61.5 

2,114,479 

1,688,559 

79.8 

1,611,251 

1,381,682 

85.7 

1,232,135 

1,028,952 

83.5 

1,226,028 

942,879 

76.9 

1,092,821 

489,036 

44.7 

791,274 

654,922 

82.7 

777,701 

110,300 

14.2 

548,355 

311,051 

56.7 

540,642 

307,595 

56.9 

370,715 

311,501 

84.0 

357,769 

313,165 

87.5 

348,828 

402,838 

115.5 

344,374 

304,250 

88.3 

339,853 

145,377 

42.8 

317,937 

167,809 

52.8 

257,169 

135,102 

52.5 

245,749 

167,880 

68.3 

186,908 

177,918 

95.2 

176,084 

44,042 

15.0 

164,698 

66,773 

40.5 

160,726 

156,072 

97.1 

144,929 

123,092 

84.9 

130,793 

38,120 

29.1 

120,756 

172,129 

142.5 

118,737 

91,853 

77.3 

112,673 

24,313 

21.6 

105,102 

111,686 

106.2 

92,379 

64,583 

69.9 

89,774 

129,453 

144.1 

82,515 

19,675 

23.8 

79,355 

74,863 

94.3 

72,052 

53,431 

74.1 

58,566 

33,272 

56.8 

56,656 

43,697 

77.1 

54,833 

22,421 

40.8 

54,393 

39,077 

71.8 

38,668 

24,445 

63.2 

35,954 

41,295 

114.8 

35,291 

58,553 

165.9 

34,965 

37,096 

106.1 

33,466 

18,545 

55.4 

32,259 

40,575 

125.7 

30,597 

21,007 

68.6 

29,893 

14,011 

46.9 

29,164 

30,937 

106.1 

28,376 

39,259 

138.3 

28,180 

10,285 

36.5 

26,373 

14,954 

56.7 

214 


The  Nation's  Light:  RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION 


Facts  Regarding  Religious  Education 

in  the  Home 


THE  OPPORTUNITY  OF  THE  HOME 

MEASURED  in  time  the  home  is  respon- 
sible for  far  more  of  the  child's  time 
than  are  all  other  educational  agencies  com- 
bined.    This  will  easily  appear  from  the  table: 


Time  Schedule — By  Hours 

TIME  APPORTIONMENT— WEEKLY 

Hours  in  week 168 

Hours  in  school 25 

Hours  in  church 2      27 

Hours  imder  home  control 141 

Hours  spent  in  sleep 56 

Hours  at  disposal  of  home  as  com- 
pared with  27  at  disposal  of  school 
and  church 85 

TIME  APPORTIONMENT— ANNUALLY 

Hoiu^  in  year 8,739 

Hours  in  school 750 

Hours  in  church 75      825 

7,911 
Hours  spent  in  sleep 2,980 

Hours  at  disposal  of  home  as  com- 
pared with  825  at  disposal  of  school 
and  church 4,931 

ATTENTION  OF  TEACHER  TO  EACH  CHILD 

40  children  to  a  room,  5  hours  a  day. 
5/40  or  J/g  hour  =  7j^  minutes  daily. 


The  average  for  individual  attention  is  often  not 
so  much  as  indicated  above,  the  time  being 
used  in  mass  treatment.  Most  homes  could 
give  three  times  this  amount. 


T^HE  saddest  page  in  the  history 
-^  of  the  Christian  church  is  that 
which  records  the  spiritual  neglect 
of  childhood  in  the  home. 


FAILURE  OF  HOME  AND 
SCHOOL  EDUCATION 

MORE  than  one-half  the  crimes  dealt  with 
in  the  courts  are  against  property,  the 
rest  against  the  person.  Thefts,  dishonesty, 
untruthfulness,  wilful  self-indulgence,  lack  of 
self-control — these  are  the  qualities  of  charac- 
ter which  find  expression  in  crime. 

Stealing — the  continuance  of  a  baby's  in- 
stinctive practise  of  taking  what  it  wants. 

Drunkenness,  murder,  seduction — the  results  of 
self-indulgence  and  the  absence  of  training  in 
self-control. 

Truancy — the  expression  of  hunger  for  adven- 
ture or  of  desire  to  escape  monotony  of  home 
or  -school. 

Note  these  causes  of  crime: 

♦No  work  *Fast  women 

♦Need  of  money  ♦Gambling 

♦Bad  company  ♦Boyish  pranks 

♦Drink  ♦Hunger 

♦Brutal  fathers  ♦Lack  of  home  training 

♦Domestic  troubles         — ^parental  neglect 
♦Bad  books  and  Institutional     life     in 

cigarettes  childhood 

Instruction  in  stealing  by  older  people 

Cocaine  and  other  drugs. 

*  These  reflect  home  failure. 

TYPES  OF   HOME   FAILURE 

IT  IS  one  of  the  tragic  facts  that  the  ultimate 
failure  of  the  child  may  be  in  no  wise  the 
fault  of  the  child,  but  wholly  the  fault  of  the 
home.    Note  this  list  of  home  failures: 

Parental  misunderstanding  of  child 

Fault-finding 

Lack  of  affection  or  failure  to  express  it 

Lack  of  confidential  relation  with  children 

Drunken  parents 

Separation  of  parents 

Loss  of  parent  by  death 

Street  play  and  loafing 


RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION:  The  Nation's  Light 


215 


WHAT   HAPPENS   DURING 
UNOCCUPIED  TIME 

DURING  one  week  in  one  city  there  were 
arrested  197  children  under  16  years  of 
age— 182  boys,  15  girls;  of  these,  75  were 
Americans;  20  between  8  and  10  years  of  age; 
63  between  10  and  13  years  of  age;  114  between 
13  and  16  years  of  age.  This  week's  number 
w.'is  below  the  average. 

It  is  estimated  that  over  10,000  children  are 
arrested  in  this  one  American  city  during  the 
year. 

Observe  the  cost  of  failure  in  home  education: 

The  cost  of  one  year's  crime  is  estimated  at  not 
less  than  $6,000,000,000. 

Yet  only  11  per  cent,  of  the  crimes  reported 
are  punished. 

Nine-tenths  of  the  criminals  were  normal 
children. 

Nine-tenths  of  the  children  brought  into  court 
are  boys.  Two-thirds  of  criminals  were  home- 
less, or  worse,  in  childhood. 


One-fourth  were  deprived  of  a  mother's  care 
because  their  mothers  had  to  earn  a  living. 

Here  are  some  reasons  why  the  school  and 
church  cannot  do  the  work  of  the  home: 

Lack  of  time— (See  time  schedule  on  opposite 
page.) 

During  three  months  of  the  year  school  does 
nothing. 

Lack  of  experience— One-haU  the  women 
teachers  and  one-third  the  men  teachers  are 
under  twenty-four  years  of  age. 

One-half  the  teachers  have  four  years'  teach- 
ing experience  or  less;  one-fourth,  less  than 
one  year's  experience. 

Three-fifths  of  women  and  two-fifths  of  men 
teachers  in  rural  schools  have  less  than  high 
school  education. 

More  than  three-fourths  of  all  teachers  are 
sons  and  daughters  of  small  tradesmen  and 
farmers  whose  incomes  average  less  than 
$800  a  year.  They  must  work  under  great 
economic  handicaps. 


SUNDAY  SCHOOL  ENROLMENT 
AND  HOURS  OF  INSTRUCTION 


PROVIDED  ANNUALLY 

BY 

PROTESTANT 

JEWISH  AND  CATHOLIC 

CHURCHES 


CRADLE 
ROLL 


200 

HOURS 


86 

HOURS 

SUNDAY 

SCHOOLS 


250 

HOURS 
WEEKDAY 
SCHOOLS 


THE    AMERICA  OF  TOMORROW  ? 

JEW  OR  GENTILE  ?  CATHOLIC  OR  PROTESTANT  ? 

ATHEISTIC  OR  RELIGIOUS  ? 


ESTANT  CATHOLIC        JEWISH 


THE  PROTESTANT  CHURCH  MUST  PROVIDE  MORE  TIME 
FOR  RELIGIOUS  INSTRUCTION 


214 


The  Nation's  Light:  RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION 


Facts  Regarding  Religious  Education 

in  the  Home 


THE  OPPORTUNITY  OF  THE  HOME 

MEASURED  in  time  the  home  is  respon- 
sible for  far  more  of  the  child's  time 
than  are  all  other  educational  agencies  com- 
bined.    This  will  easily  appear  from  the  table: 


Time  Schedule — By  Hours 

TIME  APPORTIONMENT— WEEKLY 

Hours  in  week 168 

Hours  in  school 25 

Hours  in  church 2      27 

Hours  imder  home  control 141 

Hours  spent  in  sleep 56 

Hours  at  disposal  of  home  as  com- 
pared with  27  at  disposal  of  school 
and  church 85 

TIME  APPORTIONMENT— ANNUALLY 

Hours  in  year 8,739 

Hours  in  school 750 

Hours  in  church 75      825 

7,911 
Hours  spent  in  sleep 2,980 

Hours  at  disposal  of  home  as  com- 
pared with  825  at  disposal  of  school 
and  church 4,931 

ATTENTION  OF  TEACHER  TO  EACH  CHILD 

40  children  to  a  room,  5  hours  a  day. 
5/40  or  3^  hour  =7 J/^  minutes  daily. 


FAILURE  OF  HOME  AND 
SCHOOL  EDUCATION 

MORE  than  one-half  the  crimes  dealt  with 
in  the  courts  are  against  property,  the 
rest  against  the  person.  Thefts,  dishonesty, 
untruthfulness,  wilful  self-indulgence,  lack  of 
self-control — these  are  the  qualities  of  charac- 
ter which  find  expression  in  crime. 

Stealing — the  continuance  of  a  baby's  in- 
stinctive practise  of  taking  what  it  wants. 

Drunkenness,  murder,  seduction — the  results  of 
self-indulgence  and  the  absence  of  training  in 
self-control. 

Truancy — the  expression  of  hunger  for  adven- 
ture or  of  desire  to  escape  monotony  of  home 
or  school. 

Note  these  causes  of  crime: 


*No  work 
*Need  of  money 
*Bad  company 
*Drink 

*Brutal  fathers 
*Domestic  troubles 
*Bad  books  and 
cigarettes 


*Fast  women 

*Gambling 

*Boyish  pranks 

*Hunger 

♦Lack  of  home  training 

— parental  neglect 
Institutional     life     in 

childhood 


The  average  for  individual  attention  is  often  not 
so  much  as  indicated  above,  the  time  being 
used  in  mass  treatment.  Most  homes  could 
give  three  times  this  amoimt. 


'  ■ 'HE  saddest  page  in  the  history 
-*"  of  the  Christian  church  is  that 
which  records  the  spiritual  neglect 
of  childhood  in  the  home. 


Instruction  in  stealing  by  older  people 
Cocaine  and  other  drugs. 
*  These  reflect  home  failure. 

TYPES  OF  HOME  FAILURE 

IT  IS  one  of  the  tragic  facts  that  the  ultimate 
failure  of  the  child  may  be  in  no  wise  the 
fault  of  the  child,  but  wholly  the  fault  of  the 
home.    Note  this  list  of  home  failures: 

Parental  misunderstanding  of  child 

Fault-finding 

Lack  of  affection  or  failure  to  express  it 

Lack  of  confidential  relation  with  children 

Drunken  parents 

Separation  of  parents 

Loss  of  parent  by  death 

Street  play  and  loafing 


RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION:  The  Nation's  Light 


215 


WHAT   HAPPENS   DURING 
UNOCCUPIED  TIME 

DURING  one  week  in  one  city  there  were 
arrested  197  children  under  16  years  of 
age— 182  boys,  15  girls;  of  these,  75  were 
Americans;  20  between  8  and  10  years  of  age; 
63  between  10  and  13  years  of  age;  114  between 
13  and  16  years  of  age.  This  week's  number 
w.is  below  the  average. 

It  is  estimated  that  over  10,000  children  are 
arrested  in  this  one  American  city  during  the 
year. 

Observe  the  cost  of  failure  in  home  education: 

The  cost  of  one  year's  crime  is  estimated  at  not 
less  than  $6,000,000,000. 

Yet  only  11  per  cent,  of  the  crimes  reported 
are  punished. 

Nine-tenths  of  the  criminals  were  normal 
children. 

Nine-tenths  of  the  children  brought  into  court 
are  boys.  Two-thirds  of  criminals  were  home- 
less, or  worse,  in  childhood. 


One-fourth  were  deprived  of  a  mother's  care 
because  their  mothers  had  to  earn  a  living. 

Here  are  some  reasons  why  the  school  and 
church  cannot  do  the  work  of  the  home: 

Lack  of  time— (See  time  schedule  on  opposite 
page.) 

During  three  months  of  the  year  school  does 
nothing. 

Lack  of  experience — One-half  the  women 
teachers  and  one-third  the  men  teachers  are 
under  twenty-four  years  of  age. 

One-half  the  teachers  have  four  years'  teach- 
ing experience  or  less;  one-fourth,  less  than 
one  year's  experience. 

Three-fifths  of  women  and  two-fifths  of  men 
teachers  in  rural  schools  have  less  than  high 
school  education. 

More  than  three-fourths  of  all  teachers  are 
sons  and  daughters  of  small  tradesmen  and 
farmers  whose  incomes  average  less  than 
$800  a  year.  They  must  work  under  great 
economic  handicaps. 


SUNDAY  SCHOOL  ENROLMENT 
AND  HOURS  OF  INSTRUCTION 


PROVIDED  ANNUALLY 

BY 

PROTESTANT 

JEWISH  AND  CATHOLIC 

CHURCHES 


CRADLE 
ROLL 


200 

HOURS 


THE   AMERICA  OF  TOMORROW  ? 

JEW  OR  GENTILE  ?  CATHOLIC  OR  PROTESTANT  ? 

ATHEISTIC  OR  RELIGIOUS  ? 


85 

HOURS 

SUNDAY 

SCHOOLS 


250 

HOURS 
WEEKDAY 
SCHOOLS 


ANT  CATHOLIC        JEWISH 


THE  PROTESTANT  CHURCH  MUST  PROVIDE  MORE  TIME 
FOR  RELIGIOUS  INSTRUCTION 


216 


The  Nation's  Light:  RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION 


Pressing  Problems  in  Religious  Education 

A  STUD  Y  of  the  facts  revealed  on  the  foregoing  pages  should  startle  the  Chris- 
tian church  and  alarm  the  democratic  state.  An  army  of  potential 
^  spiritual  illiterates  may  endanger  the  life  of  both  church  and  state.  The 
influence  of  the  spiritual  life  upon  the  social  and  economic  life  of  the  nation  has  long 
challenged  the  attention  of  our  most  thoughtful  observers  and  our  leading  educators. 

This  study  has  not  singled  out  for  special  attention  the  problems  of  religious  education 
of  Alaska,  Hawaii  and  the  West  Indies.  Neither  has  it  called  attention  to  the  special 
problems  of  Negro  religious  education,  the  religious  education  of  non-assimilated 
foreign  groups,  the  religious  nurture  of  children  and  youth  in  reformatories  and  houses 
of  detention  and  many  other  specialized  tasks  which  confront  the  student  of  religious 
education. 

The  statistics  already  presented  show: 

That  a  very  large  army  of  children  and  youth  are-coming  to  maturity  without  a  moral 
foundation  for  citizenship. 

That  there  is  a  definite  relation  between  Sunday  school  enrolment  and  church  mem- 
bership.   The  graphic  representation  on  page  212  makes  this  fact  very  clear. 

That  the  state  is  alarmed  because  of  the  defects  in  our  educational  system  and 
that  the  Smith-Towner  Bill  represents  the  program  of  the  nation  for  self-preserva- 
tion through  universal  education. 

That  the  problems  of  religious  education  in  the  home  are  fundamental  and  that  they 
are,  for  the  most  part,  unsolved. 

The  pages  that  are  to  follow  will  show: 

That  the  church  has  given  very  little  time  to  religious  instruction. 

That  the  church  has  invested  very  little  money  in  elementary  religious  education 
in  the  home,  the  local  church  and  the  community. 

That  the  church  has  not  furnished  an  adequate  program  nor  a  competent  educational 
leadership. 

A  brief  discussion  of  the  most  pressing  problems  will  indicate  the  scope,  character 
and  seriousness  of  the  present  emergency  in  American  religious  education. 


RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION:  The  Nation's  Light 


217 


INDIVIDUAL  ACCOUNTING 

THE  church  cannot  teach  the  people  unless 
it  reaches  them.  Fifty  million  unreached 
people  means  fifty  million  untaught  people. 
Twenty-seven  million  children  and  youth  not 
in  Sunday  school,  means  twenty-seven  million 
potential  spiritual  illiterates.  The  church  must 
find  a  way  to  reach  the  children  and  to  account 
for  them  systematically  from  infancy  to 
maturity.  This  involves  a  program  of  pro- 
motion and  extension.  It  means  an  army  of 
educational  missionaries  who  combine  the  spirit 
of  the  martyr,  the  pioneer  and  the  scientist. 
The  recruiting  of  new  pupils  carries  with  it 
the  heavier  responsibility  of  providing  adequate 
equipment  and  leadership. 

LEADERSHIP 

UNTRAINED,   voluntary  leadership  has 
been  both  the  strength  and  weakness  of 
our    Sunday    schools.     Untrained    leadership 


is  apt  to  be  inefficient  and  dangerous.  Good 
intentions  cannot  justify  bad  practise. 

We  must  retain  our  army  of  consecrated  volun- 
teer teachers  and  officers  but  we  must  provide 
for  them  two  essential  things: 

1.  Training— A  system  of  training  that  will 
reach  and  actually  help  the  average  voluntary 
worker  is  absolutely  basic  in  any  program  for 
the  improvement  of  religious  education  through- 
out the  rank  and  file  of  the  churches. 

2.  Supervision — Trained  teachers  need  care- 
ful supervision.  Untrained  teachers  must  be 
much  more  carefully  supervised.  It  is  a  sound 
principle  that  the  less  training  the  worker  has, 
the  more  direction  he  needs. 

Here  is  the  weakest  spot  in  the  educational 
program  of  the  church.  The  church  has  not 
provided  trained  supervisors  for  its  army  of 
untrained,  volunteer  workers. 


INFORMATION   CONCERNING  ADULT   LEADERS 

OF 
BOY  SCOUTS,  CAMP  FIRE  GIRLS  AND  GIRL  SCOUTS 

( From  a  recent  survey  of  a  typical  small  city) 


^^^,pTOCHl;/»e^ 


^,0^  OF  AOULr  ,^ 


218 


The  Nation's  Light:  RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION 


The  public  school  has  one  supervisor  to  every 
82  teachers;  the  church  school  has  one  super- 
visor to  every  2,716  teachers. 

The  program  of  the  future  should  provide  for 
highly  trained  directors  of  religious  education 
in  the  local  church  and  city,  district,  state  and 
national  superintendents  and  inspectors  who 
will  supervise,  direct  and  train  the  army  of  vol- 
unteer workers.  The  budget  of  the  church 
must  make  ample  provision  for  expert  super- 
vision. 

Extension  in  religious  education  can  be  made 
no  faster  than  capable  leadership  can  be  trained. 
The  lack  of  prophetic  vision  on  the  part  of  de- 
nominational colleges  and  theological  semin- 
aries has  brought  to  us  this  crisis  in  the  life  of 
the  church  almost  without  leadership,  and  with- 
out standards,  formulae  and  accredited  prin- 
ciples of  procedure.  Now  that  the  demand 
has  come  for  trained  leadership  the  work  must 
be  retarded  while  leaders  are  trained.  The 
budgets  asked  for  by  the  various  denomina- 
tional boards  and  interdenominational  agencies 
are  based  not  on  the  needs  but  on  the  ability 
of  the  boards  wisely  to  use  the  funds  with  avail- 
able leadership.  Money  is  not  needed  in  this 
field  nearly  as  badly  as  men  and  women  who 
are  prepared  to  perform  skilful  service. 

CURRICULUM 

THE  child,  the  teacher  and  the  curriculum 
are  the  three  most  important  factors  in  the 
school.  That  which  goes  into  the  curriculum 
eventually  finds  expression  in  conduct. 

The  building  of  the  body  of  common  matter 
that  shall  constitute  the  curriculum  of  our  relig- 
ious schools  is  one  of  the  two  or  three  most 
pressing  problems  before  the  church  today. 
Trained  experts  with  ample  facilities  for  re- 
search and  experimentation  must  be  provided 
in  large  numbers  for  this  purpose. 

MORE  TIME  FOR 
INSTRUCTION 

THE  church  school  must  be  given  adequate 
time  to  do  its  work.  Our  survey  shows 
that  the  average  Protestant  child  has  only  24 
hours  of  time  provided  annually  for  his  relig- 
ious instruction,  while  the  Jewish  child  has 


335  hours  and  the  Catholic  child  has  200 
hours. 

More  time  on  Sunday  and  during  the  week- 
days should  be  provided  as  rapidly  as  curricula 
and  teachers  can  be  prepared. 

Vacation  and  week-day  schools  of  religion  are 
absolutely  necessary  for  the  adequate  religious 
training  of  the  American  people. 

PARENTAL  COOPERATION 

THE  training  of  parents  and  the  coopera- 
tion of  the  home  and  the  church  school 
constitute  one  of  the  most  important  steps  in 
the  educational  program  of  the  church.  This 
department  is  conducting  an  exhaustive  inquiry 
into  the  various  problems  of  child  training  and 
religious  nurture  in  the  home.  Courses  of 
study  must  be  constructed  which  '^11  bring  to 
the  home  material  and  methods  in  this  much 
neglected  field. 

CHURCH  RESPONSIBILITY 

THE  budget  of  the  church  school  should  be- 
come a  part  of  the  budget  of  the  church 
and  the  church  should  feel  itself  actually  re- 
sponsible for  the  educational  program  offered  to 
its  children.  Adequate  building,  equipment, 
teaching  staff  and  parental  support  and  cooper- 
ation will  not  be  secured  until  the  church  re- 
gards its  school  as  one  of  the  chief  agencies  for 
spiritualizing  the  life  of  the  community. 

Two  diagrams  given  in  this  report  show  con- 
clusively that  neither  the  church  nor  the  home 
has  a  Sunday  school  conscience.  One  chart 
shows  that,  in  a  typical  city,  one-half  of  the 
children  enrolled  attend  less  than  half  of  the  ses- 
sions during  a  Sunday  school  year.  The  other 
chart  shows  that  in  the  same  city,  the  percent- 
age of  public  school  attendance  is  one  hundred 
per  cent,  greater  than  the  percentage  of  Sunday 
school  attendance.  Parents  have  a  public 
school  conscience.  They  would  be  ashamed  to 
raise  children  who  were  illiterate,  and  society 
would  ostracize  them  if  they  did.  But  they 
are  not  ashamed  to  rear  children  in  spiritual 
illiteracy  and  society  does  not  stigmatize  the 
family  whose  children  cannot  speak  the  lan- 
guage of  the  spirit.  The  time  has  come  for  a 
great  revival  which  will  convict  the  church 


RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION:  The  Nation's  Light 


219 


of  the  sin  of  neglecting  the  spiritual  life  of  its 
children,  and  arouse  a  conscience  on  the  subject 
in  the  church  and  the  home. 

FINANCIAL  SUPPORT 

DROPPING,  dropping  pennies,  hear  the 
pennies  fall."  This  popular  Sunday 
school  song  suggests  the  financial  program  of 
the  American  Sunday  schools.  Thirteen  mil- 
lion members  of  Protestant  churches  spent  last 
year  an  average  of  five  and  two-tenths  cents 
each — the  price  of  a  lead  pencil — for  their 
national  religious  education  boards. 

The  comparative  cost  of  religious  education  in 
the  local  church  is  too  low  to  secure  a  dignified 
and  efficient  program  of  religious  education. 
The  program  which  present-day  conditions 
demand  of  the  local  church  requires  equipment 
and  trained  leadership,  and  these  cost  money 
and  consume  money.  But  the  results  more 
than  justify  the  investment.  The  new  educa- 
tional program  means  a  new  financial  schedule; 
it  also  means  a  new  spirit  in  the  church  and  a 
vitalized,  spiritualized  citizenship. 


Facts  and  Needs 

Five  facts  have  been  presented  in  the  fore- 
going pages,  namely: 

1.  Unreached  millions. 

2.  Inadequate  amoimt  of  time  for  re- 
ligious training. 

3.  Untrained,  immature  and  unsuper- 
vised voluntary  teachers  and  officers. 

4.  Inadequate  body  of  curriculum  mate- 
rial. 

5.  Meagre  financial  support. 

There  are  five  outstanding  needs  in  the 
field  of  religious  education,  namely: 

1.  A  program  of  Sunday  school  exten- 
sion. 

2.  The  promotion  of  week-day  and  vaca- 
tion schools  of  religion. 

3.  Close  supervision  and  practical  train- 
ing for  voluntary  workers  and  training 
schools  for  professional  leaders. 

4.  Enriched  courses  of  study. 

5.  A  more  generous  financial  support. 


If 


TWO  DAYS  IN  A  TYPICAL  CITY 

POPULATION  51,000 


SATURDAY 

THEATERS,  DANCE  HALLS,  POOL  ROOMS 


FOLLOWING  SUNDAY 
CHURCHES,  SUNDAY  SCHOOLS,  ETC. 


WHAT  OF  THE  OTHER  FIVE  DAYS? 


Jl 


220 


The  Nation's  Light:  RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION 


HOW  SUNDAY  SCHOOL  PUPILS  ATTEND 

ATTENDANCE  RECORDS  FOR  ONE  YEAR  OF  1420  PUPILS  IN  A  TYPICAL  SMALL  CITY 

Percentage  of  Pupil*  ^11*^^"^*'*^  Percentage  of  Attendance  Efficiency 


HALF  OF  THE 

STUDENTS 

ATTEND  LESS  THAN 

HALF  THE  TIME! 


5.1% 

0 

46-49 

«%                                 I 

6.9% 

41-45 

u% 

■  "  .':- 

10.6% 

36-40 

77% 

11.6% 

31-35 

67% 

''\  .';;' 

12.4% 

26-30 

67% 

■'    , 

10.2% 

" 

21-25 

48% 

10.6% 

16-20 

37% 

•   -     .  ;  ■  A 

9.3%     , 

1^' 

11-15 

27% 

— '  '"         '. '  :■ — ' — ;5 

9.3% 

^.' 

6-10 

16% 

^ . -^ -.^ 

12.6%  i 

^^ 

0-5 

6% 

COMPARISON   OF  ATTENDANCE 

FOR  YEAR  SEPT.  1,  1918  TO  SEPT.  1,  1919 
SUNDAY   SCHOOLS  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS 


(from  A  RECENT  SURVEY  OF  A  TYPICAL  SMALL  CITY.     PUBLIC 
SCHOOL  PERCENTAGE  BASED  ON  TOTAL  ENROLMENT  OF  YEAR) 


RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION:  The  Nation's  Light 


221 


Religious  Education  in  America 

Through  Denominational  and  Interdenominational 

Sunday  School  Boards 

FACTS  REVEALED  BY  THE  SURVEY 

1.  A  Dangerous  Situation 

due  to  the  neglect  of  the  religious  training  of  childhood  and  youth  by  the 
American  people, 

imperilling  the  safety  of  the  nation, 

threatening  the  future  of  the  church  and 

seriously  impeding  the  Christianizing  of  the  world. 

2.  An  Inadequate  Organization  and  Program 

on  the  part  of  the  religious  educational  leadership  of  the  church,  due  to  the  slow 
awakening  of  the  Christian  conscience  to  this  need.  This  has  limited  financial 
support  to  a  pitifully  small  amount  in  many  cases  and  seriously  restricted  the 
program  which  leaders  were  justified  in  projecting. 

3.  Great  Inequalities 

among  denominational  Sunday  school  boards  in  their  provision  for  the  religious 
education  of  the  constituencies  for  which  they  are  responsible.  In  some  cases 
the  general  organization  consists  of  one  officer  who  is  so  heavily  loaded  with  mis- 
sionary and  other  duties  that  religious  education  receives  but  a  small  fraction 
of  his  time.  Other  boards  have  expanded  their  staffs,  increased  specialized 
leadership  and  field  service,  especially  during  the  past  five  years.  These  inequali- 
ties make  necessary  some  adjustments  of  budgets  in  order  to  enable  each  board 
to  approximate  a  common  standard  of  efficiency,  and  at  the  same  time  not 
penalize  the  progressive  boards. 

4.  The  Need  of  a  More  Systematic  and  Effective  Cooperation 

between  the  various  religious  educational  leaderships.  This  need  appears  in  an 
inability  to  formulate  adequate  programs  of  national  scope  and  a  failure  to 
secure  a  coordinated  and  continuous  field  promotion  and  supervision.  The 
question  needs  to  be  seriously  raised  as  to  the  service  proper  for  a  Sunday  school 
board  to  carry  forward  independently,  and  the  service  which  it  can  best  render 
its  people  by  cooperative  effort. 


222 


The  Nation's  Light:  RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION 


A  Study  of  Educational  Finances 


HOW  THE  CHURCHES  SPEND  A 
DOLLAR 

IN  A  TYPICAL  SMALL  CITY 

Expended  by  19  churches  $202,608.00 

Expended  by  the  Sunday  schools  7.215.23 

$209,823.23 


71(t 


CHURCH 

BENEVOLENCES 

17  C 


SUNDAY  SCHOOL 


BENEVOLENCES 


FOR  MUSIC 

-  SUNDAY  SCHOOL 
EXPENSES 
2<t 


FOR  JANITOR 
4<f 


PER  CAPITA  EXPENDITURES,  1919 

FOR 

RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION  AND 
SUNDRY  COMMODITIES 


! 

I 

I 

I 

I 


DOLLARS 


T: 


AUTOMOBILES 
$2.40 


CONFECTIONERY 
$1.30 


I 


COFFEE 
$1.12 


PATENT  MED 
$a81 


CINE 


LEAD  PENCILS 
$0.07 


I 


$  0.5S  Expended  by  Denominational 
and  Inter-  Denominational  Boards 
for  RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION,  based 
on  Protestant  Church  Membership 


PER  CAPITA  COSTS  OF  TEACHING  VARIOUS  STUDIES 

IN  A  TYPICAL  CITY 


S  31.43 


$29.22 


$  14.10 


$  13.31 


HOUSEHOLD  ARTS 

MANUAL  ARTS 

SCIENCE 

MATHEMATICS 

FOREIGN  LANGUAGE  I 

ENGLISH 

BUSINESS 

HISTORY.  CIVICS        I         $  8.53 

ART  OF  LIVING  HI 


Z] 


$  12.49 


i        $  10.93 


$  10.41 


$  31.43  FOR  HOUSEHOLD  ARTS 

$104  FOR  THE  ART  OF  LIVING 


RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION:  The  Nation's  Light 


223 


Denominational  Responsibility  for 

Religious  Education 


THE  religious  education  of  all  the  children  of 
all  the  people  demands  of  all  the  churches 
an  adequate  denominational  organization  and 
program.  Unless  this  fundamental  need  of  relig- 
ious education  be  met,  the  solution  of  the 
present  situation  is  hopeless.  The  following 
proposals  should  receive  most  careful  con- 
sideration: 

1.  Churches  must  be  associated  continuously 
in  a  noble  fellowship  of  service  if  the  great  need 
of  a  great  country  is  to  be  met. 

The  natural  and  immediate  fellowship  is  be- 
tween churches  of  like  faith  and  order.  If  this 
fellowship  is  loyal  to  the  Head  of  the  church 
it  must  be  a  fellowship  of  service.  Facing  ne- 
glected childhood  and  youth,  the  denominational 
fellowship  must  add  to  all  other  service  a 
ministry  of  education  through  the  churches. 

2.  A  denominational  leadership  for  religious 
training  must  be  developed  adequate  for 
America's  needs. 


Even  as  no  local  church  reaches  its  highest 
efficiency  when  it  shares  the  time  of  a  pastoral 
leader,  no  denomination  achieves  its  best  in 
religious  education  by  dividing  the  time  of  a 
missionary  or  publishing  or  evangelistic  leader. 
Each  denomination  needs  a  separated  and 
specialized  leadership,  competent  in  educa- 
tional organization.  This  involves  a  staff  of 
officers,  headquarters  offices  and  their  equip- 
ment. 

3.  Denominational  leadership  of  religious  edu- 
cation must  face  such  local  tasks  as: 

Planting  Sunday  schools  in  neglected  areas  as 
revealed  by  a  careful  survey. 

Winning  the  attendance  and  continuous  interest 
of  pupils,  especially  through  the  perilous  years 
of  adolescence. 

Enlisting  and  training  church  school  officers 
and  teachers,  because  the  severest  limitations  of 
the  school  come  from  the  inadequate  number 
and  the  inefficiency  of  its  teachers  and  leaders. 


YOUNG  PEOPLE'S  SOCIETIES 

MEMBERSHIP,  ATTENDANCE  AND  STEADY  WORKERS  BY  AGE  GROUPS 

(FROM  A  SURVEY  OF  A  TYPICAL  SMALL  CITY) 


Ace 

3ROUPS 

1B.17 
Y« 


20% 


60% 


80% 


100% 


B5^ 


MEMBERSHIP 


J  AVERAGE  ATTENDANCE 


STEADY  WORKERS 


]  MEMBERSHIP 


AVERAGE  ATTENDANCE 


]  STEADY  WORKERS 


31  V« 
and  up 


MEMBERSHIP 
^^      AVERAGE  ATTENDANCE 
HP  STEADY  WORKERS 

J~l  MEMBERSHIP 

g  AVERAGE  ATTENDANCE 
STEADY  WORKERS 


Mat* 


Pemale 

1 1 


224 


The  Nation's  Light:  RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION 


L 


PARTICIPATION  OF  MEMBERS  OF  YOUNG  PEOPLE'S  SOCIETIES 

IN  CHURCH  AND  CHURCH  SCHOOL 


TCrr^L  MEIttBCRSHtP  OP  11  VOIfllGi  MSPPLCt  SOOtttiEt  ^SM 


iw%j 


MEMBERS  OF  CHimCH   «»% 


mXOm  CHURCH  tCHOOi.  REGUUIRLY 


6a%} 


34%     ATTEND  CHURCH  SERVICE  (A.  M.)  REGULARLY 


4i%]  ATTEND  CHURCH  SERVICE  (P.  M.)  REGULARLY 


i%] 


m%  I  TAKE  COMMUNION 


mm" 


%•% 


CHURCH  SCHOOL  TEACHERS 


USHERS  OR  TAKE  COLLECTIONS 


tf% 


SING  OR  PLAY  IN  CHOIR  OR  ORCHESTRA 


10% 


ATTEND  WEEKLY  PRAYER-SERVICE  OF  CHURCH 


t%    TAKE  PART  IN  WEEKLY  PRAYER  SERVICE  OF  CHURCH 


Mm 


;;  UNITED  WITH  THE  CHURCH  DURING  YEAR 
CHRISTIAN  WORK  DECISION  DURING  YEAR 


PARTICIPATION  OF  MEMBERS  OF  YOUNG  PEOPLE'S  SOCIETIES 

IN  SOCIETY  ACTIVITIES 


mkftsL  msmm»m^  of  ii  VQiiii6 


Q0»  MI 


iOm  m  TNK  SII«C»lflG 


I 


I 


381^1 


■  ■I       l>l     "^ 

«%] 

iiw    aim 


ACT  AS  A  LEADER  OF  A  DEVOTIONAL  MEETING 


22% 


'a 


»%] 


PRAY  IN  PUBLIC 
READ  A  VERSE 


13 


READ  A  VERSE  AND  COMMENT 


[  I4%|mAKE  a  LONGER  TALK. 


I  9%    RECITE  FROM  MEMORY 

I  ii^SING  A  SOLO  IN  A  QUARTETTE  OR  CHOIR 


1 


«% 


I 


PLAY  INSTRUMENTAL  20L0  QB  IN  ORCHESTRA 


0%iASK  OTHERS  TO  JOIN  THE  SOCIETY 


MTfiA  THE JVHSMlii  JiM 


"^ 


ASSIST  IN  SOCIALS 


S 


ACTUAL  WORK  ON  COMMITTEES 


RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION:  The  Nation's  Light 


225 


Giving  specialized  help  to  workers  in  the  grades, 
since  teachers  of  children,  of  boys  and  girls,  of 
young  people  and  of  adults  can  only  be  assisted 
effectively  by  experts  in  their  specialized  field. 

Building  and  remodeling  church  school  houses, 
for  even  a  good  teacher  may  be  defeated  by  the 
physical  conditions  which  an  ignorant  or  care- 
less church  permits. 

Relating  evangelism  and  instruction  effectively 
to  safeguard  the  evangelical  bases  of  religious 
education. 

Providing  systematic  and  coordinated  mission- 
ary education  in  order  to  give  every  pupil  infor- 
mation and  the  passion  and  habit  of  service. 

Supplying  social  training  in  attitudes  and  ser- 
vice as  one  of  the  tasks  of  religious  education 
made  plain  by  the  war  and  after. 

Creating  opportunities  for  additional  religious 
instruction  since  one-half  hour  a  week  is  utterly 
inadequate.  The  daily  vacation  Bible  school, 
week  day  religious  instruction  and  other  plans 
must  be  promoted. 

4.  Denominational  leadership  must  develop 
a  field  force  reaching  all  the  churches. 

It  is  not  sufficient  to  have  a  headquarters  force. 
Correspondence  and  the  printed  page  do  a  great 
deal  but  immediate,  personal  help  is  necessary. 
Trained  and  paid  workers  for  limited  territory 
must  be  supplied.  Rural  and  urban  work  call 
for  two  types  of  leaders  if  promotion  and  super- 
vision are  properly  to  be  cared  for. 

5.  The  denomination  will  issue  its  own  lesson 
course  material. 

The  material  of  religious  education  must  grow 
out  of  the  experience  of  those  who  teach.  Each 
communion  of  believers  will  be  impelled  to 
express  its  faith  in  the  material  it  supplies  for 
the  training  of  children  and  youth.  There  is 
need  of  an  editorial  staff  trained  in  the  prin- 
ciples and  practise  of  religious  education. 


6.  Publicity  and  popular  promotion  material 
must  be  circulated. 

A  constituency  must  be  aroused  and  instructed. 
Interest  must  be  awakened  in  prospective 
workers.  Special  occasions  and  programs  must 
be  advertised. 

The  service  of  a  specialist  who  can  popularize 
educational  appeals  is  in  demand  and  he  must 
be  given  a  fund  for  printing.  Each  department 
must  circulate  free  material  in  promoting  its 
work.  An  adequate  budget  item  must  be 
provided  for  this  need. 

7.  The  staff  of  workers  needs  further  training 
in  order  to  avoid  ruts  and  compel  progress  in  a 
rapidly  developing  field.  Each  denomination 
ought  to  arrange  training  conferences,  summer 
schools  for  paid  workers  and  professional  cor- 
respondence study  courses.  Financial  pro- 
vision must  be  made  for  this  need. 

8.  Young  people's  needs  must  be  met. 

Because  of  the  tremendously  significant  period 
of  youth,  special  leadership  is  needed  for  young 
peoples'  work.  During  the  'teen  years  habits 
of  Christian  life  and  service  are  formed  or 
largely  made  impossible.  No  provision  for 
religious  education  is  complete  without  atten- 
tion to  the  groups  of  young  people. 

9.  A  service  of  research  and  experimentation 
must  be  maintained  to  secure  educational 
advance. 

Beyond  present  attainment  and  understanding 
must  go  the  discoverers  and  pioneers.  Pro- 
gressive denominational  leadership  will  develop 
departments  of  religious  education  in  colleges 
and  universities  and  provide  experiment  sta- 
tions. Scientific  surveys  and  wide  investiga- 
tions are  needed  for  uncovering  needs  and 
weaknesses,  improving  methods  and  clarifying 
principles.  A  sufficient  budget  provision  must 
be  made  for  this  important  work. 


TRAINED  leadership  and  close  supervision  are  the  most  pressing  needs 
of  two  million  voluntary  teachers  and  officers  in  the  American  Sunday 
schools. 


226 


The  Nation's  Light:  RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION 


SPECIAL  PROMOTION   NEEDS 

IN  ADDITION  to  the  expense  of  maintaining 
headquarters  offices,  general  officers,  field 
workers,  equipment  and  extension  service  and 
special  young  people's  work,  denominational 
boards  must  provide  for  special  promotion 
needs. 

An  analysis  of  promotion  needs  discloses  the 
fact  that  some  of  the  fundamental  requisites 
are  wholly  or  largely  wanting.  Chief  of  these 
needs  are  the  following: 

Teacher  Training 

Daily  Vacation  Bible  Schools 

Week-day  Instruction 

Training  Schools 

Missionary  Education 

Social  Training 

Sunday  Schools  for  New  Americans 

Staff  Training 

Promotion 

Publicity 

Research 

Each  board  must  determine  its  own  needs  and 
apportion  its  finances  accordingly.  But  for  the 
most  part  each  board  will  feel  the  need  of  a 
direct  service  of  its  own  or  of  cooperating  in  a 
joint  service  for  each  of  the  causes  mentioned. 

STAFF  DISTRIBUTION 

WHEN  we  analyze  the  staff  of  workers, 
the  forces  are  seen  to  include: 


General  Workers — 

General  Secretary 
Education  Secretary 
Sunday    School 

Editors 
Grade  Specialists 
Teacher  Training 
Missionary    Educa- 
tion 
Daily    Vacation 

Bible  Schools 
Week  Day  Religious 

Instruction 
Social  Service  Edu- 
cation 
Training  Schools 
Sunday  School  Work 
for  New  Americans 


Negro  Sunday  School 
Workers 

Extension  Workers 

Rural 

Evangelism 

Sunday  School  Archi- 
tecture 

Parent  Training 

Survey  Workers 

Music  (including  Wor- 
ship, Religious  Art, 
Pageantry) 

Librarian 

Correspondence  Study 
and  Staff  Training 

Research 

Stenographers 


Field  Workers — 

State  and  District 

Leaders 
City  Leaders 
Grade  Specialists 
Extension 
School  Survey  Workers 

Young  People* s  Workers 
General  Officers 


Business  Branch 
Advisors 

Clerks  and  Steno- 
graphers 

Part-time  Workers 


Field  Workers 


The  foregoing  list  of  workers  has  been  gathered 
from  the  experience  of  many  denominational 
boards.  No  board  employs  all  these  workers  but 
every  board  is  expanding  its  work  and  pushing 
out  into  new  forms  of  service.  Every  progres- 
sive board  has  plans  for  the  enlargement  of  its 
work  of  religious  education  beyond  its  present 
operations.  Boards  with  small  income  ^nd 
rudimentary  organization  must  first  give  at- 
tention to  the  headquarters  office  and  secure 
a  general  and  specialized  leadership.  With  the 
increase  of  funds  and  workers  boards  must  give 
attention  to  their  field  force  in  order  to  carry 
help  to  local  churches  more  directly.  In  many 
instances  boards  must  find  a  basis  of  field  coop- 
eration to  give  their  people  the  specific  help 
they  need.  These  problems  are  receiving  the 
careful  attention  of  educational  leaders. 


COMPARATIVE  SUPERVISION  OF 
PUBLIC  AND  SUNDAY  SCHOOLS 


SUNDAY  SCHOOL 

ONE  SUPERVISOR  FOR 
2716  TEACHERS 


PUBLIC  SCHOOL 

ONE  SUPERVISOR 
FOR  82  TEACHERS 


RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION:  The  Nation' 9  Light 


227 


Cooperation  in  Religious  Education 


RELIGIOUS  education  if  it  is  to  be  pro- 
,  vided  through  local  church  effort  for  all 
Anierica  must  be  organized  and  promoted  by 
cities,  counties  and  states  as  a  whole  as  well  as 
separately  by  each  denomination. 

The  surveys  show  the  needs  of  the  field.  For 
every  state-wide  organization  there  will  ulti- 
mately be  needed: 

1.  A  standard  official  force,  including  a  general 
secretary;  a  superintendent  of  religious  educa- 
tion; divisional  specialists  for  work  with  chil- 
dren, youth,  adults  and  general  officers;  an 
office  secretary  and  additional  specialists  and 
assistants  as  each  field  may  need. 

2.  Educational  field  representatives  for  groups 
of  counties. 

3.  A  working  organization  for  each  city  and 
county  unit,  with  its  own  leadership  and  local 
budget  locally  raised. 

4.  Adequate  headquarters  space  with  equip- 
ment for  efficient  office  service. 


5.  A  modem  program  of  community  training 
for  religious  teachers  and  school  leaders. 

For  the  stimulation  of*  state,  county  and  city 
organization,  for  the  equalizing  of  educational 
opportunities,  and  for  the  stimulating  of  unified 
educational  programs  there  should  be  a  national 
headquarters  with  a  staff  of  specialists,  a 
system  of  training  schools  for  association 
workers,  and  provision  for  stimulating  profes- 
sional interest  through  conventions,  reading 
courses  and  institutes.  There  must  be  adequate 
machinery  for  cooperative  community  work  in 
religious  education.  The  recent  reorganization 
of  both  the  Sunday  School  Council  of  Evan- 
gelical Denominations  and  the  International 
Sunday  School  Association  prepares  the  way 
for  a  period  of  cooperative  work,  unprecedented 
in  the  history  of  organized  Sunday-school  work. 
By  the  terms  of  the  new  agreement  the  State 
and  the  International  Sunday  School  Associa- 
tions become  the  agencies  through  which  the 
various  denominational  Sunday  school  boards 
carry  out  their  common  policies. 


228 


The  Nation's  Light:  RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION 


THREE  RESULTS  OF  A  SURVEY  OF 
RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION 

1.  Facts— Such  a  body  of  vital,  comparable  facts  as  will 
guide  in  building  national,  state,  and  denominational 
programs  of  religious  education. 

2.  Tools— Such  a  body  of  standardized  technique— 
norms,  tests,  standards— as  will  provide  a  new  and 
better  method  of  measuring  and  directing  the  pro- 
cesses of  religious  education. 

3.  Methods— Standardized  methods  for  guiding  local 
churches  and  communities  in  surveying  conditions, 
building  programs,  testing  results  and  determining 
budgets. 


L 


CHURCH  SCHOOL  TEACHERS 

IN  A  TYPICAL  SMALL  CITY 
AGE  AT  WHICH  THEY  BEGAN  TEACHING  IN  CHURCH 


NUMBER  OF  TEACHERS 
RETURNING  QUESTIONNAIRES 


SIGNIFICANT  FACTS 
I  Besan  T«achinc  When  13  Year*  Old 
12        '•  "  14 

18 '6  ::   ;: 

31  •» 

32 '7       ••        •• 


OCCUPATION  OF 

CHURCH  SCHOOL  TEACHERS 

IN  A  TYPICAL  SMALL  CITY 


kMuJ 


21-30 
YEARS 


«t%» 


AGE  NOT 
REPORTED 


31-40 
YEARS  41-50 


[SSli 


Percentage 

Manofactureslndustries  - 

3.0 

Transportation     - 

1.0 

Trade       .       .       -       - 

9.2 

Professional  Service      - 

20.8 

Domestic  and  Personal  Service 

1.3 

Clerical  Occupations 

43.3 

Homemakers 

21.1 

RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION:  The  Nation's  Light 


229 


How  Christian  Education  Builds  the 

New  Social  Order 

THE  world  is  in  the  midst  of  a  social  unrest  seldom  if  ever  equalled  in  the  his- 
tory of  the  human  race.  Man  has  failed  to  preserve  the  peace  of  the  world. 
Organized  governments  are  being  overthrown  and  untried  social  theories  are 
demanding  a  hearing  and  a  trial.  In  the  early  days  of  our  republic  we  borrowed 
European  educational  institutions.  We  are  now  in  danger  of  borrowing  European 
and  oriental  theories  of  society  which  will  overthrow  our  domestic  institutions. 

The  crying  need  of  the  hour  is  for  social  stability. 

"Education  is  the  introduction  of  control  into  experience.'' 

*'  Religious  education  is  the  introduction  of  control  into  experience  in  terms  of  a  great 
religious  ideal." 

"  Christian  education  is  the  introduction  of  control  into  experience  in  terms  of  Jesus 
Christ.  It  is  the  task  of  Christian  education  to  secure  individual  and  social  control 
in  terms  of  the  universal  mind  of  Christ,  which  is  the  only  standard  of  conduct  'safe 
for  democracy.'" 

In  undertaking  the  task  of  building  a  program  of  religious  education  which  will  under- 
gird  society  with  those  moral  and  religious  sanctions  which  guarantee  the  stability 
of  the  social  order,  the  religious  educator  will  make  a  comprehensive  study  of  present 
conditions;  he  will  analyze  and  evaluate  existing  methods  and  processes. 

It  is  such  a  searching  diagnosis  which  the  American  Religious  Education  Survey 
Department  has  undertaken.  The  survey  is  remedial  not  merely  diagnostic.  Upon 
its  results  it  will  be  possible  to  build  a  comprehensive  program  of  religious  educa- 
tion.   The  objects  of  the  survey  are: 

1.  To  secure  a  definite  body  of  facts  upon  which  to  base  a  program  of  religious 
education  which  may  be  budgetted  in  terms  of  men  and  money. 

2.  To  establish  standards  and  norms  as  a  basis  of  measuring  religious  educational 
methods,  processes  and  institutions. 

3.  To  establish  scientific  methods  of  approach  to  the  problems  of  moral  and  religious 
education  for  the  guidance  of  local  leaders,  churches  and  communities  in  their 
erection  of  programs  and  budgets. 


230 


The  Nation's  Light:  RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION 


EDUCATION  OF  PARENTS  OF  CHURCH  SCHOOL  TEACHERS 

IN  A  TYPICAL  SMALL  CITY 

FATHER  MOTHER 


EDUCATIONAL  TRAINING  OF  100  CHURCH  SCHOOL  TEACHERS 

IN  A  TYPICAL  SMALL  CITY 


8  Had  some  College  Trainino 
6  Graduated  from  College 


31  Had  some  Training 
IN  High  School  or 
Business  School 


High  School 


16  Graduated  from  the  Public  School 
8  Did  not  Finish  the  Public  School 


-«-ir^ 


RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION:  The  Nation's  Light 


231 


4.  To  lay  the  foundation  for  a  uniform  system  of  educational  statistics  and  measure- 
ments in  the  field  of  moral  and  religious  education. 

5.  To  interpret  and  evaluate  the  data  gathered  in  terms  of  the  standards  adopted. 

6.  To  present  results  in  concrete  and  graphic  form. 

The  scope  of  the  survey  will  be  shown  by  the  following  classification  of  schedules 
which  have  been  prepared  by  this  department. 


I.  RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION 
IN  THE  LOCAL  CHURCH 

1.  General  information 

2.  Buildings  and  equipment 

3.  Individual  accoimting 

4.  Curriculum 

5.  Organization  and  administration 

6.  Teachers  and  officers 

7.  Supervision  of  teachers  and  officers 

8.  Finance 

9.  Religious  education  in  the  home. 

10.  Cooperation  of  the  Sunday  school  in  the 

religious  education  of  the  community 

11.  Educational    organizations   for   young 

people 

II.  RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION 
IN  THE  COMMUNITY 

1.  Community  organization  for  religious 

education 

2.  Community  schools  of  religious  educa- 

tion 

3.  Week-day  religious  schools 


4.  Vacation  Bible  schools 

5.  Young  Men's  Christian  Association — 

city  work 

6.  Yoimg  Men's  Christian  Association — . 

rural  work 

7.  Young  Women's  Christian  Association 

— city  work 

8.  Young  Women's  Christian  Association 

— crural  work 

9.  Boy  Scouts 

10.  Girl  Scouts 

11.  Camp  Fire  Girls 

12.  Woodcraft  League 

13.  Religious     education    in    the    public 

schools 

14.  Community  census 

15.  Community  music 

16.  Community  art 

17.  Community  drama  and  pageantry 

18.  Playgrounds  and  recreation 

19.  Community  amusements 

20.  Juvenile  delinquency 


232 


The  Nation's  Light:  RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION 


III.  RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION 
IN  THE  HOME 

1.  General  schedule  for  church  families 

2.  Special  schedule  for  non-church  families 

3.  Special  schedule  for  selected  families 

IV.  RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION 
IN  SPECIAL  FIELDS 

1.  Alaska 

2.  Hawaii 

.3.    West  Indies 

V.  RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION 
OF  SPECIAL  GROUPS 

1.  Indian  schools 

2.  Juvenile  delinquents 

3.  State  and  federal  prisons  and  peniten- 

tiaries 

4.  Schools  for  blind  and  deaf 

5.  Schools  for  feeble-minded 

6.  Orphanages  and  children's  homes  under 

state  or  municipal  support 


7.    Orphanages  and  institutions  of  correction 
under  church  auspices. 

VI.    GENERAL  SUPERVISORY  AND 
PROMOTION  AGENCIES 

1.  Denominational  Sunday  school  boards 

2.  Interdenominational  Simday  school  asso- 

ciations 
-    3.    Denominational  young  people's  boards. 

4.  Interdenominational     young      people's 

boards 

5.  Independent  religious  education  associa- 

tions 

This  survey  is  undertaken  from  the  viewpoint 
of  the  church.  The  churches  are  active,  con- 
structive agencies  creating  values  essential  to 
the  life  of  all  the  people.  As  community  build- 
ers, the  churches  are  seeking  through  careful 
surveys  the  facts  upon  which  to  base  their  pro- 
grams of  parish  and  community  work.  With- 
out basic  facts  progress  is  accidental. 


RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION:  The  Nation's  Light 


233 


A  Statesmanlike  Program  of  Religious 

Education 


IF  THE  millions  of  unchurched  people  re- 
vealed by  the  chart  on  page  208  are  to  be 
adequately  trained  in  the  principles  of  the 
Christian  religion,  and  if  in  addition  to  this 
responsibility  this  nation  is  to  furnish  a  leader- 
ship which  will  carry  Christianity  to  the  utter- 
most parts  of  the  earth,  steps  must  be  taken 
at  once  to  build  a  statesmanlike  program  of 
religious  education  for  the  American  people. 
Such  a  program  would  involve  the  following 
items: 

1.  The  securing  and  training  of  an  army  of 
religious  teachers,  both  professional  and  volun- 
teer.   This  would  mean: 


a.  The  establishment  of  research  and  graduate 
schools  in  religious  education. 

6.  The  creation  of  departments  of  religious 
education  in  church  colleges. 

c.  The  founding  of  a  system  of  teacher-training 
schools  and  institutes  for  the  training  of  the 
volunteer  workers,  including  community  train- 
ing schools  which  place  the  federated  resources 
of  all  the  churches  in  a  community  at  the  dis- 
posal of  each  church  in  the  community. 

d.  The  creation  of  associations  for  the  self- 
development  of  both  volunteer  and  professional 
workers. 


234 


The  Nation's  Light:  RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION 


2.  The  creation  of  a  curriculum  for  all  grades 
of  church  schools 

3.  The  establishment  of  week-day  and  vaca- 
tion schools  of  religion. 

4.  The  strengthening  and  vitalizing  of  the 
educational  program  of  each  local  church. 

5.  The  establishment  of  parent-training 
courses  in  the  interest  of  religious  education 
in  the  home. 

6.  The  creation  of  community  programs  of 
religious  education  through  which  the  church 


will  use  music,  art,  drama  and  recreation  as 
agencies  for  the  spiritualizing  of  the  ideals  of 
the  whole  community. 

7.  The  creation  of  a  system  of  organization 
and  support  which  will  be  adequate  to  sustain 
a  school  system  involving  thousands  of  teach- 
ers and  millions  of  students  and  costing  billions 
of  dollars. 

8.  The  creation  of  a  system  of  supervision  and 
control  which  will  preserve  denominational  and 
local  autonomy  and  still  secure  essential  unity 
of  program  and  policy  for  the  entire  nation. 


SOME  TYPICAL  SITUATIONS 
IN  CHURCHES  AND  RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION  PLANTS 

AS  SHOWN   BY  GRADED  SERIES  OF  PHOTOGRAPHS 


CHURCH  BASEMENTS 


PRIMARY  ROOMS  FOR  RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION 


CHURCH  KITCHENS 


RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION:  The  Nation's  Light 


235 


A  National  Program  for  Public  Education 

The  Missionary  Spirit  in  the  PubUc  Schools 


THE  Smith-Towner  Bill  now  before  Con- 
gress, introduced  in  the  House  by  Congress- 
man Horace  Mann  Towner  of  Iowa,  and 
known  as  H.  R.  7,  and  in  the  Senate 
by  Senator  Hoke  Smith  of  Georgia,  and  known 
as  S.  1017,  establishes  a  Department  of  Educa- 
tion with  a  Secretary  in  the  President's  cabinet 
and  authorizes  the  appropriation  of  $100,000,000 
annually  by  the  federal  government  to  encour- 
age the  states  in  the  promotion  of  education. 

Of  the  $100,000,000  authorized  to  be  appro- 
priated, $7,500,000  is  for  the  removal  of 
illiteracy;  $7,500,000  for  special  work  among 
new  Americans;  $50,000,000  for  the  partial 
payment  of  teachers'  salaries  and  the  promotion 
of  public  education  generally,  particularly  in 
rural  communities;  $20,000,000  for  the  pro- 
motion of  physical  education,  including  health 
and  sanitation;  and  $15,000,000  for  the  training 
of  teachers. 

The  bill  provides  that  a  state  must  furnish  an 
equal  amount  for  each  of  the  purposes  named 
in  order  to  receive  its  share  of  these  apportion- 
ments. There  is  a  specific  provision,  ''That 
all  the  educational  facilities  encouraged  by 
the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  be  organized, 
supervised  and  administered  exclusively  by  the 
legally  constituted  state  and  local  educational 
authorities  of  the  state."  All  funds  allotted  to 
a  state  must  be  distributed  and  administered  in 
accordance  with  the  laws  of  the  state.  Under  the 
provisions  of  the  bill,  state  autonomy  and  local 
control  of  education  are  most  carefully  preserved. 

The  establishment  of  a  Department  of  Educa- 
tion with  a  Secretary  in  the  President's  cabinet 


will  give  to  education  the  recognition  which  it 
justly  deserves  because  of  its  vital  relation  to 
national  welfare.  Through  such  a  department 
the  federal  government  could  promote  educa- 
tion, as  it  has  promoted  agriculture  and  other 
great  interests  over  which  it  does  not  have 
control.  The  importance  of  public  education 
from  the  national  standpoint  was  recognized 
by  our  forefathers  at  the  very  beginning  of  our 
government.  An  ordinance  of  1787  declares 
that  "Religion,  morality  and  knowledge  being 
necessary  to  free  government  and  the  happiness 
of  mankind,  schools  and  the  means  of  education 
shall  forever  be  encouraged." 

It  must  be  conceded  by  all  that  the  security 
and  perpetuity  of  a  government  of  the  people 
is  dependent  upon  an  enlightened  citizenship. 
If  we  are  to  develop  a  civilization  which  shall 
stand  the  severe  tests  of  the  coming  years,  the 
right  kind  of  education  must  be  promoted 
throughout  the  entire  nation.  To  give  the 
greatest  impetus  to  a  movement  for  universal 
education  of  the  right  sort,  there  must  be  the 
stimulating  influence  of  a  national  purpose. 

A  question  of  such  transcending  importance,  so 
vitally  related  to  the  security  and  prosperity  of 
our  country,  cannot  be  disregarded  by  the 
national  government  and  left  entirely  to  the 
states  and  local  communities.  National  ideals 
cannot  be  realized  by  states  and  communities 
unaided  by  national  encouragement  and  sup- 
port. There  must  be  the  unifying  influence  of 
a  national  incentive  that  education  may  accom- 
plish the  greatest  good  and  make  the  largest 
contribution  to  national  welfare. 


'pHE  Chnstxan  college  is  dependent  upon :    ( 1)  The  Christian  home.   (2)  The 
•^    school  in  the  local  church.    (3)  The  Christian  community.    To  neglect 
these  three  agenaes  is  to  imperil  the  future  of  the  Christian  church  and  to 
jeopardize  the  cause  of  righteousness  within  our  democracy 


1 


236 


The  Nation's  Light:  RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION 


The  national  government  through  its  Depart- 
ment of  Education  will  exercise  no  autocratic 
power  in  the  realization  of  this  end.  It  will 
stimulate  and  encourage,  but  it  can  never 
dictate.  It  will  make  a  thorough  investigation 
of  all  educational  questions,  and  a  compara- 
tive study  of  the  educational  systems  of  all 
the  states.  It  will  then  suggest  certain  educa- 
tional standards,  based  upon  this  broader 
knowledge,  which  should  be  attained  in  all  the 
states  in  order  to  preserve  our  free  institutions 
and  make  possible  the  realization  of  our  highest 
national  ideals. 

The  secretary  of  education,  because  of  his 
high  official  position,  will  always  have  a  hearing. 
What  his  department  proposes  will  receive  the 
consideration  of  the  President,  of  congress, 
and  of  the  people  of  the  country.  Through 
national  promotion  and  stimulation,  standards 
will  be  raised  in  all  states.  The  day  will  be 
hastened  when  it  can  no  longer  be  said  that 
millions  of  American  citizens  cannot  read  the 
Constitution,  nor  even  their  ballots — a  condi- 
tion which  humbles  our  national  pride  and  is 
fraught  with  the  gravest  danger. 

Public  education  is  one  of  the  most  vital  ques- 
tions before  the  American  people  today.  Our 
public  school  systems  are  in  danger  of  breaking 
down  from  lack  of  adequate  support.  A 
hundred  million  dollars  is  not  a  large  sum  for 
the  government  to  appropriate  to  assist  the 
states  in  preserving  and  developing  our  free 
school  systems,  which  have  been  properly  called 
the  palladium  of  our  liberties.  The  real 
question  is  not  whether  our  government  can 
afford  to  spend  this  amount,  but  whether  it 
can  afford  not  to  spend  it. 


The  perpetuity  and  prosperity  of  our  nation 
demand  that  it  give  all  possible  encouragement 
and  assistance  to  the  states  in  the  development 
through  education  of  a  citizenship  physically 
and  intellectually  sound,  imbued  with  the 
spirit  and  ideals  of  true  Americanism.  Thus 
only  can  our  republic  be  made  safe,  efficient 
and  enduring. 

THREE  WAYS  OF 

TEACHING  RELIGION 

TO  THE  AMERICAN  PEOPLE 

THERE  are  but  three  ways  to  give  the 
American  people  a  religious  education. 
First,  by  teaching  religion  in  the  public  schools. 
Second,  by  withdrawing  our  children  from  the 
public  schools  and  establishing  parochial  schools 
where  religious  and  secular  subjects  may  be 
taught  under  the  auspices  of  the  church. 
Third,  by  teaching  religion  in  our  homes  and 
in  our  churches.  This  would  require  the 
building  of  a  system  of  religious  schools  paral- 
leling and  cooperating  with  the  public  schools. 

The  first  of  these  three  methods  violates  our 
principles  of  the  separation  of  the  church  and 
state.  The  second  would  destroy  the  public 
school  system  and  at  the  end  disrupt  our 
American  democracy.  The  third  is  the  only 
method  consistent  with  the  fundamental  princi- 
ples of  the  American  government. 

It  is  clear  that  the  price  which  we  must  pay 
for  our  religious  liberty  is  whatever  price  it 
may  cost  to  build  a  system  of  religious  schools 
which  will  parallel  the  public  schools  and  be 
equally  efficient.  The  building  of  such  a  sys- 
tem of  religicas  schools  is  one  of  the  most 
important  tasks  of  the  church. 


Hogs  and  Corn  vs.  Boys  and  Girls 

THE  man  who  stimulates  a  national  interest  in  hogs  and  com  has  a  seat 
in  the  President's  cabinet  as  secretary  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture. 
Why  should  not  this  nation  place  in  the  President's  cabinet  a  man  who  would 
stimulate  a  national  interest  in  the  education  of  boys  and  girls,  and  who  would 
be  known  as  secretary  of  the  Department  of  Education? 


RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION:  The  Nation's  Light 


237 


[ 


THE  FOUR  PILLARS  OF 
DEMOCRACY 


THE  CHRISTIAN  HOME 


(( 


The  hand  that  rocks  the  cradle  is  the  hand  that 
rules  the  world." 


THE  CHRISTIAN  COMMUNITY 

"By  cooperative  effort  we  build  here  a  holy  city/' 

THE  SCHOOL  IN  THE  LOCAL  CHURCH 


n 


The  task  of  the  school  in  the  local  church  is  to  present 
Jesus  Christ  as  the  Lord  and  Master  of  all  human 
relationships." 


THE  PUBLIC  SCHOOL 


n 


In  the  last  analysis  the  destiny  of  any  nation  is 
determined  by  the  schoolmasters  of  that  nation." 


To  neglect  these  four  institutions  is  to  weaken  the 
church,  to  tear  down  all  Christian  colleges,  to  rob  home 
and  foreign  mission  boards  of  both  funds  and  leadership, 
and  to  overthrow  democratic  institutions  by  destroying 
the  spiritual  and  moral  sanctions  which  are  absolutely 
essential  to  stable  and  righteous  government. 


238 


The  Nation's  Light:  RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION 


Hofmann^s  "Christ  Among  the  Doctors^' 


THINK  of  the  boy  Jesus  in  the  midst  of 
the  doctors  in  the  temple  at  Jerusalem. 
What  spiritual  insight!  Suppose  the 
spiritual  leaders  at  Nazareth  had  taken  the 
attitude  toward  him  that  the  Protestant 
churches  of  America  are  taking  toward  the 
27,000,000  American  children  and  youth 
who  are  today  unreached  by  the  educational 
agencies  of  the  church! 


RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION:  The  Nation's  Light 


239 


The  Spiritual  Neglect  of  Childhood 


THE  chart  at  the  bottom  of  this  page  should 
be  studied  in  connection  with  the  budget 
statement  on  pages  306  and  307.  The  hatched 
bars  represent  the  askings  of  the  various 
denominational  boards  of  education  for  institu- 
tions of  higher  learning;  the  black  bars  repre- 
sent the  askings  of  the  same  religious  bodies  for 
denominational  supervision  of  religious  educa- 
tion in  the  home,  and  the  local  church. 

Last  year  thirteen  million  members  of  twenty 
religious  bodies  spent  five  and  three-tenths 
cents  a  member  for  their  Sunday  school  and 
young  people's  boards;  this  year  they  are  asking 
for  twenty  cents  a  member. 

To  three  out  of  every  five  Protestant  children 
the  Protestant  churches  say:     ''We  are  ex- 


ceedingly regretful  but  we  have  no  funds  to 
guarantee  you  a  religious  education.  May  be 
when  you  are  old  we  can  spend  a  little  money 
in  adult  evangelistic  campaigns  to  rescue  you 
from  lives  of  sin,  but  don't  ask  us  now  for 
money  to  keep  you  pure."  To  the  other  two 
children  the  church  says:  "We  are  able  to 
offer  you  twenty-four  hours  of  religious  instruc- 
tion annually  in  schools  usually  taught  by 
immature,  untrained  and  unsupervised  volun- 
tary teachers.  Do  the  best  you  can,  children,  on 
half  a  dollar  a  year  for  spiritual  nurture,  and 
if  you  ever  do  go  to  a  Christian  college  we 
will  spend  much  more  upon  your  training." 
To  which  a  righteous  judge  will  reply:  "  Inas- 
much as  ye  did  it  not  to  one  of  the  least  of 
these  my  little  ones  ye  did  it  not  unto  me." 


PER  CAPITA  STATEMENT  OF  AMERICAN  EDUCATION  AND 
AMERICAN  RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION  BUDGETS 


I  Am. Religious  Education 


\':}^::i  American  Education 


Denomination               Dollars  per 

"P'ta           2               4              6              8              10              12             14              16             18             20 

Nonn«m  Baptist  Convention i)t>i  rv^i."  "■ 

-— thI* 

-.  .  i-j 

National  Baptist  Convention §-^ 

1 

General  Baptist  ^§8 

Church  of  the  Brethren - '1 9| 

■"" '  1  • ;  -y ; 



^ '■  «y 

"TTTl 

Brethren  Church i^ 

! 1 

Christian  Church  -  - ^-^ 

..  .==3 

Congregational  Churches g  gj 

— ^ 

Disciples  of  Christ  - ^^| 

1 

H^a^M 

Evangelical  Synod  of  N.A. ^-^ 

3 

Society  of  Friends  in  America      5  jg 

i 1 

pjj 

Methodist  Episcopal  Church       gg| 

1 

Methodist  Protestant  Church       5  g 
Free  Methodist  Church  of  N.A.   '^  95 

L 

:Li.;;«.:',-^ 

^i-r.-.T; 

■T-.r'.-.^ 

I.4Z 
Presbyterian  Church  in  the  U.S.A^-^| 

H 

3 

Presbyterian  Church  in  the  U.S.  ii% 

■■         -'               -'••' 

United  Presbyterian  Church '0(^2| 

I'"      — 

-_  ■  ■    —7 

jt-,^-ii:j.-' 

i_-.;.„.".1 

Reformed  Church  of  America {j^^ 

r-" 

Reformed  Church  in  the  U.S.  -  § ;||  j — — — j-^ 

Church  of  the  United  Brethren  -  ^^  ^n        ,  i|,ifr,^r-'ini^ 

JSkSiLlS^ 

] 

f^          Total  budeet                 2.51  piF^n  ■ 
Total  membership        0.20  p             | 

AMERICAN  HOSPITALS  AND  HOMES 


HOSPITALS  AND  HOMES 


ICKNESS  is  a  costly  item  in  every  budget,  household  or  national.  It  creates 
human  disability  and  inefficiency,  economic  waste  and  loss.  Hospitals 
promote  health  and  wealth  and  conserve  the  human  forces  of  production. 

The  entire  hospital  provision  in  the  United  States  is  utterly  inadequate  to  care  for 
the  daily  national  sick-list.  Protestant  church  hospitals  alone  turn  away  1,000  appli- 
cants a  day-  365,000  a  year— for  lack  of  room.  Only  church  hospitals  supply  the 
therapeutic  atmosphere  of  Christian  faith  and  loving  service  so  essential  to  recovery. 

It  is  Christian  teaching  that  all  healing  is  divine  healing.  Christ  was  the  first  to 
establish  free  clinics.  He  included  physical  healing  in  his  life  program  and  declared 
that  the  ministry  to  the  bodies  of  men  was  one  of  the  chief  credentials  of  his  divine 
mission. 

At  least  forty-three  Christian  hospital  institutions  are  needed  to  meet  pressing  needs. 
First-class  rural  clinics  will  teach  health  and  promote  better  standards  of  living. 

The  church's  lack  of  provision  for  the  conservation  and  training  of  child-life  is  turn- 
ing merely  dependent  and  defective  children  into  delinquents. 

The  American  Hospitals  and  Homes  Survey  Department  of  the  Interchurch  World 
Movement  comprises  in  its  survey  all  evangelical  church  institutions  in  the  United 
States,  so  far  as  they  can  be  discovered.  It  includes  general  and  special  hospitals; 
homes  for  the  aged,  for  retired  ministers,  for  returned  and  retired  missionaries; 
homes  for  orphans  and  homes  for  missionaries'  children. 

Sufficient  data  has  been  gathered  from  questionnaires  returned  by  more  than  two 
hundred  hospitals  and  homes  of  the  various  denominations  to  constitute  a  basis  of 
fact  from  which  all  conclusions  are  drawn. 

The  need  referred  to  in  terms  of  Protestant  membership  or  constituency  is  used  only 
as  a  basis  of  estimate  and  comparison.  It  is  not  intended  to  convey  the  impression 
that  these  institutions  are  to  be  provided  to  care  for  Protestants  exclusively. 

It  is  assumed  that,  all  other  things  being  equal,  Protestants  prefer  their  own  church 
institutions  in  times  of  need. 

The  ideal  advocated  is  that  appeals  based  on  neither  race  nor  money  nor  creed, 
but  on  need  alone,  shall  open  the  doors  of  these  houses  of  mercy. 


244 


Introduction:  HOSPITALS  AND  HOMES 


HOSPITALS,  HOMES  FOR  THE  AGED  AND 

HOMES  FOR  CHILDREN 

in  the  United  States  Under  Denominational  Control 

By  States  and  Denominations 


Kev: 

H=Hospitr.l 

A  =  Home  for  Aged 

C  =Home  for  Children 

STATES 

>,  ■ 

s      .2 
=      c 

z      > 

2      "u 

4»* 

a 
n 

■ 

c 

t 

c 
.3 

.2 

*c 

U 

0 
to 

V 

an 

1 

c 
> 

n 

C 

U. 

'5 

§ 

c 

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5 

n 
P 

c 

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c 

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1.8 

3 

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£•5 

"    1 
6 

< 

Alabama 

H 
A 
C 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 
3 

1 
1 

2 

5 

Arizona 

H 
A 
C 

1 
1 

1 

2 

7 

1 

Arkansas.  . . . 

H 
A 
C 

1 

2 

• 

2 

2 

1 

i    6 

California 

H 
A 
C 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 
7 

3 

1 

4 

3 
2 

4 

1 
3 

11 

7 
16 

Colorado 

H 
A 
C 

1 

1 

3 

2 

1 
1 

3 

1 

11 

2 

CoNXECTICt'T 

H 
A 
C 

1 

2 

1 

2 
7 
1 

2 

1 

2 

12 

3 

Delaware 

H 
A 
C 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Florida 

H 
A 
C 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

4 

Georgia 

H 
A 
C 

2 
3 
4 

1 

1 

2 
4 

2 

. 

1 
1 
4^ 

2 

1 

5 

7 
16 

Idaho 

H 
A 
C 

1 

2 

3 

Illinois 

H 
A 
C 

2 
3 
3 

2 

1 

4 
2 
2 

6 
6 
9 

1 
2 

2 
2 
4 

3 
2 

5 

?? 

23 
28 

Indiana 

H 
A 
C 

2 

3 

1 

1 
1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

6 
2 

1 

14 

7 
9 

Iowa 

H 
A 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

4 
7 
7 

1 

2 

2 
2 
7 

14 

13 
15 

HOSPITALS  AND  HOMES:  Introduction 


245 


HOSPITALS  AND  HOUES-Continued 


Key: 

H  =  Hospital 

A  =  Home  for  Aged 

C  •=  Home  for  Children 

STATES 

C 

> 
< 

e 

a, 

c 

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US 

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u 

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ll 

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n 
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is 

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g 

Kansas 

H 
A 
C 

3 

1 

1 

2 

3 

4 

1 

3 

1 
1 

2 

11 
7 
4 

Kentucky  

H 
A 
C 

1 

1 
1 

1 

1 

1 

1 
3 

1 

2 
4 

2 
3 
4 

9 

5 

15 

Louisiana 

H 
A 
C 

1 
1 
1 

1 

1 

1 
1 

1 
1 

2 

1 

2 
4 

4 

4 

10 

Maine 

H 
A 
C 

• 

1 
1 

1 

1 
1 
1 

Maryland 

H 
A 
C 

2 
4 

1 

1 

2 

2 
3 
2 

1 

1 
1 

2 

4 

12 

1 
3 

6 
15 
21 

(Incl.  D.  C.) 

Massachusetts 

H 
A 
C 

1 

1 
6 

1 

1 

1 

2 

3 
1 

1 

5 
4 
2 

4 
1 

10 
16 

8 

Michigan 

H 
A 
C 

1 

1 

1 
1 

1 

2 

1 
1 

1 
5 

1 

1 

2 
1 
1 

3 

10 
9 

5 

Minnesota 

H 
A 
C 

1 
1 

3 

16 
6 
6 

2 

2 
1 

1 

4 

1 

2 
3 

31 
11 

7 

Mississippi 

H 
A 
C 

1 
2 

1 

1 

6 

7 

4 

Missouri 

H 
A 
C 

5 
1 
1 

1 

2 
3 

2 
2 

3 

I 
2 

5 

5 

2 

1 

5 
1 
2 

23 

7 

14 

Montana 

H 
A 
C 

6 

1 

7 

Nebraska 

H 
A 
C 

H 
A 
C 

2 

1 

6 
2 
4 

1 

2 

1 
1 

1 

2 

1 
1 
3 

15 

4 
9 

New  Hampshire  . . . 

1 

1 

1 
1 

New  Jersey 

H 
A 
C 

1 

■ 

2 

3 

1 

3 
3 
3 

1 

4 

8 

5 

New  Mexico 

H 
A 
C 

I 
1 

2 

1 

2 

1 

5 
1 

2 

New  York 

H 
A 
C 

5 

1 

3 

2 

I 

3 

2 
4 
6 

3 
2 
6 

14 
13 
14 

3 
5 
3 

23 
37 
30 

North   Carolina... 

H 
A 
C 

3 

1 

3 

3 
3 

1 

4 

1 
2 

2 

7 

1 

15 

246 


Introduction:  HOSPITALS  AND  HOMES 


HOSPITALS  AND  UOU^-Cantinued 


Key: 

H  =  Hospital 

A  =  Home  for  Aged 

C  =Home  for  Children 

STATES           , 

lype  of 
institution 

Adventist 

.3 

Q 

so 

s 

1 

SQ 

c 
.2 

■ 

JS 

U 

Congrega- 
tional 

Disciples  of 
Christ 

Evaneelical     U 

00 

C 

1 

1 

3 

§ 

c 
c 

Methodist 
Episcopal 

Methodist 
Episcopal  So. 

Pentecostal 

a 

i 

> 

» 

i 

United 
Presbyterian 

Ref.  Church 
in  America 

Ref.  Church 
in  the  U.  S. 

United 
Brethren 

ProtesUnt 
Episcopal 

Other 

•< 

North  Dakota 

H 
A 
C 

1 

8 
1 

9 
1 

Ohio 

H 
A 
C 

1 
1 

3 

1 

1 

3 
1 

1 
1 
3 

1 

5 
4 
3 

1 

1 

3 
3 
3 

3 
2 

13 

15 
17 

Oklahoma 

H    • 

A 

C 

3 
2 

1 

2 

1 

• 

1 

1 

6 

1 
4 

Oregon 

H      1 
A 

C 

1 

1 

1 

1 

5 

Pennsylvania , 

( 

H 
\ 

Z 

1 
4 
3 

4 

2 

2 
2 

2 
2 
3 

3 

5 

10 

2 
3 

1 
2 
4 

4 

3 
2 

2 
2 

1 

1 

3 

1 

7 
4 
8 

2 
9 
6 

22 
40 

48 

Rhode  Island i 

( 

\ 

1 
2 

1 
2 

South  Carolina.  . . .  i 

< 

^ 

2 

1 

'   1 

1 
2 

2 

1 

1 
1 

2 

2 
S 
7 

South  Dakota...        / 

C 

\ 

1 

2 
1 

2 

1 

1 

7 

1 

T                                               ^ 
lENNESSEE.  ...                  4 

I 

1 

1 

I 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

2 
4 

1 
5 

g 

c 

1 
13 

^ 

Texas a 

I 

• 

5 
1 
2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 
2 

1 
1 
1 

2 
2 
4 

10 

C 

7 
12 

I. 
Utah a 

I 

1 

1 

1 

C 

1 

ij 
Virginia a 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 
2 

2 

1 

2 
4 

3 
2 

3 

C 

8 
12 

Washington A 

C 

1 

1 

1 

1 
1 

2 

1 

3 

1 
2 

2 

2 

1 

2 
3 

8 
7 
8 

West  Virginia 'A 

C 

• 

1 

3 
1 

3 
2 

vv                                i" 

VVlSCONSIN 1    \ 

2 

5 
3 
4 

2 

1 

1 

2 
1 
2 

1 

12 
6 
6 

H 

WVOMING A 

c 

3 

1 

1 

3 
2 

TOTAL. A 

C 

9 

27 
36 
42 

17 

5 

3 
11 
11 

2 

S 
3 

24 

12 

8 

2 
2 

5 

64 

42 
67 

9 
2 
4 

61 

32 
37 

7 
3 

28 

::  : 

17 
H 

23 

5 
2 

1 

4 

1 

1 
1 

88 
53 

85 

62  3 
51   2 

S6   3 

81 

88 
91 

HOSPITALS  AND  HOMES  :  Hospitals 


247 


HOSPITALS 


IN  THIS  age  of  semi-awakened  social  consciousness  there  is  a  tendency  to 
relegate  to  civic  and  philanthropic  agencies  the  amelioration  of  human  suffering. 
In  so  doing  the  church  is  shirking  one  of  its  greatest  responsibilities  and  neglect- 
mg  one  of  its  largest  fields  of  truest  and  completest  Christian  service.  Alleviating 
suffenng  is  primarily  a  Christian  responsibility,  a  service  to  the  sick  and  needy  to 
which  Christ  devoted  a  large  part  of  his  ministry. 

The  story  of  the  Good  Samaritan  remains  today  the  best  example  of  Christian  duty 
well  performed.  If  every  Christian  were  a  Good  Samaritan  how  much  less  suffering 
there  would  be  in  this  world! 

Some  denominations  have  made  valiant  efforts  to  meet  the  need  in  particular  locali- 
ties but  have  not  reached  the  point  where  a  systematic  plan  has  been  developed 
for  the  establishment  of  institutions  in  all  localities  where  the  need  is  great.  There 
should,  therefore,  be  closer  cooperation  between  the  denominations  to  prevent 
merely  sporadic  efforts  on  the  part  of  local  bodies  which  result  in  the  misplacement  or 
duplication  of  institutions. 


The  Charter  of  Christian  Charity 

;*And  heal  the  sick  that  are  therein  and  say  unto  them  the  kingdom  of  God 
IS  come  nigh  unto  them.''~Luke  10:9. 

Church  Hospital  Service:  Four  hundred  Houses  of  the  Good  Samaritan  are 
carrymg  out  the  Master's  command  and  ministering  to  all  for  whom  thev 
can  make  room.  -^ 

They  restore  health  and  strength  to  the  sick  and  afflicted. 

J>^tLforteri^^^^^    ^^  '^'^'  ^'  '^^"'  ^'^^  ^""^^  ^"^  ^^  despairing  and  courage 

l^l^  IT^  Americanization.  In  1919  one  metropolitan  church  hospital 
treated  forty-three  different  nationalities.  Two  out  of  every  three  patients 
were  foreigners.  f«'-*'^"«-j> 

They  give  $10,000,000  yearly  in  free  service. 

They  can  serve  only  43  per  cent,  of  the  Protestant  church  membership. 

They  are  forced  to  turn  away  1,000  sick  and  suffering  human  beings  c/m7i/, 
for  lack  of  room!  ^        ^' 


248 


Hospitals:  HOSPITALS  AND  HOMES 


THE  HOSPITAL 

Work  of  Hospitals 

The  Completest  Christian 
Service  to 

and  Homes 

1.  Ail  classes— rich  and  poor  alike. 

AMERICANIZATION 

2.  All  races— Americans  and  all 

All  Races  and  Colors 

foreigners. 

3.  All  creeds -the  sick  of  all  beliefs 
or  none. 

EVANGELIZATION 

Soul  and  Body  Saved 

4.  All  conditions— all  diseases  and 

RECONSTRUCTION 

ailments. 

of  Men  and  Society 

Are  healed  through 
1.  Healing  the  body. 

MINISTRATION 

$10,000,000  in  Free  Service  Yearly 

2.  Teaching  care  of  body,  mind  and 

soul 

NOT  RACE,  NOR  WIONEY,  NOR  CREED 

3.  Saving  the  soul  when  most  re« 

ceptive  of  the  Gospel. 

.  NEED  alone  opens  the  door  to  ALL 

The  principles  of  supply  and  demand  should  be  closely  adhered  to  in  the  establish- 
ment of  new  institutions.  The  neediest  localities  should  be  supplied  first.  Provision 
of  hospital  facilities  should  always  be  made  with  special  regard  to  their  accessibility 
in  emergency  cases. 

The  standards  of  service  in  church  hospitals  are  not  on  the  whole  as  high  as  they 
should  be.  The  entire  personnel  of  these  institutions  should  be  devoted  Christians, 
working  harmoniously  together  to  the  common  end  of  upbuilding  the  souls  and  bodies 
of  all  who  come  under  their  care. 

The  medical  staffs  should  be  such  as  to  invite  the  confidence  of  those  requiring  the 
most  expert  medical  and  surgical  treatment. 

Church  hospitals  should  be  furnished  with  adequate  facilities  to  render  the  highest 
grade  of  service:  consultation  rooms,  better  laboratories,  improved  operating  and 
service  rooms  and  ample  supplies. 

Housing  and  working  conditions  for  all  employees  should  be  greatly  improved  so 
that  these  important  workers  will  be  able,  willing  and  even  eager  to  render  faithful 
service. 


HOSPITALS  AND  HOMES:  Hospitals 


249 


NEED  FOR  CHURCH 
HOSPITALS 

PHILANTHROPIC  individuals  and  organ- 
izations, states,  counties  and  cities  have 
accepted  the  larger  share  of  the  responsibility, 
but  have  never  yet  made  adequate  provision 
for  the  care  of  all  their  sick.  In  New  York 
City  there  are  forty-five  non-municipal  hospi- 
tals caring  for  one  million  patients  annually. 
They  are  always  crowded  and  compelled  to  re- 
fuse urgent  cases  simply  from  lack  of  accommo- 


large  hospital  centers.  Their  services  for  the 
clinic  are  to  be  well  advertised  People  afflicted 
with  organic  diseases  and  congenital  troubles 
will  be  encouraged  to  attend.  In  this  way  we 
hope  to  furnish  medical  and  surgical  treatment 
to  our  entire  country  constituency.  It  is  doubt- 
ful whether  as  many  as  200,000  country  people 
now  receive  such  treatment  in  one  year,  whereas 
hundreds  of  thousands  actually  need  instruc- 
tion in  health  problems  and  many  of  them 
should  have  medical  and  surgical  care. 


PROTESTANT  AND  NOMINALLY  PROTESTANT  POPULATION  OF  U.  S. 


12^^ 


82,464,446 


PROTESTANT  CHURCH  MEMBERSHIP 


24,364,316 

CATHOLIC  CHURCH  MEMBERSHIP 


17.549,324 

JEWISH  POPULATION 

n 

3,600,000 


COMPARATIVE  SCALE 

OF  CHURCH  HOSPITAL  SERVICE  IN 
THE  UNITED  STATES 


dations.  One  thousand  per  day  are  turned 
away  from  Protestant  church  hospitals  in  the 
United  States. 

THE  CHIEF  REASON 

CIVIC  institutions  do  not  provide  either  a 
Christian  atmosphere  or  religious  teach- 
ing. Those  who  in  days  of  health  have  lived 
under  Christian  influences  should  be  given 
similar  advantages  in  time  of  sickness. 

RURAL  CLINICS 

WE  FIND  that  the  country  people  are 
in  great  need  of  hygienic  instruction 
and  require  better  provision  for  their  needs. 
We  plan  the  establishment  of  free  clinics  in 
rural  districts  far  removed  from  large  centers; 
each  clinic  to  last  a  week  at  one  period,  with 
perhaps  two  or  three  such  periods  a  year. 

To  these  clinics  we  hope  to  bring  the  greatest 
surgeons  and  physicians  to  be  obtained  in  our 


The  shaded  portions  of  the  accompanying  graph 
indicate  the  provision  of  church  hospital  service 
in  relation  to  church  membership  and  constit- 
uency on  the  basis  of  one  hospital  bed  for 
every  four  hundred  of  the  population. 

The  Roman  Catholic  Church  has  hospital  bed 
capacity  for  every  one  of  its  17,549,324  mem- 
bership and  for  an  additional  6  per  cent,  of 
the  total  non-Catholic  population  of  the  United 
States. 

On  the  same  basis  the  Protestant  churches  pro- 
vide hospital  beds  for  only  43  per  cent,  of  their 
membership. 

HOMES  FOR  INCURABLES 

WHAT  shall  we  do  for  our  incurables? 
Medical  examinations  before  admission 
to  hospitals  and  homes  are  very  rigid  and  are 
becoming  more  so.  The  managers  of  hospitals 
are  fearful  of  being  burdened  with  hopeless 
cases.     The  most  desperately  sick  and  injured 


250 


Hospitals:  HOSPITALS  AND  HOMES 


are  received  without  question  if  their  cases  are 
diagnosed  by  the  attending  physician  as  prob- 
ably curable.  Eternal  vigilance  in  this  respect 
must  be  exercised  lest  our  hospitals  and  homes 
be  filled  with  incurables  to  the  exclusion  of 
others  who  can  be  benefitted  and  cured  by 
scientific  treatment. 

One  of  the  most  indescribably  distressing  of  in- 
curable maladies  is  cancer.  The  American 
Society  for  the  Control  of  Cancer  is  authority 
for  the  statement  that  "cancer  is  of  greater 
frequency  at  ages  over  forty  than  tuberculosis, 
pneumonia  or  typhoid  fever.  One  woman  in 
eight  and  one  man  in  fourteen  over  forty  years 
of  age  dies  of  cancer.' 


»» 


The  Roman  Catholic  and  the  Protestant  Epis- 
copal churches,  recognizing  their  responsibility, 
for  which  they  should  be  commended,  have 
established  several  hospitals  and  homes  for 
incurables  in  various  sections  of  the  coimtry. 
These  are,  however,  inadequate  to  meet  any- 
thing like  the  great  need  of  incurably-suffering 
humanity.  The  various  states  and  the  federal 
government,  while  awakened  to  the  need  of 
proper  care  for  tubercular  cases,  have  not  thus 
far  put  forward  any  definite  plan  or  effort 
whereby  relief  and  care  may  be  had  for  ab- 
solutely incurable  cases  of  cancer  and  other 
kindred  diseases. 

Protestantism  as  a  whole  has  done  very  little 
to  ameliorate  the  condition  of  these  many  hope- 
less sufferers.  With  such  a  large  number  of 
men  and  women  sick  unto  death  and  seeking 
a  place  of  Christian  refuge,  care  and  comfort 
in  their  last  days  and  unable  to  find  it,  can  the 
Christian  church  withhold  its  hand?  The  fail- 
ure to  provide  such  humane  and  Christian  insti- 
tutions must  not  continue.  Untold  suffering 
is  the  lot  of  these  unfortunates  to  whom  almost 
every  door  of  hope  is  closed,  and  added  grief 
is  the  portion  of  the  relatives  and  friends  who 
must  bear  the  burden  and  who  cannot  give  the 
care  necessary  or  provide  a  place  where  their 
loved  ones  may  spend  their  last  days  in  even 
moderate  comfort. 

The  recent  survey  has  shown  a  woeful  lack  of 
homes  for  incurables.  The  challenge  comes  to 
the  church  to  provide  more  and  larger  homes 
where  many  who  have  lost  faith  in  God  and 


man  because  of  their  sufferings  may  realize 
that  they  have  not  been  entirely  forgotten,  but 
that  the  people  of  God  have  prepared  a  home 
for  them  where  their  last  days  on  earth  may  be 
passed  in  comp>arative  peace  and  comfort. 

PROGRAM  FOR  CHURCH 
HOSPITALS 

ANYTHING  like  an  adequate  hospital  pro- 
^  gram  for  the  evangelical  churches  of 
America  must  include  greater  efficiency  and  an 
increased  capacity  in  all  existing;  institutions. 
New  hospitals  must  be  established  in  needy  and 
populous  centers.. 

Tubercular  hospitals  should  be  founded  in  loca- 
tions favorable  to  scientific  and  natural  restora- 
tion. Similarly,  hospital  homes  for  the  aged, 
infirm,  and  for  incurables  await  establishment. 

More  Christian  nurses  and  executives  must  be 
trained;  more  clinics  and  better  surgical  care 
for  children  provided,  and  more  sanitaria  for 
special  ministries  supported. 

Interchurch  investigators  are  busy  throughout 
the  United  States  discovering  the  best  methods 
by  which  this  program  can  be  made  effective. 
The  program  includes  specialized,  centralized 
and  standardized  hospitals.  Special  care  should 
be  taken  to  avoid  overlapping  and  duplication. 

DUTY  NEGLECTED 

THE  survey  being  conducted  by  the  Ameri- 
can Hospitals  and  Homes  Department 
has  fully  confirmed  the  judgment  that  denom- 
inational bodies  are  not  doing  all  they  might 
do  and  ought  to  do  in  this  particular  field  of 
Christian  philanthropy. 

The  question  is  not  altogether  as  to  an  adequate 
supply  of  hospitals,  although  it  could  be  shown 
that  few  communities  are  sufficiently  equipped. 
Neither  is  the  question  wholly  one  as  to  the 
efficiency  of  public  or  semi-public  institutions 
as  compared  with  those  controlled  by  denom- 
inational agencies. 

The  latter  may  and  should  always  equal  or 
surpass  the  former. 

The  real  question  is:  can  the  Christian  church 
afford  to   leave  entirely  to   city,   state  and 


HOSPITALS  AND  HOMES:  Hospitals 


251 


community  governments  the  care  of  the  sick, 
afflicted  and  homeless? 

OPPORTUNITY  OFFERED 

TO  GIVE  an  affirmative  answer  would  be 
not  only  to  deny  the  obvious  implications 
of  the  Master's  teachings  but  also  to  neglect 
one  of  the  best  means  of  grace  and  power,  the 
church's  privilege  of  exercising  one  of  its  most 
glorious  functions.  A  broken  limb  may  be 
cared  for  quite  as  well  in  a  city  hospital  as  in  a 
church  institution,  but  the  denomination  which 
leaves  work  of  this  nature  to  the  city  will  in 
time  find  itself  growing  indifferent  to  the  great 
needs  of  humanity  and  will  also  find  that  the 
world  will  become  indifferent  to  the  call  of  the 
church. 

Can  it  be  that  one  reason  why  the  American 
churches  are  not  more  missionary  in  spirit  and 
in  action  is  that  they  have  neglected  to  care  for 
their  own  who  have  been  in  need? 

Some  leading  denominations  do  no  work  of  this 
nature.  Others  conduct  large  enterprises.  There 
are  a  number  of  states  in  which  there  is  not 
a  single  denominational  children's  hospital. 
In  no  state  is  there  an  adequate  number  of 
these  institutions. 

RECOMMENDATIONS 

THE  American  Hospitals  and  Homes  Sur- 
vey Department,  therefore,  recommends 
the  following  program: 

1.  The  establishment,  under  church  control, 
of  at  least  one  general  hospital  for  white  people 
in  each  of  the  following  states: 


Alabama 
Kentucky 
♦Maine 

New  Hampshire 
North  Carolina 
New  Mexico 


♦Nevada 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 
♦Rhode  Island 

Utah 

West  Virginia 


•States  without  institutions  of  this  character. 

Total  estimated  amount  needed  to  inaugurate 
these  hospitals,  $4,000,000. 

2.  The  establishment,  under  church  control, 
of  at  least  one  general  hospital  for  Negro  peo- 
ple in  each  of  the  following  states: 


♦Alabama 

Florida 
♦Georgia 
♦Kentucky 

Louisiana 
♦Mississippi 


♦Missouri 
♦North  Carolina 
♦South  Carolina 
Tennessee 
♦Texas 
♦Virginia 


*States  without  institutions  of  this  character. 

Total  estimated  amount  needed  to  inaugurate 
these  hospitals,  $3,100,000. 

3.  The  establishment  of  a  tuberculosis  sanita- 
rium in  Arizona.  For  this  the  sum  of  $1,000,000 
is  needed. 

4.  The  establishment,  under  church  control, 
of  at  least  four  hospitals  for  incurables  in  the 
following  states: 

Massachusetts  Ohio 

Missouri  Virginia 

For  these  at  least  $6,000,000  will  be  required. 

5.  The  establishment,  under  church  control, 
of  three  children's  hospitals,  especially  for 
orthopedic  work. 

It  is  suggested  that  they  be  located,  one  in 
Minneapolis-St.  Paul;  one  in  Texas  and  one  in 
New  York  City. 

At  least  $3,000,000  will  be  needed  for  these 
institutions. 

Denominational  institutions  of  this  character 
do  not  now  exist. 

6.  The  establishment,  under  church  control, 
of  eleven  training  schools  for  executives  for 
denominational  hospitals  in — 

District  of  Columbia    New  York 
Georgia  Ohio 

Illinois  Tennessee 

Massachusetts  Tennessee  (Negro) 

Minnesota  Washington 

Missouri  (Kansas  City) 

At  least  $1,100,000  will  be  needed  for  this  work. 
This  is  a  relatively  small  amount,  due  to  the 
fact  that  they  can  be  conducted  in  connection 
with  large  general  institutions. 


TDLESSED  is  he  that  considereth  the 
^^  poor:  Jehovah  will  deliver  him  in  the 
day  of  evil. — Psalm  41:10. 


252 


Homes  for  Children:  HOSPITALS  AND  HOMES 


HOMES  FOR  CHILDREN 

TODAY,  more  than  ever  before,  the  world  is  living  and  working  for  the  future. 
Every  step  made  in  the  progress  of  science  is  carefully  recorded  and  conserved 
for  more  ultimate  purposes. 

Governmental  bodies,  business  interests  and  individuals  tax  their  powers  of  foresight 
in  an  attempt  to  anticipate  the  conditions  and  needs  of  the  future  and  evolve  plans 
to  meet  them. 

Material  forces  are  continually  striving  to  crowd  out  the  spiritual  element  in  human 
affairs. 

It  is  therefore  more  necessary  today  than  ever  before  that  the  spiritual  forces  be 
conserved  and  directed  into  the  appropriate  channels  for  saving  future  generations 
from  a  purely  materialistic  civilization. 

Our  efforts  should  be  centered  in  the  conservation  and  consecration  of  child  life  to 
Christian  ideals  and  Christian  service. 

Christian  nurture  is  conceded  by  all  classes  and  creeds  to  be  an  essential  element  in  the 
proper  development  of  the  child. 

Normal  parent-love  covets  for  its  offspring  those  elements  of  training  which  will 
tend  to  develop  the  higher  ideals  and  fit  the  child  for  a  worthy  and  useful  place  in  its 
later  associations. 

Is  there  is  anything  more  tragic  than  a  child  who  through  the  hazards  of  life  has  lost  the 
guidance  of  parental  love  and  is  thrown  on  the  mercy  of  a  busy  and  selfish  world? 

There  are  thousands  of  such  helpless,  innocent  ones  emerging  yearly  from  the  wreck- 
age of  homes  only  to  have  thrust  upon  them  a  lot  which  chance  or  circumstance  may 
award.    The  majority  enters  an  environment  which  is  entirely  lacking  in  the  great 


Church  Responsibility.  "But  Jesus  called  them  unto  him  and  said,  Suffer 
little  children  to  come  unto  me  and  forbid  them  not  for  of  such  is  the  King- 
dom of  God"— Luke  18:16. 

Church  Fulfilment.  For  every  homeless  and  destitute  child  received  by  the 
church  into  its  homes  ten  are  turned  away.     No  Room! 


HOSPITALS  AND  HOMES:  Homes  for  Children 


253 


essential  to  the  proper  unfolding  of  child  life — love!  Such  an  atmosphere  is  not 
conducive  to  the  development  of  the  religious  nature,  but  tends  to  an  accentuated 
development  in  the  direction  of  morbidity,  perversity,  and  unsocial  conduct. 

Dependent  and  defective  children  are  thus  being  turned  into  delinquents,  simply 
through  our  indifference  and  neglect.  Neglected  souls  and  bodies  mean  otherwise 
preventable  human  suffering,  social  deterioration  and  economic  loss.. 


LOST,  STRAYED  AND  STOLEN 

OUR  survey  investigators  find  that  hun- 
dreds of  young  lives  have  been  wasted 
through  neglect  and  disease.  Thousands  of 
our  Protestant  children  are  caught  up  yearly 
by  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  and  we  lose 
them  forever. 

A  staff  officer  of  the  American  Hospitals  and 
Homes  Department  recently  visited  the  nursery 
and  children's  hospital  in  a  city  of  five  hun- 
dred thousand.  Entering  a  ward  he  saw  twenty 
helpless  little  children  (under  six  years  of  age) 
without  caretaker  or  nurse.  They  were  uncared 
for  and  conditions  were  most  insanitary.  The 
children  scrambled  towards  him  and  clung  to 
him,  until  with  difficulty  he  released  himself 
from  them.  And  when  he  finally  closed  the 
door  against  the  saddest  scene  of  his  life  he 
found  it  impossible  to  shut  out  its  memory. 

This  institution  receives  many  children  through 
the  local  juvenile  court.  They  are  returned  to 
the  city  authorities  when  they  are  six  years  old. 
Then  they  are  almost  invariably  turned  over 
to  the  Roman  Catholics  (though  the  Roman 
Catholics  do  not  support  the  institution).    The 


matron  told  an  investigator  that  "recently  the 
Roman  Catholic  priest  raised  quite  a  storm  be- 
cause one  of  the  children,  reaching  six,  was 
placed  in  a  Protestant  home  before  he  knew 
it  was  being  given  out." 

The  Interchurch  World  Movement  should  make 
such  conditions  impossible.    . 

Preventive  philanthropy  should  be  recognized 
as  of  greater  necessity  then  remedial  effort. 

As  long  as  unfortunate  and  bereaved  children 
are  found,  and  forsaken  babies  continue  to 
arrive  on  doorsteps,  in  hallways,  in  hospitals,  in 
court-rooms  and  other  places,  we  must  save 
their  lives  and  provide  a  place  for  them.  In- 
human parents  would  often  destroy  their  babies 
did  they  not  know  that  some  institution  would 
care  for  them. 

The  crux  of  the  problem  is  to  surround  these 
helpless  and  orphaned  children  with  a  truly 
homelike  atmosphere  where  faith,  hope  and 
love  inspire  every  act. 

Turn  not  away  thy  face  from  any  poor  man, 
and  the  face  of  God  shall  not  be  turned  away 
from  thee. — Tobit  J^:7. 


COMPARATIVE  SCALE 
CAPACITY  OF  CATHOLIC  AND  PROTESTANT  ORPHANAGES 


CATHOLIC  CHURCH 


The  black  lines  indicate  present  capacity. 
The  red  shading  indicates  that  required  to  care  for  all  applicants  from  church  constituency. 

ALL  PROTESTANT  CHURCHES 


254 


Homes  for  Children :  HOSPITALS  AND  HOMES 


CHURCH  HOMES  FOR 
CHILDREN 


THE  responsibility  for  seeking  and  bringing 
these  little  lambs  into  the  fold  is  laid  upon 
the  church  by  the  CJood  Shepherd  who  charges 
us  with  the  duty — "watch  my  flock,"  "feed  my 
lambs." 

There  are  a  few  child-placing  societies  under  the 
auspices  of  the  churches  in  the  United  States 
which  are  faithfully  performing  this  sacred 
duty.  Hundreds  of  homeless  orphans  are 
placed  in  Christian  homes  where  they  soon 
occupy  a  place  as  one  of  the  family. 

NOT  IDEAL  BUT  NECESSARY 

THERE  are  today  about  four  hundred  Pro- 
testant church  homes  for  children.  They 
are  not  up  to  the  standard  of  a  private  Christian 
home. 

Institutional  homes  do  not  furnish  an  altogether 
ideal  method  of  caring  for  abandoned  and  des- 
titute children  but  conditions  have  proved  their 
necessity.  Many  of  them  have  the  taint  of 
institutionalism  about  them  which  militates 
against  a  high-grade  of  service. 

On  the  other  hand  there  are  many  homes  on  a 
higher  plane  of  standardization  which  carry 
out  a  systematic  course  of  training  in  the  various 
arts  and  trades  in  which  the  children  show 
special  aptitudes,  and  are  not  lacking  in  a 
Christian,  homelike  and  sympathetic  atmos- 
phere. 

While  the  standards  of  education  and  the  assur- 
ance of  Christian  training  are,  generally  speak- 
ing, higher  in  church  homes  than  in  the  average 
family,  educational  facilities  in  the  former 
should  be  extended  through  close  cooperation 
with  denominational  schools,  with  the  well- 
defined  idea  of  training  as  many  children  as 
possible  for  the  Christian  ministry  and  for  the 
mission  field.  Many  of  our  leading  ministers, 
missionaries  and  evangelists  of  today  are  the 
product  of  church  orphanages. 

BANE  OR  BLESSING? 

A  CONSTANT  stream  of  young  life  is  flow- 
ing into  these  houses  of  mercy.    Another 
stream  is  flowing  out  into  the  world  to  become 


a  blessing  or  a  bane  to  the  coming  generation. 
Upon  our  child  life  today  rests  the  fate  of  our 
church  and  nation  of  tomorrow.  For  every 
one  received  into  these  homes  ten  are  left  with- 
out care.  What  becomes  of  them  ?  To  neglect 
these  children  is  to  cause  social  deterioration, 
the  decay  of  church  and  nation,  and  to  lose 
precious  opportunities  for  the  conservation  of 
child  life  and  its  consecration  to  high  and  use- 
ful purposes. 

MISSIONARIES'  CHILDREN 

SOME  objections  have  been  offered  to  homes 
for  missionaries'  children,  but  the  fact  of 
their  foundation  and  continuance  is  a  significant 
argument  in  their  favor. 

Our  missionaries  are  out  on  foreign  fields;  they 
have  reared  their  children  in  conformity  with 
Christian  principles  and  constraint.  They  de- 
sire these  influences  continued.  Hence,  special 
homes  are  urgently  needed  in  college  towns, 
where  their  children  may  be  maintained  at  a 
moderate  cost  under  the  best  care  while  they 
continue  their  education. 

It  has  been  conclusively  demonstrated  that 
missionaries'  children  are  better  cared  for,  on 
the  average,  in  homes  specially  maintained  for 
this  purpose  than  in  private  homes. 

THE  CHURCH'S  CHANCE 

CHURCH  homes  give  to  children  from 
broken  families  a  care  which  cannot  be  as- 
sured in  the  ordinary  private  family.  They  give 
temporary  care  to  another  group  whose  parents, 
one  or  both,  will  want  them  later.  Our  church 
homes  are  often  used  by  juvenile  courts  as  safe 
places  of  detention  for  children.  Child-place- 
ment in  suitable  homes  is  desirable,  but  does  not 
provide  for  all,  since  many  are  not  placeable. 
Besides,  too  many  families,  particularly  in  the 
country,  want  the  boys  or  girls  merely  as  ser- 
vants and  often  work  them  too  hard.  We  all 
remember  the  story  of  Riley's  "Little  Orphant 
Annie." 

EDUCATIONAL  FACILITIES 

THE  standards  of  education  and  Christian 
training  in  children's  church  homes  are 
higher  than  the  average  family  provides.  Such 


HOSPITALS  AND  HOMES:  Homes  for  Children 


255 


JESUS  Said: 

«'Llttl«  Childran  Come— *» 


What  will  you  do 
witii  me? 


PROTESTANT  CHURCH 

CHILDREN'S  HOMES 

turn  away  TEN  for  avary  eiilld 

raoaivad.   What  if  YOUR  child  mat 

tha  eloaad  door? 


I  SHALL  BE  EITHER  HOMELESS 
OR  IN  A  CHILDREN'S  HOME 

Just  which,  depends  on  your 
Christian  benevolence. 


homes  afford  an  opportunity  for  temporary 
training  and  become  a  stepping-stone  to  a  per- 
manent family  connection.  Some  defective 
children,  physically  or  morally  weak,  need  in- 
stitutional life  and  are  made  stronger  thereby. 
Lastly,  the  demand  shows  the  need.  Our  re- 
ports show  that  managers  of  homes  are  being 
constantly  urged  to  care  for  more  children. 
Last  year  one  home  in  Richmond,  Virginia,  re- 
jected 750;  one  Ohio  home  rejected  500;  one 
Long  Island  home  rejected  110;  all  because 
they  had  no  more  room. 

A  CONSTRUCTIVE  PROGRAM 

THE  survey  has  brought  out  the  fact  that 
all  existing  church  homes  for  children  need 
financial  support  to  carry  out  their  programs  of 
improvement  and  expansion.  The  large  major- 
ity has  not  the  means  to  carry  out  the  improve- 
ments which  are  admittedly  urgent. 

All  homes  should  be,  in  a  measure,  receiving 
Stations  for  all  applicants,  transferring  them 


to  the  proper  homes  indicated  by  their  condi- 
tion or  needs. 

The  majority  of  homes  need  to  make  extensive 
improvements  in  plant,  in  equipment  and  in 
institutional  programs. 

Information  through  printed  matter  and  from 
specialists  on  architecture,  organization,  best 
methods,  etc.,  should  be  furnished  to  these 
institutions  upon  application. 

Children's  homes  should  afford  the  best  pos- 
sible conditions  for  the  health,  growth,  happi- 
ness and  moral  development  of  their  occupants. 

There  is  urgent  need  for  the  establishment  of  at 
least  three  homes  for  colored  children  to  be 
cared  for  by  denominational  boards  in  the  states 
of  northeastern  South  Carolina,  Louisiana  and 
Alabama.  A  total  of  $450,000  will  be  needed 
for  this  purpose. 

These  needs  should  be  met  so  that  each  institu- 
tion may  render  the  largest  possible  service  to 
the  largest  possible  number. 


256 


Homes  for  the  Aged:  HOSPITALS  AND  HOMES 


HOMES  FOR  THE  AGED 

OLD  age  is  inevitable  to  rich  and  poor  alike.   Care  for  old  age  is  necessary- 
even  though  riches  accompany  it.    Many  aged  people,  with  means  to  pay 
for  attention,  prefer  the  independence  and  the  social  life  of  a  public  home 
to  the  isolation  of  a  solitary  residence  or  a  boarding  house. 

The  partly  dependent  and  the  wholly  indigent  aged  must  be  provided  for,  and  it 
should  be  the  duty  and  pleasure  of  the  church  to  supply  the  loving  care  necessary 
to  a  happy  old  age  after  years  of  useful  citizenship. 

Jesus  said:  "Come  unto  me  all  ye  that  are  weary  and  heavy  laden  and  I  will  give 
you  rest."  We  believe  that  Christ  will  give  spiritual  rest  to  all  who  trust  in  him. 
But  what  shall  we  say  of  that  large  number  of  men  and  women  who  bravely  fought 
the  battle  of  life  but  have  not  been  able  to  make  suitable  provision  for  the  temporal 
needs  of  their  old  age?  They  need  rest  of  body  and  soul,  and  these  depend  in  part 
upon  food,  clothing  and  shelter. 

Much  has  been  done  by  civic  and  philanthropic  agencies  to  make  provision  for  these 
things.  All  of  these  organizations  are  to  be  greatly  conunended  for  seeing  the  need 
and  meeting  the  wants  of  so  many  destitute  aged  people.  But  even  this  service  is 
too  meagre  for  existing  needs  and  in  some  cases  does  not  supply  that  for  which  man 
hungers  most.  Christ  said :  "  Man  doth  not  live  by  bread  alone."  This  is  particularly 
true  of  the  aged.  In  addition  to  food,  shelter  and  clothing,  they  crave  for  fellowship, 
for  love  and  for  God.  They  need  an  atmosphere  of  warm  Christian  fellowship  that 
shall  make  the  evening  of  life  peaceful  and  glad. 

There  are  today  some  three  hundred  Protestant  church  homes  for  the  aged  to  which 
these  homeless  unfortunates  may  retire  to  spend  the  remaining  days  of  their  lives 
in  comfort,  surrounded  by  the  Christian  atmosphere  to  which  they  have  been  accus- 
tomed in  their  days  of  health  and  strength.  Who  would  deny  this  right  to  a  single  one 
of  these  worthy  pilgrims?  No  one!  Yet,  for  every  one  received  into  these  homes, 
one  is  turned  away  for  lack  of  room.  Nothing  is  more  saddening  to  the  hearts  of  our 
institutional  leaders  than  this  necessity  of  turning  away  these  needy  ones.  Theirs 
is  a  burden  of  sorrow.    Ours  is  a  burden  of  responsibility. 


CAST  me  not  off  in  the  time  of  old  age;  Forsake  me  not  when  my 
strength  faileth.— Psa/m  71:9. 


HOSPITALS  AND  HOMES:  Homes  for  the  Aged 


257 


"OVER  THE  HILLS" 

TO  THE  POOR  HOUSE 

or  to  this 

PROTESTANT  OLD  FOLKS  HOME 


Our  Homes  for  the  Aged  reject  as 
many  as  thoy  reoeive 

WHY? 
NOT  ENOUGH  ROOM  OR  MONEY 


WHY  A  CHURCH  HOME 
FOR  OLD  FOLKS 

7 

1.  Many  old  ehureh  people  are  in 
the  POOR  HOUSE. 

2.  Many  are  suffering  in  POVERTY 
and  LONELINESS. 

3.  Many  have  given  a  life  of  service 
to  the  church. 

4.  Each  home  repeats  Christ's  in- 
vitation: 

"Come  unto  me  all  ye  that  are 
weary  and  heavy  laden  and  I  will 
give  you  rest." 


OUR  DUTY  A  PRIVILEGE 

IT  IS  our  privilege  to  supply  that  material 
aid  to  these  homes  which  shall  mean  more 
room,  better  facilities  and  increased  happiness. 
We  firmly  believe  that  this  is  the  duty  of  the 
church,  but  may  we  not  lift  this  above  a  sense 
of  duty  and  think  of  it  and  approach  it  as  our 
God-given  privilege?  Some  of  us  can  testify 
that  many  of  these  old  people  have  made  great 
contributions  to  our  thinking  and  living.  They 
have  brought  us  to  the  deep  wells  of  life  from 
which  they  have  drawn  the  refreshing  water  for 
their  souls. 

AGED  MARRIED  COUPLES 

WHILE  we  are  setting  ourselves  to  solve 
the  problem  of  improving  and  enlarg- 
ing the  existing  homes  there  is  great  need  for 
many  new  ones  in  different  parts  of  our  land. 
There  are  several  states  in  which  no  homes  for 
the  aged  exist  and  where  the  need  is  pressing. 

It  is  a  great  satisfaction  to  us  and  to  many 
needy  aged  couples  to  know  that  provision  has 


been  made  on  the  part  of  a  few  of  our  homes 
whereby  man  and  wife  may  live  together  and  so 
continue  to  the  end  that  most  sacred  relation- 
ship of  life.  In  keeping  with  our  ideals  to 
make  all  institutions  approach  the  home  idea 
as  nearly  as  possible  we  trust  that  opportu- 
nities will  be  greatly  multiplied  for  man  and 
wife  to  live  together  in  their  latter  days. 

RETURNED  MISSIONARIES 

MISSIONARIES  and  their  wives  give  up 
their  homes  to  labor  among  alien  peo- 
ples in  foreign  countries.  Many  of  these  upon 
return  to  their  native  land  find  their  near  rela- 
tives scattered  and  quite  often  suffer  discom- 
fort and  financial  embarrassment.  We  shall 
not  have  done  our  full  duty  to  these  devoted 
men  and  women  imtil  a  home  for  their  tempor- 
ary residence,  while  on  furlough,  has  been  pro- 
vided and  its  permanency  assured. 


HE  THAT  hath  pity  on  the  poor  lend- 
eth  imto  Jehovah.  — Proverbs  19:17. 


258 


Homes  for  the  Aged:  HOSPITALS  AND  HOMES 


AGED  MINISTERS 

T  T  THAT  a  fine  example  some  denomina- 
Vy  tions  have  set  for  the  rest  of  us  in  the 
provision  they  have  made  for  these  servants  of 
God !  They  provide  separate  houses  in  which 
returned  and  retired  missionaries  may  live 
with  their  families  and  where  they  may  set  up 
anew  the  family  altar. 

But  for  the  greater  part  little  provision  has  been 
made  for  aged  ministers.  Some  of  them  are 
now  spending  their  last  days  in  the  coimty  poor 
house.  May  God  forgive  us  for  so  great  a  sin 
and  neglect. 

PENSIONS  NOT  AVAILABLE 

IT  IS  now  well  known  that  many  of  our 
churches  in  recent  years  have  begun  to  make 
provision  for  a  reasonable  support  of  our  minis- 
ters by  pensions  in  their  old  age.  In  many 
cases  these  pensions,  however,  are  only  to  serve 
the  new  generation.  In  some  denominations 
older  men  are  barred  from  these  benefits.  The 
minister  has  not  only  made  a  large  contribution 
to  the  church  and  society  through  his  high 
ideals  and  splendid  service,  but  through  his 
ideals  for  the  education  of  his  children  he  has 
rendered  an  unusually  fine  service  to  the  future 
well-being  of  his  country.  This,  however,  has 
made  saving  for  old  age  difficult  and  in  some 
cases  impossible.  As  an  aged  minister  testi- 
fied, with  no  bitterness  or  regret,  his  only 
assets  at  the  age  of  sixty-five  were  several 
college-bred  children!  He  did  not  have  the 
$500  necessary  to  place  him  within  the  ranks 
as  a  beneficiary  of  the  ministerial  relief  fund  of 
his  denomination. 

THE  RETIRED  MISSIONARY 

ALL  of  this  applies  equally  well  to  the  aged 
missionary  whose  sacrifices  have  been 
greater  even  than  those  of  the  minister.  In 
most  cases  family  ties  are  broken  which  may 
never  be  reunited.  Like  St.  Paul,  they  are 
often  exposed  to  stripes,  imprisonment  and 
death.  Much  of  the  noblest  and  most  far- 
reaching  work  for  the  kingdom  of  God  has  been 
done  by  them.  When  the  complete  story  of  the 
conquest  of  Christianity  is  written,  these  men 
and  women  will  be  known  as  the  great  heroes 
of  the  church. 


When  missionaries  retire  from  active  service 
where  are  they  to  go?  The  inadequate  salaries 
paid  them  and  their  tendency  to  give  not  only 
themselves  but  also  liberal  gifts  from  their 
small  surplus,  leaves  them  but  scant  savings, 
if  any,  for  old  age.  Can  they  be  blamed  for 
this,  they  who  have  entirely  lost  themselves 
in  their  zeal  for  the  advancement  of  the  king- 
dom! In  thus  losing  themselves  and  all  finan- 
cial gain  "for  His  sake  and  the  gospel's,"  they 
have  found  a  wealth  of  joy  and  satisfaction 
and  laid  up  for  themselves  a  rich  reward  in  the 
kingdom  where  values  are  measured  in  terms 
of  unselfish  service.  Theirs  will  be  a  royal 
welcome  there! 

How  shall  we  entertain  these  royal  guests  dur- 
ing their  few  remaining  days  with  us?  The 
church  has  been  sadly  neglectful  of  its  duty  and 
privilege.  Do  we  wish  such  a  state  of  affairs  to 
continue?  Or  shall  we  provide  suitable  places 
where  these  aged  heralds  of  the  cross  may  be 
housed  in  comfort  and  enjoy  the  Christian  fel- 
lowship of  a  church  home? 

May  the  church  rise  up  in  a  sense  of  deep  grati- 
tude and  make  it  impossible  that  any  of  these 
men  and  women  shall  in  any  degree  or  in  any- 
thing want  that  which  we  can  provide  of  the 
comforts  of  life  and  of  genuine  Christian  fel- 
lowship. 

THE  CHURCH'S  PROGRAM 

THE  American  Hospitals  and  Homes  De- 
partment, as  a  result  of  its  survey,  recom- 
mends the  following  program  for  the  develop- 
ment of  this  beneficent  work: 

Existing  institutions  suitably  located  should  be 
enlarged  and  equipped  to  care  for  all  worthy 
applicants. 

All  institutions  should  be  supplied  with  an 
endowment  proportionate  to  their  capacity. 
Under  present  conditions,  with  inadequate  en- 
dowment, only  persons  of  fair  health,  possess- 
ing a  certain  sum  of  money  and  over  a  given 
age,  can  usually  be  admitted. 

These  barriers  leave  the  most  needy  totally  un- 
provided for.  Unless  they  are  removed  by 
the  thoughtfulness  and  liberality  of  the  chimih, 
the  latter  will  have  denied  her  faith  in  a  min- 
istry of  service. 


HOSPITALS  AND  HOMES:  Homes  for  the  Aged 


259 


In  a  given  region  where  the  expansion  of  exist- 
ing institutions  is  inadvisable,  new  institutions 
should  be  established  having  in  view  centers 
of  population,  favorable  transportation  and 
convenience  of  location.  Our  survey  has  dis- 
closed the  urgent  need  for  the  establishment  and 
distribution  of  such  new  institutions  as  follows: 

1.  The  establishment,  under  church  control, 
of  at  least  seven  homes  for  the  aged  and  infirm 
in  the  following  states: 

♦Colorado 

Delaware 

Georgia  (Negro) 

Iowa 

•No  denominational  institution  of  this  character  exists  in 
this  state. 


Kentucky 
North  Carolina 
Washington 


For  these  institutions  at  least  $5,250,000  will 
be  needed. 

2.  The  establishment  of  homes  for  retired  min- 


isters and  missionaries  and  their  wives  and  wid- 
ows in  the  following  states,  where  there  are  no 
denominational  institutions  of  this  character 
at  present: 

California        Florida        Greater  New  York 

At  least  $1,500,000  will  be  needed  for  this  pur- 
pose. 

It  is  suggested  that  all  these  homes  be  man- 
aged by  the  denominational  ministerial  relief 
boards. 

3.  The  establishment  of  at  least  four  homes  for 
missionaries  on  furiough,  their  management  to 
be  under  the  direction  of  individual  mission 
boards: 

California  Florida  (Enterprise) 

Colorado  (Denver)        New  York  City 

A  total  of  $1,000,000  will  be  required  for  this 
purpose. 


The  Budget  Tables 


NO  ACTION  could  be  taken  with  refer- 
ence to  assembling  and  compiling  insti- 
tutional askings  until  after  the  conference  of 
the  General  Committee  at  Atlantic  City,  Janu- 
ary 7  to  9.  Their  ruling  with  reference  to 
institutions  belonging  to  denominations  at 
present  not  cooperating  with  the  Interchurch 
Worid  Movement  necessitated  the  preparation 
of  a  certificate  of  authorization  and  letters  of 
explanation,  which  were  sent  to  all  institutions. 


These  were  to  be  made  out  by  the  institutional 
management  and  indorsed  by  a  regional  de- 
nominational authority. 

Because  of  the  short  period  of  time  within 
which  this  had  to  be  completed,  many  insti- 
tutions were  unable  to  meet  the  requirements 
and  secure  inclusion  of  their  financial  needs. 

The  askings  as  finally  reported  and  approved, 
are  included  in  Table  VI,  on  pages  308-309. 


What  shall  it  Profit  a  Christian 

THROUGH  he  be  considered  a  great  leader,  yet  neglects  the  helpless; 
X  though  he  win  praise  and  renown,  yet  regards  not  Christ's  suffering 
ones;  though  he  gain  distinguished  honor  for  great  things,  yet  gives  not 
the  helping  hand! 


260 


Hospitals  and  Homes:  HOME  MISSIONS 


AMERICAN  HOSPITALS  AND  HOMES 
SURVEY  DEPARTMENT 


Regional  Budget 

AMERICAN  HOSP 


HOME  MISSIONS:  Hospitals  and  Homes 


261 


tatement  for 

ALS  AND  HOMES 


By  DenominJ„„,  ^nd  States 


t  To  comply  with  the  decision  of  the  General  Committee  of  the  Interchurch  World  Movement,  it  has  been  necessary  1    -j   *i.    u  j    *   /     v      •*  i        j  v          •  .    ^        ,            .,     ^ 

tional  budgets;  the  second  comprising  those  budgets  of  local  denominational  organizations  which  have  received  the   requisi  ^°®  the  budgets  for  hospitals  and  homes  into  two  classes:  the  first  comprising  those  budgets  included 

gets  of  42  Hospitals,  38  Homes  for  Children  and  27  Homes  for  the  Aged,  analyzed  by  denominations  and  states.                           mommational  approval.    This  statement  includes  only  the  budgets  of  the  second  type  and  is  made 

in  the  national  denomina- 
up  of  the  individual   bud- 

DENOMINATION 

Totel 

Arisona 

Clifor- 
nia 

Colo- 
rado 

Diatrict 

of 
Columbu 

FloridB 

lUinoia 

Induma 

Idaho 

Iowa 

Kintiiii 

Ken- 
tucky 

Louis- 
iana 

Maaaa- 

chusettfl 

Mary- 
land 

Maine 

Michi- 
gan 

Minne- 
■oto 

Mon- 
tana 

Mmwin 

Ne- 
braaka 

North 
Dakota 

New 
Jeraey 

New 
York 

Ohio 

Pennsyl- 

Rhode 
laland 

South 
Carolina 

South 
Dakota 

Ten- 
nessee 

Texas 

Vir- 
ginia 

Ver- 
mont 

Wis- 
consin 

Wash- 
ing- 
ton 

CHRIST 
CHmcHM  or  Chkibt. 

$2,000 

279.000 
546.500 

28.250 

884,250 

2.500 

210.000 

500.000 

50,000 

9.614.366 

1,040.500 

24.000 

60.000 

25.000 

2.227.608 
82.250 

704.750 

105.000 

$2,000 

BRETHREN 

$37,000 
20.000 

$42,000 

$200,000 

CHUHCHOrXH* 

Prethmn 

EVANGELICAL 

$157,000 

26,350 
330.750 

EVANGKUCAL       StNOD 

or  N.  A 

$2,000 

$210,000 

• 

FRIENDS 

S2.000 

SOCIKTT     or    FUXMDS 

IN  Amkrica 

LUTHERAN 

553.500 

AcocsTANA  Synod — 

$157,500 

$2  506 

Jonrr  Synod  or  Ohio.  . 
Iowa  Synod 

Independent  Lcthzk- 
anChckch 

500.000 

210.000 

NORWEGUN     LUTHKB- 

AN  ChCHCH 

$50,000 

METHODIST 

$250,000 

$205,000 

$205,000 

260.000 

$00,000 

310.000 

$1,179,500 

$16,000 

i125,000 

$670,000 

300,000 

$145,00( 

Methodist  Episcopal 
Church 

76,316 

$811,500 

183.750 
10.500 

$100,000 

1,218.500 

3.135,050 

tisoooo 



$50,000 
50,000 

$183,750 

105,000 

•Methodist  Episcopal 

CHrRCH.SoCTH 



$205,000 

$250,000 

Free  M  ethodist 

CHiHCHor  N.  A. . . 

24.000 

Colored    Methodist 



00,000 

Episcopal  Chcrch 

PENTECOSTAL 

25,000 

250,000 
35,000 

Pentecostal  Church 

OrTHENAZARENR  .  . 

PRESBYTERIAN 

328,108 

$375,000 

5.000 

525,000 

PRE3BTTERIAN  ChURCB 
in  THE  U.S.A 

$567,000 

$157,500 

$20,000 

Presbyterian  Church 

intheU.S.  (South) 

47  250 

PROTESTANT 

60.000 

152,500 

Protestant    Epibco- 
palChubcb 

$285,000 

5,000 
losono 

109.650 

$25,000 

12,600 

REFORMED 

$55,000 

RxroRMED  Church  in 
America 

TOTAL 

116.385.974 

$250,000 

$390,108 

$375,000 

$210,000 

$205,000 

$1,895,500 

$42,000 

$60,000 

$076,500 

$1,179,500 

$76,000 

$835,000 

$670,000 

$500,000 

$145,00 

$233,816 

$346,500 

$811,500 

$196,250 

$567,000 

$50,000 

— ' — 

$100,000  $1,354,500 

1 

$3,457,200 

$157,500 

$150,000 

$205,000 

$25,000 

$112,600 

$20,000 

$297,250 

$183,750 

$315,000 

$55,000 

t  Decision  of  the 
only  by  first  bein 
which  it  is  locatec 

Genera 
I  include 
,  may  b< 

1  Com 
>d  in  th 
i  indue 

tnittee 
le  budg 
led  in  t 

of  the 
et  of  a 
he  den 

Interc 

nation 

ominat 

liurch  ' 
al  den< 
ional  b 

World  1 
)minati< 
udget  0 

Cloven 
>nal  b< 
rthat 

nent  ii 
Ddy,  e 
area"- 

1  Conf 
Kcept  t 
—(or  re 

Brence  i 
bat  the 
•gion). 

It  Ath 
budge 

intic  C 
t  of  an 

ity,  Ja 
y  loca 

I.  denominat    ^^u-i    Tt®  budget  of  any  philanthropic  organization  shall  be  included  in  the  budget  of  the  Interchurch  World  Movement 
,  pnuanthropic  organization  which  is  approved  by  the  denominational  authority  of  the  State  Conference  or  other  like  area  in 

MINISTERIAL  SALARIES 
AND  PENSIONS 


!•;  ; 


I 


MINISTERIAL  SALARIES 
AND  PENSIONS 

THE  survey  by  the  Ministerial  Salaries,  Pensions  and  Relief  Survey  Depart- 
mient  covers  only  Protestant  churches  in  the  United  States.  It  does  not  in- 
clude non-evangelical  organizations,  localized  societies,  religious  communes, 
cults,  etc.,  or  denominations  which  do  not  aim  to  provide  a  regular  support  for  active 
ministers  and  pensions  or  relief  for  those  retired. 

No  attempt  has  been  made  to  gather  information  as  to  the  support  given  ministers 
by  home  missionary  boards,  the  purpose  of  the  survey  being  to  present  in  various 
ways  a  simimary  of  the  amounts  paid  for  ministerial  salaries  by  local  churches. 

The  survey  has  been  prepared  from  the  use  of  questionnaires  on  ministerial  salaries 
and  plans  for  pensions  and  relief;  by  checking  the  results  with  official  reports  and 
putting  them  in  tabular  form;  by  compiling  the  statistics  according  to  denominations 
and  states;  and  by  assembling  the  findings  in  such  a  manner  as  to  present  an 
educational  financial  program  sufficient  to  solve  the  problems  involved. 

Many  authorities  have  been  consulted  in  the  effort  to  secure  all  possible  information. 
These  include  officials  of  denominational  boards;  reports  and  tabulations  of  the 
Statistical  Department  of  the  Interchurch  World  Movement;  denominational  year- 
books and  reports;  reports  and  bulletins  of  the  United  States  Census  and  Bureau  of 
Labor;  the  Coimcil  of  Church  Boards  of  Education;  the  Cambridge  Conference  on 
Theological  Schools;  investigating  commissions  of  commercial  and  industrial 
bodies;  Dim's  and  Bradstreet's  commercial  registers;  pension  plans  of  industrial  and 
other  corporations;  and  pension  plans  of  denominations. 

The  purpose  of  the  survey  is  to  bring  before  the  church  a  clear  showing  of  the  inade- 
quate support  given  its  ministry,  both  active  and  retired;  and  to  arouse  the  church 
to  accept  fully  the  New  Testament  declaration,  "Even  so  hath  the  Lord  ordained 
that  they  which  preach  the  gospel  should  live  of  the  gospel." 

The  immediate  objective  of  the  survey  was  a  budget,  which  would  give  an  estimate 
of  the  amoimt  required  by  the  denominations  cooperating  in  the  Interchurch  World 
Movement  in  order  to  provide  income  sufficient  to  meet  the  just  claims  of  retired 
ministers  and  the  widows  and  orphans  of  ministers.  This  estimate  will  be  foimd  on 
pages  293,  and  296. 


266  Ministerial  Salaries:  MINISTERIAL  SALARIES  AND  PENSIONS 

Another  objective  of  the  survey  was  to  make  a  study  of  the  problem  of  adequate 
support  for  the  active  ministry.  This  is  more  difficult,  but  a  beginning  has  been 
made. 

The  cost  of  living  has  increased  81  per  cent,  since  July,  1914.  The  average  ministerial 
salary  has  not  increased  even  20  per  cent.  Church  janitors  and  secretaries  have 
had  a  salary  increase  of  from  50  to  80  per  cent. 

Ministerial  salaries  must  be  increased  at  least  60  to  80  per  cent,  to  put  an  end  to 
the  unequal  struggle  against  the  mounting  costs  of  even  a  bare  living. 

The  self-respect  of  the  minister,  supplementing  his  single-hearted  devotion  to  the 
gospel,  forbids  him  to  make  monetary  consideration  a  controlling  issue.  Yet  the 
minister  is  the  key  man  in  the  life  of  the  church  and  a  support  that  enables  him  to 
devote  all  his  strength,  time  and  thought  to  the  work  of  the  church  is  one  of  the 
necessary  conditions  of  its  success. 

The  church  weakens  her  claim  upon  the  best  young  men  for  the  ministry  when  she 
does  not  offer  them  an  adequate  support  in  old  age. 


TT  IS  all  very  well  for  us  to  talk  about  the  virtue  of  a 
A  self-sacrificing  ministry,  but  most  of  us  appreciate  the 
virtue  when  some  one  else  is  doing  the  sacrificing.  It 
is  simply  impossible  for  vast  numbers  of  our  ministers 
to  work  effectively  on  the  salaries  they  are  now  receiving. 

OET  our  ministry  free  from  the  exactions  of  temporal 
VJ  affairs,  that  they  may  be  men  of  vision,  seers  of  God, 
that  the  people  may  live  and  not  perish,  and  that  the 
mighty  movements  of  our  times  may  live  and  progress. 


I 


MINISTERIAL  SALARIES  AND  PENSIONS:  Ministerial  Salaries 


267 


MINISTERIAL  SALARIES 

pie  minister  is  exploited  for  every  good  cause,  while  the  plight  of  his 
family  IS  httle  less  than  tragic.  This  is  unfair  and  cruel  and  makes  it 
impossible  for  him  or  his  family  to  benefit  by  the  schools,  hospitals  and 
other  products  of  his  labor  except  on  the  basis  of  charity. 

THIS  section  of  the  survey  deals  exclusively  with  ministerial  salaries;  discloses 
the  acute  situation  relative  to  them  now  existing  in  the  churches;  and  the 
duty  and  imperative  necessity  that  rest  upon   the   laymen  to  provide 
adequate  support  for  their  active  ministers. 

The  information  contained  in  this  section  relates  directly  to  the  support  of  pastors 
in  the  Christian  ministry  and,  consequently,  to  the  success  of  every  form  of  church 
activity. 

It  presents  in  various  ways  the  salaries  paid  and  classifies  them  by  denominations 
and  states.    It  also  shows  the  average  salaries  in  each  denomination  and  for  each 


r 


AVERAGE  SALARY  OF  MINISTERS 

FOR  18  DENOMINATIONS 


l^    ""^SH 

T-~~- 

K  ^^'  / 

\     « 

/      °*fGO/v^ 

\ 

^          ^94      f 

'OAHo^ 

975     / 

/    '^^^ada 

7^ 

*        \      «'5 

/      UTAH 

/        739 

^\.           \ 

MIZOHA 

^-i 

696 

FIGURES  IN  RED  INDICATE 

THE  SALARY  IN 

DOLLARS 

''OKTANA 
939 

WYOMING 
744 


>J^ 


N.DAKOTA 
878 


MINN 
926 


SOAKOTA 
855 


NEBRASKA 
980 


IOWA 
1. 114 


COLORADO 
901 


L 


KANSAS 
932 


N.MEXICO 
757 


OKLAHOMA 
575 


TEXAS 
830 


MtCV 

986^ 

OHVO 
90^       Ai  >'N 

"tenn    yV--w.^^^ 

,845; 
GA     ^         "^ 
WiSS  I  "^Q-^X    795 
603 

.FLA 


O 


2.202 


268 


Ministerial  Salaries:  MINISTERIAL  SALARIES  AND  PENSIONS 


state,  and  the  average  amount  contributed  per  member  in  the  denominations  and 
states  named. 

The  average  of  salaries  varies,  as  some  reports  include  ministers  who  give  only  part 
time  to  the  work  of  the  ministry,  while  others  do  not  separate  salaries  from  other 
items  in  the  local  expense  budget.  This  survey  is  intended  to  cover  only  ministers 
who  are  regularly  ordained  and  who  give  full  time  to  ministerial  work. 

The  importance  of  this  information  is  accentuated  by  the  present  high  cost  of  living 
and  the  inadequacy  of  ministerial  salaries.  The  cost  of  living  is  not  uniform  through- 
out the  country.  It  is  lower  in  the  southern  part  than  in  the  northern.  In  general, 
$800  in  the  warmer  parts  of  the  coimtry  may  be  considered  as  the  equivalent  (in 
living  expense)  of  $1,000  in  the  colder  sections. 

The  total  salaries  paid  in  1916  to  the  170,000  ministers  in  the  United  States  was 
$125,000,000.  Not  half  of  them  received  more  than  $700.  The  greater  number 
received  less  than  the  minimum  amoimt  necessary  to  maintain  an  ordinary  family. 
Even  with  allowances  for  rent-free  houses,  the  cost  of  food  alone,  in  many  instances, 
would  exhaust  the  minister's  income. 

It  is  greatly  to  the  credit  of  the  Christian  ministers  as  a  class  that  they  place  their 
own  financial  compensation  last  in  the  order  of  their  interests. 

The  thoughts  of  the  church  have  been  turned  to  many  great  and  worthy  enterprises, 
but  this  most  sacred  of  all  causes  has  been  overlooked. 

United  States  income  tax  returns— which  give  the  entire  income  not  the  salary 
alone— show  that  in  1918  only  1,671  of  the  170,000  active  ministers— not  one  per  cent, 
—came  within  the  tax  limit  of  $3,000.  Of  this  number  438  had  an  income  of  $3,000 
to  $4,000;  404  of  $4,000  to  $5,000;  275  of  $5,000  to  $6,000;  162  of  $6,000  to  $7,000; 
and  only  392  above  $7,000. 


MINISTERIAL  SALARIES  AND  PENSIONS:  Ministerial  Salaries 


269 


'TMERE  is  one  thing  left  for  the  prince  of  darkness  to  do  in  order 
J-  to  destroy  the  church  of  Grod,  and  that  is  to  starve  the  preacher: 
to  shut  out  from  our  pulpits  by  inadequate  salaries  men  of  brains, 
men  of  sterling  integrity,  men  of  magnetism  and  power. 


SALARIES  BY  STATE  GROUPS 

FOR  the  sake  of  analysis  and  as  a  matter  of 
convenience  and  comparison,  the  states  of 
the  Union  have  been  arranged  in  five  groups 
as  follows: 

1.  The  New  England  States:  Connecticut, 
Maine,  Massachusetts,  New  Hampshire,  Rhode 
Island,  Vermont. 

2.  The  North  Atlantic  States:  Delaware,  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia,  Kentucky,  Maryland,  New 
Jersey,  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Virginia, 
West  Virginia. 

3.  The  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States:  Ala- 
bama, Arkansas,  Florida,  Georgia,  Louisiana, 
Mississippi,  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina, 
Tennessee,  Texas.  The  report  for  the  South 
Atlantic  group  is  limited  by  the  fact  that 
the  salaries  of  the  Southern  Baptist  Conven- 


foUowing  table  which  gives  the  combined  sum- 
mary for  all  the  reporting  denominations: 

TABLE  OF  MINISTERIAL 
SALARIES 

THIS  table  is  significant.  (See  pages  286, 
287.)  Returns  are  by  no  means  complete 
since  information  is  not  always  obtainable. 
The  percentages  given  in  the  following  classifi- 
cation are  larger  than  those  of  the  church  as  a 
whole,  and  their  lesson  is  impressive. 

Salaries — Classification  hy  Percentages 
1  per  cent,  of  ministers  receive  $4,000  or  more 


1.4 

4.6 

9.3 

32.6 

38.6 

12.7 


(f 


tt 


tt 


it 


tt 


tt 


3,000  to  $4,000 
2,000  to  3,000 
1,500  to  2,000 
1,000  to  1,500 
500  to  1,000 
500  or  less 


Group 

Average  pastoral 
salary 

Average  payment 
per  member 

CLASSIFICATION  OF  SALARIES 

Less 
than 
$500 

$500 

to 
$1000 

$1000 

to 
$1500 

$1500 

to 
$2000 

$2000 

to 
$2500 

$2500 

to 
$3000 

$3000 

to 
$4000 

$4000 

to 
$5000 

$5000 
and 
Over 

1.  New  England  States 

2.  North  Atlantic  States . . . 

3.  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf 
states 

1085 
1034 

737 
960 

926 

5.84 
4.00 

3.38 
4.75 

6.00 

368 
476 

245 
1194 

360 

872 
1453 

259 
3902 

812 

738 
576 

94 
4160 

688 

286 
682 

32 
1220 

213 

136 
372 

9 
409 

86 

68 
181 

2 

188 

46 

63 

87 

4 
102 

29 

16 
26 

33 
9 

16 
19 

31 
5 

4.  Central  States 

6.  Rocky    Mountain    and 
Pacific  states 

The  United  States 

937 

4.39 

2643 

7298 

6256 

2433 

1012 

485 

285 

84 

71 

tion  and  of  a  number  of  other  denominations 
were  not  reported. 

4.  The  Central  States:  Illinois,  Indiana,  Iowa, 
Kansas,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Missouri, 
Nebraska,  North  Dakota,  Ohio,  Oklahoma, 
South  Dakota,  Wisconsin. 

5.  The  Rocky  Mountain  and  Pacific  States: 
Arizona,  California,  Colorado,  Idaho,  Montana, 
Nevada,  New  Mexico,  Oregon,  Utah,  Washing- 
ton, Wyoming. 

The  condition  of  the  church  as  to  ministerial 
salaries  in  these  state  groups  is  shown  by  the 


SALARIES  IN  CITIES 

PARSONAGES  are  found  principally  in 
cities  or  larger  towns,  where  only  one-sixth 
of  all  the  ministers  live  and  where  salaries  are 
imiformly  larger,  as  indicated  by  the  following 
table: 

Average  salary 

Cities  of  300,000  or  more $1,223 

"      "  300,000  to  100,000 1,110 

"      "100,000  to    50,000 1,063 

"      "    50,000  to    25,000 972 

"     below  25,000 573 


\w 


270 


Ministerial  Salaries:  MINISTERIAL  SALARIES  AND  PENSIONS 


MINISTERIAL  SALARIES  AND  PENSIONS:  Ministerial  Salaries 


271 


ISHPEMING  AND  MUJIISHKU-DANG 


'ifm' 


?^  V  -^^ 


:>(.  \'.  S  LL 


l>(Uid  of  Shodow.s 


r)8'?^KM,(l.l\  I. 


Lcuid  of  the 
l)ce[)cning 
Shadows 


1  o    ^  .  ^  I 


$^00  ''''  LI.SS 


■"'   ■  ^  " 


Icnun 


and 


\i  r.n  1  SI  I  Kr-[>\NG     iicipic- 


S2()() 


SlOO 


T AY-BAY-WAIN-DUNG,  an  Ojibway  Indian  medicine  man,  explained  the  future  life 
to  his  adopted  son,  Kee-tchee-me-wah-nah-nah-quod. 

The  first  "layer"  of  that  life  is  a  sort  of  Ojibway  purgatory,  out  of  which  after  awhUe  an 
Indjan  may  make  his  escape  to  earth.  If  he  finds  the  tribal  totem-pole  he  may  climb  up  into 
the  first  "layer"  of  heaven.  In  due  time,  he  may  pass  through  the  second  and  third  "layers" 
of  the  upper  world  into  the  fourth  heaven,  "  Ishpeming,"  where  "Monedoo,"  the  ereat  and 
good  God  lives. 

J^^i.S^^^^^^'^^,  disclosed  by  the  survey  of  ministerial  support  are  significantly  illustrated 
by     Negaunee  ,  the   new  and  strange  land  upon  which  the  young  minister  enters,  and 
ishpeming,     his  Heaven  of  generous  provision,  in  contrast  to  "Mujiishku-dang,"  the 
land  of  deepemng  shadows,"  terminating  in  poverty,  penury  and  helplessness. 


DENOMINATIONAL 
SALARIES 

THE  Congregational  body,  after  eliminat- 
ing stated  supplies  and  occasional  pastors, 
paid  in  1916  to  one-half  of  its  entire  ministry 
less  than  $1,000  a  year.  The  increase  in  the 
average  salary  during  twenty-six  years  (1890 
to  1916)  was  but  one  and  one-tenth  per  cent. 
Reports  from  4,971  of  the  6,103  Congregational 
churches  showed  that 

2,783  churches  paid  less  than   $1,000 

1,340 

517 

165 

89 

40 

37 


$800  per  year;  19  per  cent,  or  1,998  ministers 
receive  from  $800  to  $1,000  per  year;  17  per 
cent,  or  1,788  ministers  receive  from  $1,000  to 
$1,200  per  year;  22  per  cent,  or  2,315  ministers 
receive  $1,200  or  more. 

The  Disciples  of  Christ  pay  average  salaries 
to  their  ministers  and  to  groups  of  ministers  at 
different  ages  as  follows: 


from 1,000  to  $1,500 

1,500  to  2,000 
2,000  to  3,000 
3,000  to  4,000 
4,000  to  5,000 
5,000  or  more 


n 


ti 


tt 


** 


The  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  usually  pays 
its  ministers  better  than  do  other  denomina- 
tions, yet  half  of  them  receive  less  than  $1,500 
a  year — a  sum  regarded  by  government  econo- 
mists as  the  minimum  needed  to  maintain  a 
family. 

In  New  England,  the  Middle  West  and  on  the 
Pacific  Coast — where  salaries  are  higher  than 
the  average — twenty-eight  receive  less  than 
$500  a  year;  fifty-three  from  $500  to  $750; 
eighty-four  from  $750  to  $1,000;  506  from 
$1,000  to  $1,500;  and  only  fifty-eight,  including 
bishops  and  general  officers,  receive  $3,000  or 
more. 

The  highest  of  these  salaries  is  about  the  same  as 
that  of  an  expert  roller  in  a  steel  miU;  the  lowest 
is  lower  than  any  wages  paid  in  the  steel  industry. 

The  Presbjrterian  Church  has  10,518  churches 
with  salaries  (including  house-rent)  as  follows: 
13  per  cent,  or  1,367  ministers  receive  less  than 
$400  per  year;  12  per  cent,  or  1,262  ministers 
receive  from  $400  to  $600  per  year;  17  per 
cent,  or  1,788  ministers  receive  from  $600  to 


Age  of 

Average 

Average  dur- 

Group 

Average 

minister 

current 
salary 

ing  their  entire 
ministry 

ages 

salary 

21 

$983 

$700 

20-29 

$1043 

25 

998 

701 

30-39 

1305 

30 

1225 

856 

40-49 

1577 

35 

1217 

900 

50-59 

1383 

40 

1531 

1046 

60-64 

1188 

45 

1387 

939 

65-69 

957 

50 

1469 

1014 

70-74 

658 

65 

1167 

902 

75  plus 

450 

60 

1396 

1153 

•  •   •  • 

65 

1035 

840 

•   •   •   • 

70 

719 

600 

■  •   •  • 

75 

480 

550 

■  •   •  « 

The  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  reports  for 
1918  that— 

1,932  ministers  received  less  than  $500 
4,136  ministers  received  from  $     500  to  $1,000 


4,719 

1,739 

776 

374 

179 

48 


ti 


it 


it 


it 


u 


it 


tt 


it 


if 


tt 


tt 


tt 


1,000  to  1,500 

1,500  to  2,000 

2,000  to  2,500 

2,500  to  3,000 

3,000  to  4,000 

4,000  to  5,000 


15  ministers  received  $5,000  or  over. 

The  Northern  Baptist  Convention  pays  only 
eight  per  cent,  of  its  ministers  as  much  as  $1,500 
per  year;  and  with  the  exception  of  a  few  men 
residing  in  large  cities  the  average  salary  is  $683, 
not  one-half  of  the  present  wages  of  an  un- 
trained, unskilled  laborer. 


T  T  THAT  soldier  ever  serveth  at  his  own  charges?  who  planteth  a  vineyard, 
W  and  eateth  not  the  fruit  thereof?  or  who  feedeth  a  flock  and  eateth 
not  of  the  milk  of  the  flock? — 1  Cor.  9:7. 


272 


Ministerial  Salaries:  MINISTERIAL  SALARIES  AND  PENSIONS 


DENOMINATIONAL  AVERAGES 

AVERAGES  are  misleading  because  the 
JLJL  greater  number  of  ministers  is  in  the 
small-salary  list.  The  larger  salaries  make  the 
average  a  maximum  amount  for  most  of  them. 
The  average  of  the  salaries  below  $1,000  would 
be  much  less  than  $700. 

There  is  a  wide  range  of  difference  in  the  denom- 
inational averages  as  shown  by  the  following 

®'  Average  salary 

Episcopalian $1,242 

Presbyterian  (North) 1477 

United  Presbyterian 1,096 

Reformed  (Dutch) 1,170 

Methodist  Episcopal 1476 

Congregational i,042 

Baptist  (North) '950 

PROFESSORS  AND  PREACHERS 

A  COMPARISON  of  incomes  in  the  several 
professions  indicates  the  low  level  of 
ministerial  salaries.  The  United  States  in- 
come tax  returns  for  1916  show  that  22,273 
lawyers  and  20,348  physicians  had  incomes  in 
excess  of  $3,000,  as  against  only  1,671  preachers. 
The  minister  has  one  chance  in  a  hundred  of 
having  a  $3,000  income;  the  lawyer,  one  in  five; 
the  doctor,  one  in  seven;  and  the  architect, 
engineer  and  manufacturer,  one  in  ten.  Eleven 
lawyers  and  eight  physicians  or  manufacturers 
out  of  every  hundred  have  an  income  of  $5,000, 
but  only  four  ministers  in  a  thousand  have  such 
an  income. 

Yale  University,  recognizing  the  inadequacy 
of  the  salaries  paid  to  its  faculty  and  the  loss 
of  men  who  were  compelled  to  leave  the  staff 
for  more  profitable  work,  has  adopted  a  budget 
which  adds  $300,000  annually  to  the  salaries 
of  its  professors.  Normal  salaries  of  full-time 
professors  have  been  increased  as  follows: 
$4,000  salaries  to  $5,000;  $4,500  to  $6,000; 
$6,000  to  $7,000;  and  a  few  to  $8,000. 

Columbia  adopted  a  similar  budget  for  1920. 
Harvard  is  now  driving  for  a  $15,000,000  en- 
dowment fund  to  ensure  a  living  wage  for  her 
professors.  Princeton,  Cornell  and  other  large 
colleges  and  technical  schools  are  doing  like- 
wise. 


MINISTERIAL  SALARIES 

PER  CAPITA  GIVING 

INCREASED  WAGES 

AND  LIVING  EXPENSES 


MINISTERIAL  SALARIES  AND  PENSIONS:  Ministerial  Salaries 


273 


But  no  such  increase  has  come  to  the  ministry. 
In  normal  times  the  low  level  of  salaries  was  a 
source  of  financial  stress  and  embarrassment, 
and  this  condition  is  accentuated  today  by  the 
increased  cost  of  living.  Had  the  increase  in 
ministers'  salaries  kept  pace  with  the  increasing 
cost  of  all  the  necessities  of  life,  the  present 
$1,000  salary  would  be  $2,650,  whereas  the 
average  increase  of  20  per  cent,  makes  it  only 
$1,200. 

Wholesale  prices  have  advanced  78  per  cent, 
since  1914  and  265  per  cent,  during  the  last 
twenty  years. 

The  retail  price  of  fifteen  varieties  of  food  ad- 
vanced 92  per  cent,  in  the  ten  years  from  1907 
to  1917,  and  from  12  per  cent,  to  20  per  cent, 
since  then.  According  to  the  National  Indus- 
trial Conference  Board,  which  is  a  federation 
of  twenty  manufacturers'  associations,  the  cost 
of  living  for  the  ordinary  American  family  was 
71  per  cent,  higher  than  in  July,  1914. 

MINISTERS  AND  OTHER  MEN 

INDUSTRIAL  investigators  find  that  the 
normal  income  of  a  workingman's  family 
today  should  be  from  $1,100  to  $1,500,  and  that 
wages  have  been  advanced  proportionately.  In 
this  manner  the  increased  cost  of  living  has 
been  provided  for. 

From  September,  1914,  to  March,  1919,  the 
average  wages  of  men  in  eight  leading  industries 
increased  from  74  per  cent,  to  112  per  cent., 
the  highest  percentage  of  increase  being  in  work 
where  the  earnings  had  been  relatively  low. 
This  increase  enabled  workers  in  general  to 
maintain  and  even  improve  their  1914  standard 
of  living. 

In  March,  1919,  the  highest  average  weekly 
earnings  of  males  in  any  industry  were  $29.35 
(as  against  $14  in  1914)in  rubber  manufactur- 
ing;the  lowest  was  $17.10  (as  against  $10  in 
1914)  in  cotton  manufacturing. 

Since  the  preparation  of  the  accompan3ring 
graph  the  cost  of  living  and  the  wages  of  office 
help  have  both  advanced,  and  some  progress 
has  been  made  toward  a  better  support  for  the 
ministry. 


The  following  table  gives  the  range  of  aver- 
age weekly  wages  for  male  workers  in  detail 
and  is  significant: 


Industries 

Sept. 
1914 

Sept. 
1918 

Mar. 
1919 

Percentage  of 
increase 

1914- 
1918 

1914- 
1919 

Metal 

Cotton 

Wool 

SUk 

Boots  and 
shoes . . . 

Paper 

Rubber.. . . 

$13.18 
10.00 
11.52 
11.77 

14.70 
12.73 
14.00 

$26.80 
20.60 
23.21 
21.54 

24.04 
22.40 
28.60 

$24.75 
17.10 
18.61 
22.69 

25.90 
22.40 
29.35 

103 

106 

102 

83 

64 

76 

104 

88 
71 
62 
93 

76 

76 

110 

While  wages  in  some  industries  increased  over 
80  per  cent.,  the  salaries  of  ministers  increased 
less  than  20  per  cent.  To  even  approximate 
the  standard  of  ten  years  ago  the  minister's 
salary  should  be  advanced  from  60  to  80  per 
cent.  "That  the  minister  makes  ends  m£et 
stamps  him  as  the  m^ister  husiness  man  of  his 
tim£,'* 

Few  men  have  been  less  fortified  by  increased 
compensation  to  meet  the  demands  created  by 
this  condition  than  the  Methodist  minister. 
Seldom  if  ever  adequately  paid,  the  steadily 
dwindling  purchasing  power  of  the  preacher's 
salary  is  making  his  predicament  unbearable 


THE  WAY  THE  METHODIST          1 

EPISCOPAL  CHURCH  MEETS 

ITS  OBLIGATIONS 

.   $971 

SUARV 
L7  .     n>. 

1 

S907 

SALARY 

,r    _  _«. 

JR 

$3.27$ 

SALARY    . 

z.*:^ 

yt^ 

IM'/c 

•r 

IITO 

PASTOm 

m 

\sxn 

fASTOm 

.  S2.32S 
SAUUIV 

i 

f  $543) 

ISALARV 

1 

•r 

HIH 

PASTORS 

T 

m 

I.Mt 

PASTORS 

I 

m 

ra 

PASTORS 

1 

274 


Ministerial  Salaries:  MINISTERIAL  SALARIES  AND  PENSIONS 


and  is  threatening  a  disastrous  crisis.  The 
inadequate  financial  support  accorded  him  in 
1914  has  been  increased  less  than  15  per  cent, 
which  makes  his  present  salary  actually,  or  rela- 
tively, much  less  than  it  was  four  years  ago. 

According  to  the  report  of  the  Commission  on 
Finance  for  the  year  1918,  15,271  of  the  16,774 


Methodist  Episcopal  pastors  in  the  United 
States,  or  91  per  cent.,  received  an  average 
salary,  including  house  rent,  of  $907. 

The  remaining  9  per  cent,  received  salaries  gen- 
erous enough  to  bring  the  total  average  of  pas- 
tors' support  up  to  the  cash  basis  of  $971,  or 
$1,106  including  parsonage. 


nPHIS  picture  is  not  a  family  group.  Dr.  Seth  Reed  of  Flint,  Michigan, 
X  now  in  his  ninety-eighth  year,  one  of  the  oldest  living  ministers;  and  Dr. 
P.  B.  Hoyt,  retired,  seventy  years  of  age,  represent  the  past;  two  pastors, 
forty-five  and  twenty-five  years  old  respectively,  represent  the  present  and 
the  three  boys  represent  the  future.  See  further  explanation  on  page  275, 
opposite,  where  a  serious  question  is  raised  for  the  churches  to  answer 


MINISTERIAL  SALARIES  AND  PENSIONS:  Ministerial  Salaries 


275 


Paying  Less  than  their  Fathers 

THE  failure  of  the  laity  to  meet  its  financial  obligations  is  the  principal  cause 
of  scant  salaries.  The  attendant  difficulties  of  recruiting  an  acceptable  min- 
istry and  the  loss  of  men  who  are  forced  to  engage  in  business  enterprises 
in  order  to  provide  for  their  families  threaten  the  ministerial  supply  and  the  life 
of  the  church. 

That  in  the  face  of  a  doubled  membership  and  large  property  accumulation  the  lay- 
men indi\ndually  pay  no  more  than  their  fathers  did  is  a  startling  fact  which  is  true 
in  most  churches.  As  a  rule  the  more  members  and  wealth  the  churches  have  the  less  they 
give  per  capita. 

The  prophet's  confession,  "I  am  not  better  than  my  fathers,''  will  come  to  the  lips 
of  the  laymen  who  study  the  per  capita  giving  of  church  members  and  learn  that, 
notwithstanding  unparalelled  prosperity,  the  average  lajnnan  today  not  only  pro- 
portionately but  in  actual  amount  per  member  is  paying  no  more  for  the  support  of 
the  ministry  than  his  father  or  grandfather  or  great-grandfather  did. 

Had  payments  by  Christian  laymen  for  the  support  of  the  ministry  increased  in  pro- 
portion to  increased  wealth,  salaries  could  have  been  doubled  and  millions  provided 
for  the  extension  of  the  kingdom. 

More  important  than  all,  hundreds  of  high-grade,  well-trained,  effective  ministers 
would  not  have  been  forced  into  secular  pursuits  in  order  to  provide  for  their  families 
had  it  not  been  for  the  lack  of  financial  vision  on  the  part  of  the  lay  membership. 

Young  men  of  parts  and  learning,  seeing  that  the  laymen  were  willing  to  share  their 
prosperity  with  them  even  as  in  the  past  the  ministers  shared  the  poverty  of  the  lay- 
men, would  not  have  had  the  lure  of  their  call  clouded  by  the  forecast  of  a  helpless 
and  dependent  old  age;  and  many  a  fine,  high-minded,  devoted  young  man  would 
have  invested  his  life  in  the  Christian  ministry. 

The  men  in  the  group  picture  are  alike  in  their  devotion  to  the  church;  but  the  aver- 
age laymen  of  an  earlier  generation  paid  more  to  the  support  of  Dr.  Reed  and  his 
associate  than  the  lajnnen  today,  who  are  bound  by  like  vows,  pay  for  the  support 
of  their  ministers. 

But  what  about  the  three  boys,  one  year,  eight  years  and  sixteen  years  of  age,  who 
represent  the  future?  What  about  them?  Will  they  pay  less  for  the  support  of  the 
ministry  than  their  fathers?    If  so,  the  curve  which  represents  the  decreased  payments 


276 


Ministerial  Salaries:  MINISTERIAL  SALARIES  AND  PENSIONS 


MINISTERIAL  SALARIES  AND  PENSIONS:  Ministerial  Salaries 


277 


I 


to  ministerial  support  will  continue  to  descend  and  the  church  will  bar  its  doors 
against  the  best. 

These  boys  will  be  in  the  ranks  of  either  the  laity  or  the  ministry.  If  they  shall  be 
laymen,  and  when  they  shall  reach  the  age  of  the  four  men  in  the  picture,  they  too 
must  confess,  "We  are  not  better  than  our  fathers;^'  then  their  ministers  will  not  be 
equal  to  the  task,  the  church  will  be  swamped  in  the  mire  of  material  prosperity  and 
the  Light  of  the  World  will  be  obscured. 


RICH  BUT  NIGGARDLY 

THE  munificent  contributions,  running  up 
into  hundreds  of  millions  of  dollars,  to  the 
many  interests  both  in  church  and  out  of  it, 
prove  that  low  ministerial  salaries  are  not  due 
to  the  poverty  of  the  laity.  Mr.  Carnegie  called 
a  certain  denomination  "the  richest  institution 
in  all  the  land."  Mr.  Carnegie  was  clearly 
right,  for  American  Protestantism  has  an  aggre- 
gate property  worth  of  two  billion  dollars- 
equal  to  an  equipment  of  $12,000  per  minister. 

With  this  vast  wealth  in  its  possession  the  inade- 
quate support  of  the  church's  ministers  must 
be  caused  by  a  low  appreciation  of  their  value 
to  the  community  and  the  individual,  and  to 
an  unworthy  standard  of  Christian  giving  by 
the  laity. 

IN  THE  HANDS  OF 
THE  LAYMEN 

IAYMEN  can  change  the  situation  if  they 
^  will.  They  must  cease  to  think  of  the 
support  of  the  ministry,  active  or  retired,  as  a 
benevolence.  Self-respecting,  worthy,  high- 
grade  men  cannot  be  secured  for  a  calling  in 
which  their  salaries  are  considered  as  a  charity. 
Christian  ministers  are  entitled  to  support 
on  the  same  basis  as  other  men,  both  while  they 
serve  and  while  they  wait  the  final  call. 

STARTLING  DISCLOSURES 

THIS  department  investigated  fifty  pros- 
perous representative  churches  of  the 
Middle  West  as  to  the  per  capita  payment  for 
the  support  of  the  ministry  at  four  periods  dur- 
ing the  last  half  century.  Some  of  the  dia- 
closures  are  as  follows: 

The  individual  church  member  in  three  fine 
Kansas  churches  paid  nine  cents  per  week  less 


in  1916  than  he  did  in  1870;  four  cents  less  per 
week  than  in  1890,  and  one  cent  less  per  week 
than  in  1910. 

The  findings  in  fourteen  cases  are  shown  in  the 
following  table.  These  facts  spell  disaster  un- 
less conditions  are  changed. 


Location  of  churches 

1870 

1890 

1910 

1916 

Kansas 

$7.56 
8.20 
7.00 

$6.00 
4.04 
4.29 

$4.85 
3.00 
2.17 

$3.16 
2.76  ' 
2.30 

<< 

« 

Average 

17.68 

$4.78 

$3.34 

$2.74 

Minnesota. . . 

$6.25 
4.93 
4.30 
4.38 

$5.95 
2.15 
4.90 
6.73 

$3.68 
2.14 
3.18 
3.61 

$3  00 
2.70 
2.92 
4.02 

Michigan 

<« 

« 

Average 

$4.86 

$4.68 

$3.15 

$3.16 

Illinois 

$5.28 
6.00 

$3.00 
4.08 
2.65 

$3.96 
4.71 
1.75 

$2.74 
3.80 
1.93 

1 

<< 

i< 

Average 

$5.64 

$3.21 

$3.47 

1 
$2.82 

Missouri 

$6.00 
9.66 

$6.98 
4.61 

$4.82 
3.51 

$3.89 
3.71 

4< 

Average 

$7.78 

$5.29 

$4.16 

$3.80 

Iowa 

$4.40 

$3.01 
4.13 

$2.37 
3.27 

$3.28 
2.69 

II 

Average 

$4.40 

$3.67 

$2.87 

(2.98 

i 

COMMERCIALIZING  THE 
MINISTRY 

THE  fear  of  commercializing  the  ministry 
is  groundless  as  long  as  ministers'  salaries 
are  so  far  below  any  real  purchasing  power. 


Lajnnen  do  not  pay  the  cost  value  of  the  men 
whose  services  they  use,  basing  that  cost  on  the 
outlay  of  time  and  money  needed  for  prepara- 
tion. 

Special  ability  and  capacity  are  demanded  of 
ministers,  whose  characters  must  be  beyond  re- 
proach and  who  must  and  do  possess  learning, 
culture,  a  knowledge  of  affairs  and  administra- 
tive ability. 

Laymen  who  pay  generously  for  such  qualifica- 
tions in  business  cannot  be  indifferent  to  the 
equal  value  of  these  in  the  ministry.  They  can- 
not remain  guiltless  if  adequate  compensation 
is  not  given  to  the  minister. 

PROSPEROUS  GROUPS  OF 
LAYMEN 

MINISTERS  are  preaching  to  prosperous 
groups  of  laymen,  each  member  of  which 
pays  to  someone  who  does  very  ordinary  work 
more  than  the  entire  group  pays  to  the  minister 
who  renders  invaluable  service! 

Ministers  preach  to  laymen  who  individually 
pay  chauffeurs  more  to  run  their  automobiles 
than  they  collectively  pay  a  minister  to  run 
their  church! 

Ministers  have  in  their  congregations  men  who 
personally,  in  one  month,  earn  more  than  is 
paid  in  a  year  by  their  entire  group  for  minis- 
terial support! 

Rural  ministers  are  preaching  to  groups  of  farm- 
ers who  individually  pay  more  to  the  "hired 
man"  than  their  combined  church  group  pays 
for  the  support  of  their  minister! 


individually  are  paid  more  for  picking  cotton 
than  their  entire  neighborhood  pays  to  the  min- 
ister in  a  year! 

FINANCIAL  CONSCIENCE 
SLEEPING 

INCREASED  strength  and  prosperity  have 
not  resulted  in  a  clearer  sense  of  respon- 
sibility on  the  part  of  the  laymen  but  rather 
in  putting  their  financial  consciences  to  sleep. 
From  1915  to  1918  three  classes  of  churches 
in  one  denomination  stood  out  from  others  be- 
cause they  either  paid  the  largest  salaries,  had 
the  largest  membership,  or  owned  the  most 
valuable  property.  They  were  the  "high- 
salaried,"  "large,"  and  "rich"  churches. 

BiU  the  laymen  of  these  prosperous  churches  paid 
less  per  member  for  the  support  of  the  ministry 
than  did  their  denomination  os  a  whole,  and  very 
much  less  than  did  the  smaller  chiu*ches.  They 
paid  less  themselves  than  they  did  ten  years 
ago. 

Instead  of  helping  to  bear  the  burdens  of  the 
weak  they  did  not  carry  burdens  equal  to  those 
of  the  weak.  They  are  not  great  givers.  Gk)d's 
great  givers  are  not  always  those  who  give 
largely  but  those  who  have  felt  the  thrill  of 
sacrificial  giving. 

Five  hundred  and  forty-eight  "high-salaried 
churches"  paid  a  salary  of  $3,000  or  more. 
In  spite  of  the  fact  that  the  years  surveyed 
were  years  of  great  financial  prosperity,  these 
"high-salaried"  churches  paid  four  cents  less 
per  member  in  1918  than  in  1915.  The  higher 
salaries  were  not  due  to  enlarged  liberality. 
They  were  paid  by  a  larger  membership. 


Down  in  the  cottonfields,  negro  ministers  are     One  hundred  and  seventy-seven   "large 
preaching  to  fifty  or  more  cotton  pickers  who     churches"  had  a  membership  of  1,000  or  more. 


NO  MAN  is  able  to  give  his  most  effective  service  to  the  church 
if  he  is  unable  to  meet  promptly  those  financial  obligations 
compelled  by  due  regard  to  physical  necessities  and  a  decent  respect 
for  social  proprieties. 


278 


Ministerial  Salaries:  MINISTERIAL  SALARIES  AND  PENSIONS 


From  1915  to  1918  the  per  capita  payment  of 
their  members  decreased  eleven  cents,  showing 
that  churches  with  the  largest  membership 
pay  less  per  member  for  ministerial  support 
than  do  the  smaller  churches.  Instead  of  say- 
ing, "because  we  have  more  members  we  can 
pay  a  more  adequate  salary,*'  they  seem  to 
say,  "  because  we  have  more  members  we  need 
not  pay  as  much." 

Two  hundred  and  eight  "rich  churches"  had 
a  property  valuation  of  $100,000  or  more. 
Their  per  capita  payments  to  ministerial  sup- 
port decreased  nineteen  cents  per  member,  show- 
ing that  wealth,  unfortunately,  is  not  always 
accompanied  by  consecration  and  liberality. 

THE  HORIZONTAL  LINE 

THE  statistical  scheme  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church,  more  complete  and  cover- 
ing a  larger  period  than  that  of  other  denomi- 


nations, shows  that  the  per  capita  giving  in  1918 
was  $5.30;  in  1917,  $5.07;  in  1916,  $5.01;  in 
1915,  $5.00;  in  1914,  $5.04;  in  1913,  $5.08;  and 
in  1912,  $5.10.  The  average  member  paid 
only  two-fifths  of  a  cent  more  per  week  in  1918 
than  he  did  in  1912;  and  since  1900  the  per 
capita  weekly  payment  increased  only  nine- 
tenths  of  one  per  cent. 

The  graphic  line  which  represents  the  changes 
in  per  capita  payments  to  ministerial  support 
has  been  almost  horizontal  for  thirty-four  years. 
Meanwhile  the  total  growth  of  the  wealth  of 
the  nation,  according  to  government  reports, 
has  increased  to  over  $250,000,000,000  or  $8,500 
per  family. 

A  TITHE  OF  A  TITHE 

THE  average  income  of  the  members  of  the 
Protestant  churches  has  been  estimated 
at  $400  a  year.    A  tithe  on  such  incomes  would 


AVERAGE  PAYMENT  PER  CHURCH   MEMBER  FOR 

MINISTERIAL  SALARIES 


FOR  18  DENOMINATIONS  REPORTING 


N.OAKOTA 

lO.lB 


S.OAKOTA 

7.97 


NEBRASKA 
6.54 


FIGURES  IN   RED  INDICATE  THE 

AVERAGE      PAID      IN      DOLLARS 

AND   CENTS 


MINISTERIAL  SALARIES  AND  PENSIONS:  Ministerial  Salaries 


279 


yield  enough  money  to  pay  all  that  was  paid 
last  year  and  then  leave  a  billion  dollars  for 
the  seed-corn  of  the  kingdom. 

The  combined  membership  of  the  Congrega- 
tional, Baptist,  Presbjrterian  and  Methodist 
Episcopal  churches  is  11,500,000.  Their  com- 
bined income  (at  $400  per  year)  would  be 
$4,600,000,000.  A  tithe  of  a  tithe  (one  per 
cent.)  on  that  amount  would  jrield  $46,000,000. 
The  income  of  the  six  million  Methodists  (at 
$400  each)  would  be  almost  $2,500,000,000. 
They  paid  their  ministers  $25,000,000,  or  one 
per  cent,  of  that  amount — not  a  tithe,  but  one- 
tenth  of  a  tithe.  There  is  no  reason  to  believe 
that  the  other  denominations  make  a  better 
showing. 

It  is  not  strange  that  the  increase  in  the  salaries 
of  ministers  has  been  less  than  20  per  cent, 
during  the  last  twelve  years.  How  could  the 
increase  be  larger  when  the  per  capita  giving 
of  the  la3rmen  has  not  increased? 

AN  AROUSED  CONSCIENCE 

ONLY  when  an  aroused  conscience  shall 
inspire  a  higher  standard  of  Christian 
giving  will  conditions  improve.  It  is  easy  to  be- 
come enamoured  of  large  totals  but  it  is  well  to 
remember  that  totals  of  ministerial  support  are 
made  up  of  a  multitude  of  small  salaries,  the 
smalbiess  of  which  seriously  affects  the  personal 
interests  of  the  pastors  and  their  families. 

Church  membership  is  increasing  more  rapidly 
than  the  population.  The  curve  which  repre- 
sents population  ascends  less  rapidly  than  that 
which  shows  church  membership.  If  this  con- 
dition continues  it  is  mathematically  certain 
the  church  membership  will  some  day  overtake 
the  population. 

This  would  be  encouraging  were  it  not  accom- 
panied by  the  threatening  fact  that  financially 
the  church,  in  the  support  given  to  its  ministry, 
is  on  the  downward  path.  Unless  this  is  changed 
there  can  be  only  one  result — disaster. 

THE  MINISTER  EXPLOITED 

HOSPITALS  are  needed  and  the  minister 
is  asked  to  raise  money  for  them;  but 
should  he  or  members  of  his  family  fall  sick 


the  expenses  for  hospital  care  and  a  trained 
nurse  must  be  paid  out  of  his  meagre  salary. 

In  the  majority  of  cases  this  salary  is  less  than 
$20  a  week,  or  half  the  amount  he  must  pay 
for  a  trained  nurse.  Such  emergencies  can 
only  be  met  on  a  charity  basis. 

To  self-respecting  ministers  a  state  institution 
supported  by  taxes  which  he  helps  to  pay  is  less 
offensive  than  the  ordinary  charitable  offer  of  a 
free  bed  to  be  charged  to  "compulsory  charity." 

Colleges  must  be  built  and  endowed  and  the 
minister  is  asked  to  work  for  them.  To  his 
credit  and  to  the  amazement  of  those  who  know 
the  conditions,  he  has  in  some  way  managed 
to  send  his  children  to  college. 

But  what  layman  has  any  realization  of  the 
scrimping  and  saving,  the  humiliating  charit- 
able discounts,  reduced  term  charges  or  scholar- 
ships to  which  he  must  have  recourse? 

Laymen  who  contribute  to  educational  insti- 
tutions and  provide  scholarships  should  think 
of  these  things  and  be  willing  to  pay  their  min- 
isters adequately. 

THE  INDISPENSABLE  MAN 

IN  ORGANIZED  Christianity  the  minister 
is  the  "indispensable  man."  Every  great 
church  movement  has  relied  on  his  faithfulness 
and  the  possibility  of  exploiting  him  to  see  the 
program  through.  He  has  alwajrs  been  the 
willing  servant  of  the  kingdom  and  has  followed 
his  ideals  to  the  extent  of  sacrifices  in  carrying 
out  great  tasks. 

Strength  is  given  to  the  Interchurch  World 
Movement  because  of  its  basic  proposition  that 
the  minister's  position,  rights  and  compensa- 
tion shall  be  fully  recognized  and  that  he  shall 
be  adequately  provided  for  both  during  his 
active  years  and  in  his  old  age. 

His  condition  has  gone  far  beyond  that  of  will- 
ingness to  make  personal  sacrifices.  It  is  a 
question  of  sacrificing  his  success,  his  home  and 
his  family. 

To  be  willing  to  make  the  sacrifice  is  magnificent 
but  to  be  sacrificed  needlessly  by  a  well-to-do 
laity,  engrossed  in  its  own  personal  enterprises, 
is  a  great  tragedy  and  falls  little  short  of  a 
crime. 


280 


Ministerial  Salaries:  MINISTERIAL  SALARIES  AND  PENSIONS 


RESULTS  OF  INADEQUATE 
SALARIES 

THE  results  of  the  inadequate  support  of  the 
ministry  are  serious.  They  affect  the 
whole  life  of  the  church.  The  minister  is  the 
essential  man  in  all  church  activities.  What- 
ever impairs  his  efficiency  reacts  upon  the 
church.  The  results  of  inadequate  support  are: 

1.  A  Trained  but  Inefficient  Ministry 

No  men  are  more  devoted  to  their  life  work 
than  ministers.  In  general,  where  there  is  ineffi- 
ciency it  is  not  caused  by  lack  of  devotion  but 
by- 

a.  Physical  disability  and  mental  poverty  due 
to  inadequate  food  and  scanty  literary  equip- 
ment. 

6.  Burdensome  debts  made  necessary  in  pre- 
paring for  the  ministry;  and  exacting  economies 
making  a  "side-line"  necessary. 

e.  The  inclination  to  change  to  a  more  lucrative 
occupation  at  an  early  age  in  order  to  provide 
for  present  needs  and  futxu-e  disabilities.  This 
causes  an  unsettled  state  of  mind. 

2.  A  Dearth  of  Ministers 

Intelligent  and  well-equipped  young  men  are 
lost  to  the  ministry  because  influenced  to  accept 
positions  in  detached  service  or  to  turn  aside 
to  other  callings. 

In  one  denomination  3,388  congregations  did 
not  have  regular  pastoral  care.  In  another 
there  were  994  fewer  ministers  than  in  1914. 
In  the  New  England  section  of  one  denomina- 
tion 35  per  cent,  of  the  congregations  was  with- 
out regular  ministers  in  1915.  One  denomina- 
tion reports:"  2,000  churches  pastorless  and 
shepherdless  because  of  poor  salaries." 


a  net  gain  in  three  years  of  25,680  members, 
but  of  only  thirty-four  ministers. 

Another  denomination  needs  a  thousand  minis- 
ters a  year  to  fill  the  gaps,  but  had  in  1919  less 
than  600. 

3.  Decrease  in  Theological  Students 

Between  1870  and  1910  increases  in  the  student 
body  of  three  professions  were  as  follows:  den- 
tistry 5405  per  cent.;  law,  1083  per  cent.; 
theology  only  238  per  cent. 

In  1911  there  was  a  total  decrease  of  178  theo- 
logical students  as  compared  with  1910;  in 
1913  there  was  20  per  cent,  less  than  in  1912. 
The  summaries  of  one  denominational  group 
report  a  decrease  of  twenty-five  theological 
students  in  two  years — from  ninety-two  to 
sixty-seven.  Another  group  reports  the  loss 
of  fifty-four  students  from  1891  to  1916;  an- 
other, a  decrease  of  126  students  from  1896  to 
1914. 

These  losses  occurred  during  a  period  marked 
by  a  large  increase  in  the  number  of  church 
members  and  of  college  students;  by  ex- 
tensive evangelistic  campaigns;  by  special 
religious  work  in  colleges;  and  by  the 
Student  Volunteer  Movement. 

4.  Increase  of  Untrained  Ministers 

The  proportion  of  untrained  men  in  the  ministry 
is  increasing.  An  investigation  covering  3,500 
ministers  of  one  denomination  showed  that 
50  per  cent,  was  without  college  education, 
and  not  one  in  four  had  both  college  and  semin- 
ary degrees. 

In  one  denomination  1,624  more  imordained 
"supply  preachers"  were  used  in  1918  than  in 
1898. 


MINISTERIAL  SALARIES  AND  PENSIONS:  Ministerial  Salaries 


281 


In  a  denomination  having  963  congregations    In  another,  out  of  986  ministers  only  476  gave 
only  627  have  settled  pastors.    Another  reports    their  full  time  to  ministerial  work. 


THE  church  must  take  better  care  of  her  ministers  or  be  con- 
tent with  an  inferior  class  of  men  for  her  work,  and  that  spells 
failure.    Ministers  need  the  best  possible  intellectual  equipment. 


A  survey  of  an  Ohio  county  reveals  the  folly 
of  dividing  a  minister's  time;  the  percentage  of 
gain  in  churches  which  had  one-quarter  of  the 
minister's  time  was  26  per  cent. ;  those  which  had 
one-third  of  his  time,  35  per  cent.;  those  with 
only  one-half  of  his  time,  39  per  cent.  But 
when  the  church  had  all  of  the  minister's  time, 
the  gain  was  60  per  cent. 

5.  The  Church  Suffers 

This  is  a  tragedy.  The  church  has  more  at 
stake  than  the  ministry.  Its  greatest  asset 
is  not  the  wealth  of  its  laity  but  the  sacrificial 
service  of  its  ministers.  By  ignoring  their  just 
requirements  it  disheartens  those  already  in 
its  service  and  weakens  its  claim  upon  young 
men  of  promise  and  ability. 

THE  WAY  OUT 

HE  way  out  is  to  give  the  facts  to  the 


T 


church.  The  same  principles  which  assure 
cooperation,  loyalty,  industry  and  content- 
ment in  business  affairs  apply  equally  well  to 
the  ministry  and  church  affairs. 

Churches  have  been  compelled  to  add  from  50 
to  80  per  cent,  to  the  salaries  of  their  janitors 
and  church  secretaries.  They  cannot  get  their 
executive  work  done  and  keep  their  plants 
warm  and  clean  without  paying  more  for  it. 

What  about  the  chilly  winds  of  unmet  needs 
which  blow  against  the  parsonage  where  resides 
the  minister  who,  with  his  family,  is  not  working 
for  money,  and  is  tied  to  his  task  by  his  vows 
and  ideals?  Do  not  compel  him  to  break 
them. 

The  laymen  who  have  dealt  liberally  with  world- 
wide and  national  charities  but  who  are  pay- 
ing less  each  year  to  support  the  ministry, 
must  assume  larger  responsibilities. 

They  are  under  vows  to  support  the  ministry 


and  the  institutions  of  the  church.  The  in- 
junction, "Vow  and  pay  thy  vows!"  is  as 
binding  on  them  as  on  the  ministry. 

MEETING  THE  CRISIS 

MINISTERS  are  the  officers  of  the  army 
of  the  Lord.  The  nation  that  loses  its 
officers  loses  its  army;  and  if  the  army  be  lost 
the  nation  is  lost;  and  if  the  nation  be  lost  all  is 
lost.  The  only  way  that  the  nation  can  sur- 
vive is  to  provide  trained  officers. 

America  came  late  into  the  World  War,  not 
from  lack  of  men  willing  to  follow  the  flag  but 
because  of  the  time  necessary  to  train  officers 
to  lead  them. 

It  is  so  in  the  church.  If  we  lose  the  ministers 
we  lose  the  army  of  the  Lord  and  have  only  an 
unorganized  religious  mob;  and  if  we  lose  the 
Christian  army  we  lose  the  church;  and  to  lose 
the  church  is  to  lose  all.  The  only  way  the 
church  can  survive  is  to  have  trained  ministers. 

Through  its  trained  inspired  ministry  the  church 
receives  its  vision;  but  where  there  is  no  min- 
istry there  is  no  vision;  and  "where  there  is 
no  vision  the  people  perish.' 


tr 


THE  YOUNG  MAN'S  CALL 

YOUNG  men  do  not  determine  their  call 
to  the  ministry  on  the  basis  of  salary.  But 
the  church  that  puts  a  low  estimate  on  the  value 
of  their  services  and  the  importance  of  their 
task  is  not  likely  to  appeal  successfully  to  the 
young  man  who  prizes  the  life  he  has  to  live 
and  wants  to  make  it  count  in  the  world. 

Young  men  are  not  drawn  to  the  ministry  by 
the  lure  of  luxurious  things,  but  the  church  can 
never  make  a  compelling  appeal  to  its  best 
until  it  gives  a  fair  financial  recognition  to  the 
value  of  their  services  and  acknowledges  that 
"the  laborer  is  worthy  of  his  hire." 


AN  ADEQUATE  support  for  every  minister  will  be  a  really  con- 
L  structive  work  for  the  kingdom  of  God,  and  should  be  one 
of  the  church's  supreme  concerns. 


282 


Ministerial  Salaries:  MINISTERIAL  SALARIES  AND  PENSIONS 


MINISTERIAL  SUPPORT  IN  TERMS  OF 
AUTOMOBILE  COST  AND  UPKEEP 

INTRINSIC  VALUES  AND  PRICES  ARE  NOT  THE  SAME  THING 
A  GOOD   MAN    IS  WORTH    FAR   MORE  THAN  ANY  MACHINE.' 
THE  WORLD  NEEDS  TO  BE  EDUCATED  UP  TO  THIS  IDEA 


Ministers' 
Salaries 


Note  that  i 


aassl. 

Salary  $600  a 
year. 


Class  2. 

Salary  $600  to 
$900  a  year. 


Class  3. 


These  ministers  receive,  for  a  \^hoIe 
year's  work,  a  sum  less  than  the 
initial  cost  of  the  cheapest  car  on  the 
market. 


Salary  $900  to 
$1,500  a  year. 


Many  an  individual  layman  spends 
more  for  and  on  his  car  than  the 
whole  congregation  pays  for  its 
minister's  entire  yearly  salary. 


Class  4. 

Salary  $1,500 
to  $3,000  a  year. 


A  car  is  only  one  item  in  the  business 
man's  budget.  A  minister  has  to 
support  his  family  for  a  whole  year 
often  on  less  than  this  one  item  costs 
his  parishioner. 


Class  5. 

Salary  $3,000 
to  $5,000  a  year. 


A  car  can  serve  at  best  but  a  few 
people.  A  minister  serves  the  whole 
community  all  the  time.  A  car  is  a 
constant  liability.  A  good  minister 
is  a  permanent  asset. 


It  is  often  more  profitable  to  act  as 
chauffeur  in  a  luxxuious  limousine 
than  to  shepherd  a  thousand  souls. 
This  inequality  is  neither  just  nor 
necessary.     Let  us  help  change  it. 


Types  of  cars 


€€ 


How  much  better  is  a  man  than  a  machine!  " 


MINISTERIAL  SALARIES  AND  PENSIONS:  Ministerial  Salaries 


283 


The  Task  Before  the  Churches 

Ministers,  with  few  exceptions,  are  full-time  men  on  half  pay.  An  average 
salary  of  less  than  $800  was  paid  in  1918,  while  industrial  experts  state 
$1,500  is  the  minimum  amount  needed  to  support  an  ordinary  family. 

HE  foregoing  survey  brings  the  church  face  to  face  with  an  imperative  duty 
which  must  be  promptly  acknowledged  and  performed  for  the  sake  of  all 
interests  related  to  the  kingdom  of  God. 

That  duty  is  to  make  adequate  provision  for  those  who  have  been  divinely  called 
to  the  responsibility  of  spiritual  leadership.  These  are  the  church's  own,  given  to  it 
by  its  divine  head.  They  are  members  of  its  family  and  as  such  have  special  claims 
upon  its  resources.  To  the  relation  of  the  church  to  them  may  be  applied  the  declara- 
tion: "If  any  man  provide  not  for  his  own,  and  specially  for  those  of  his  own  house, 
he  hath  denied  the  faith,  and  is  worse  than  an  infidel."  The  church  cannot  escape 
the  application  of  these  words,  severe  as  the  implication  may  be. 

The  minister  has  been  called  "the  strategic  man"  in  all  forward  movements  in  the 
church,  and  for  that  reason  whatever  is  in  any  way  detrimental  to  his  highest 
efficiency  ought  to  be  removed  if  it  is  within  the  power  of  the  church  to  remove  it. 

That  the  majority  of  ministers  are  handicapped  by  the  inadequate  salaries  paid; 
that  the  church  suffers  in  consequence  and  that  it  is  within  the  power  of  the  church 
to  change  the  situation  for  the  better,  have  been  clearly  shown  in  the  foregoing  pages. 


WHAT  IS  NEEDED 

THE  imperative  need  is  for  such  an  increase 
in  ministerial  support  as  shall  assure  to 
each  minister  a  minimum  salary  of,  at  least, 
$1,500  and  a  house. 

The  survey  has  revealed  the  fact  that  a  large 
number  of  ministers  are  far  from  this  minimum 
standard  in  the  support  they  receive.  For 
instance:  In  sixteen  denominations  there  are 
4,829  ministers  who  received  in  1918  a  salary 
of  less  than  $500;  there  are  14,423  ministers 
who  received  between  $500  and  $1,000,  and 
there  are  12,873  ministers  who  received  between 
$1,000  and  $1,500.  This  makes  a  total  of 
32,125  ministers  who  received  less  than  $1,500 
salary. 

To  bring  the  support  of  those  represented  by 


the  first  class  up  to  $1,500,  assuming  that  the 
average  received  by  each  was  $500,  would  re- 
quire an  addition  for  each  of  $1,000,  or  a  total 
amount  of  $4,829,000. 

Assuming  that  the  second  class  received  an 
average  of  $800,  it  would  require  an  average  of 
$700  for  each  minister  to  bring  the  level  up 
to  $1,500,  or  a  total  amount  of  $10,096,100. 

Assuming  that  class  three  received  an  average 
of  $1,200,  it  would  require  an  average  increase 
of  $300  for  each  minister  to  bring  this  class  up 
to  the  minimum  stated  above,  or  a  total  amount 
of  $3,861,900. 

To  bring  these  classes  of  ministers  in  the  sixteen 
denominations  up  to  a  minimum  support  of 
$1,500  would  require  an  annual  increase  of 
$18,786,900.    This  appears  to  be  a  large  sum 


284 


Ministerial  Salaries:  MINISTERIAL  SALARIES  AND  PENSIONS 


m 


m 


in  the  total,  and  it  is;  but  it  is  a  very  small 
per  capita  amount  when  distributed  over 
a  membership  of  about  11,200,000.  Distrib- 
uted over  this  membership  it  would  be  an 
average  of  only  four  cents  per  ueek,  and  this 
small  contribution  would  meet  the  increase  for 
salaries  and  leave  a  balance  of  over  $3,000,000. 
The  statistics  for  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  are  compiled  in  such  detail  that  the 
following  statement  of  the  number  of  ministers 
who  receive  less  than  $1,500  is  accurate: 

1,932  ministers  in  this  denomination  receive 
salaries  of  $500  or  less.  Assuming  all  in  this 
class  receive  $500,  it  would  require  $1,000  each 
to  bring  it  close  up  to  the  level  of  $1,500,  or  a 
total  of  $1,932,000. 

4,136  ministers  receive  from  $500  to  $1,000. 
Assuming  they  averaged  $800  each,  it  would 
take  an  average  of  $700  each  to  raise  this 
class  to  the  level  of  $1,500,  or  $2,895,200. 

4,179  ministers  receive  from  $1,000  to  $1,500. 
Assuming  the  average  would  be  $1,200,  an 
average  increase  of  $300  would  be  needed  to 
level  this  class  up,  or  a  total  of  $1,253,700. 

The  total  increase  for  the  whole  denomination 
is  $6,080,900,  or  less  than  an  average  of  three 
cents  per  week  per  member  for  this  denomina- 
tion. 

It  is  not  possible  to  give  in  such  detail  the 
statistics  for  other  denominations,  because  in 
many  of  them  the  pastor's  salary  is  not  pub- 
lished as  an  item  separate  from  the  local  budget. 
But  there  is  no  reason  to  believe  that  the  other 
denominations  would  make  a  showing  much 
different  than  that  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church. 


FOUR  WAYS  OUT 

THAT  a  change  can  be  brought  about  there 
is  no  reason  to  doubt.  The  most  important 
thing  to  consider  is  the  way  in  which  the 
change  may  be  accomplished. 

No  problem  is  more  difficult  if  it  is  considered 
apart  from  the  relationship  to  it  of  the  local 
church. 

No  plan  that  looks  toward  temporary  relief  will 
suffice,  for  the  emergency  is  not  a  temporary  one. 

The  situation  has  not  come  suddenly  upon  the 
church.  It  has  been  developing  for  decades 
but  has  been  overlooked.  It  is  now  disclosed 
as  having  reached  the  acute  stage  and  cannot 
longer  be  ignored.  No  arrangement  for  tem- 
porary relief  will  be  satisfactory  either  to  men 
now  in  service  or  to  capable  young  men  who  are 
needed  to  fill  the  widening  gaps  in  the  ranks. 

The  change  must  be  permanent. 

Four  ways  of  bringing  about  this  permanent 
change  are  conceivable: 

1.  A  Sustentation  Fund 

Such  a  fund  to  be  established  for  each  denomi- 
nation, the  income  to  be  used  to  supplement 
inadequate  salaries.  Such  funds  now  exist  in 
some  churches  and  the  work  done  by  them  is 
done  in  others  by  the  use  of  annual  collections 
for  home  missions  and  sustentation.  The 
task  should  be  to  increase  such  funds  till 
they  were  adequate  to  meet  all  needs.  Such 
funds  should  be  used,  however,  only  to  increase 
the  salaries  paid  by  parishes  manifestly  unable 
to  provide  an  adequate  support  for  the  minister, 
and  which  may  be  regarded  as  mission  stations. 

It  is  as  possible  to  pauperize  a  church  as  it 


IF 


FOR  Cjod  is  not  unrighteous  to  forget  your  work  and  the  love 
which  ye  showed  toward  his  name,  in  that  ye  ministered  unto  the 
saints  and  still  do  minister.— /fe6reu;s  6:10. 


MINISTERIAL  SALARIES  AND  PENSIONS:  Ministerial  Salaries 


285 


is  to  pauperize  an  individual,  by  granting  im- 
necessary  aid. 

2.  A  Foundation  Fund 

This  might  solve  the  problem.  It  means  the 
creation  of  a  foundation  similar  to  the  Carnegie 
Foimdation  for  the  Advancement  of  Teaching, 
to  be  administered  in  a  similar  way,  and  which 
would  guarantee  to  every  active  minister  an 
adequate  salary.  This  would  require  a  fund 
of  about  two  billion  dollars  invested  at  five 
per  cent.  The  strongest  objection  to  this  plan 
would  be  the  possible  injurious  effect  upon  the 
vital  spirituality  of  the  local  church,  which 
would  be  thus  relieved  of  a  large  measure  of  its 
responsibility  for  the  support  of  its  minister. 

The  underpaid  minister  is  always  an  unappre- 
ciated minister,  and  such  treatment  of  the 
minister  reacts  severely  upon  the  church,  as 
injustice  is  always  certain  to  do.  Gifts,  how- 
ever great,  to  noble  and  worthy  causes  cannot 
liquidate  the  church's  obligations  to  their 
ministers.     Justice  is  not  attained  in  that  way. 

3.  Ministerial  Salary  First 

The  problem  could  be  solved  by  adopting  the 
principle  that  in  making  up  the  local  budget 
the  salary  of  the  minister  should  be  regarded  as 
fundamental  and  receive  consideration  as  a  first 
claim  upon  the  financial  resources  of  the  local 
church.  This  would  not  relieve  the  local  church 
of  any  responsibility  for  other  causes,  but  would 
restrain  it  from  regarding  any  other  interest 
of  the  church,  however  important,  as  being 
paramount  to  the  support  of  its  minister. 

4.  The  Local  Appeal 

The  problem  might  be  solved  by  each  denomina- 
tion fixing  a  minimum  salary  for  its  ministers 


and  using  all  proper  means  to  persuade  local 
churches  to  adopt  it.  This  plan  is  already  in 
operation  in  various  ways  by  some  ecclesiastical 
bodies,  as  is  shown  by  the  following: 

a.  The  Pittsburgh  Presbjrtery  of  the  United 
Presbyterian  Church  requires  $1,800  for  an 
ordained  minister  and  family. 

h.  The  Commission  on  Finance  of  the  Metho- 
dist Episcopal  Church  recommends  a  minimum 
salary,  larger  than  the  average,  with  a  larger 
percentage  of  increase  for  the  smaller  salaried 
ministers.  The  result  is  that  most  annual 
conferences  have  adopted  a  minimum  salary 
which  at  present  varies  from  $1,000  to  $1,500. 

c.  The  Disciples  of  Christ  has  recommended  a 
conscientious  effort  by  all  local  chiu-ches  to 
increase  salaries  and  has  urged  the  following 
scale  of  increase:  salaries  under  $1,500,  increase 
25  per  cent. ;  between  $1,500  to  $2,000,  increase 
20  per  cent.;  between  $2,000  to  $3,000,  increase 
15  per  cent.;  above  $3,000,  increase  10  per  cent. 

"  We  consider  it  vital  to  the  maintenance  of  our 
ministry  in  adequate  strength  that  the  salary 
question  he  taken  up  by  the  laymen  and  disposed 
of  adequately  and  immediately." 

d.  The  Presbyteries  of  Brooklyn  and  Nassau 
County,  N.  Y.,  recently  recommended  $2,000 
with  manse,  and  $2,500  without  manse,  for  mar- 
ried ministers;  and  $1,500  for  those  unmarried. 

For  the  first  time  in  the  history  of  Protestantism 
in  America  this  important  cause  is  now  brought 
before  the  churches  in  a  combined  manner. 
This  has  been  possible  only  through  the  Inter- 
church  World  Movement  which  includes  in  its 
campaign  program  of  education  such  a  presenta- 
tion of  this  subject  to  all  the  churches  as  shall 
result  in  an  adequate  support  for  the  ministry. 


KNOW  ye  not  that  they  that  minister  about  sacred  things  eat  of 
the  things  of  the  temple,  and  they  that  wait  upon  the  altar 
have  their  portion  with  the  altar? — 1  Cor,  9:13. 


284 


Ministerial  Salaries:  MINISTERIAL  SALARIES  AND  PENSIONS 


in  the  total,  and  it  is;  but  it  is  a  very  small 
per  capita  amount  when  distributed  over 
a  membership  of  about  11,200,000.  Distrib- 
uted over  this  membership  it  would  be  an 
average  of  only  four  cents  per  ueek,  and  this 
small  contribution  would  meet  the  increase  for 
salaries  and  leave  a  balance  of  over  $3,000,000. 
The  statistics  for  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  are  compiled  in  such  detail  that  the 
following  statement  of  the  number  of  ministers 
who  receive  less  than  $1,500  is  accurate: 

1,932  ministers  in  this  denomination  receive 
salaries  of  $500  or  less.  Assuming  all  in  this 
class  receive  $500,  it  would  require  $1,000  each 
to  bring  it  close  up  to  the  level  of  $1,500,  or  a 
total  of  $1,932,000. 

4,136  ministers  receive  from  $500  to  $1,000. 
Assuming  they  averaged  $800  each,  it  would 
take  an  average  of  $700  each  to  raise  this 
class  to  the  level  of  $1,500,  or  $2,895,200. 

4,179  ministers  receive  from  $1,000  to  $1,500. 
Assuming  the  average  would  be  $1,200,  an 
average  increase  of  $300  would  be  needed  to 
level  this  class  up,  or  a  total  of  $1,253,700. 

The  total  increase  for  the  whole  denomination 
is  $6,080,900,  or  less  than  an  average  of  three 
cents  per  week  per  member  for  this  denomina- 
tion. 

It  is  not  possible  to  give  in  such  detail  the 
statistics  for  other  denominations,  because  in 
many  of  them  the  pastor's  salary  is  not  pub- 
lished as  an  item  separate  from  the  local  budget. 
But  there  is  no  reason  to  believe  that  the  other 
denominations  would  make  a  showing  much 
different  than  that  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church. 


FOUR  WAYS  OUT 

THAT  a  change  can  be  brought  about  there 
is  no  reason  to  doubt.  The  most  important 
thing  to  consider  is  the  way  in  which  the 
change  may  be  accomplished. 

No  problem  is  more  difficult  if  it  is  considered 
apart  from  the  relationship  to  it  of  the  local 
church. 

No  plan  that  looks  toward  temporary  relief  will 
suffice,  for  the  emergency  is  not  a  temporary  one. 

The  situation  has  not  come  suddenly  upon  the 
church.  It  has  been  developing  for  decades 
but  has  been  overlooked.  It  is  now  disclosed 
as  having  reached  the  acute  stage  and  cannot 
longer  be  ignored.  No  arrangement  for  tem- 
porary relief  will  be  satisfactory  either  to  men 
now  in  service  or  to  capable  young  men  who  are 
needed  to  fill  the  widening  gaps  in  the  ranks. 

The  change  must  be  permanent. 

Four  ways  of  bringing  about  this  permanent 
change  are  conceivable; 

1.  A  Sustentation  Fund 

Such  a  fund  to  be  established  for  each  denomi- 
nation, the  income  to  be  used  to  supplement 
inadequate  salaries.  Such  funds  now  exist  in 
some  churches  and  the  work  done  by  them  is 
done  in  others  by  the  use  of  annual  collections 
for  home  missions  and  sustentation.  The 
task  should  be  to  increase  such  funds  till 
they  were  adequate  to  meet  all  needs.  Such 
funds  should  be  used,  however,  only  to  increase 
the  salaries  paid  by  parishes  manifestly  unable 
to  provide  an  adequate  support  for  the  minister, 
and  which  may  be  regarded  as  mission  stations. 

It  is  as  possible  to  pauperize  a  church  as  it 


F 


FOR  Ciod  is  not  unrighteous  to  forget  your  work  and  the  love 
which  ye  showed  toward  his  name,  in  that  ye  ministered  unto  the 
saints  and  still  do  minister. — Hebrews  6:10. 


IL 


MINISTERIAL  SALARIES  AND  PENSIONS:  Ministerial  Salaries 


285 


is  to  pauperize  an  individual,  by  granting  un- 
necessary aid. 

2.  A  Foundation  Fund 

This  might  solve  the  problem.  It  means  the 
creation  of  a  foundation  similar  to  the  Carnegie 
Foundation  for  the  Advancement  of  Teaching, 
to  be  administered  in  a  similar  way,  and  which 
would  guarantee  to  every  active  minister  an 
adequate  salary.  This  would  require  a  fund 
of  about  two  billion  dollars  invested  at  five 
per  cent.  The  strongest  objection  to  this  plan 
would  be  the  possible  injurious  effect  upon  the 
vital  spirituality  of  the  local  church,  which 
would  be  thus  relieved  of  a  large  measure  of  its 
responsibility  for  the  support  of  its  minister. 

The  underpaid  minister  is  always  an  unappre- 
ciated minister,  and  such  treatment  of  the 
minister  reacts  severely  upon  the  church,  as 
injustice  is  always  certain  to  do.  Gifts,  how- 
ever great,  to  noble  and  worthy  causes  cannot 
liquidate  the  church's  obligations  to  their 
ministers.     Justice  is  not  attained  in  that  way. 

3.  Ministerial  Salary  First 

The  problem  could  be  solved  by  adopting  the 
principle  that  in  making  up  the  local  budget 
the  salary  of  the  minister  should  be  regarded  as 
fundamental  and  receive  consideration  as  a  first 
claim  upwn  the  financial  resources  of  the  local 
church.  This  would  not  relieve  the  local  church 
of  any  responsibility  for  other  causes,  but  would 
restrain  it  from  regarding  any  other  interest 
of  the  church,  however  important,  as  being 
paramount  to  the  support  of  its  minister. 

4.  The  Local  Appeal 

The  problem  might  be  solved  by  each  denomina- 
tion fixing  a  minimum  salary  for  its  ministers 


and  using  all  proper  means  to  persuade  local 
churches  to  adopt  it.  This  plan  is  already  in 
operation  in  various  ways  by  some  ecclesiastical 
bodies,  as  is  shown  by  the  following: 

a.  The  Pittsburgh  Presbytery  of  the  United 
Presbyterian  Church  requires  $1,800  for  an 
ordained  minister  and  family. 

b.  The  Commission  on  Finance  of  the  Metho- 
dist Episcopal  Church  recommends  a  minimum 
salary,  larger  than  the  average,  with  a  larger 
percentage  of  increase  for  the  smaller  salaried 
ministers.  The  result  is  that  most  annual 
conferences  have  adopted  a  minimum  salary 
which  at  present  varies  from  $1,000  to  $1,500. 

c.  The  Disciples  of  Christ  has  recommended  a 
conscientious  effort  by  all  local  churches  to 
increase  salaries  and  has  urged  the  following 
scale  of  increase:  salaries  under  $1,500,  increase 
25  per  cent.;  between  $1,500  to  $2,000,  increase 
20  per  cent.;  between  $2,000  to  $3,000,  increase 
15  per  cent. ;  above  $3,000,  increase  10  per  cent. 

"  We  consider  it  vital  to  the  maintenance  of  our 
ministry  in  adequate  strength  that  the  salary 
question  be  taken  up  by  the  laymen  and  disposed 
of  adequately  and  immediately" 

d.  The  Presbjrteries  of  Brooklyn  and  Nassau 
County,  N.  Y.,  recently  recommended  $2,000 
with  manse,  and  $2,500  without  manse,  for  mar- 
ried ministers;  and  $1,500  for  those  unmarried. 

For  the  first  time  in  the  history  of  Protestantism 
in  America  this  important  cause  is  now  brought 
before  the  churches  in  a  combined  manner. 
This  has  been  possible  only  through  the  Inter- 
church  World  Movement  which  includes  in  its 
campaign  program  of  education  such  a  presenta- 
tion of  this  subject  to  all  the  churches  as  shall 
result  in  an  adequate  support  for  the  ministry. 


KNOW  ye  not  that  they  that  minister  about  sacred  things  eat  of 
the  things  of  the  temple,  and  they  that  wait  upon  the  altar 
have  their  portion  with  the  altar? — 1  Cor,  9:13. 


286 


Ministerial  Salaries:  MINISTERIAL  SALARIES  AND  PENSIONS 


MINISTERL\L  SALARIES  AND  PENSIONS:  Ministerial  Salaries 


287 


Table  Showinfl^ 

MINISTERIAL  SALARIES 

By  States  for  All  Denominations 

Note:  The  following  statistics  include  only  denominations  reporting  and  able  to  furnish  information  on  ministerial 
salaries.    Some  denominations  do  not  report  the  minister's  salary  separate  from  the  local  budget. 


Name 

or 

State 


Alabama 

Alasila 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut.  . 
Delaware 

DiST.  OF 

Columbia.  . . 

Florida 

Georgia 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi..  . , 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New 

Hampshire.  . 
New  Jersey... 
New  Mexico.  . 

New  York 

N.  Carolina... 
North  Dakota 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania. 
Rhode  Island. 
S.  Carolina.  . . 
South  Dakota. 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington..  . 
West  Virginia,  j 
Wisconsin...  . 
Wyoming 

TOTAL. . . 


Number  of 
Commu- 
nicants 


244,664 

V2',485 
152,962 
125,853 

99,215 
118,807 

25,209 

22,020 

76,169 

279,439 

37,586 

767,780 

575,733 

428,414 

331,836 

305,449 

67,635 

44,278 

137,7681 

225,961 ' 

333,9981 

244,137 

153,590! 

478,256 

32,250 

203,368 

1,303 

33,618 
273,728 i 

17,414 
696,040 1 
326,668 

44,252! 
837,281 
171,954 

73,950 
1,045,358 

22,320 
146,708 

58,464 
288,960 
454,033 

60,2781 

41,486! 
276,3461 
114,8051 
216  161; 
208,729 
8,4401 


Number 

of 
Churches 


906 

ios 

908 
253 
683 
520 
101 

60 

444 

1,016 

230 

3,433 

2,316 

2,176 

1,877 

1,740 

378 

391 

579 

988 

1,722 

1,377 

786 

2,574 

294 

1,356 

19 

278 

999 

169 

2,819 

1398 

514 

2,599 

1,633 

586 

3,348 

117 

650 

545 

1,199 

2,370 

467 

326 

940 

897 

1,022 

1,083 

81 


Pastoral  Salaries 


Total 

All 
Salaries 


2627,627 

'  94,3  i  2 
511,558 

455,529 

615,694 

639,476 

99,593 

132,125 

349,266 

807,327 

224,360 

3,651,551 

2,099,539 

2,425,306 

1,750,556 

976,342 

280,508 

331,221 

587,216 

1,248,940 

1,697,857 

1,277,269 

474,258 

1,970,156 

276,069 

1,329,356 

15,488 

252,392 

1,274,701 
127,945 

3,486,156 
944,816 
450,676 

3,171,396 
938,890 
465,548 

3,961,920 
109,275 
549,152 
466,084 
904,781 

1,965,147 
345,310 
263,758 
727,455 
825,806 
751,044 

1.041,523 
60,279 


10,943,158,     51,272  iW8,031,648 


Average 
Salary 


3693 

"898 
564 

1,800 
901 

1,230 
986 

2,202 
987 
795 
975 

1,065 
906 

1,114 
932 
562 
742 
847 

1,014 

1,264 
986 
928 
603 
765 
939 
980 
815 

908 

1,276 
757 

1,236 
676 
878 

1,220 
575 
794 

1.184 
934 
845 
855 
755 
830 
739 
809 
774 
921 
735 
962 
744 


Average 
Paid  Per 
Commu- 
nicant 


$937 


32.57 

"7.*  55 
3.34 
3.54 
6.21 
5.38 
3.95 

6.00 
4.59 
2.89 
5.92 
9.75 
3.64 
5.66 
5.27 
3.20 
4.15 
7.48 
4.26 
5.53 
5.08 
5.23 
3.08 
4.12 
8.56 
6.54 
11.12 

7.51 
4.66 
7.35 
5.01 
2.89 
10  18 
3.79 
5.47 
6.30 
3.80 
4.90 
3.74 
7.97 
3.13 
4.33 
5.73 
6.36 
2.63 
7.19 
3.47 
4.97 
7.09 


54.38 


Classification  of  Salaries 


Less 

than 
3500 


49 

i4 
18 
78 
41 
33 
9 

3 

25 
30 
26 

167 

131 
81 

153 
35 
11 

116 
20 
99 
76 
83 
1 
82 
33 
67 
7 

49 
61 
17 

191 
33 
47 

133 
71 
59 
92 
12 


3500 

to 
31000 


47 
57 
21 
10 
59 
25 
70 
50 
56 
5 


2,653 


16 

"9 
13 

298 
78 

177 
28 

5 

25 
8 

47 
553 
455 
261 
313 

52 

21 
152 
104 
248 
452 
259 
4 
293 

83 

320 

6 

127 
170 

13 
514 

24 
107 
410 
121 

82 
400 

15 

2 

103 

73 

74 

11 
153 

43 
163 
137 
255 

22 


31000 

to 
31500 


5 

6 

275 

91 

144 

42 

7 

15 

4 

27 

615 

246 

524 

344 

13 

14 

108 

78 

290 

321 

249 

1 

167 

51 

368 

2 

95 

151 

7 

635 

7 

98 
720 

87 

65 
525 

27 

1 

143 

25 

18 
2 

74 

31 
140 

94 
278 

23 


31500 

to 
32000 


3 
1 
81 
35 
65 
11 

8 
6 
1 

13 

217 

105 

203 

100 

3 

1 

31 

50 

147 

79 

63 


32000 

to 
32500 


29 
14 
43 


5 
3 


37 

17 

68 

1 

13 

91 

4 

180 

1 

32 

180 
21 
23 

315 
14 


7.299 


7.256 


45 

9 
13 

1 
16 

1 
30 
23 
70 

5 


2 
96 
28 
63 
23 

2 


32500 

to 
33000 


6 

2 

12 


2 

41 
17 
23 
12 

2 


3300034000 


to 


3400035000 


.1 

5 

5 

19 


5 

24 
67 
25 
23 


14 
10 
14 


10 

62 

2 

116 


7 
82 

7 

8 
152 

3 


8 


17 

11 

20 

4 


10 
42 
11 
15 


6 
4 

20 

55 


2 
40 

4 

8 
101 

3 


4 

5 

10 
1 


2,433 


1,012 


485 


25 
3 

15 
2 


to 


3 

9 

37 

11 


1 

3 

12 
49 


1 

24 


1 

17 
2 


3 
1 
I 


285 


35000 

and 

Over 


2 

2 

3 

14 


6 
2 
1 
5 


84 


11 
1 


6 
3 
3 


2 

i 


3 

U 


8 


3 
1 


71 


Table  Showing 

MINISTERIAL  SALARIES 

By  Denominations  for  all  States 


Note— The  following  table  contains  the  statistics  as  completely  as  could  be  gathered  from  the  denomination,  thmu^h 

personal  interviews,  correspondence,  and  year  books.     Becaui  of  incomolet^e  datrthe  NortLm  R?ST^^^ 

and  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  the  U.  S.  a":  are  not  included  in  the  clSEttn  of  Llari^^^^  Convention 


DBNOMIirATIOM 


BAPTIST 

Northern  Baptist  Convention. 
CONGREGATIONAL 

Congregational  Churches.. 
DISCIPLES 

Disciples  of  Christ 

EVANGELICAL 

Evanoeucal  Association 

Evangelical  Synod  or  America 
LUTHERAN 

Auoustana  Synod 

Synod  or  Missouri 

METHODIST 
Free  Methodist  Church  orN.A. 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church..  . 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church, 

South 

Methodist  Protestant  Church 
Wesleyan   Methodist  Connec- 
tion or  America 

MORAVIAN 

Moravian  Church 

PRESBYTERIAN 
Presbyterian   Church   in   the 

U.S.A 

Presbyterian   Church   in  the 
U.S 

RbformedPresbyterianChurch 

United  Presbyterian  Church.  . 
REFORMED 

Reformed  Church  in  America  . . 

Reformed  Church  in  the  U.  S.. 
UNITED  BRETHREN 

Church  or  the  United  Brbth- 

REM  IN  Christ 

UNITED  EVANGELICAL 

United  Evangeucal  Church.  . . 


u8 

is 


II 


1.283,120 

770.875 

1,217.598 

106,392 
260.213 

195.025 
590.698 

28,830 
3,312,130 
2,141.716 

174,302 

20,000 

16.048 

522,462 

363,942 

2,279 

171,706 


133,783 
330,039 


342,230 
88,169 


Pastoral  Salaries 


".a 


TOTAL 


11,788,427 


9.053 

4,045 

9,657 

935 
993 

1,152 
2,129 

934 

14,140 

6,117 

1,016 

638 

76 

5,412 

1,351 

13 

1,022 

727 
1,785 

1,668 
501 


Si.>v 


3804,900 

4,938,767 

6,194,012 

838,443 
950,000 

819,950 
2,046,735 

472,843 

14,486,578 

6,136,445 

672,033 

119,794 

79,346 

7.536,975 

2,176,661 

16,500 

1,122,532 

1,000,000 


54,839 


1,432,600 
503,614 


31,440 

641 

897 
900 

712 
961 

506 
1,025 
1,003 

661 

201 

1,044 

1,393 

1,346 
1,269 
1,098 

1,500 
1,669 

859 
1,005 


a  3 

*'  a  G 

MB  d 

goS 

>  u 


Classification  of  Salaries 


36.63 

5.08 

7.88 
3.65 

4.20 
3.47 

16.40 
4.37 
2.87 

3.86 

5.98 

4.94 

4.95 

5.98 
7.24 
6.54 

7.50 


Is 


•♦*» 


405 


1,120 


:8 

)»0 


40 


374 

1,932 

958 

378 


538 


4.19 
5.71 


351,543,828 


3940 


34.29 


1,355 

313 
4,136 
2,371 

390 


1,284 


443 


-co 


37 


40 


305 
22 


346 


715 

37 
4,719 
1,761 

161 


14 


35 


4,423 


65 
56 


593 
256 


617 


37 

3 

1,739 

598 

42 


202 


105 


107 


i»o 


\  > 


36 


56 


8 


244 


776 
249 

13 


374 
96 

3 


179 

73 

3 


11,681 


315 
234 


506 
173 


135 
341 


109 
50 


95 
3 


43 


48 
5 


15 
6 


21 


10,600 


3.762 


44 

75 


16 


30 
24 


1,582 


22 
15 


15 


671 


420 


108 


88 


288 


Ministerial  Pensions:  MINISTERIAL  SALARIES  AND  PENSIONS 


Table  Showing 

SUPPORT  OF  RETIRED  MINISTERS 

and  Widows  and  Orphans  of  Ministers 

Classification  of  Beneficiaries 


• 

Beneficiaries 

Present  number  of 
beneficiaries 

Classification  of  beneficiaries  by  amounts  received 

Denomination 

Minis- 
ters 

Wid- 
ows 

ChU- 
dren 

Total 

Under 

;ioo 

From 

3101 

to 

3200 

From 

3201 

to 

3300 

From 

3301 

to 

3400 

From 

3401 

to 

3500 

From 

3501 

to 

3600 

From 

3601 

to 

3700 

From 

3701 

to 

3800 

From 

3801 

to 

3900 

BAPTIST: 
Northern    Baptist    Con- 
vention  

261 
3 

175 

140 

46 

77 

45 

48 

3,154 

1,000 

11 

227 

102 

590 
3 

335 

238 

64 
294 

144 
144 

7,318 

2,074 

26 

Seventh  Day  Baptist 

,      , 

CONGREGATIONAL: 
Congregational  Churches 

147 

84 

18 

168 

96 
95 

3,601 

1,074 

15 

13 
14 

3 

1 

563 

54 

33 

14 
49 

"io* 

1.827 
2,074 

138 

95 

17 
231 

72 
119 

1,923 

94 

62 

17 
30 

69 

39 
45 
16 

9 
2 

DISCIPLES: 
Disciples  of  Christ 

1 

EVANGELICAL: 

Evangelical  Association. 

Evangelical  Synod  or  N.A. 

LUTHERAN: 
United  Lutheran  Church 
IN  America 

AuGUSTANA  Synod 

METHODIST: 
Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  

1,650 

813 

379 

96 

35 

8 

c 

Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  South 

Methodist  Protestant 
Church 

13 

3 

7 

2 

1 

Free   Methodist   Church 
OF  N.A 

MORAVIAN: 
Moravian  Church 

18 

736 

107 

30 

23 
29 

25 

976 

160 

91 

67 
41 

252 

40 

70 

27 

3 

38 

83 

1,782 
294 
124 

90 
70 

290 

32 
53 

1 

42 

819 

120 

20 

26 

564 
65 
63 

15 

356 
36 
40 

PRESBYTERIAN: 
Presbyterian   Church   in 
theU.  S.  a., North 

21 
13 

Presbyterian    Church   in 
THE  U.  S.,  South 

6 

1 

United  Presbyterian 
Church 

REFORMED: 

Reformed  Church  in 
America 

Reformed  Church  in  the 
U.S 

5 

49 

10 

3 

1 

UNITED  BRETHREN: 
Church    of    the    United 
Brethren  in  Christ 

TOTAL 

5,908 

7,137 

923 

13,963 

4,152 

3,658 

2,653 

1,370 

427 

103 

37 

8 

5 

MINISTERIAL  SALARIES  AND  PENSIONS:  Ministerial  Pensions  289 


MINISTERIAL  PENSIONS 

OLD  age  pensions  belong  to  modem  civilization.  Fifty  years  ago  employees 
did  not  expect  a  pension  in  recognition  of  long  and  faithful  service,  but 
now  a  considerable  portion  of  the  working  people  of  America  work  in  the 
twilight  glow  of  an  expected  retirement  annuity.  .  An  irresistible  law  of  justjee  has 
produced  the  new  order. 

Pension  plans  adopted  by  commercial,  industrial,  public  service  and  other  institutions 
indicate  this  change.  The  entire  trend  throughout  the  commercial  world  is  to 
recognize  some  moral  responsibility  toward  those  whose  best  years  have  been  given  to 
the  corporation's  interests  and  to  discharge  that  responsibility  by  pension  provision. 

The  International  Harvester  Company,  an  industrial  corporation,  provides  an  old 
age  annuity  of  from  $30  to  over  $208  a  month. 

The  Standard  Oil  Company,  a  producing  corporation,  provides  an  annuity,  payable 
monthly,  for  all  employees  who  have  been  twenty  years  or  longer  in  continuous  active 
service;  also  a  death  benefit,  payable  to  the  beneficiaries  of  employees. 

The  Pennsylvania  Railroad  Company  provides  a  pension  or  annuity  for  all  employees, 
the  amount  determined  by  the  wages  received  and  the  years  of  service. 

m 

The  American  Telegraph  and  Telephone  Company,  a  public  service  corporation, 
provides  an  annuity  for  all  employees  who  have  been  in  its  service  for  twenty  yeara 
or  more;  also  sick,  disability  and  death  benefits. 

The  Carnegie  Foundation,  an  endowed  corporation,  was  established  for  the  benefit 
of  retired  college  professors  and  instructors.  The  pension  is  based  on  the  years  of 
service  and  amounts  to  one-half  of  the  average  salary  paid  during  the  last  five  years 
plus  $400. 

The  First  National  Bank  of  Chicago,  a  financial  corporation,  pays  a  pension  to  its 
employees  amounting  to  one-fiftieth  of  their  salary  (at  date  of  retirement)  for  each 
year  of  service,  with  a  maximum  pension  of  $6,000. 

Secular  corporations  are  in  advance  of  the  churches  in  plans  for  providing  old  age  and 
disability  pensions. 

How  far  in  advance  is  shown  by  the  following  comparison  between  the  pensions 
assured  by  the  foregoing  corporations  and  those  planned  by  six  representative 
churches,  all  placed  on  the  same  basis. 


290  Ministerial  Pensions:  MINISTERIAL  SALARIES  AND  PENSIONS 


CORPORATION  PENSIONS 
COMPARED 

THE  pensions  assured  by  these  six  corpora- 
tions, based  on  thirty-five  years  of  service 
and  a  salary  or  wage  of  $2,000  during  the  last 
ten  years  of  employment,  are  as  follows: 

Pennsylvania  Railroad  Company $700 

International  Harvester  Company ♦1,050 

Standard  Oil  Company 1,400 

American  Telegraph  &  Telephone  Co . . .    1,400 

First  National  Bank,  Chicago 1,400 

Carnegie  Foundation 1,400 

Average  pension $1,358 

♦Pension  based  upon  "the  ten  consecutive  years  during  which  the 
employee  received  the  largest  salary  or  wages." 

The  pensions  promised  by  six  representative 
denominations  on  the  same  basis  are  as  follows: 

Church  A $375 

Church  B 500 

Church  C .......*  500 

Church  D 500 

Church  E 479 

Church  F ......'.*  350 

Average  pension ^533 

In  only  one  instance  does  a  denomination 
propose  to  provide  a  pension  in  excess  of  the 
minimum  sum  paid  by  any  of  the  above  corpora- 
tions; and  then  it  is  based  on  the  assumed 
ministerial  salary  of  $2,000  during  the  ten 
years  preceding  retirement,  which  would  be  an 
exceptional  amount. 

Most  of  the  church  plans  are  uncompleted  and 
the  retired  ministers  do  not  receive  the  prom- 
ised amounts.  The  church— "the  richest  in- 
stitution in  all  the  land"— is  shown  by  this 
comparison  to  be  sadly  delinquent  in  its  duty 
to  her  old  ministers. 


PENSION  PLANS  OF 
CHURCHES 

THE  Christian  church  which  taught  the 
principle  of  economic  justice  to  a  thousand 
commerical,  industrial  and  municipal  corpora- 
tions has  been  herself  slow  to  recognize  the 
faithful,  indispensable  and  life-long  services 
of  her  ministers. 

With  the  exception  of  funds  held  by  conven- 
tions, presbyteries,  conferences,  etc.,  pension 
plans  are  of  recent  origin  and  no  denomination 
has  as  yet  an  adequate  pension  fund  endow- 
ment. 

Some  progress  is  being  made,  however,  and 
pension  plans  are  being  formed  in  several 
denominations. 

These  plans  fali  into  three  general  classes: 

1.  Support  or  pension  based  on  years  of  service; 

2.  Relief  or  disability  help;  and  3.  Contributory 
annuity. 

RELIEF  AND  DISABILITY 
FUNDS 

THE  oldest  and  most  general  plan  is  that  of 
relief,  and  in  some  churches  it  is  the  only 
method.  This  plan  cannot  be  entirely  dispensed 
with  because  it  aims  to  meet  special  needs.  The 
newer  tendency,  however,  is  toward  an  actu- 
arially defined  pension  based  on  years  of  service. 
Disability  benefits  are  also  sometimes  provided 
by  a  contributory  organization  which  helps  a 
minister  in  an  emergency. 

Many  denominations  combine  their  plans  for 
pensions  and  relief  and  a  few  have  both  in 
operation. 

Recent  growth  has,  however,  been  in  the  direc- 
tion of  contributory  annuity  provisions. 


rr^HE  church  which  fails  to  take  care  of  its  ministers  when  they 
-L  have  worn  themselves  out  in  its  service,  will  shortly  have  no 
ministers  wearing  themselves  out  for  it. 


MINISTERIAL  SALARIES  AND  PENSIONS:  Ministerial  Pensions 


291 


Pension  Funds  on  a  Contributory  Basis 


DETAILED  information  required  for  the 
organization  of  a  contributory  annuity 
or  pension  fund  cannot  be  given  in  this  brief 
resum6.  We  simply  indicate  the  kind  of  infor- 
mation required  and  give  analyses  of  the  Pen- 
sion Fund  plan  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
Church  and  the  Annuity  Fund  for  Congrega- 
tional Ministers. 

Each  denomination  must  adapt  its  plan  to 
special  conditions,  and  since  a  contributory 
pension  or  annuity  fund  assumes  clearly  de- 
fined financial  obligations,  it  should  not  be 
adopted  unadvisedly. 

Data  must  be  secured  and  this  requires  time, 
patience,  technical  skill  and  money. 

THE  EPISCOPAL  CHURCH  PLAN 

THE  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  provided 
an  advance  budget  of  $150,000  for  actu- 
arial work,  tabulation,  analysis  and  preparation. 
An  initial  reserve  of  $5,000,000  provides  for 
the  "accrued  liabilities";  a  permanent  pension 
account,  to  which  73^  per  cent,  of  the  clergy- 
men's salaries  are  paid  each  year,  has  been 
created;  other  funds  have  been  merged  into 
this  account. 

At  the  age  of  68  an  annuity  equal  to  1>^  per 
cent,  of  the  clergyman's  average  annual  in- 
come, multiplied  by  the  number  of  years  in 
which  assessments  have  been  paid  by  him  is 
promised;  the  minimum  being  $600  and  the 
maximum  50  per  cent,  of  the  average  income 
since  ordination,  but  with  special  limitations. 
There  is  also  a  disability  benefit  equal  to  40 
per  cent,  of  the  average  income  for  the  five 
years  preceding  the  disability,  with  a  minimum 
of  $600;  and  a  widow's  annuity  to  which  her 
husband  would  have  been  entitled.  For  or- 
phans there  is  a  payment  of  $100  a  year  if  under 
the  age  of  seven;  $200  from  seven  to  fourteen; 
$300  from  fourteen  to  twenty-one. 


TJVEN  to  old  age  I  am  he,  and  even  to 
'^  hoar  hairs  will  I  carry  you.— Isaiah,46:4, 


THE  ANNUITY  FUND  FOR 
CONGREGATIONAL  MINISTERS 

THIS  fund  will  receive  the  income  of  the 
five  million  dollar  "Pilgrim  Memorial 
Fund."  The  new,  expanded  plan  goes  into 
effect  January  1,  1921,  as  follows: 

1.  Benefits:  (1)  An  old  age  annuity — beginning 
at  the  age  of  65;  minimum  $500.  (2)  Protec- 
tion for  the  widow  or  other  dependents  in  the 
event  of  the  member's  death  prior  to  the  age 
of  65.  (3)  Additional  disability  benefits  in 
case  of  death  or  permanent  disability  prior  to 
the  age  of  65,  for  which  additional  payments 
are  required.  (4)  A  share  of  the  distributable 
income  of  the  "Pilgrim  Memorial  Fund"  to 
be  credited  on  the  next  year's  dues.  (5)  Op- 
tion to  receive  an  old  age  joint  life  annuity  in 
which  the  widow  will  share;  or  a  deferred  old 
age  life  annuity  with  larger  benefits. 

2.  Dues:  6  per  cent,  of  the  salary  received  each 
year  (based  on  a  minimum  of  $1,000)  to  cover 
the  old  age  annuity;  additional  dues  to  cover 
other  benefits. 

In  working  out  the  plan  actuarial  determina- 
tion was  made  as  to  the  annuities  which  could 
be  purchased  by  accumulated  credits  under 
varying  conditions. 

The  amount  of  the  annuity  resulting  from  the 
pajrment  of  $60  annually  during  a  period  of  35 
years,  closing  at  the  age  of  65,  was  $514.72— 
more  than  50  per  cent,  of  the  assumed  salary 
of  $1,000. 

NUMBER  OF  BENEFICIARIES 

THE  number  of  ministers  in  seventeen  re- 
porting denominations  who  may  in  time 
become  eligible  to  old  age  benefits  is  73,703. 
The  number  reported  by  these  churches  as  now 
being  beneficiaries  is  15,772.  The  returns  are 
incomplete  and  difficult  to  classify.  In  some 
denominations  every  retired  minister,  minis- 
ter's widow  and  dependent  orphan  child  is 
automatically  a  beneficiary;  while  in  others 
formal  application  and  action  is  required. 


292  Ministerial  Pensions:  MINISTERIAL  SALARIES  AND  PENSIONS 


HdpBeipefiiafefheffiiust^' 


OD'S  great  army  of  min- 
isters,   missionaries,   etc., 
must  be   continually   re- 
plenished  with    new    material. 
To  the  young  man  with  minis- 
terial aspirations,  whose  life  is 
yet  before  him,  the  vision  of  aged 
ministers  who  have  passed  their  days 
of  usefulness  is  a  discouraging  one. 
The  suggestion  of  that  "ill-matched 
pair— age  and  penury"  paralyzes  his 
ambition   and   too  often  he  does  not 
heed  God's  call  but  turns  to  gainful  occupations.     The 
church  cannot  stand  by  and  permit  this  impression  to 
gather  momentum.    The  young  man  must  be  assured  of 
a  brighter  prospect  for  the  future. 

Provide  for  Aged  Ministers 

and  this  obstacle  will  be  removed.  The  future  will  hold  promise. 
The  barrier  will  be  raised.  Recruits  will  not  refuse  the  minis- 
try before  they  see  the  larger  meaning  of  the  Divine  Call. 


MINISTERIAL  SALARIES  AND  PENSIONS:  Ministerial  Pensions 


293 


The  15,772  beneficiaries  above  referred  to  may 
be  classified  as  follows:  6,580  retired  ministers, 
7,833  widows  and  1,359  dependent  orphans. 
Of  these  12,413  could  be  further  classified 
according  to  the  amounts  received  as  follows: 

4,152  beneficiaries  received  less  than  $100 


3,658 

2,653 

1,370 

427 

103 

87 

8 

5 


4t 


$» 


«€ 


M 


M 


« 


<« 


<« 


«< 


«< 


M 


M 


M 


from  $100  to  $200 

200  to  300 

300  to  400 

400  to  500 

500  to  600 

600  to  700 

700  to  800 

800  to  900 


<« 


M 


*t 


«< 


« 


M 


M 


TWO  HUNDRED  A  YEAR 

ONLY  580  out  of  the  12,413  beneficiaries, 
less  than  6  per  cent.,  received  over 
$500;  three-fifths  of  them,  7,810,  received 
less  than  $200;  and  one-third  of  them,  4,152, 
received  less  than  $100.  The  returns  cover  60 
per  cent,  of  the  total  number  of  beneficiaries 
in  the  Protestant  churches  and  are  sufficiently 
large  to  show  the  inadequacy  of  the  present  pro- 
visions for  the  support  of  the  retired  ministers, 
widows  and  orphans. 

The  laymen  cannot,  even  if  they  would,  set 
themselves  against  such  massed  facts.  The 
veterans  of  Christ  are  without  reasonable  pro- 
tection in  their  day  of  need,  while  business 
corporations,  with  sound  economic  judgment, 
guard  the  old  age  of  their  employees  with  ade- 
quate pensions.  How  can  the  church  expect 
the  world  to  heed  its  urgent  appeal  for  social 
justice  unless  it  squares  its  own  practise  with 
its  own  teaching? 

ANNUAL  INCOME  REQUIRED 

THE  total  amount  of  income  required  annu- 
ally to  meet  the  obligations  for  pensions 
and  relief  of  seven  of  the  twenty-one  denom- 
inations which  reported  to  this  department 
was  $4,385,162. 

The  total  annual  income  reported  by  six  of 
these  denominations  was  $1,715,366. 

The  net  additional  amount  needed  to  pay  in  full 
the  claims  of  all  the  retired  ministers,  widows 
and  orphans  of  these  six  denominations  is 
$1,742,151. 


This  amount,  expressed  in  the  terms  of  endow- 
ment, at  5  per  cent.,  would  be  $34,843,020. 

Add  to  this  the  amount  needed  by  twelve 
additional  denominations,  viz. :  $25,332,306,  and 
the  total  endowment  required  by  these  eighteen 
denominations  is  seen  to  be  $60,175,326. 

PENSIONS  AND  MINISTERIAL 
EFFICIENCY 

THE  care  of  the  aged  minister  is  closely 
related  to  ministerial  efficiency  as  well  as 
to  the  task  of  recruiting  vigorous  and  intelli- 
gent young  men  for  the  ministry. 

The  fear  of  want  in  old  age  lessens  the  present 
efficiency  of  the  conscientious  worker  who, 
burdened  by  this  fear  of  dependency,  is  com- 
pelled to  limit  the  means  necessary  to  keep 
abreast  of  the  times,  and  must  work  amid  fore- 
bodings of  the  wolf  at  the  door  at  eventide. 

The  facts  as  to  inadequate  salaries  presented  in 
the  first  part  of  this  survey  are  accentuated 
when  the  minister  is  retired.  The  pathos  of 
his  situation  is  emphasized  by  the  fact  that  the 
meagre  support,  received  during  his  active  years 
makes  it  impossible  for  him  to  provide  for  his 
old  age,  and  when  retirement  comes  his  earning 
power  is  gone. 

Adequate  pensions  drive  away  from  a  minister 
and  from  those  dependent  upon  him  the  grim 
spectres  of  unemployment,  disability  and  death. 

Until  something  is  done  to  take  the  minister 
out  of  a  position  of  humiliating  dependence  in 
old  age,  desertions  to  more  lucrative  professions 
may  be  expected. 

PENSIONS  AND  RECRUITS 

THE  best  yoimg  men  are  not  deterred  from 
coming  into  the  ministry  from  fear  of  sac- 
rifices during  their  active  life.  But  they  are 
unwilling  to  face  poverty  at  the  end  of  their 
career. 

The  church  has  lost  and  will  continue  to  lose 
valuable  men  from  the  ministry  until  the  lay- 
men wake  up  to  the  responsibility  of  taking 
proper  care  of  the  old  and  disabled  ministers 
in  the  same  manner  that  business  houses  pro- 
vide for  their  retired  employees. 


294 


Ministerial  Pensions:  MINISTERIAL  SALARIES  AND  PENSIONS 


^"""^J^^E N C E    /iTK/NPUNi^ 

Appreciation 


y^^OGNITION   [ 


I 


AFFECTIOH 


fiDEVOT/ON 


NERATION 


H  EAVE N 


''Its  good  to  grow  oP'' 

—Joel  Cluuidler  Hank 

ys  good  to  grow  old"  when  surrounded 
by  home  comforts,  rejoicing  in  a  rich  experi- 
ence, amply  provided  for.  free  from  anxiety 
concerning  the  welfare  of  loved  ones. 

But  what  of  the  ageci  minister,  whose  in- 
a>me  during  his  active  years  has  been  insuf- 
ficient to  enable  him  to  provide  adequately  for 
the  future? 

Physically  unable  to  conrinue  his  chosen 
work-his  earning  power  gone— without  in 
come  or  property-he  must  face  an  old  age  of 
deprivation  and  anxiety. 

All  his  life  he  has  traveled  an  uphill  road 
that  w^  none  too  smoodi^heerfully  devoting 
his  whole  time,  strength,  and  spiritual  vitality 
to  lovmg  service  for  his  fellowmen. 

What  of  the  "last  miler* 

With  your  gifts  it  can  be  made  smooth  for 
the  feet  at  last  grown  weary-without  them  it 
wiU  be  steep  and  rough  and  difficult,  and  will 
halt  die  feeble  traveler  all  too  soon. 

There  are  many  rfiousand  ministers,  and 
ministers'  widows  and  orphans,  who  are  de- 
pendent upon  ydur  generosity  for  the  common 
comforts  of  life. 

A  small  sacrifice  on  your  part  will  be  a  boon 
to  diose  who  have  sacrificed  so  much  for  the 
Great  Cause. 

What  will  you  do?  You  can  help  by  a  gift 
a  bequest,  or  die  purchase  of  a  life  Annuity? 
Bond. 

"Qiye  them  Oie  flowers  now^ 


MINISTERIAL  SALARIES  AND  PENSIONS:  Ministerial  Pensions 


295 


These  men  whose  lives  are  filled  with  efforts 
to  cheer  the  weary  and  give  heart  to  the  dis- 
couraged must  themselves  be  heartened  in 
things  which  concern  the  most  sacred  obliga- 
tions of  life — the  care  today  and  tomorrow  of 
those  who  are  bound  to  them  and  to  their  tasks 
by  ties  of  nature,  affection  and  consecration. 

ECONOMIC  JUSTICE 

IN  THIS  day  when  states,  cities,  schools, 
corporations,  industrial  and  other  estab- 
lishments are  providing  for  their  old  and  faith- 
ful employees — not  as  a  charity  but  as  a  matter 
of  economic  justice — it  would  be  strange  indeed 
if  the  last  among  faithful  servants  to  be  thus 
rewarded  should  Toe  the  retired  minister.  But 
the  statistics  show  this  to  be  true! 

THE  PROGRAM  DEFINED 

IT  SHOULD  be  kept  in  mind,  in  speaking 
of  "the  Interchurch  Program"  that  the 
Interchurch  World  Movement  is  not  a  super- 
church  with  executive  functions.  Its  "pro- 
gram," therefore,  is  only  the  "program"  of  its 
constituent  members  writ  large  and  promoted 
by  the  Interchurch  World  Movement  by  every 
resoiu'ce  at  its  command. 

But  the  execution  of  the  "program"  will  be 
carried  out  (as  it  must  be  and  should  be) 
by  each  denomination  as  best  fits  in  with  its 
needs  and  plans  except  where  closer  cooperation 
with  other  Christian  agencies  is  advisable  and 
feasible. 

AS  TO  MINISTERIAL  SUPPORT 

FORTUNATELY  the  plans  of  the  forward 
movements  of  all  the  cooperating  denom- 
inations have  so  much  in  common  that  they 
can  best  be  promoted  as  a  whole. 

Thus,  the  serious  shortage  in  the  ministry  and 
the  need  for  ministerial  recruits  is  felt  by  every 
denomination.  In  so  far  as  these  are  due  to 
inadequate  salaries  and  pension  plans,  the  con- 
science of  the  whole  Christian  constituency  and 
of  each  religious  body  must  be  roused  by  a 
statement  of  the  facts,  the  needs  and  the  re- 
quirements to  meet  the  situation  and  prevent 
its  continuance.  Salaries  which  are  50  per 
cent,  below  the  actual  cost  of  living  must  be 
raised  or  the  ministry  will  soon  be  depleted 


beyond  recovery  and  no  new  recruits  can  be 
expected.  This  is  so  obvious  as  to  need  no 
argument. 

AS  TO  MINISTERIAL  RELIEF 

THE  program  of  ministerial  relief  is  even 
more  pressing  than  that  of  ministerial 
support.  Its  appeal  is  radically  different  and 
lacks  the  stimulus  that  comes  from  the  expecta- 
tion of  a  return  from  a  good  investment,  as  in 
the  case  of  a  minister  in  active  service,  a  com- 
munity asset  of  considerable  value. 

And  yet,  ministerial  relief,  in  the  form  of  a  pen- 
sion, is  only  a  fair  and  just  return  for  "service 
rendered."  The  services  of  a  clergjmian  in 
service  survive  in  Christian  characters  formed, 
developed,  trained  and  directed,  and  in  perma- 
nent community  projects  planned  and  still 
functioning  long  after  the  minister — usually 
their  architect  and  director — has  had  to  retire 
from  active  service. 

Industrial  and  other  business  organizations 
recognize  their  obligations  to  those  who  have 
helped  to  create  and  develop  the  commercial 
success  from  which  all — masters  and  servants 
alike — derive  their  financial  support.  They 
look  upon  a  pension  as  a  just  reward  for  initia- 
tive and  fidelity  as  well  as  for  mere  "service 
rendered"  in  the  ordinary  daily  round  of 
time.  Wisdom  in  planning,  developing  and 
above  all  in  carrying  on  a  business  to  higher 
levels  of  success  is  not  always  adequately  re- 
warded by  even  a  liberal  wage  or  salary  diuing 
service.  Disability  on  the  part  of  a  faithful 
worker — whether  partial  or  complete — creates 
an  obligation  on  the  part  of  his  fellow-workers 
to  make  his  involuntary  retirement  as  little 
worrisome  as  possible. 

In  this  matter  of  ministerial  relief  the  raising 
of  large  general  endowment  funds  is  desirable 
and  necessary.  Individual  parishes  cannot  sup- 
port both  an  active  and  a  retired  minister.  The 
church  at  large  must  care  for  its  veterans  and 
should  do  so  with  gratitude  and  generosity, 
remembenng  how  much  it  owes  to  them,  not 
merely  for  "services  rendered"  in  the  past,  but 
for  ever-abiding  and  ever-enriching  influences 
set  in  motion  and  forever  rendering  their  be- 
neficent services  to  all  succeeding  generations. 


296 


Ministerial  Pensions:  MINISTERIAL  SALARIES  AND  PENSIONS 

SUPPORT  OF  RETIRED  MINISTERS 

and  Widows  and  Orphans  of  Ministers 

Statement  of  Endowments  needed  by  Reporting  Denominations 

The  figures  given  by  some  denominations  include  amounts  for  support  of  retired  missionaries. 


Dknomination 


FiNANaAL   Progilam 


Total  Income 

Needed  to 

Pay  1920 

Claims 


BAPTIST: 
NoaTHERN  Baptist  Convention. 
Seventh  Day  Baptist 


Present 
Income 


CONGREGATIONAL: 

CONGEEGATIONAL   ChuECHES. 

DISCIPLE 
Disciples  of  Christ 


EVANGEUCAL: 
Evangelical  Association.  . . 

EVANOEUCAL  SvNOD  OF  N.  A  . 


LUTHERAN: 
United     Lutheran     Church     in 

America 

AuGusTANA  Synod 


3242,000 


METHODIST: 

Methodist  Episcopal  Church.. 

Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  So.. 

Methodist  Protestant  Church 

Free  Methodist  Church  of  N.  A. 

MORAVIAN: 
Moravian  Church 


85,000 

90,000 

2,503,462 


PRESBYTERIAN: 
Presbyterian  Church  in  the  U.  S.  A 
Presbyterian  Church  in  the  U.  S. 
United  Presbyterian  Church 


REFORMED: 

Reformed  Church  in  America 

Reformed  Church  in  the  U.  S. 


UNITED  BRETHREN: 
Church  of  the  United  Brethren  in 
Christ 


43,000 

1,469,645 
"52,055' 


3163,933 
600 


142,000 
48,980 


23,050 
37,600 


100,000 
14,814 


1,397,616 

38,947 

7,150 

19.516 


18,000 


Additional 
Income 
Needed 


Additional  Endowment  Needed 


3100,000 


Endowment 

Necessary  to 

Produce 

Additional 
Income 
Needed 


47,400 


1,105,846 


TOTAL. 


34,385,162 


67,448 
20,150 


35,000 
24.355 


101,345 


32,260,504 


310,000,000 
50,000 


8,000,000 
5,140,000 


315,000 
1,000,000 


1,000,000 
1,000,000 


22,200,000 
9,500,000 


Present  Non- 
productive 
Endowment 
Which  Will 

Become 
Productive 


Net 

Additional 

Endowment 

Needed 


36,000,000 


25,000 


31,905 


390,326 
500,000 


10,000.000 
430,000 
650,000 


1,000,000 
1,200,000 


1,000,000 


7,200,000 


310,000,000 
50,000 


2,000,000 
5,140,000 


315,000 
1,000,000 


1,000,000 
1,000,000 


15,000,000 
9,500,000 


31,742,151 


373,375/XX) 


313,200.000 


390,326 
500,000 


10,000,000 
430,000 
650,000 


1,000,000 
1,200,000 


l/)00,000 


360,175,326 


SL*feSts^5aT2%^'"™^^^    ^°^^'  *"^  ^  '^^^  ^^^  ^o  the  Budget  for  the  simultaneous  financial 


campaign  of  April  25— May  2, 1920. 


BUDGET  TABLES 


BUDGET  TABLES:  Explanatory  Notes 


299 


Notes  on  the  Budget  Tables 


THE  following  explanatory  notes  will  make 
clear  the  general  considerations  upon  the 
basis  of  which  the  Budget  Tables  on  the  suc- 
ceeding pages  were  formulated  and  why  some 
tables  appear  only  in  one  volume  while  other 
tables  appear  in  both  the  American  and  the 
Foreign  volumes. 

Note  I :  To  set  forth  the  Campaign  Budget  of 
the  Interchurch  World  Movement,  nine  budget 
statements  or  tables  are  required.   They  are: 

Table  I.        Foreign  Mission  Work. 

Table  II.       Home  Mission  Work — By  Denominations 
and  Boards. 

Table  III.  Home  Mission  Work— By  Types  of  Work. 

Table  IV.  Educational  Work  in  the  United  States. 

Table  V.  Sunday  School  and  Young  People's  Work. 

Table  VI.  American  Hospitals  and  Homes. 

Table  VII.  Support  of  Retired  Ministers. 

Table  VIII.  Special  Items. 

Table  IX.  General  Sumnuuy. 

Of  the  foregoing,  Table  I,  Foreign  Mission 
Work,  appears  only  in  the  Foreign  Volume  of 
the  World  Survey  and  Tables  II,  III,  IV,  V, 
VI  and  VII  appear  only  in  the  American  Vol- 
ume. Tables  VIII  and  IX  are  printed  in  both 
volumes. 

Note  II:  The  total  number  of  denominations 
included  in  the  budget  statements  is  thirty. 

Note  III:  The  total  number  of  boards  and 
other  agencies  is  182. 

Note  IV:  The  budget  also  includes  the  state 
organizations  of  most  of  the  denominations 
and  in  some  cases  the  city  organizations  (sev- 
eral hundred  in  number). 

Note  V:  In  addition  to  the  foregoing  the  fol- 
lowing denominational  hoards  have  endorsed 
the  Movement,  but  for  various  reasons  do  not 
this  year  participate  in  the  financial  campaign. 
The  budgets  of  some  of  these  are  included  in 
those  of  other  organizations. 

Disciples: 

Foreign  Christian  Missionary  Society 
Christian  Women's  Board  of  Missions 
Association  for  the  Promotion  of  Christian  Unity 


Methodist: 

Board  of  Missions,  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South 

United  Presbyterian: 

Freedman's  Board 

United  Brethren  in  Christ: 

Woman's  Missionary  Association 

Moravian: 

Society  of  the  United  Brethren  for  Propagating  the 
Gospel  among  the  Heathen  (Moravian  Church) 

Note  VI:  The  following  general  denomina- 
tional bodies  have  also  endorsed  the  Movement: 

American  Christian  Convention 

Commission  on  Missions  of  the  National  Council  of 
Congregationalists. 

Convocation  Committee  of  the  United  Presbyterian 
Church 

Executive  Committee  of  the  Five- Year  Meeting  of  the 
Friends  in  America 

Executive  Committee  of  the  National  Baptist  Con- 
vention 

General  Assembly  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  the 
U.  S.  (South) 

General  Assembly  of  the  Presbjrterian  Church  in  the 
U.  S.  A.  (North) 

General  Board  of  Administration  of  the  Church  of  the 
United  Brethren  in  Christ 

General  Assembly  of  the  United  Presbyterian  Church 

General  Synod  of  the  Reformed  Church  in  America 

General  Synod  of  the  Reformed  Church  in  the  U.  S. 

Joint  Centenary  Commission  of  the  Methodist  Episco- 
pal Church  (North  and  South) 

National  Council  of  the  Congregational  Churches  in 
the  U.  S. 

New  World  Movement  of  the  United  Presbyterian 
Church 

Northern  Baptist  Convention 
Seventh  Day  Baptist  General  Convention 
United  Missionary  and  Stewardship    Committee  of 
the  Reformed  Church  in  the  U.  S. 

Note  VII:  The  foregoing  lists  and  statistical 
summaries  do  not  include  interdenominational 
organizations,  many  of  which  have  endorsed 
the  Movement,  since  by  the  terms  of  the  Cleve- 
land action  they  do  not  participate  in  the  cam- 
paign and  budget. 


300 


Home  Summary:  BUDGET  TABLES 


Table  II.— HOME  MISSIONS 
SURVEY   DEPARTMENT 

General  Budget  Sutement  for 

HOME  MISSION  WORK 

of  the  DenominaUons  and  Boards  cooperating  in  the  Financial  Campaign 
of  the  Interchurch  World  Movement  of  North  America 

A — By  Denominations  and  Boards 

The  field  of  Home  Missions  as  covered  by  this  Budget  Table  includes  Continental  United  Stetes  (with  Alaska) 

Hawaii,  the  West  Indies  and,  in  the  case  of  some  boards,  Mexico.  AiasKa;, 


Denomination  and  Board 


ADVENT 

Advent  Christian  Church 

Woman's  Home  and  Foreign  Missionary  Society 

BAPTIST 

Northern  Baptist  Convention 

American  Baptist  Home  Mission  Society  (W)*  including  Gty  Mission 's<x:i« 

btate  Conventions 

National  Baptist  Convention 

Home  Mission  Board 

Church  Extension  Board 

Independent  State  Budgets 

General  Baptist 

Home  Mission  Board 

Joint  Board 

BRETHREN  

Church  of  the  Brethren 

General  Mission  Board 

Brethren  Church 

General  Missionary  Board 

CHRISTIAN  

Christian  Church 

Home  Mission  Board  (W) 

Foreign  Mission  Board(H) 

CONGREGATIONAL  

Congregational  Churches 

American  Missionary  Association 

Home  Missionary  Society  (W) ...!!.. 

Church  Building  Society 

Sunday  School  Extension  Society 

DISCIPLES  

Disciples  of  Christ 

United  Christian  Missionary  Society. . 

EVANGELICAL  

Evangelical  Association 

Missionary  Society  (W) 

United  Evangelical  Church .'.'.'.'.'........]'. 

Home  and  Foreign  Missionary  Society  and  Board  oif  Church  Extension 

Evangelical  Synod  of  N,  A 

Central  Board  of  Home  Missions 

Immigrrnt  Mission  Board 

FRIENDS  

Society  of  Friends  in  America 

Board  of  Home  Missions 

Associated  Executive  Committee  on  Indian  Affairs. . ...[........ 

Freedmen's  Association 

Board  of  Foreign  Missions 

Society  of  Friends  or  California 

HOLINESS  

Holiness  Church 

MENNONITE  

General  Conference  of  Mennonites.  . . 

METHODIST  

Methodist  Episcopal  Church 

Woman's  Home  Missionary  Society * ' ' ' 

Board  of  Home  Missions  and  Church  Extension. 

Freedmen's  Aid  Society 


Denomina- 
tional 
Total 


335,000 

•46,220,304 

•3,850,000 

57.500 

532,800 
45,000 

211,468 
5,920,000 


Analysis 


2,064,965 

432,760 
305,983 
153,000 

588,043 


b31 1,782,872 


335,000 


•46,220,304 

•1.300,000 

•350.000 

•2,200,000 

37.500 
20.000 


532,800 
45,000 


181.128 
30,340 


2.050,000 

a2.230,000 

1.425,000 

215,000 


2,064,965 

432,760 

305,983 

150,000 
3.000 


448,416 

24,527 

4.000 

111,100 


607,872 

c3 10,500,000 

675,000 


BUDGET  TABLES:  Home  Summary 


301 


Table  II.— HOME  MISSIONS 

SURVEY    DEPARTMENT 

(Contitmed) 


General  Budget  Statement  for 


HOME  MISSION  WORK 

of  the  Denominations  and  Boards  cooperating  in  the  Financial  Campaign 
of  the  Interchurch  World  Movement  of  North  America 

A — By  Denominations  and  Boards 

The  field  of  Home  Missions  as  covered  by  this  Budget  Table  includes  Continental  United  States  (with  Alaska), 

Hawaii,  the  West  Indies  and,  in  the  case  of  some  boards,  Mexico. 


Denomination  and  Board 


METHODIST:  (Continued) 
Methodist  Protestant  Church 

Board  of  Home  Missions  and  Independent  State  Boards 

Woman's  Board  of  Home  Missions 

Free  Methodist  Church  of  N.  A 

General  Missionary  Board 

African  Methodist  Episcopal  Zion  Church 

Board  of  Church  Extension •. 

Colored  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 

Reformed  Zion  Union  Apostolic  Church 

Church  Erection  Board 

PRESBYTERIAN 
Presbyterian  Church  in  the  U.  S.  A 

Board  of  Home  Missions  including  Self-supporting  Synods 

Board  of  the  Church  Erection  Fund 

Board  of  Missions  for  Freedmen 

Woman's  Board  of  Home  Missions 

Women's  Department  of  the  Board  of  Missions  for  Freedmen 

Permanent  Committee  on  Evangelism 

Committee  on  Sabbath  Observance 

Assembly's  Permanent  Committee  on  Men's  Work 

Board  of  Foreign  Missions  (H) 

Presbyterian  Church  in  the  U.  S.  (South) 

Executive  Committee  of  Home  Missions,  including  Self-supporting  Synods 

Associate  Reformed  Presbyterian  Synod 

Board  of  Home  Missions  and  Church  Extension 

Reformed  Presbyterian  Church  of  N.  A.,  Synod 

United  Presbyterian  Church 

Board  of  Home  Missions  (W)  including  Board  of  Freedmen's  Missions  and  Board  of 

Church  Extension 

REFORMED 
Reformed  Church  in  America 

Board  of  Domestic  Missions 

Women's  Board  of  Domestic  Missions 

Reformed  Church  in  the  U.  S 

Board  of  Home  Missions  (W) 

UNITED  BRETHREN 
Church  or  the  United  Brethren  in  Christ 

Home  Missionary  Society 

Church  Erection  Society 

Annual  Conference  Missions 


Denomina- 
tional 
Total 


$473,300 

•2,247,180 
50,000 

17,263 

d  14,584,251 


2,730,091 
43,814 

'♦8,"7b5,365 

1,101,441 

♦5,796,780 

**1,999,917 


TOTAL. 


3109,949,037 


Analysis 


$440,300 
33,000 

•2,247,180 

50,000 

17,263 

9,882,303 

2,189,418 

829,645 

1,068,701 

180,672 

121,483 

59,939 

52,090 

200,000 

2,730,091 

43,814 


►8,705.305 


769,200 
332,241 

^5,796,780 


638,980 
785,937 
575,000 


3109,949,037 


•  Five-year  budget  to  be  subscribed  in  1920. 

••  $1,339,000  of  this  amount  a  two-year  budget  to  be  subscribed  in  1920;  $660,917  a  one-year  budget. 
(H)  For  work  included  in  Home  Missions  classification. 
(W)  Including  women's  work, 
a  Includes  $300,000  for  the  Hawaiian  Board  of  Missions, 
b  Includes  $10,500,000  Centenary  amount  already  subscribed, 
c  First  year  Centenary  subscription  for  Home  Missions;  includes  Church  Extension,  Maintenance  (or  Home 

Missions)  and  Reconstruction. 
d  Includes  budget  for  hospitals  and  homes. 


BUDGET  TABLES:  Home  Mission  Work 


303 


Table  III.— HOME  MISSIONS 
SURVEY  DEPARTMENT 

General  Budget  Statement  for 

HOME  MISSION  WORK 

of  the  Denominations  and  Boards  cooperating  in  the  Financial  Campaign 
of  the  Interchurch  World  Movement  of  North  America 

B— By  Types  of  Work 


The  field  of  Home  Missions  as  covered  by  this  Budget  Table  includes  Continental  United  States  (with  Alaska), 

Hawaii,  the  West  Indies  and,  in  the  case  of  some  boards,  Mexico. 


Type  of  Work 

Cities 

Town  and  Country 

Negro  Americans 

New  Americans 

Migrants 

North  American  Indians 

Spanish-speamng  People  in  the  U.  S 

Orientals  in  the  U.  S 

Alaska 

Hawaii 

West  Indies 

Recruiting  and  Training  Workers 

Promotion 

Administration 

Miscellaneous  and  Unclassified  Amounts 

TOTAL 


Amount 


344,905,032 

38,623,025 

7,970,180 

1,953,346 

1,165,370 

506,905 

379,740 

453,350 

202,720 

312,340 

1,855,495 

442,180 

231,000 

4,748,897 

6,199,457 

3109,949,037 


304 


American  Education:  BUDGET  TABLES 


BUDGET  TABLES:  American  Education 


305 


I 


Table  IV.— AMERICAN  EDUCATION 
SURVEY  DEPARTMENT 

General  Budget  Sutement  for 

EDUCATIONAL  WORK  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES 

under  the  control  of  the  Denominations  and  Boards  cooperating  in  the  Financial 
Campaign  of  the  Interchurch  World  Movement  of  North  America 

By  T3rpes  of  Institutions  and  Work 


Denomination  and  Board 

Total 

Colleges 

AND 

Junior 
Colleges 

Theological 

Seminaries     Secondary 

^^^             Schools 
Training 

Schools 

Work  of 
THE  Boards 

Unanalyzed 

ADVENT 

Advent  Christian  Church 

BAPTIST 
Northern  Baptist  Convention 
Board  of  Education 

♦333,940,000 
*a2,600,000 

bl70,000 

2,000,000 

75,000 

406,500 

c2,246.400 

6,000,000 

i"ob*,666 

•3,250,000 

♦319,012,000 

♦33,770,000 

♦33,390,000 

♦37,768,000 

National  Baptist  Convention 
Educational  Board 

♦32,600,000 

General  Baptist 

Board  of  Trustees  of  Oakland  City 
College 

150,000 

75,000 

335,500 

700,000 

5,320,000 

20,000 

BRETHREN 
Church  of  the  Brethren 

General  Educational  Board 

Brethren  Church 

Board     of    Trustees     of    Ashland 
College 

2,000,000 

CHRISTIAN 

Christian  Church 

Board  of  Education 

70,000 

1,000 

346,400 

65,000 

CONGREGATIONAL 
Congregational  Churches 

Education  Society 

DISCIPLES 
Disciples  of  Christ 

Board  of  Education 

615.000 

1,200,000 

EVANGELICAL 

Evangelical  Association 

United  Evangeucal  Church 

Evangeucal  Synod  of  N.  A 

FRIENDS 

Society  of  Friends  in  America 
Board  of  Education 

Society  of  Friends  of  CAuroRMiA 

IQOJXO 

♦3,000,000 

• 

♦250,000 

HOLINFSS 

Holiness  Church 

MENNONITE 

General  Conference  of  Mennonites. . 
METHODIST 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church 

Board  of  Education 

d2,050,000 

406,644 

♦1,406,250 

c60,000 

f250,000 


2,050,000 

325,260 

♦635,000 

Methodist  Protestant  Church 
Board  of  Education 

66,584 
♦715,000 

14,800 
♦56,250 

Free  Methodist  Church  of  N.  A. 

General  Board  of  Education 

African  Methodist  Episcopal  Zion 

Church 

Board  of  Education 

60,000 
250,000 

Colored  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church 
Board  of  Education 

• 

Reformed    Zion    Union    Apostolic 
Church 

".'.'.Z. 

Table  IV.— AMERICAN  EDUCATION 
SURVEY  DEPARTMENT 
{Conthmed) 

.  General  Budget  Statement  for 


EDUCATIONAL  WORK  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES 

under  the  control  of  the  Denominations  and  Boards  cooperating  in  the  Financial 
Campaign  of  the  Interchurch  World  Movement  of  North  America 

By  Types  of  Institutions  and  Work 


Denomination  and  Board 


Total 


PRESBYTERIAN 
Presbyterian  Church  in  the  U.  S.  A 

General  Board  of  Education 

Presbyterian    Church  in  the  U.  S. 
(South) 

Executive  Committee  of  Christian 

Education   and  Ministerial  Relief 

Associate  Reformed  Presbyterian 

Synod 

Board     of     Trustees     of    Bryson 

College 

Reformed  Presbyterian  Church  of 
N.  A.,  Synod 
Budget   reported    through    Foreign 

Mission  Board 

United  Presbyterian  Church 

Board  of  Education 

REFORMED 
Reformed  Church  in  America 

Board  of  Education 

Reformed  Church  in  the  U.  S. 
Forward  Movement  Commission.. 
UNITED  BRETHREN 
United  Brethren  in  Christ 
Board  of  Education 


TOTAL. 


36,661,425 

1,606,600 

150,000 

354,472 
♦8,264,960 

e220,250 
♦3,850,000 

♦♦2,768,930 


Colleges 

AND 

Junior 
Colleges 


Theological 
Seminaries 

AND 

Training 
Schools 


378,837,431 


33,062,463 

1,190,600 

150,000 

354,472 
♦6,444,512 

110,250 
2,155,000 


33,498,962 


I%,000 


Secondary 
Schools 


330,000 


345,070,057 


♦986,460 


22,750 


358,930 


Work  of 
the  Boards 


310,229,686 


57,250 


84,000 


33,881,250 


3100,000 
190,000 

♦833,988 
30,000 

171,000 


Unanalyzed 


*33,850,000 


39,596,438 


310,060,000 


♦  Five-year  budget  to  be  subscribed  in  1920. 

♦♦  $1,216,000  of  this  amount  a  two-year  budget,  to  be 
subscribed  in  1920;  $1,552,930,  a  one-year  budget. 

a  $500,000  of  this  amount  subject  to  confirmation  by 
the  National  Baptist  Campaign  Commission. 

bFor  Oakland  City  College  in  1920,  $150,000;  for 
Young  Ministers'  Loan  Fund  in  1920,  $20,000. 


c  Item  of  $700,000  for  colleges  covers  only  deficits  and 
current  expense  aid;  unanalyzed  item  of  $1,200,- 
000  designated  for  work  in  "aifiliated  institutions." 

d  Special  items  for  three  colleges. 

e  Item  for  five  years  only  reported;  1920  item  arbi- 
trarily computed  as  one-fifth  of  the  five-year  item. 

£  $100,000  undertaken  jointly  by  Board  of  Education 
and  Board  of  Home  Missions  for  schools. 


306 


Religious  Education:  BUDGET  TABLES 


Table  v.— AMERICAN  RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION 
SURVEY  DEPARTMENT 


General  Budget  Statement  for 

SUNDAY  SCHOOL  AND  YOUNG  PEOPLFS  WORK 

of  the  Denominations  and  Boards  cooperating  in  the  Financial  Campaign 
of  the  Interchurch  World  Movement  of  North  America 

By  Types  of  Work 


Denomination  and  Board 


Totai 


ADVENT 
Advent  Christian  Church 

BAPTIST  

Northern  Baptist  Convention 
American    Baptist    Publication 

Society 

National  Baptist  Convention 

Baptist  Young  People's  Union 

Sunday  School  Publication  Board.. 
General  Baptist 

Board  of  Publications. . 

BRETHREN  

Church  of  the  Brethren 

General  Sunday  School  Board 

Brethren  Church 

Brethren  Publishing  Company  and 

Ohio  Corporation 

CHRISTL\N  

Chrisitan  Church 

Sunday  School  Board 

Christian  Endeavor  Board 
CONGREGATIONAL 
Congregational  Churches 
Sunday  School  Extension  Society. . 
disciples 
Disciples  of  Christ 
American     Christian     Missionary 

Society* 

EVANGELICAL  

Evangelical  Association 

United  Evangelical  Church. 
Evangelical  Synod  of  N.  A. 
Board  of  Sunday  Schools. 
FRIENDS 
Society  of  Friends  in  America 
Bible  School  Board 

H^k-Fss"""""""  °' *=*"'""" 
Holiness  Church., 

MENNONITE  

Gem.  Conference  of  Mennonites  . 
METHODIST 

Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
Board  of  Control  of  the  Epworth 

League 

Methodist  Protestant  (Church 
Board  of  Young  People's  Work.. . 


Head- 
quarters 

Ex- 
penses 


Field 
Workers 


32,721,125 

*185,000 
*500,000 

10,000 


3234,613 


3469,225 


Equip- 
ment 


3469,225 


Exten- 
sion 


Special 
Promo- 
tion 


1,000 


40,000        3,000 


20,000 


8,000 
2,000 


18,600 


197,331 


17,500 


27,500 


15,000 


1,000 


3703,836 


You  NO 

People 


3309,613 


2,500 


3,500 


49,300 


3,500 


2,000 


4,500 
5,000 


Publica- 
tion,   En- 
dowments, 

ETC. 


Unan- 
alyzed 


3534,613 
•185,000 


6,000 


600 


100,000 
25,912 


86,600 


5,250 


3,500 


6,000 


1,750 


800 


1,000 
10.000 


•3500,000 
3,500 


2,000 


1.400 


4,000 


13,600 


3,500 


1,800 


12,000 


32,831 


3,500 


2,400 


9,000 


320,000 


18,600 


3,000 


14,000 


4,912 


4,000 


4,000 


100,000 


^^f 


BUDGET  TABLES:  Religious  Education 


307 


Table  v.— AMERICAN  RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION 
SURVEY  DEPARTMENT 
{Continued) 

General  Budget  Statement  for 

SUNDAY  SCHOOL  AND  YOUNG  PEOPLE'S  WORK 

of  the  Denominations  and  Boards  cooperating  in  the  Financial  Campaign 
of  the  Interchurch  World  Movement  of  North  America 

By  Types  of  Work 


Denomination  and  Board 

Total 

Head- 
quarters 

Ex- 
penses 

Field 
Workers 

Equip- 
ment 

Exten- 
sion 

Special 
Promo- 
tion 

Young 
People 

Publica- 
tion,    En- 
dowments, 
etc. 

Unan- 

ALVZED 

METHODIST:  {Continued) 

Free  Methodist  Church  of  N.  A. 

General  Sunday  School  Board 

African  Methodist  Episcopal  Zion 

Chitbch 

*350,000 

*350,000 

Colored      Methodist      Episcopal 
Church 

Reformed   Zion  Union  Apostolic 
Church 

PRESBYTERIAN 
Presbyterian  Church  in  U.  S.  A. 
Board  of  Publication  and  Sabbath 
School  Work 

1,114,569 
100,000 

•325,569 
15,000 

•375,000 
35,000 

•38,000 
10,000 

•3554,000 
25,000 

•392,000 
15,000 

•3360,000 

Presbyterian    Church    in    U.    S. 
(South 

Presbyterian    Council  of  Publica- 
tion 

Associate  Reformed  Presbyterian 
Synod 

Reformed  Presbyterian  Church  of 
N.  A.,  Synod 

United  Presbyterian  Church 
Board  of  Home  Missions 

•103,943 

14,400 
•550,000 

••126,045 

•10,000 

1,000 
•200,000 

••7,500 

•25,000 

1,500 
•50,000 

••15,000 

•10,000 
500 

••15,000 

•25,000 

1,000 
•20,000 

••20,000 

•10,000 

1.000 
•30,000 

••25,000 

3^5.000 
••16,000 

•18,943 

9,400 
•250,000 

••27,545 

REFORMED 
Reformed  Church  in  America 
Board    of   Publication    and    Bible 
School  Work 

Reformed  Church  in  the  U.  S. 
Publication    and    Sunday     School 
Board 

UNITED  BRETHREN 

Church  of  the   United  Brethren 
IN  Christ 

Board  of  Sunday  School,  Brother- 
hood and  Young  People's  Work .  . 

TOTAL 

35,931,925 

3558,982 

3796,575 

3524,187 

31,381,836 

3531,344 

3865,613 

31,184,788 

388,600 

•  Five-year  budget  to  be  subscribed  in  1920. 
•♦  $111,000  of  this  amount  two-year  budget  to  be  subscribed  in  1920;  $15,045  a  one-year  budget. 


308 


Hospitals  and  Homes:  BUDGET  TABLES 


Table  VI.— AMERICAN  HOSPITALS  AND  HOMES 
SURVEY  DEPARTMENT 


General  Budget  Statement  for 

AMERICAN  HOSPITALS  AND  HOMES 

under  the  direction  of  the  Denominations  and  Board,  cooperating  in  the  Financial 
Campaign  of  the  Interchurch  World  Movement  of  North  America 

il^^Ttl^dl^d'eSlb'^SS^^^^^^^^  World.  Movement,  it    has  been 

in  the  national  denominational  budgS?  \he  s^coSrc^mSJ^^^^  -^^^  ^'H^^^^  »"^J"d«l 

which  have  received  the  requisite  denominatS  a^Zr^  denommational.  organizations 

headed  "Authorized  for  inclusion  in  the  NatiS^fiXet  "  and  thr^^f  ?k  ^^^  ^^  ^^^  ^PP**'  ^"  "le  column 
of  42  Hospitals,  38  Homes  for  Chiiyen  aSd  27  Hom^^^>;  fifo  1^!^  **^  the  second  tvpe  (made  up  of  the  budgets 
Inclusion  in  Lo^  or  ReS>nal  Budg^t^'  ^  ^^^^  ^^^"  '"  *^®  ^^"'"^  ^^^^  "Authorized  for 


Denomination  and  Board 


ADVENT 

Advent  Christian  Church.   . 
BAPTIST 
Northern  Baptist  Convention 

Board  of  Promotion 

National  Baptist  Convention ] , 

General  Baptist 

BRETHREN  

Church  of  the  Brethren 

Brethren  Church 
General  Missionary  Board. . . 

CHRISTIAN  

Christian  Church  . . 

CHURCHES  OF  CHRIST 

Churches  of  Christ. 
CONGREGATIONAL 

Congregational  Churches 
DISCIPLES 
Disciples  of  Christ 
National  Benevolent  Association. . 
EVANGELICAL 

Evangelical  Association 

Forward  Movement 

United  Evangelical  Church.  ..... ... . 

Evangelical  Synod  or  N.  A. 

General  Board 

FRIENDS 

Society  or  Friends  in  America 

Society  of  Friends  of  California 
HOLINESS 
Holiness  Church 
General  Board. . . . 

LUTOERAN  

Norwegian  Lutheran  Church  of  America. 
Lutheran  Joi.vt  Synod  of  Ohio. 

Lutheran  Iowa  Synod 

Augusta  Synod 

Independent  Lutheran  Church 

MENNONITE  

General  Conference  of  Mennonites 
METHODIST 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church 

Woman's  Home  Missionary  Society 

Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South  ...... 


Authorized 

FOR  Inclusion 

in  National 

Budget  for 

1920 


Authorized 

FOR  Inclusion 

in  Local  or 

Regional 

Budget  for 

1920 


♦^1,000,000 


15,000 


1,499,050 


538,500 


300,000 


^279,000 


2,000 


546,500 

26,250 
2,000 


50,000 


427,865 


50,000 

2,500 

210,000 

884,250 

500,000 


9,614,366 
1,040,500 


BUDGET  TABLES:  Hospitals  and  Homes 


309 


Table  VI.-AMERICAN  HOSPITALS  AND  HOMES 
SURVEY  DEPARTMENT 

{Continued) 

General  Budget  Statement  for 

AMERICAN  HOSPITALS  AND  HOMES 

under  the  direction  of  the  Denominations  and  Boards  cooperating  in  the  Financial 
Campaign  of  the  Interchurch  World  Movement  of  North  America 

tTo  comolv  with  the  decision  of  the  General  Committee  of  the  Interchurch  World  Movement,  it  has  been 
ieLSJ?  to  dWide  the  budglte  for  hospitals  and  homes  into  two  classes:  the  first  comprismg  those  budgets  included 
"nX^tional  dfnominat^^^^^^^  budgets';  the  second  comprising  thc«e  budpte  of  W  denor^^^^^^ 
which  have  received  the  requisite  denominational  approval.  The  budgets  of  the  firet  type  appear  m  Jjf  column 
h«ided  "AutlSd  for  ind^ion  in  the  National  Budget."  and  those  of  the  second  tvpe  (made  "P  of  the  budgets 
of^2  Ho8p?tels^8Homes  for  Children^  and  27  Homes  for  the  Aged)  appear  m  the  column  headed  "Authorized  for 
Inclusion  in  Local  or  Regional  Budget."  ^^ 


Denomination  and  Board 


METHODIST— ( C<m/»n««i) 

Methodist  Protestant  Church 

Forward  Movement 

Free  Methodist  Church  or  N.  A 

African  Methodist  Episcopal  Zion  Church 

Colored  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 

Reformed  Zion  Union  Apostolic  Church 

PENTECOSTAL 

Pentecostal  Church  of  the  Nazarene 

PRESBYTERIAN 

Presbyterian  Church  in  the  U.  S.  A 

Presbyterian  Church  in  the  U.  S.  (South) 

Associate  Reformed  Presbyterian  Synod 

Reformed  Presbyterian  Church  of  N.  A.,  Synod. 

United  Presbyterian  Church 

Woman's  Association 

PROTESTANT  EPISCOPAL 

Protestant  Episcopal  Church 

REFORMED 

Reformed  Church  in  America 

Reformed  Church  in  the  U.  S 

UNITED  BRETHREN 

Church  of  the  United  Brethren  in  Christ 
General  Board 


Authorized 

for  Inclusion 

IN  National 

Budget  for 

1920 


3172,975 


^,013,075 


Authorized 

for  Inclusion 

IN  Local  or 

Regional 

Budget  for 

1920 


324,000 
'60,666 

25,000 

2,227,608 
82,250 


704,750 
105,000 


100,000 


TOTAL. 


35,116,465 


316,385,974 


;  D^eT^r  of^lifclne"^!^^^^^^  Interchurch  World  Movement  in  inference  at  Atlantic  Ci^^^^^^^^ 

narv  7  to  10  1920'  "The  budget  of  any  phUanthropic  organization  shall  be  included  in  the  budget  of 
ffinterehurch  World  Movernent  only  by  firet  being  included  in  the  budget  of  a  national  denominational 
bodv  SSLYtLt  the  bud^^^^  any  focal,  denominational,  philanthropic  organization  which  is  approved 
b?^t^heX?minational  au^^^^^^^  of^the  Stkte  Conference  or  other  like  area  in  which  it  is  located,  may  be 
included  in  the  denominational  budget  of  that  area"  or  region. 


310 


I 


Ministerial  Salaries:  MINISTERIAL  SALARIES  AND  PENSTOMQ 


Table  VII.-MINISTERIAL  SALARIES.  PENSIONS 
AND  RELIEF  SURVEY  DEPARTMENT 


General  Budget  Statement  for 

SUPPORT  OF  RETIRED  MINISTERS  AND  THE 
WIDOWS  AND  ORPHANS  OF  MINISTERS 

of  the  ^"»"™«on«  -nd  Bc^rd.  cooperating  in  the  Financial  Campaign 
of  the  Interchurch  World  Movement  of  North  America 

An  explanation  of  the  method  of  con^  thb  table  will  be  found  on  the  following  page. 


Denomination  and  Board 


ADVENT 

Advent  Christian  Church 
BAPTIST 

Northern  Baptist  Convention 

Ministers'  and  Missionaries'  Benefit  Board 

INational  Baptist  Convention 

Benefit  Board 

r>  n  

Cjeneral  Baptist 

Superannuated  Ministers'  Fund 

BRETHREN  

Church  of  the  Brethren 

Ministerial  Relief '.'.'.'.'..'. 

Brethren  Church.  . .  

CHRISTIAN  

Christian  Church.  . . 

CONGREGATIONAL    

Congregational  Churches 

Board  of  Ministerial  Relief. 

Pilgrim  Memorial  Fund 

DISCIPLES  

Disciples  of  Christ 

Board  of  Ministerial  Relief 

EVANGELICAL  

Evangelical  Association 

Superannuation  Fund 

United  Evangelical  Church. 

Evangelical  Synod  of  N.  A. . 
FRI^DS°^  ^''"'stenal  Pension' andReJief.' .' .' 

Society  of  Friends  in  America. 

Ministerial  Support  and  Relief  

u/??tI^?<o °^  f^'^iENDs  OF  California.  .  ..■.;; 

HOLINESb  

Holiness  Church 

MENNONITE  

METHODIST '''^^''^''"  ""^  Mennomtes 

Methodist  Episcopal  Church 

Board  of  Conference  Claimants 

New  England  Annual  Conference  Endowment  Fund 
Methodist  Protestant  Church. 

Superannuate  Fund 

Free  Methodist  Church  of  N.  A 

Board  of  Conference  Claimants    

Africa.v  Methodist  Episcopal  Zion  Cm -rch 

Board  of  Ministerial  Relief. . .  

Colored  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 

PRF^BYTER^I  AN^'''''''  Apostolic  Church.  . . '. 
Presbyterian  Church  in  the  U  S  A 

Board  of  Ministerial  Relief  and'sJstentation'. .' .' 


Denomina- 
tional 
Total 


*38.550.SOO 

•350,000 

20,000 


40,000 


1,720,000 


226,000 


315,000 


1,000,000 


25,000 


2,125,000 

200,000 

♦390,326 

40,000 


2,055,839 


Analysis 


*a38.550,500 

*E3  50,000 

P20.000 


40.000 


P520,000 
1,200,000 


P226,000 

b3 15,000 

El.000,000 

25,000 


E2,000,000 
cl25,000 

£200,000 

•390,326 

E40,000 


£2,055,839 


MINISTERIAL  SALARIES  AND  PENSIONS:  Ministerial  Salaries 


311 


Table  VIL— MINISTERIAL  SALARIES,  PENSIONS 
AND  RELIEF  SURVEY  DEPARTMENT 

(Continued) 

General  Budget  Statement  for 

SUPPORT  OF  RETIRED  MINISTERS  AND  THE 
WIDOWS  AND  ORPHANS  OF  MINISTERS 

of  the  Denominations  and  Boards  cooperating  in  the  Financial  Campaign 
of  the  Interchurch  World  Movement  of  North  America 


Denomination  and  Board 

Denomina- 
tional 
Total 

Analysis 

PRESBYTERIAN:  (Continued) 

Presbyterian  Church  in  the  U.  S.  (South) 

3500,000 

Department  of  Ministerial  Relief 

d3500,000 

Associate  Reformed  Presbyterian  Synod 

Reformed  Presbyterian  Church  of  N.  A.,  Synod 

United  Presbyterian  Church 

•1,352,634 

Board  of  Ministerial  Relief 

REFORMED 
Reformed  Church  in  America 

*el,352,634 

Reformed  Church  in  the  U.  S 

•1,200,000 
•••400,000 

For  Sustentation 

•1,000,000 

For  Ministerial  Relitf 

UNITED  BRETHREN 

Church  of  the  United  Brethren  in  Christ 

Preachers*  Pension  Fund 

*200,000 
*^^400,000 

TOTAL 

320,510,299 

320,510,299 

•  Five-year  budget  to  be  subscribed  in  1920. 

•••  Two-year  budget  to  be  subscribed  in  1920. 

(E)  For  endowment. 

(P)  For  current  use. 

a  $8,000,000  of  this  amount  for  Ministers'  Boards; 
$660,500  for  operatmg  expenses  for  1919-1924. 


b  To  complete  endowment  for  the  five-year  period; 

$250,000  for  annuities;  $65,000  for  relief. 
c  To  complete  Annual  Conference  Endowment. 
d  $400,000  of  this  amount  for  endowment;  $100,000 

for  current  use. 
e  $1,164,262  of  this  amount  for  endowment;  $175,600 

for  current  use;  $12,772  for  underwriting. 


Budget  of  the  Ministerial  Salaries,  Pensions,  and  Relief  Survey  Department 

As  the  purpose  to  provide  adequate  endowment  funds  for  the  support  of  retired  ministers  is  comparatively  new, 
the  plans  of  some  of  the  denominations  are  not  developed  far  enough  to  include  actuarial  studies  of  the  claims.  The 
items,  therefore,  for  some  churches,  are  based  upon  close  estimates  of  the  amounts  required  to  meet  the  needs  of  the 
retired  ministers,  widows  and  orphans. 

In  other  churches,  very  thorough  actuarial  investigations  have  been  carried  on  for  some  time,  and  where  these 
have  been  completed  the  items  in  the  budgets  for  such  churches  are  the  results. 

The  Budget  includes  twenty-two  separate  items,  almost  all  of  which  relate  exclusively  to  ministerial  relief  and 
pensions.  In  one  case  pensions  for  missionaries  are  included  in  the  amount  given,  and  in  one  other  the  item  is  en- 
tirely for  the  benefit  of  young  men  who  are  studying  for  the  Christian  ministry. 

The  Budget  is  the  result  of  the  cordial  and  painstaking  cooperation  of  the  boards  represented  in  it  with  this  divi- 
sion of  the  Interchurch  World  Movement.  Through  this  cooperation  estimates  have  been  repeatedly  changed  as  the 
work  of  investigation  advanced.  Several  boards  that  cordially  cooperated  with  this  division  have  askings  not 
included  m  the  Budget.  This  is  due  to  the  fact  that  no  official  authorizations  of  the  askings  were  received  before 
the  date  fixed  for  closing  the  Budget;  or,  the  governing  denominational  bodies  have  not  yet  authorized  cooperation 
with  the  Interchurch  World  Movement.    It  is  with  regret  that  these  cannot  be  included  in  the  above  statement. 


312 


r 

I 


Special  Items:  BXnXjET  TABLES 


TabU  VIII.— SPECIAL  ITEMS 

General  Budget  Sutement  for 

SPECIAL  ITEMS 

of  the  Denominations  and  Boards  cooperating  in  the  Financial  Campaign 
of  the  Interchurch  World  Movement  of  North  America 

Includes  such  items  as  Temperance.  War  ReMef.  etc.,  not  classifiable  in  the  six  departmental  tables  and  columns 


Denominatiok  and  Board 


ADVENT 

Advent  Christian  Church 

BAPTIST  

Northern  Baptist  Convention 

Board  of  Promotion 

Northern  Baptist  Convention 

National  Baptist  Convention 

Women's  Convention 

Administration  and  Contingent 

General  Baptist 

BRETHREN 

Church  of  the  Brethren 

Brethren  Church 

CHRISTIAN  

Christian  Church 

CONGREGATIONAL  

Congregational  Churches 

Bible  Society,  etc 

DISCIPLES  

Disciples  of  Christ 

Board  of  Temperance 

EVANGELICAL 

Evangelical  Association 

United  Evangelical  Church 

Evangelical  Synod  OF  N.  A 

FRIENDS  

Society  of  Friends  in  America 

War  Relief. .'.".".■.■.■.*.■ 

Underwriting 

Undesignated 

Society  of  Friends  of  Caufornia 

HOLINESS 

Holiness  Church 

MENNONITE  

General  Conference  of  Mennonites.  . 
METHODIST 

Methodist  Episcopal  Church 

Board  of  Temperance 

Methodist  Protestant  Church 

Free  Methodist  Church  of  N.  A 

African  Methodist  Episcopal  Zion  Church.  ..... 

New  Era  Movement 

Colored  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 

Reformed  Zion  Union  Apostolic  Church 
PRESBYTERIAN 

Presbyterian  Church  in  the  U.  S.  A 

New  Era  Movement 

Board  of  Temperance 

Presbyterian  Church  in  the  U.  S.  (South)  . ...... 

Associate  Reformed  Presbyterian  Synod 

Reformed  Presbyterian  Church  of  N.  A.,  Synod. 

United  Presbyterian  Church 

REFORMED  

Reformed  Church  in  America 

Reformed  Church  in  the  U.  S 

UNITED  BRETHREN 

Church  of  the  United  Brethren  in  Christ 

Expenses  of  Enlistment  Campaign 

Undesignated 


TOTAL. 


Denomina- 
tional 
Total 


♦$4,060,000 


►565,000 


50,000 


25,440 


297,500 


•  Five-year  budget  to  be  subscribed  in  1920. 


1,500,000 


10,000 


2,022,987 


*♦• 


240,000 


Analysis 


♦M,000.000 
•60,000 

•500,000 
•65,000 


50,000 
25,440 


100,000 

50.000 

147,500 


1,500,000 
10,000 


1,833,542 
189,445 


•••165,000 
•••75,000 


g8.770.927        $8,770,927 


•  «* 


Two-year  budget  to  be  subscribed  in  1920. 


BUDGET  TABLES:  Summary 


313 


Table  IX.— SUMMARY 

General  Summary  of 

ALL  BUDGET  STATEMENTS 

of  the  Denominations  and  Boards  Cooperating  in  the  Financial  Campaign 
of  the  Interchurch  World  Movement  of  North  America 

By  Departments 


Dehoiuiutioii 


TOTAL 

CAMPAIGN 

SUDGET 


FOBUON 
MUSIOMB 


t 

ADVENT 

Adtknt  CHBiaruM  CHtncH 35. 

BAPTIST 

NoRTHzsM  B&rnaT  Coimirnoir *13t333,000 

Nationai.  BArriBT  Convintion •10,25*,000 

GnnauL  Baptut 272,500 

BRETHREN  ,  ^,.  ^^ 

Chvich  or  THX  BanBBBi 3,219,598 

Bbvibrkn  Chl'hch 300,004 

CHRI8TUN  ^^  ^^, 

Cbbutun  Chtbch 727,693 

CONGREGATIONAL 

CoifOHBOAnoMAL  Chtibchis 16.506,470 

DISCIPLES 

DuciPLis  or  Cbsut 12.501.138 

EVANGELICAL  ,  ^  ^^ 

Etahgeucal  AaaocunoN 1.394,260 

Ukitkd  EvANQiucAL  CHtmcH 305,983 

Etanokucal  Stnod  or  N.  A 1.846,521 

FRIENDS  ^  ,,^  ^. 

Socnrr  or  FRiunM  in  Amxbica 4.532,081 

Soanr  or  Fbbmds  or  CAurouu 40,000 

H0UNES8  ^  ^^ 

HouMMB  Chubcb 50.000 

MENNONFFE 

GninuL  CoMTiBxifCB  or  MKMHOiimB 82; 

METHODIST 

MnBoom  Epuoopal  CHxmcB 

Mrhodut  Pbotbstant  Cbiticb 

Fua  MmoDtaT  Chubch  or  N.  A 

ArwcAN  Mkthoddt  Episcopal  Zion  Chubcb 

CoLOKKD  MrrBODUT  Episcopal  Chdbch 

RarouoED  Zion  Union  Aronouc  Chubcb.  . 
PRE8BYTERUN 

PEBSBmauAN  Chubcb  in  thb  U.  8.  A 

PBasBmBUN  Chubcb  in  thb  U.  S.  (South). 

AnooATS  Repobmbd  Pbbsbtteeian  Stnod. 

Rbtobxbd  PBBSBmBiAM  Cbubcb  or  N.  A., 
Stnod 

Unitbo  PBasBmBiAN  Cbubcb 

REFORMED 

RBroBMBD  Cbubcb  in  Ambbica 

RsroBifBO  Chubcb  in  tbb  U.  8. 

UNITED  BRETHREN 

Chubcb  or  thb  Unitko  Bbbtbbbn  in  Cbbist 


TOTAL. 


034,485,737 

1,745,866 

*6.234.986 

212." 

250.000 

17,263 

44,970.000 

7.865,445 

392,264 

529,472 
•31,977,457 

2,136,091 
•16,916,085 

**6,546,662 


•34.041.071 

•2.200.000 

15,000 

606,708 
45.000 

M,725 

6,553.470 

2.488.352 

108,000 

276,62i 

344.038 
40.000 

82,000 

al6,500,000 

467.035 

•2,141.230 

52.000 


Horn 

MiSBIONB 


S 

35.000 

•46.220.304 

•3.850,000 

57.500 

532300 
45,000 

211.468 

5,920,000 

2,064,065 

432,760 
305.983 
153.000 

588,043 


Amxbican 
Education 


Amebican 
Rbuqioub 
Education 


•33,040.000 

•d2,600,000 

170.000 

2,000.000 
75,000 

406.500 

2.246,400 

6.000,000 


100.000 
•3.250,000 


336.777.572 


18,530.029 
2.928.754 
ttl98,450 

175.000 
'12,537,540 

800,000 
•5.519,305 

••911,770 


bll.782.872 

473,300 

•2.247.180 

50.000 

■"17,263 

14,584.251 

2,730,091 

43^14 


•8.705,305 

1,101,441 
•5,796,780 

••1,999,917 


•2,721.125 

•685,000 

10,000 

40.000 
20.000 

10,000 

18.600 

197,331 


17,500 
27,500 


Akxbican 
Hospitals 

AND 
HOHBSttt 


Amxbican 

MoriBTBHIAL 

Support 

AND 

Rbubp 


107.661,488 


109,949,037 


2,050.000 
406,644 

•1,406.250 
160.000 
250,000 


6.661.425 

1.606.600 

150,000 

354.472 
•8,264.060 

t220.250 
•3350,000 

••2,768,930 


*1.000,000 


15.000 


78,837,431 


100.000 

25.912 

•50,000 


1,114,509 
100,000 


•103,943 

14,400 
•550,000 

••126.045 


1,499,050 
538,500 
'300,666 

50.000 


427365 
172,975 


•8,550.500 

•350,000 

20,000 

40,000 

1,720,000 
226,000 
315,000 

'ij66b,666 

25,000 


Spbcial 
Items 
(Not  eUsm- 
fiable  in  pre- 
ceding col* 
omns.  e.  g. 
War.  Relief. 
Temperance, 
etc.). 


Portion  or 
Campaign 

BUDOET 

to  be  Paid 
IN  1920 


•4.060.000 
•565,000 


6.931,925 


•IfilZfiflb 


100,000 


2,125,000 

200,000 

•390,326 

40,000 


2,055.839 
500,000 


•1352.634 

•ij26o,666 

•••400,000 


ttt5.116.465 


20.510.299 


50,000 
25.440 


297300 

1.500,000 
10,666 

2,022.987 
•••240.000 


t 

35.000 

26.106.600 

2.050,000 

272.500 

3.219.598 
200,000 

727,693 

16308,470 

12,501.138 

1,304.260 

305.983 

1346321 

1,932,081 
40.000 

50,000 

82,000 

34,485,737 

1,745.866 

1.246.997 

212.000 

250.000 

17,263 

44.970.000 

7.865.445 

392,264 

629,472 
6395.491 

2.136,091 
3383317 

4346,662 


8.770,927 


175.446349 


'  •Five-year  budget  to  be  sofascribed  in  1920. 
••Budget  to  be  subacribed  in  1920;  p 


»w^^.  ~  ^  —- — .  P*rt  to  be  paid  in  1920,  part  in  two  jreara. 

•"•Two-year  budget  to  be  subscribed  in  1920. 
tOne-fifth  of  fire-year  budget 
ttBudgBt  not  yet  approved  by  natkoal  board.  ......       ,  « 

trtBudcets  approved  by  national  boards  only  are  included  in  this  oohimn.    For 

local  or  regioD*!  budgets  see  pages  260,  261. 
•—The  Methocfist  Episcopal  Foreign  Missions  Budget  is  composed  of:         , 

L   tl0300,006— the  Centenary  amount  of  the  Board  oi  Foreign  MisBoas, 

which  has  already  been  subscribed.  . 

1     16300300— the  budget  of  the  Woman's  Forogn  MiasioDary  Society 


b.  The  Methodist  Episoc^  Home  Mismons  Budget  is  composed  of: 

1.  $10300.000— the  Centenary  amount  of  the  Board  of  Home  Missions 
and  Church  Extensions,  which  has  already  been  subscribed. 

2.  $607.872— the  budget  of  the  Wcnnan's  Home  Missionary  Society. 

3.  1675,000— the  budget  of  the  Freedman's  Aid  Society. 

e.  This  total  includes  121,000,000  iHiich  was  subscribed  in  the  Centenary  Cam- 
paign. 

d.  $500,000  of  this  amount  subject  to  confirmation  by  the  National  Baptist 
Oampaign  Commiasion. 


INDEX 


Page 

Alaska 125 

American  Education 149 

— religiuus  impulse .    .    .  151 

— needed 152 

— policies 170 

— problems 183 

American  Indians 121 

Americans,  Negro 85 

Bryce,  Viscount  (quoted) 94 

Budget  Tables 297 

Childhood,  Spiritual  Neglect  of 239 

Children  under  25  years  (tables) 207 

— and  Sunday  schools  (tables) 210 

— and  crime 214 

— missionaries 254 

— in  the  N.  Y.  metropolitan  area 51 

Church,  The,  and  the  Pubuc  Schools    .   .   .   .183 

— members,  increase  (Negro) 100 

— membership,  declining 63 

Churches,  the  Task  Before  the 283 

— country 57 

Clarke,  J.  F.  (quoted) 172 

Community,  The  (N.  Y.  metropolitan  area)     ...    51 
— centers 63 

County,  A  Typical 66 

—259 66 

—981 68 

Colleges,  Junior 161 

— denominational 157 

— independent 162 

— Interchurch  World  Movement  and  the  .    .    .  161 

Cuba 137 

Denominational  College  Groups 162 

— colleges 157 

Education,  American 149 

— religious 201 

—higher  (Negro) 96 

— conditions  of  Negro 95 

Economic  Life  (Negro) 87 

Farmers,  Foreign-born 66 

Financial  Conscience  Sleeping 277 

Foundation  Fund,  A 285 

Foreign-Language  press .    81 

— church 82 

— congregations 82 

Frontier,  The 60 


Page 
Hawaii 133 

Health,  Rural 66 

— service  (urban) 55 

— conditions  of  Negro 91 

— education  of  Negro 92 

Homes  for  Aged  and  Children  (Negro)  ....    92 

— hospitals  and 243 

— for  children 252 

—for  aged 256 

Hospital  (Negro) 92 

— and  homes 243 

— church 259 

— church,  program 250 

Housing  Campaigns  (Negro) 90 

— conditions  (Migrants) 106 

Humboldt,  William  von  (quoted) 200 

Iluteracy 78 

Incurables,  Homes  for 249 

Independent  Colleges 157 

Indians,  American 121 

Industrial  Communities,  Rural 61 

Interchurch  Surveys,  The 50 

JoNSON,  Ben  (quoted) 200 

Laymen,  Prosperous  Groups  of 277 

Metropolitan  Area,  New  York 47 

— problems 49 

— program 54 

— business  ethics 55 

— strangers  in 55 

— council  of  experts 56 

— joint  headquarters 56 

Migrant  Groups 103 

— harvest  hands 103 

— cannery  workers 105 

— lumbermen 107 

—loggers 108 

— problems 112 

— policies  proposed 116 

Migration,  Northern,  of  Negro 86 

Minister  Exploited,  The  ^ 279 

— ^retired  (table) 296 

— and  other  men 273 

— salaries  and  pensions 265 

Ministry,  Commercializing  the 276 

Neglected  Areas  (rural) 69 

Negro  Americans 85 

Newspapers,  Christian 132 


316 


Index:  HOME  MISSIONS 


H 


Page 
New  York  Metropolitan  Area 47 

Normal  Schools,  State 182 

Orientals  in  the  United  States 127 

Pensions,  Ministerial 265,  289 

— cor]>oration 290 

— church 290 

— on  contributory  basis 291 

— Episcopal  Church  plan 291 

— Congregational  plan 291 

— and  efficiency 293 

— and  permits 293 

Preachers  and  Professors 272 

Public  Schools,  The  Church  and  the    ....  183 

Radicalism  in  the  Woods 108 

Recreation  Situation  (Negro) 93 

Reconstruction,  Spiritual 34 

Relief  and  Disability  Funds 290 

— ministerial    .   .   .   .  • 295 

Reugious  Education  in  the  Home 214 

Reugious  Life  (Negro) -99 

— education  (Negro) loi 

— education 2OI 

Rural  Industrial  Communities 61 

— problems 53 

Roosevelt,  Theodore  (quoted) 61 

Salary,  Inadequate  (rural) 66 

Salaries,  Ministerial 267 

— by  state  groups 269 

—in  cities 269 

— denominational 271 

— inadequate,  results  of 280 

— ministerial  (tables) 286 


Page 
Sustentation  Fund,  A 284 

Schools,  Secondary 173 

— secondary  (Negro) 97 

— state  normal 132 

Seminaries,  Theological,  and  Training  Schools  190 
— needs  of 194 

Students,  Christian 188 

Sunday  School  Boards 221 

— statistics 212 

Surveys,  Interchurch 50 

Spanish-speaking  Peoples 135 

Tax-supported  Institutions 177 

Teachers,  Christian .  188 

Theological  Seminaries  and  Training  Schools  190 

Times  Square  Section 52 

— transients 53 

— churches 53 

— theaters 53 

Tithe  of  a  Tithe,  A 278 

Town  and  Country 57 

— problems 63 

— lack  of  leadership 63 

War,  The  Effect  of  the  (Negro) 86 

— and  the  migrant      109 

West  Indies 137 

—Cuba 137 

— Porto  Rico 139 

— Jamaica 141 

— Santo  Domingo-Haiti 142 

— smaller  islands 144 

Woman's  Lot  (cities) 76 


INTERCHURCH  WORLD  MOVENCENT  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

DIVISIONAL  ORGANIZATION  OF  THE 
SURVEY  DEPARTMENTS 


I  SURVEY  STATISTICS  DEPARTMENT 


DEPARTMENTS 

DIVISIONS 

• 

1  FOREIGN  SURVEY  DEPARTMENT                          1 

, 

HOME  MISSIONS  SURVEY  DEPARTMENT 

1    N»w  Americans  Survey  Coordination  Divition                                      | 

1    Oriontals  In  the  U.  S.  Survey  Coortfinatlon  Division                            | 

. 

• 

1 

AMERICAN  EDUCATION  SURVEY  DEPARTMENT 

. 

MINISTERIAL  SUPPORT  AND  RELIEF 
SURVEY  department 

1                1    Minlatarial  P*n*ien*  and  Relief  Surwx  Division                                   | 

■ 

AMERICAN  REUGIOUS  EDUCATION 
SURVEY  DEPARTMENT 

1    SpMial  Fields  Survey  Division                                                                  j 

AMERICAN  HOSPITALS  AND  HOMES 
SURVEY  DEPARTMENT 

1 1    HMpHals  ftwrvity  Division                                                                      | 

1    ChIM  Welfare  Sunny  Division                                                              | 

V  t. 


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WORLD  SURVEY 

Foreign  Volume 


A  Statistical  Mirror 


REVISED  PRELIMINARY  EDITION 


^h^ 


Columbta  %mber£;ttp 

intljeCitpof^etogorfe 


LIBRARY 


GIVEN    BY 
Xr^riVexcVr-uxcVi     Vo  err  ic\ 


"11      I    I  iiy 


I 


I  ^J^^r  ^=^Ji22!Elfro»  the  last  date 

I  .tamp^  below,  and  if  not  retun.ed  or  .....^  .J  „ 

before  that  ti„e  a  «oe  of  fi,e^iLa_da.  wju  be  i^Lr^H 


WHERE  SICKNESS  AND  SIN  ARE  UNOPPOSED 


A  DEFECTIVE  moral  order  can  never  be  isolated.  Uncared  for,  it  will 
break  every  bound  and  eventually  invoke  the  direst  of  physical  as  well 
as  moral  penalties  upon  the  whole  world.  It  must  be  cured.  The  black  spots 
on  the  map  are  breeding  places  for  sickness  and  sin.  We  must  clean  them  up. 
The  gospel  cannot  be  wholly  effective  anywhere  until  it  is  effective  everywhere. 


WORLD  SURVEY 
FOREIGN  VOLUME 


THE  WORLD  ACCORDING  TO  STRABO 


"ITTHEN  Christ  said  to 
▼V  His  disciples:  "Go 
ye  into  all  the  world  and 
preach  the  gospel  to  every 
creature,"  the  world,  ac- 
cording to  Strabo,  the  best 
geographer  of  the  day,  was 
not  as  large  as  any  single 
continent  as  known  to  the 
present  day  geographer. 
But  modem  methods  of 
transportation  and  com- 
munication make  us  all 
close  neighbors. 


THE  lives  and  thought 
of  peoples  are  more 
closely  interrelated  than 
ever  before.  We  of  the 
Christian  nations  now  find 
it  easy  to  go  into  all  the 
world  with  our  goods  to 
sell  at  a  good  profit.  We 
have  preached  strange 
political  faiths  in  far-off 
places.  But  we  have  not 
yet  fulfilled  the  divine  com- 
mand to  carry  the  gospel 
to  every  living  creature. 


J 


NOTICE 

THE  statements  set  forth  in  this  and  the  accompanying 
volume  of  the  WORLD  SURVEY  were  presented 
originally  at  the  World  Survey  Conference,  held  at 
Atlantic  City,  N.  J.,  January  6  to  9,  1920.  As  a  result  of  that 
conference,  and  in  the  light  of  further  data  derived  in  the  pro- 
gressive development  of  the  survey,  the  original  statements 
have  been  freely  revised  and  expanded.  They  are,  therefore, 
complete  only  in  the  measure  that  the  survey  itself  is  complete, 
and  are  here  presented  not  so  much  as  final  statements  as  re- 
vised preliminary  announcements  of  the  facts  thus  far  revealed 
by  the  extensive  survey  task,  much  of  which  is  necessarily  still 
being  carried  on. 

With  the  progress  of  the  survey,  special  problems,  particular 
fields  and  important  phases  of  work,  will  demand  separate  survey 
statements  adequately  to  present  the  facts.  These  statements 
will  be  issued  as  auxiliary  survey  volumes,  and  will  conform  m 
size  and  style  to  the  Handy  Volume  Edition  of  the  WORLD 
SURVEY.  Several  auxiliary  volumes  are  already  in  process  of 
preparation.    Others  will  follow  as  the  need  arises. 

The  first  of  these  auxiliary  volumes  is  a  manual  and  guide 
entitled  "How  to  Study  the  World  Survey."  It  is  a  handbook 
for  pastors,  teachers  and  members  of  study  groups  who  wish  to 
use  the  WORLD  SURVEY  as  a  text  book.  Intended  for  use 
in  the  class  room  of  school  or  college,  or  in  missionary  circles 
and  young  people's  societies,  it  will  be  found  invaluable  in  mak- 
ing the  survey  volumes  yield  the  largest  amount  of  important 
and  interesting  information.  Uniform  with  the  Handy  Volume 
Edition  of  the  WORLD  SURVEY  at  fifty  cents  a  copy,  cash 
with  order. 

Copyright  has  been  secured  covering  all  the  survey  material 
here  presented.  Text,  charts,  maps  and  graphs  are  all  mcluded. 
Persons  desiring  to  reprint  any  portion  of  the  text  or  to  repro- 
duce any  of  the  illustrations  are  requested  to  obtam  the  nec- 
essary permission  from  the  Sales  Department,  Interchurch  Worid 
Movement,  45  West  18th  Street,  New  York  City.  Permission 
to  reprint  will  be  granted  only  with  the  understanding  that  a 
credit  line  also  be  run  as  follows:  '^Copyright  by  Interchurch 
Worid  Movement  of  North  America;  reprinted  with  permission. 


World  Survey 

BY  THE  INTERCHURCH  WORLD 
MOVEMENT  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


REVISED  PRELIMINARY 
STATEMENT  AND  BUDGET 

IN  TWO  VOLUMES 
VOLUME  TWO 

FOREIGN    VOLUME 

and 

A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR 

^ :_  '  ■ ^  —  — — — 

LIBRARY     EDITION 


INTERCHURCH  PRESS 
NEW  YORK  CITY 


Copyright,  1920,  bt  the 

Intehchurch  World  Movement 

OF  North  America 


CONTENTS 


Introduction 


Page 
9 


PART  I 

TOPICAL  SECTION 

Area,  Population  and  (Government  . 

Daily  Bread 

Health 

Education 

Literature .     . 

Women 

Children 

Religion       ......... 


PART  II 

GEOGRAPHICAL  SECTION 

Page  Page 

15     Europe 53 

19     Latin  America 69 

23     The  Near  East 77 

27    Africa 89 

31     India  and  Central  Asia 99 

35     Southeastern  Asia 113 

39     China 133 

43     Japan 143 


BUDGET  TABLES 


Page 

Explanatory  Notes 157 

Table  I— Foreign 158 


Table  VI 1 1  —Special  Items    . 
Table  IX — General  Summary 


Page 
160 

161 


MAPS,  CHARTS  AND  GRAPHS 


Page 
Where    Sickness    and    Sin    Arel 

Unopposed >Frontispiece 

The  World  According  to  Strabo) 

Division  of  World's  Area  and  Population  14 

Christians  Rule  Most  of  the  World  .     .  17 

Freedom  to  Worship  Gk)d      ....  18 

Exporting  Death  to  Non-Christians.     .  22 

Breeding  Places  of  a  Dread  Disease       .  22 

Darkness  Rules  Where  People  Cannot 

Read 26 

Centers  of  Influence:   Christian  Litera- 
ture         ...  34 


Page 

How  Child  Life  is  Wasted      ....  38 

Religious  Boundaries  are  Shifting  Bound- 
aries      42 

What  the  World  Believes       ....  45 

The  Contest  of  Religions 46 

Can  Christianity  Keep  Pace?      ...  47 

Predominant  Faiths  of  the  World     .     .  49 

Vitality  of  the  Protestant  Church  of 

France 57 

Trade  and  Mission  Growth    ....  70 

Effect  of  Cooperation  in  Mexico  ...  75 


8 


Maps,  Charts  and  Graphs:  FOREIGN 


Page 

Rugs  for  America  and  Missionaries  for 

Persia 81 

Persia's  Boundaries 82 

The  Holy  Land  of  Mohammedans   .     .  87 

Where  the  Word  Is  Never  Heard     .     .  91 

Conquering  the  Jungle 92 

Only  Honey  for  Medicine      ....  93 

Moslem  Capital 96 

Islam  in  Africa 97 

Land  of  Many  Tongues 100 

Growth  of  the  Cotton  and  Jute  Industries  101 

Religion  and  Education 103 

Freeing  Women  of  India 104 

The  Religious  Map  of  India  ....  105 

Onward,  Upward 107 

Bringing  Students  to  Christ  ....  114 

Philippine  Islands — Number  of  Govern- 
ment Schools  in  Each  Province     .     .  116 

Church  Membership  in  the  Philippines  .  118 

A  Mission  School  Giving  Training  to 

Hands,  Heads,  Hearts 120 

The  Gospel  in  the  South  Seas     ...  122 

A  Weak  Sector  in  Christianity's  Advance  124 


Pl«e 

Paring  Down  Siam 125 

A  Prime  Requisite  in  Successful  Mission 

Enterprise  Is  Adequate  Occupation    .  127 

Forgetting  the  Wild  Man  of  Borneo      .  128 

China— Areas  Unclaimed  by  Protestant 

Missions 132 

Growing  Population 184 

Mission  Colleges  and  Universities    .     .  135 

The  Neglected  Sick 136 

Railroads  and  Schools 137 

Key  to  China's  Future 138 

Protestant  Church  Members  in  China  .  139 

Chinese  Christian  Mission  Workers  .     .  140 

What  Missions  Mean  to  China   .     .     .  141 

Increase  of  Factory  Workers  in  Japan  ,  144 

Transforming  Ancient  Cities  ....  145 

The  Higher  Cost  of  Living  in  Japan      .  146 

Increase  in  Number  of  Protestant  Church 

Members 149 

Is  Japan  Evangelized? 150 

Cooperation  for  a  Common  Cause    ,     •  154 

Service  Flag  of  Foreign  Fields    ...  156 


A  Statistical  Mirror 


163 


.i 


A 


INTRODUCTION 

SURVEY  of  the  dimensions  of  the  kingdom  of  God  on  earth  becomes, 
when  executed,  a  survey  of  the  extent  of  the  recognition  of  the  worth  of 
human  life. 


The  value  which  is  accorded  to  men,  women  and  children,  as  individuals,  is  a  sure 
index  to  the  value  which  is  placed  on  their  souls.  Where  human  life  is  held  cheapest, 
there  moral  pestilence  is  greatest,  and  the  kingdom  of  God  furthest  removed. 

If  one  would  plan  wisely  for  the  kingdom,  that  it  may  cover  the  earth  as  the  waters 
cover  the  sea,  he  must  first  know  the  present  extent  of  the  kingdom.  And  his  goal 
is  to  raise  the  estimate  which  is  placed  on  human  life,  regardless  of  color,  race,  sex, 
or  citizenship,  until  that  estimate  reaches  up  to  Christ's. 

This  volume  contains  the  results  of  a  preliminary  survey  of  the  non-Christian  world, 
and  of  that  part  of  the  nominally  Christian  world  which  lies  outside  North  America, 
viz.,  Europe  and  Latin  America.  It  is  written  expressly  for  laymen,  to  present  graphic- 
ally some  fundamental  truths  which  demand  attention.  Americans  as  citizens,  as 
well  as  Christians,  cannot  afford  to  ignore  them,  for  with  the  solution  of  these  problems 
of  the  non-Christian  world  is  bound  up  the  solution  of  our  own  national  problems. 

Hawaii,  Alaska  and  the  West  Indies  were  included  in  the  home  missions  field  for 
purposes  of  the  survey,  and  therefore  they  will  not  be  touched  upon. 

The  areas  and  the  peoples  dealt  with  lie  outside  our  boundaries,  but  the  problems 
themselves  are  as  much  domestic  as  foreign. 

Human  welfare  is  not  safe  in  any  nation  until  the  Christian  principle  of  the  infinite 
value  of  the  himian  soul  has  been  accepted  not  only  within  that  nation  but  by  every 
other  nation  and  race  of  mankind. 

A  single  case  of  smallpox,  unattended,  imperils  not  only  the  community  and  the 
city,  but  also  the  entire  nation.  The  laws  governing  physical  sanitation  apply  also 
to  moral  sanitation,  but  with  this  exception,  that  a  defective  moral  order  can  never 
be  isolated.  It  must  be  cured.  Uncared  for,  it  will  break  every  bound  and 
eventually  invoke  the  direst  of  physical  as  well  as  moral  penalties  upon  the  entire 
world.    Surely  the  years  through  which  we  are  passing  make  this  clear. 

Mankind  is  sick.  Christendom  is  sick.  The  heathens  say,  "Why  do  the  Christians 
rage?" 


10 


FOREIGN  SURVEY 


We  need  a  far  more  searching  diagnosis  of  human  ills  than  we  have  yet  received. 

Therefore,  when  we,  as  American  Christians,  approach  the  world  to  survey  it,  to  ask 
how  near  and  how  far  removed  is  the  kingdom  of  God,  and  to  make  offers  of  help, 
we  must  be  very  humble.  Not  yet  even  within  our  own  borders  have  we  learned  how 
to  deal  in  a  Christ-like  fashion  with  the  foreign-speaking  and  with  the  colored  peoples, 
nor  have  we  yet  achieved  an  entirely  Christian  standard  of  justice  for  womanhood, 
for  the  care  of  children,  for  the  protection  of  the  weak,  or  for  industrial  organization. 
America  has  not  yet  reached  Christ's  estimate  of  the  value  of  the  individual  as  a  person 
with  an  immortal  soul. 

It  is  not  with  smug  complacency  that  we  find  that  other  nations  have  set  an  even 
lower  value  on  human  life  than  have  we.  Mankind,  of  which  we  are  part,  is  sick, 
waiting  for  the  touch  of  the  Great  Physician  who  shall  win  it  back  to  health. 

In  the  truest  sense  we  carry  the  gospel  to  every  creature  to  save  our  own  souls. 
The  gospel  must  be  applied  to  all  alike.  It  cannot  be  wholly  effective  at  any  one 
spot  on  the  map  until  it  is  effective  everywhere,  for  the  future  of  mankind  is  bound 
up  as  it  never  was  before  to  political,  commercial,  intellectual  and  spiritual  relation- 
ships which  stop  at  no  state  boundaries.  The  world  is  in  action.  We  must  all  be 
saved  together  or  not  at  all,  and  fundamentally  we  must  all  be  saved  in  the  same  way. 

The  purpose  of  American  effort  to  evangelize  the  world  is  not  to  bring  the  world 
to  America  but  to  bring  the  world  to  Christ— to  lead  our  neighbors  out  to  the  object 
of  our  own  best  aspiration. 

We  would  do  well  to  remember  that  the  demands  of  some  single  school,  hospital  or 
church  in  Asia,  Africa,  Europe  or  Latin  America,  are,  after  all,  parts  of  the  demands 
of  all  mankind  for  knowledge,  health  and  spiritual  nourishment.  These  needs  are 
universal. 

When  Christ's  kingdom  has  come  in  its  fullness,  every  man,  woman  and  child- 
mind  and  body  as  well  as  soul— will  possess  transcendent  value  in  the  eyes  of  his 
neighbors.  They  do  not  have  that  value  today,  even  in  Christian  lands,  and  they 
are  valued  even  more  cheaply  in  the  non-Christian  world. 

The  task  of  evangelizing  the  world  concerns  itself,  therefore,  with  physical  standards 
of  living,  with  health,  and  with  the  degree  of  mercy  which  is  shown  to  the  unfit. 
When  mankind  has  been  saved  and  brought  into  harmony  with  the  Creator's  purpose, 
men  will  no  longer  suffer  needless  hunger  or  pain,  and  individuals  will  be  free,  con- 
strained only  by  the  requirements  of  brotherhood.  If  we  would  save  the  soul,  we 
would  do  well  to  know  where  the  body  is,  and  how  it  lives. 


FOREIGN  SURVEY 


11 


The  kingdom  of  God  will  not  come  except  as  the  human  mind  is  recognized  for  its 
worth  and  released  from  ignorance  and  superstition.  A  saved  soul  expressing  itself 
through  an  ignorant  mind,  or,  likewise,  through  a  sick  body,  is  of  limited  value  as  a 
neighbor  or  as  a  brother. 

The  status  assigned  to  women  and  children  is  one  of  the  unfailing  standards  by 
which  to  judge  the  unfinished  task  of  the  salvation  of  the  world.  No  race  ever  rises 
above  the  standard  set  for  its  women.  No  people  can  be  truly  great  or  helpful  in 
the  society  of  mankind  until  childhood  is  crowned  with  intelligent  care.  The  kingdom 
of  God  is  a  kingdom  of  justice  or  it  is  not  God's  kingdom  at  all. 

Some  may  be  impatient  that  this  survey  thus  approaches  the  heart  of  the  problem 
by  what  may  appear  to  be  so  many  detours.  Health,  education,  social  justice- 
are  they  not  the  very  walls  of  the  kingdom  itself?  They  are  the  building  of  which 
the  gospel  is  a  blueprint,  and  Jesus  Christ  the  architect.  We  are  the  workmen. 
We  cannot  know  where  to  lay  the  next  board  until  we  know  what  boards  are  already 
in  place,  and  what  the  plans  demand. 

Moreover,  the  spiritual  hunger  of  mankind  does  not  easily  lend  itself  to  a  survey. 
But  to  pass  in  review  the  facts  about  the  physical  and  intellectual  conditions  under 
which  the  human  race  is  living,  leads  one  to  know  that  the  needs  of  the  soul  are 
unutterably  great  and  are  to  be  satisfied  by  no  human  remedy.  Mankind  is  plunged 
in  sin.    Its  salvation  is  alone  by  Jesus  Christ. 

The  pages  of  this  volume  devoted  to  the  presentation  of  the  Foreign  Survey  are 
divided  into  two  sections,  one  topical  and  the  other  geographical.  The  purpose  of 
the  topical  section  is  to  present  a  worid-wide  view  which  will  afford  a  background 
for  discriminating  judgment  when  one  comes  to  consider  mission  fields  as  units. 


PART  L 


TOPICAL  SECTION 


14 


FOREIGN  SURVEY 


DIVISION  OF  WORLD'S  AREA  AND 

POPULATION 


AREA 


POPULATION 


CANADA  AND  NEW  F0UNDLAND.5"-* 


AUSTRALASIA  AND  OCEANI, 
.4% 


I 


'T*HE  non-Christian  worid  is  greater  in  area  and  in  population  than  the 
-I-  Christian  worid.  Yet  the  entire  non-Christian  world,  with  nearly  two- 
thirds  of  the  earth's  people  and  territory,  is  dependent  politically  on  the 
good-will  and  fair-dealing  of  the  Christian  nations.  So  far,  the  political 
and  commercial  ambitions  of  the  Christian  worid  have  outrun  its  ambitions 
for  the  kingdom  of  God.  We  must  not  forget  that  human  welfare  is  not 
safe  in  any  nation  imtil  the  Christian  principle  of  the  infinite  value  of  the  human 
soul  is  accepted  by  every  nation. 


J 


AREA,  POPULATION  AND 

GOVERNMENT 

TO  REDUCE  immense  sums  to  comprehensible  figures,  we  may  divide  the 
worid  for  the  purposes  of  this  survey  into  three  parts:  the  United  States,  the 
balance  of  the  nominally  Christian  world,  and  the  non-Christian  worid. 

We  may  think  of  the  United  States,  both  in  area  and  population,  as  one  of  the  sixteen 
equal  units  which  comprise  the  entire  worid.  The  rest  of  the  nominally  Christian 
worid  comprises  five  more  of  the  sixteen  units.  Out  of  a  total  of  sixteen  units  of  the 
size  and  population  of  the  United  States,  the  non-Christian  world  claims  ten. 

It  must,  of  course,  be  remembered  that  such  figures  are  only  rough  comparisons,  and 
are  chiefly  useful  for  their  graphic  value.  The  United  States  is  to  the  rest  of  the 
nominally  Christian  world,  in  area  and  population,  as  one  is  to  five;  and  to  the 
non-Christian  world  as  one  is  to  ten. 

Important  also  is  the  fact  that  the  total  nominally  Protestant  population  of  the 
earth  is  not  quite  twice  the  population  of  the  United  States.  The  relation  of  the 
Protestant  forces  of  the  earth  to  the  non-Christian  forces  is,  therefore,  as  one  is  to 
six  or  seven. 

More  detailed  comparisons  of  area  and  population  indicate  that  these  two  factors 
are  not  always  in  equilibrium.  Population  is  sparse  in  some  areas,  congested  in 
others.  This  instability  between  the  numbers  of  people  on  the  land  and  the  amount 
of  land  to  live  on  is  even  more  marked  when  one  considers  only  the  arable  portion 
of  the  earth. 

The  density  of  population  in  the  non-Christian  world  is,  when  one  subtracts  from  the 
estimate  the  inarable  land,  one  and  one-half  times  that  of  the  United  States,  while 
the  density  of  population  in  South  America  is  only  one-third  that  of  the  United  States. 

China  has  three  and  one-half  times,  India  five  and  one-half  times,  and  Japan  thirteen 
times  the  density  of  population  of  the  United  States  for  the  arable  land. 

The  highly  congested  centers  of  the  worid,  with  the  exception  of  cities  and  certain 
small  areas  like  Belgium,  are  non-Christian.  Even  more  significant  is  the  fact  that 
the  population  of  these  congested  areas  is  increasing  much  more  rapidly  than  that 
of  the  Christian  areas. 


16 


Area,  Population  and  Government:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


The  annual  increase  of  population  in  Japan,  for  which  accurate  figures  are  available, 
is  50  per  cent  greater  than  that  of  the  United  States.  There  is  no  reason  to  believe 
that  the  ratio  of  increase  is  more  in  Japan  than  in  other  non-Christian  countries. 
If  the  normal  increase  of  population  continues  and  is  not  met  by  greatly  accelerated 
evangelization,  the  prospects  for  an  entirely  Christian  world  are  rather  dreary. 

When  we  pass  to  a  study  of  government,  we  face  two  striking  facts: 

1.  The  non-Christian  world  contains  the  only  absolute  monarchies  left  on  earth, 
while  in  all  this  territory  there  is  no  firmly  established  republican  government. 

2.  England  and  that  part  of  Europe  having  colonial  possessions,  representing  one 
and  one-half  times  the  population  of  the  United  States,  have  obtained  political 
suzerainty  or  control,  mostly  in  the  last  century,  over  no  less  than  five  hundred 
millions  of  non-Christian  peoples,  including  all  but  an  infinitesimal  portion  of  Africa 
and  the  greater  part  of  Asia. 

Even  in  those  portions  of  the  non-Christian  world  where  national  suzerainty  is 
recognized,  it  is  constantly  imperilled  by  the  imperialism  of  other  nations. 

If  we  include  the  United  States  among  the  Western  colonial  nations,  we  find  that, 
together  with  other  nations  forming  about  one  and  one-half  units  of  the  world's  popula- 
tion, we  have  already  assumed  the  political  responsibility,  as  well  as  many  economic 
duties,  for  about  one-third  of  the  entire  human  race.  Meanwhile  the  political 
and  economic  freedom  of  a  fourth  of  the  world's  population,  that  of  China,  has 
been  seriously  threatened. 

Indeed  the  entire  non-Christian  world,  two-thirds  of  the  human  race,  is  now  quite 
dependent,  politically,  on  the  good  will  and  unconstrained  fair-dealing  of  the  Christian 
nations.  The  non-Christian  races,  with  the  exception  of  Japan,  are  entirely  powerless 
in  such  matters  as  armies  and  navies. 

Is  it  not  astoimding  that  the  political  and  commercial  ambitions  of  the  Chris- 
tian world  have  so  far  outrun  its  ambitions  for  the  extension  of  the  kingdom 
of  God? 

The  share  of  the  United  States  in  the  colonial  arrangement  of  the  world  is  small. 
The  island  dependencies  of  the  United  States  contain  only  a  little  more  than  one- 
half  of  1  per  cent,  of  the  world's  population.  There  are  ten  persons  in  the  United 
States  to  look  after  and  assist  every  one  of  these  islanders. 

The  many  other  Western  colonial  nations  have  assumed  the  care  of  populations  greater 
than  their  own.    The  Netherlands  has  a  colonial  empire  with  nearly  eight  times  the 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  Area,  Population  and  Government 


17 


population  of  the  mother  country.  Belgium's  colony  has  twice  the  population  of 
Belgiimi.  In  the  British  Empire  the  non-Christians  outnumber  the  nominal  Christians 
at  least  ten  to  one. 

Great  Britain  and  Europe  are  nov/  impoverished  by  the  recent  loss  of  eleven  million 
of  their  most  energetic  and  productive  citizens,  as  well  as  by  the  accumulation  of 
almost  immeasurable  war  debts.  Furthermore,  even  in  pre-war  days,  the  entire 
Protestant  world,  outside  of  the  United  States,  was  maintaining  in  the  foreign 
mission  field  only  about  the  same  number  of  missionaries  as  this  country. 
In  other  words,  American  Protestantism  had  already  assumed  more  than  half  of 
the  responsibility,  and  now  its  share  must  be  very  much  increased  to  maintain  the 
work  even  at  pre-war  levels. 

The  task  looks  large,  and  yet  there  are  in  the  world  only  about  ten  non-Chris- 
tians for  every  American  nominal  Christian.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  if  the  twenty- 
six  million  Protestant  church  members  in  the  United  States  were  to  assume  much 
more  than  is  necessary,  viz.,  the  responsibility  for  the  evangelization  of  every 
non-Christian  in  the  world  after  subtracting  those  for  whom  British  and  European 
Protestants  have  assumed  the  care,  the  load  would  be  by  no  means  overwhelming. 
The  individual  American  responsibility  would  be  for  less  than  thirty-five  persons. 


CHRISTIANS  RULE  MOST  OF  THE  WORLD 


-ABSOLUTE  MONARCHIES 
LIMITED  MONARCHIES 


REPUBUCS 


COLONIES  AND  PROTECTORATES 


22.0% 


UNDER  NON-CHRISTIAN  GOVERNMENTS    30% 


THE  only  absolute  monarchies  left  on  earth  are  non-Christian.  Half  of 
the  people  of  the  worid  live  under  a  republican  form  of  government. 
But  in  non-Christian  republics,  comprising  nearly  50  per  cent,  of  the  total, 
the  franchise  in  actual  practise  is  in  the  hands  of  a  limited  class.  Over  a 
third  of  the  earth's  population  is  living  in  lands  held  under  colonial  rule  or 
as  protectorates,  usually  by  Christian  governments.  But  most  of  the  peoples 
of  subject  lands  are  non-Christian.  Seventy  per  cent,  of  the  people  of  the 
world  are  governed  by  Christian  governments.  Only  36  per  cent,  are 
Christians.     Will  the  Christian  world  fail  in  its  stewardship? 


18 


FOREIGN  SURVEY 


FREEDOM  TO  WORSHIP  GOD 


|No  Religious  Uberty 


IPreiudice  and  fanaticism  malie  missranaiy  worli  almost  impossiblt 


Paftial  Religious  liberty  V///////X  Nominal  Religious  LiteftyQ 


FuillWifiausUtaftir 


TIBET,  Afghanistan,  Nepal  and  Bhutan  are  the  only  lands  where  it  is  for- 
bidden to  preach  the  gospel.  In  Portuguese  East  Africa,  the  teaching  of 
Christ  is  opposed  in  the  area  controlled  by  a  great  company  which,  though 
from  a  nominally  Christian  land,  does  not  wish  to  be  hindered  in  its  ruthless 
exploitation  of  the  native  by  the  spread  of  the  knowledge  that  all  men  are 
equal  before  God.  The  French  Government  forbids  missionaries  to  cross  the 
border  from  Siam  into  French  Indo-China.  In  other  limited  areas,  fanaticism 
and  intolerance  act  as  barriers  against  the  Christian  missionary.  But  with 
these  few  exceptions,  the  gospel  can  be  preached  today  in  every  part  of 
the  worid. 


DAILY  BREAD 


THE  extension  of  the  kingdom  of  God  in  the  non-Christian  worid  does 
not  avoid  the  question  of  how  men  get  their  daily  bread.  Is  the  aim  of  the 
missionary  the  establishment  of  a  self-supporting,  self-propagating,  self- 
governing  church?  Then  the  economic  condition  of  the  people  must  be  ade- 
quate to  support  a  church  in  addition  to  meeting  the  insistent  requirements  of 
the  body. 

Are  hospitals  to  be  organized  and  measures  taken  for  sanitation?  Again,  we  must 
consider  the  available  wealth  of  the  people. 

Would  you  have  government  which  amply  protects  and  guarantees  both  justice  and 
liberty?    Good  government  is  expensive. 

Is  a  school  system  necessary  which  will  offer  to  every  child  the  privileges  of  education? 
The  margin  of  wealth  must  be  sufficient  to  pay  for  schools  and  teachers,  and  the 
income  of  the  family  must  be  such  as  to  permit  the  withdrawal  of  children  from 
productive  labor. 

The  very  first  problem  which  meets  the  Christian  missionary,  whether  he  be 
evangelist,  physician,  or  teacher,  is  that  back  of  the  moral  and  spiritual  problems  of 
the  non-Christian  world  is  an  economic  background  of  waste  and  of  failure  to  utilize 
the  resources,  physical,  human,  and  intellectual. 

The  poverty  of  the  backward  races  is  not  due  to  over-population  so  much  as  to  under- 
production. Poverty  is  greatest  where  superstition,  ignorance  and  tradition  hold 
the  people  most  in  thrall  and  permit  the  least  neariy  complete  utilization  of  natural 
wealth.  The  crowded  sections  of  Europe  have  developed  motor-power,  machinery, 
industry  and  sanitation,  thus  conserving  resources  and  providing  increased  production 
to  meet  increased  need.  The  non-Christian  worid  sticks  to  hand-production,  ignores 
the  mineral  beds,  scorns  machinery,  permits  the  rivers,  except  as  waterways,  to  run 
to  waste,  and  sets  low  values  on  human  life. 

The  outstanding  sin  of  the  non-Christian  world  is  waste. 

The  second  obstacle  to  economic  prosperity  is  lack  of  mutual  confidence  which  can 
bind  people  together  in  cooperative  undertakings,  and  this  in  turn  grows  out  of  a 
lack  of  fundamental  moral  qualities. 

The  increase  of  communications  is  causing  the  worid  to  shrink.    The  nations  of  the 


20 


Daily  Bread:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


earth  are  becoming  increasingly  dependent  on  each  other  for  raw  materials,  and  the 
bulk  of  the  raw  materials  of  the  earth  was  given  by  Providence  to  what  are  still 
the  non-Christian  races.  The  following  portions  of  the  world's  supply  of  the 
materials  named  come  from  foreign  mission  lands: 

Cotton 18  per  cent. 

Petroleum 20  per  cent. 

Gold 58  per  cent. 

Tin 75  per  cent. 

Rubber 98  per  cent. 

The  bulk  of  the  world's  labor  supply  is  non-Christian. 

The  wage  standards  of  the  backward  races  are  a  vital  concern  of  the  American 
workingman,  as  well  as  of  the  exporter  who  seeks  a  market  where  the  purchasing  power 
of  the  people  is  equal  to  buying  his  goods.  Wage  standards  are  of  the  utmost 
importance  to  the  missionary,  for  only  as  they  increase  can  the  converts  maintain 
self-supporting  churches. 

Only  one  person  in  a  thousand  in  India  pays  an  income  tax  on  $330  or  more. 

There  has  been  a  steady  increase,  approaching  200  per  cent.,  in  wages  throughout 
the  world  in  the  last  twenty-five  years,  but  the  incomplete  survey  statement  now  in 
hand  indicates  that  wages  have  by  no  means  kept  pace  with  the  cost  of  living. 

Five  and  one-half  bushels  of  rice  in  Japan  cost  $2  a  quarter  of  a  century  ago;  now 
it  costs  $32.  Coal  has  increased  in  the  same  period  from  $1.50  to  $20.50.  It  is 
estimated  that  the  cost  of  living  in  Tokyo  is  greater  than  in  London  or  New  York. 

The  bearing  of  such  facts  on  the  cost  of  sustaining  missionary  work  is  also  very  direct. 

The  race  is  on  between  God  and  Mammon  among  the  backward  races.  Western 
civilization  is  commercializing  them  while  the  apostles  of  Christ  are  Christianizing 
them,  and  the  former  process  is  now  going  forward  faster  than  the  latter. 

The  evangelization  of  the  non-Christian  world  must  include  two  main  policies  which 
concern  economic  organization.  It  must  assist  the  converts  to  increased  production 
by  vocational  and  industrial  education,  by  the  promotion  of  cooperative  effort,  and 
by  supplying  the  moral  ideals  and  dynamics  which  are  bom  of  Christian  faith;  it 
must  also  set  up  boldly  the  Christian  teaching  of  the  relation  of  man  to  property 
in  such  a  way  that  the  sins  of  Western  commercialism  and  industrialism  may  be 
diverted  from  Asia. 

In  addition  to  the  evils  of  the  old  economic  order  among  the  backward  races,  which 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  Daily  Bread 


21 


were  very  great,  the  advent  of  modem  commerce  and  industry  creates  many  new 
ones. 

Singapore,  Hongkong,  Shanghai,  Johannesburg,  are  all  cities  of  the  last  hundred 
years,  and  the  general  growth  of  cities  and  congestion  of  population  are  marked 
wherever  modem  industry  goes.  The  population  in  the  Nile  Valley  and  Delta  has 
almost  doubled  since  1882. 

The  evangelization  of  the  non-Christian  city  has  become  a  problem  in  itself,  and 
thus  far  has  received  far  too  little  attention. 

The  new  economic  life  of  the  backward  races  also  is  weakening  the  old  religious  and 
social  ties.  Home  life  changes,  workingmen  are  becoming  class-conscious,  as  is  illus- 
trated by  the  increase  of  strikes  in  India  and  Japan,  and  new  social  groupings  are 
formed.  Unless  Christian  influences  begin  to  operate  in  modification  of  the  present 
order,  the  advent  of  self-government  in  Asia  will  merely  open  the  door  to  industrial 
conflicts  bitter  and  wasteful  in  a  degree  now  hardly  realized. 

It  cannot  be  emphasized  too  often  that  Western  civilization  by  itself  does  not  intro- 
duce a  Christian  principle  into  the  non-Christian  commercial  life.  It  merely  intensifies 
the  motive  of  production  and  trade  for  profit.  Thus  the  trader  releases  an  influence 
which  often  cuts  squarely  across  the  Christian  ideal  of  life  as  a  loving  service  for 
humanity. 

The  supreme  challenge  of  the  non-Christian  world  to  Christianity  is  to  make  life 
livable  for  the  hundreds  of  millions  of  people  upon  whom  the  economic  pressure  is 
now  so  great  as  to  cause  immeasurable  misery. 

Not  until  we  pray  "give  us  this  day  our  daily  bread,"  and  include  as  a  part  of  "us" 
the  non-Christian  world,  have  we  entered  fully  into  the  purpose  of  Christ. 

Interchurch  World  Movement  Estimates  of  Missionaries  Needed  for  Special  Work  of 
Foreign  Missions^  including  Industrial  and  Institutional  Work,  Business  Management,  etc 


Africa 

China 

India 

Japanese  Empire . 
Southeastern  Asia 

Philippines 

Near  East 

Latin  America .  .  . 

Total 


For  1920 

For  1920-1925 

Missionaries 

Missionaries 

46 

142 

80 

208 

25 

65 

17 

54 

3 

12 

15 

32 

25 

70 

52 

168 

263 


751 


22 


FOREIGN  SURVEY 


r 


EXPORTING  DEATH  TO  NON-CHRISTIANS 


OPIUM  •  p  325,000 
IN   ONE  YEAR 

-to  SIAM  from.  BKJTISH  INDIA 


RUM -1,570.000  GALLONS 

IN   ONE  YEAR 
■io  'WEST  AFRICA  from  port  of  BOSTON 


THE  exploitation  of  the  peoples  of  the  non-Christian  world  is  a  blot  against 
Christendom.    The  Christian  missionary  has  to  live  down  a  long  history 
of  purveyors  of  drugs  and  rum,  dishonest  traders,  unscrupulous  diplomats. 


BREEDING    PLACES   OF  A   DREAD    DISEASE 


iCountries  where  disease 
•    is  severe 

iCountries  where  disease 
exists  in  mild  form, 
in  some  only  in  a 
few  cases. 


MAP  OF  THE  WORLD 

SHOWING 

DISTRIBUTION  OF  LEPROSY 

Vm  MILLION  LEPERS  IN  THE  WORLD 
Estianto  of  Dr.  Victor  6.  Haitw 


THE  great  plague  centers  of  the  earth  are  in  the  non-Christian  worid. 
No  part  of  the  world  can  be  isolated.    If  Christian  mercy  did  not  dictate 
the  solving  of  this  problem  of  the  worid's  health,  self-interest  would. 


^'^ 


HEALTH 


HEALTH  is  one  of  the  most  obvious  necessities  in  a  realized  kingdom  of 
God.  Ill  health  is  a  part  of  a  vicious  circle  which  cuts  down  production, 
diminishes  resources,  lowers  standards  of  living  already  too  far  below 
humane  requirements,  and  leaves  too  small  a  margin  of  wealth  out  of  which  to  sus- 
tain industry,  education,  and  even  organized  religious  life. 

Furthermore,  continued  disregard  for  human  suffering  is  brutalizing,  spreading  a 
subtle  poison  in  any  social  system  and  having  a  tendency  to  retard  and  even  to  nullify 
all  individual  and  social  aspirations  or  achievements. 

Unlike  the  non-Christian  world,  the  even  nominally  Christian  civilizations  have  faced 
the  problem  of  health,  and  at  least  mastered  the  principles  of  health  conservation. 

The  average  length  of  life  in  the  United  States  is  forty-five  years  for  men,  and  forty- 
three  years  for  women.  The  average  length  of  life  in  India  is  little  more  than  half 
that — twenty-five  years  for  men,  and  only  twenty-three  for  women.  Twenty  years 
of  productive  human  life  wasted! 

Thanks  to  the  victories  of  medical,  sanitary  and  hygienic  science,  and  to  the  high 
standards  of  public  opinion,  the  death  rate  in  New  York  City  has  been  reduced  to  13.6 
per  thousand  people.  The  following  death  rates  tell  sad  tales  for  those  lands  where 
the  worth  of  human  life  is  not  so  well  recognized:  Japan,  20.6;  Ceylon,  24;  India, 
32.7;  Chile,  25.7;  and  Malaysia,  29.2. 

The  non-Christian  world  is  not  statistically  minded,  and  this  in  part  accounts  for  the 
lack  of  exact  facts  as  to  the  toll  which  premature  death,  ill  health,  and  physical 
defects  levy  on  peoples  already  impoverished.  Is  not  the  lack  of  facts  also  due  to 
the  lack  of  knowledge  of  a  God  who  counts  the  fall  of  the  sparrows,  and  reckons 
men  of  more  value  than  sheep? 

It  is  especially  difficult  to  compute  the  appalling  waste  of  infant  life,  and  the  pro- 
portionate waste  of  motherhood.  Such  estimates  as  are  available  indicate  that  more 
than  half  the  babies  of  Siam  and  Indo-China  die  before  they  are  two  years  old. 

Meanwhile  the  Christian  world  has  learned  how  to  save  its  babies.  The  United 
States  saves  nine  out  of  every  ten;  New  Zealand,  about  nineteen  in  twenty. 

From  three  to  ten  times  as  many  babies  die  in  the  non-Christian  world  as  in  the 
United  States. 


24 


Health:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


In  addition  to  the  wastage  through  premature  death,  we  must  reckon  with  the 
vast  army  of  physical  defectives,  most  of  them  needlessly  defective,  who  are  non- 
productive, a  drag  on  every  community — a  million  blind,  and  at  least  four  hundred 
thousand  deaf  in  China,  half  a  million  blind  in  India,  and  one  hundred  thousand 
lepers  wandering  through  Indian  villages,  exposing  others  to  the  dread  disease.  It 
is  estimated  that  nearly  5  per  cent,  of  the  population  of  Cairo  is  physically  defective, 
usually  blind  or  half  blind. 

Col.  Arthur  T.  McCormick,  chief  health  officer  of  the  Canal  Zone,  proud  that  the 
American  administration  has  cleaned  up  one  of  the  most  deadly  malaria  centers  of 
the  world,  says: 

"It  seems  a  pity  that  the  great  lesson  of  sanitation  of  the  Canal  cannot  be  carried 
to  every  home  in  America,  that  the  favorable  results  in  this  'pest-hole'  might  be  obtain- 
able at  the  very  much  smaller  price  it  would  cost  in  our  own  favored  climates." 

And  if  to  the  United  States,  why  not  to  the  Gold  Coast,  the  Rand,  India,  China, 
Korea,  Japan?  The  waste  of  the  life  of  a  single  human  being  is  a  net  loss  not 
merely  to  his  own  race  but  to  all  mankind. 

The  great  plague  centers  of  the  earth  are  in  the  non-Christian  world.  The  black 
plagues  of  the  sixth  and  fourteenth  centuries,  which  cost  Europe  one-fourth  of  its 
entire  population,  arose  in  China.  The  eastern  slopes  of  the  Himalayas  and  the 
Arabia-Mesopotamia  region  are  the  centers  of  world-wide  infection.  Between  1896 
and  1907  India  alone  lost  six  million  from  plague,  and  in  1908  she  lost  a  million  more. 
Influenza  probably  appeared  first  more  than  thirty  years  ago  in  Central  Asia. 

As  modem  transportation  and  migration  make  the  world  smaller,  and  make  all 
mankind  neighbors,  it  is  clear  that  we  must  share  our  standards  of  the  value  of  human 
bodies  or  lose  them.  No  part  of  the  world  can  be  isolated.  The  plague  and  disease- 
breeding  centers  of  Asia  and  Africa  can  bring  disaster  to  the  Mississippi  Valley. 

If  Christian  mercy  did  not  dictate  the  solving  of  this  problem  of  the  world's  health, 
economy  and  self-interest  would  demand  it,  for  thousands  of  ships  and  tens  of 
thousands  of  miles  of  railways  ply  where  once  the  sole  communication  was  by  crude 
sails,  galleys,  a  camel  train,  or  perhaps  a  single  king's  messenger. 

We  are  neighbors  because  we  are  traders.  Were  we  wise,  we  would  carry  a  spiritual 
message  of  health  wherever  we  send  our  bales  and  boxes. 

The  promise  of  increased  production  which  the  factory  system  and  modem  education 
may  bring  to  Asia,  Africa  and  South  America  will  be  null  and  void  unless  there  go 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  Health 


25 


with  them  at  the  same  time  new  standards  for  care  of  the  human  body,  new  methods 
of  preventing  disease,  and  a  new  conscience  for  the  nurture  and  protection  of  the 
defective  and  the  unfit;  the  spurt  of  prosperity  will  be  only  momentary. 

The  direct  result  of  the  impact  of  the  gospel  on  the  non-Christian  world  is  to  raise 
the  valuation  of  human  life,  to  set  new  standards  of  mercy,  and  then  to  set  in  motion 
measures  which  will  break  the  vicious  circle  of  which  ill  health  and  defective  bodies 
are  a  part. 

Medical  work  through  Christian  missions  is  subject  to  no  challenge  and  no  criticism, 
even  from  the  non-Christian,  save  for  the  fact  that  it  is  now  inadequate. 

Consider  the  medical  schools  alone.  The  United  States  has  ninety-six  first-class 
medical  schools,  one  for  almost  every  million  of  population.  Java  has  only  two  medi- 
cal schools  of  any  sort  for  a  population  one-third  as  great  as  that  of  the  entire  United 
States.  Siam  has  one  school  for  eight  million  people;  Malaysia,  one  for  three 
million;  and  Egypt  one  for  twelve  million.  China  has  one  medical  school  for  each 
sixteen  million  people,  and  many  of  these  institutions  are  far  below  the  American 
standard  of  quality. 

The  Interchurch  World  Movement  Survey  reports  the  present  number  of  American 
foreign  missionary  physicians  as  557,  the  niunber  of  hospitals  as  327,  and  the 
number  of  dispensaries  as  575.  To  meet  the  most  urgent  needs  for  next  year  it 
is  estimated  there  will  be  required  an  increase  of  655  doctors. 

Interchurch  World  Movement  Estimates  of  Missionaries  Needed  for  the  Medical 

Work  of  Foreign  Missions 


Africa 

China 

India 

Japanese  Empire . 
Southeastern  Asia . 

PhiHppines 

Near  East 

Latin  America 

Total 


For  1920 

For  1920-1925 

Missionaries 

Missionaries 

163 

497 

206 

524 

75 

195 

32 

m 

18 

58 

23 

47 

66 

192 

72 

234 

655 


1,831 


26 


FOREIGN  SURVEY 


[ 


DARKNESS  RULES  WHERE  PEOPLE 

CANNOT  READ 


lUTEfMCY 
■OMr90« 

jS0«to7S« 
|2S«toS0% 
|lO%to25« 
lth*nlO« 


ONLY  one  man  in  a  dozen  in  the  non-Christian  world  can  read  or  write. 
Only  one  woman  in  twenty-five  is  literate.  Ignorance  is  the  great 
barrier  to  civilization  and  to  Christianity.  But  the  non-Christian  worid  is 
awakening  to  a  desire  for  knowledge.  Mission  schools  are  needed  to  give 
spiritual  value  to  the  new  culture  that  is  coming  into  being. 


[ 


EDUCATION 


ONLY  one  man  in  a  dozen  in  the  non-Christian  worid  can  read  or  write. 
Only  one  woman  in  twenty-five  is  literate.     We  think  that  the  United 
States  is  handicapped  by  an  illiteracy  rate  of  seven  out  of  a  hundred;  but 
among  three-fifths  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  world  the  rate  is  ninety-five  in  a  hundred. 

In  Central  Africa  there  are  not  only  whole  villages  in  which  there  is  not  a  single  person 
who  can  read,  but  whole  tribes  that  have  no  written  language. 

Only  one  tribe  in  Africa  had  a  written  language  before  the  missionaries  came.  Now, 
after  years  of  missionary  effort,  scarcely  one-sixth  of  the  more  than  830  languages 
and  dialects  of  Africa  have  been  reduced  to  writing. 

Only  about  1  per  cent,  of  the  men  and  one-fourth  of  1  per  cent,  of  the  women 
of  Central  Africa  are  literate.  Except  for  Egypt  and  limited  areas  along  the  Mediter- 
ranean coast,  these  figures  hold  good  for  all  Africa. 

Central  Africa  owes  its  schools  to  the  missionaries.  Though  a  few  schools  are  sub- 
sidized by  the  State,  they  are  all  controlled,  and  most  of  them  are  financed  by  mis- 
sions. But  there  are  schools  enough  for  only  one  or  two  out  of  each  hundred  of  the 
fourteen  million  children  of  school  age.  In  North  and  South  Africa,  conditions  among 
the  native  children  are  but  little  better. 

The  great  need  of  Africa,  as  of  all  the  mission  fields,  is  for  more  teachers.  Central 
Africa  alone,  counting  one  teacher  for  every  fifty  children  of  school  age,  needs 
280,000  teachers— and  this  takes  no  account  of  the  needs  of  the  adult  population. 

Although  every  mission  school  in  Central  Africa  is  in  effect  a  normal  school,  most  of 
them  are  necessarily  of  the  most  elementary  character.  Only  ten  schools  have  real 
normal  departments — ten  normal  schools  to  train  280,000  teachers! 

The  wealth  of  Africa  in  men  and  resources  has  been  plundered  by  nominally  Chris- 
tian countries  for  years.  All  Christendom  has  shared  in  the  benefits.  A  small 
percentage  of  the  booty,  returned  in  the  form  of  schools  and  teachers,  is  not  too 
great  a  reparation  for  the  evil  exploitation  of  those  ignorant  masses. 

No  people  have  a  greater  veneration  for  learning  than  the  Chinese.  In  China,  a 
scholar  is  a  great  man.  A  special  virtue  is  attached  to  saving  from  destruction  so 
much  as  a  scrap  of  paper  with  writing  on  it.  Yet  the  present  literacy  of  China  is 
estimated  at  about  8  per  cent,  for  the  men  and  about  2  per  cent,  for  the  women. 


28 


Education:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


Until  very  recently  the  language  of  education  differed  from  that  of  the  common  people; 
only  those  who  made  a  profession  of  scholarship  could  even  begin  to  master  the 
40,000  characters.  One  had  to  know  about  2,500  characters  to  read  the  New 
Testament. 

The  missionaries  have  done  more  than  any  other  class  toward  the  popularization  of 
the  simplified  system  of  writing  that  has  been  adopted  by  the  Chinese  Government. 

For  seventy-seven  million  children  China  has  only  fifty  thousand  primary  schools. 
To  made  education  universal  one  million  schools  and  two  million  teachers  are  needed. 

There  are  more  than  fifty  million  children  of  school  age  in  India,  but  only  between  five 
and  six  million  children  are  enrolled  in  primary  schools.  The  literacy  rate  for  India 
is  six  out  of  one  hundred— and  fully  five  out  of  the  six  are  men. 

Education  in  India,  like  almost  every  other  activity  of  life,  is  influenced  by  caste. 
At  the  top  of  the  ladder  are  the  comparatively  few  members  of  the  higher  castes 
among  whom  education  is  traditional.  At  the  bottom  are  the  depressed  classes - 
sixty  or  seventy  million  of  them— the  untouchables,  they  are  called,  who  are  considered 
almost  as  mere  beasts.  If  it  were  not  for  the  Christian  missionaries,  who  know  no 
caste,  the  outcastes  would  be  wholly  illiterate  now  as  they  were  not  many  years  ago. 

The  Indian  converts  to  Christianity  are  recruited  mainly  from  these  low  castes  and 
outcastes,  such  as  the  sweepers  and  leatherworkers.  But  this  Christian  community 
has,  in  proportion  to  its  numbers,  three  times  as  many  literate  persons  as  the  Hindus 
and  more  than  four  times  as  many  as  the  Mohammedans. 

The  non-Christian  world  is  not  illiterate  because  it  has  no  desire  for  education 
or  because  it  has  no  capacity  for  learning.  It  is  so  because  it  has  never  had  a 
chance. 

Japan  has  demonstrated  the  practicability  of  popular  education  in  the  non-Christian 
world.  Half  a  century  ago,  Japan  adopted  as  her  slogan  "  Not  a  village  with  an 
ignorant  family;  not  a  family  with  an  ignorant  member."  Today  there  is  scarcely 
an  illiterate  to  be  found  in  all  Japan  under  the  age  of  thirty  years. 

The  Philippines  have  been  another  proving  ground.  When  the  United  States  sent 
1,000  teachers  to  the  islands  in  1901,  the  illiteracy  was  95  per  cent.  Today  it  is 
55  per  cent,  for  the  population  over  ten.  There  are  not  enough  schools  in  the 
Philippines— only  about  half  the  population  of  school  age  is  served  by  schools;  but 
the  schools  are  successful— they  teach  what  the  population  needs,  not  merely  academic 
subjects,  but  standards  of  living  and  practical  means  of  livelihood. 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  Education 


29 


Christ  preached  the  saving  of  minds  as  well  as  souls,  and  education  is  necessarily 
a  part  of  the  mission  of  the  church  today. 

The  function  of  the  mission  school  is  not  merely  to  teach  the  three  R's  and  Christian 
doctrine,  but  to  urge  and  demonstrate  Christian  standards  of  living,  and  often- 
times to  put  its  pupils  in  the  way  of  earning  enough  to  permit  of  those  standards. 

Neither  Christianity  nor  civilization  can  develop  far  among  a  people  that  cannot 
earn  enough  to  sustain  decent  standards  of  life  or  to  support  an  effective  form  of 
government. 

The  preaching  of  the  gospel  of  deep  plowing  and  soil  fertilization  and  seed  selection 
by  missionaries  in  India,  where  only  eighty  pounds  of  clean  cotton  is  raised  to  an 
acre,  as  against  200  pounds  in  the  United  States  and  400  in  Egypt,  is  a  demonstration 
of  Christian  ethics. 

The  movement  toward  the  reforestation  of  China,  and  the  consequent  reclamation  of 
thousands  of  acres  of  land,  started  by  a  missionary,  are  practical  Christianity. 

The  teaching  of  child  care,  of  personal  hygiene,  of  domestic  sanitation,  and  the 
preparation  of  food,  of  carpentry  or  sewing,  all  goes  toward  lifting  the  burdens  of  the 
masses  and  giving  them  a  chance  to  raise  their  eyes  from  the  ground. 

And  it  is  not  only  in  these  practical  ways  that  the  influence  of  the  mission  schools  is 
being  felt.  Among  the  most  valuable  contributions  made  by  the  missions  to  oriental 
education  is  the  spread  of  ideals  of  physical  education,  of  healthy  exercise  and  group 
play.  The  setting  up  of  an  ideal  of  clean  sport  and  physical  fitness  is  a  Christian 
antidote  for  the  decadence  of  the  East. 

Even  more  valuable  is  the  spread  of  the  belief  that  education  should  be  as  free  to 
women  as  to  men.  Nowhere  are  women  so  bound,  so  cruelly  degraded,  as  in  the  non- 
Christian  world.  The  work  that  is  going  on  quietly  in  each  mission  station  for  the 
education  and  emancipation  of  those  who  are  to  be  the  mothers  of  the  next  generation, 
may  prove  the  greatest  gift  of  the  West  to  the  East. 

The  Christian  schools  cannot  afford  to  let  their  influence  slacken.  There  are  less 
than  40,000  mission  schools  working  for  the  illiterates  of  the  non-Christian  world. 
There  must  be  more. 

In  every  quarter  of  the  world  the  movement  for  free  public  schools  is  growing— and 
properly  so.  But  the  work  of  the  mission  school  is  not  yet  done.  The  will  of  the 
great  masses  of  the  non-Christian  world  for  education  is  yet  far  ahead  of  their  power 
to  provide  it.    Missionary  schools  will  be  needed  for  many  years  to  come  to  fill  in 


30 


Education:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


where  public  schools  are  lacking.  More  than  that,  they  will  be  needed  to  set  ideals 
for  government  education. 

The  entire  history  of  the  world  shows  that  culture  without  moral  ideals  and  spiritual 
sense  is  a  liability  rather  than  an  asset  to  a  nation. 

The  mission  school  is  needed  to  help  give  spiritual  value  to  the  new  culture  of  the 
non-Christian  world.  It  must  be  the  evangel  of  a  three-fold  ideal  in  education— 
the  development  of  spirit,  mind,  and  body. 


Interchurch  World  Movement  Estimates  of  Teachers  Needed  for  the  Educational 

Work  of  Foreign  Missions 


Africa 

China 

India 

Japanese  Empire 

Southeastern  Asia 

Philippines 

Near  East 

Latin  America 

Total 1.290 


For  1920 

For  1920-1925 

Teachers 

Teachers 

218 

666 

463 

1,176 

165 

427 

88 

242 

51 

145 

23 

47 

92 

272 

190 

621 

3,596 


Per  Capita  Expenditure  on  Elementary  Education 

in  the  United  States,  England,  France,  and  Countries  in  the  Foreign 
Mission  Field  at  the  Outbreak  of  the  World  War 

A  Comparative  Study 

(Statistics  based  on  Report  of  the  United  States  Commissioner  of  Education,  1916) 


Countries 


United  States 

England  and  Wales 

Argentina 

Uruguay 

France 

Japan 

Peru 

Ceylon 

India — British  Provinces 

•State  appropriations  only. 
jDircct  expenditure  only. 


Population 


Expenditure 


98,781,324 

36,960,684 

7,467,878 

1,279,395 

39,601,509 

53,696,858 

4,500,000 

4,262,097 

242,988,947 


Total 


$486,165,968 

124,208,750 

23,786,700 

1,999,137 

•43,517,087 

t27,966,902 

1,196,234 

394,593 

8,648,115 


_L 


Per  Capita 


4.92 

3.36 

3.18 

1.56 

1.09 

.52 

.26 

.092 

.035 


LITERATURE 


ECOND  in  importance  to  the  schools  as  an  educational  activity  of  the  mission 
are  the  newspaper  and  magazine  and  book.  The  printed  page  and  especially 
the  Scriptures  are  invaluable  as  evangelizing  agencies. 

The  non-Christian  world  is  slowly  awakening  to  a  thirst  for  the  knowledge  contained 
in  books  and  newspapers. 

A  few  years  ago  China  had  no  native  press.  Today  there  are  more  than  one  thousand 
newspapers  and  periodicals  published  in  China.  Shanghai  has  fifty  newspapers;  Peking 
and  Tientsin  have  more  than  sixty;  every  capital  city  in  the  interior  has  several  daily 
journals.  Yet  a  thousand  newspapers  and  periodicals  do  not  go  far  among  a  population 
of  four  hundred  and  twenty-seven  million. 

Japan  has  made  marvelous  progress  in  modem  literature.  Fifty  years  ago  there  was 
almost  no  modern  literature  in  Japan.  In  1916  there  were  3,046  newspapers  and 
periodicals  circulating  among  the  Japanese  people.  In  1916  there  were  24,501 
original  works  published,  7,785  on  politics,  6,704  on  industry,  3,051  religious,  2,560 
educational,  2,880  literary,  and  others  on  miscellaneous  subjects.  In  1918,  there 
were  566,770  copies  of  Christian  books  sold  in  Japan. 

Japan  is  the  only  country  of  the  non-Christian  world  that  has  popular  libraries.  It 
boasts  an  imperial  library,  three  large  libraries  connected  with  the  imperial  universities, 
396  public  libraries,  and  596  private  libraries  that  are  accessible  to  students  and 
others  wishing  to  make  use  of  them.  Each  large  school  has  at  least  made  a  beginning 
toward  the  accumulation  of  a  library. 

The  people  of  Japan  are  intellectually  alert.  A  Christian  literature  that  will  reach 
them  must  be  of  the  highest  t5rpe.  Such  a  literature  is  needed  to  counteract  the 
effect  of  the  cheap  fiction  with  which  Japan  is  flooded,  and  to  stem  the  tide  of 
agnosticism.  The  Christian  publications  produced  in  Japan  each  year  are  inadequate 
to  meet  the  need. 

The  written  language  of  China,  with  its  40,000  ideographs  or  word  signs,  has  long 
stood  in  the  way  of  a  popular  literature.  Only  scholars  could  master  its  intricacies; 
the  great  mass  of  the  people  remained  illiterate.  The  mechanical  difficulties  of 
printing  so  complicated  a  language,  moreover,  worked  against  the  production  of 
reading  matter  within  the  purchasing  power  of  the  masses. 


32 


Literature:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


In  the  last  year,  however,  there  has  been  developed  a  system  of  phonetic  writing  so 
simple  that  an  uneducated  peasant  farmer  can  be  taught  to  read  within  four  or  five 
weeks.  A  great  campaign  of  education  is  beginning  in  China.  The  Christian  Church, 
which  has  led  in  the  promotion  of  classes  for  the  study  of  the  new  system,  has  an 
unparalleled  opportunity  for  developing  its  use.  That  opportunity  means  not 
merely  teaching.  It  means  putting  Christian  books  into  the  hands  of  the  thousands 
who  are  eager  for  them  but  too  poor  to  buy  books  for  themselves. 

In  India,  the  production  of  popular  literature  is  made  difficult  by  the  fact  that  there 
are  in  common  use  fifteen  major  languages  and  over  two  hundred  other  languages 
and  dialects.  There  are  twelve  languages  each  of  which  is  spoken  by  five  million  or 
more  people.  This  confusion  of  tongues  makes  it  difficult  to  bring  down  India's 
high  illiteracy  rate,  and  makes  it  difficult  to  supply  Christian  literature  for  those 
who  can  read.  After  years  of  missionary  effort,  the  entire  list  of  Christian  publica- 
tions in  Tamil,  the  language  which  has  the  largest  Christian  literature,  could  be 
bought  for  less  than  twenty-five  dollars.  The  cost  of  a  good  typewriter  would  buy 
copies  of  all  the  Christian  books  in  Hindi,  Tamil,  Telegu  and  Bengali. 

In  the  main,  the  number  of  Christian  publishing  enterprises  in  the  non-Christian  worid 
is  adequate.  But  practically  no  Christian  publishing  house  in  the  past  has  had  suffi- 
cient capital  to  produce  books  and  pamphlets  at  prices  within  the  reach  of  the  masses. 

The  very  few  mission  presses  that  furnish  all  the  literature  available  to  the  natives 
of  Africa,  outside  of  Egypt,  are  utteriy  unable  to  supply  the  demand,  though  the 
readers  of  Africa  are  few.  The  Scriptures  are  not  available  to  thousands  of  persons 
in  the  non-Christian  world. 

All  the  non-Christian  worid  needs  the  influence  of  Christian  publications.  With  the 
exception  of  the  savage  tribes  of  Africa,  most  of  the  peoples  of  the  non-Christian 
worid  are  inheritors  of  a  culture  that  is  centuries  old.  Most  of  them  boast  a  classical 
literature  that  is  often  of  great  beauty  and  high  spiritual  value.  But  that  literr.ture 
is  remote  from  present  day  life  and  quite  beyond  the  reach  of  the  masses.  ^A^ere 
a  modem  literature  exists,  it  is  often  merely  a  decadent  version  of  the  old  classic 
literature,  or  an  imitation  of  the  cheapest  elements  in  European  literature.  A  country 
without  a  modem  literature  that  reflects  the  life  and  spirit  of  the  time  .carries  an 
overwhelming  handicap.  The  teacher  cannot  teach  without  books.  he  Church 
cannot  be  self-conscious  without  a  church  literature. 

Without  books  and  periodicals  to  link  their  lives  with  the  lives  of  other  men,  the 
people  cannot  achieve  a  sense  of  social  solidarity  such  as  must  characterize  the 
kingdom  of  God. 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  Literature 


33 


On  the  other  hand,  to  have  no  books  or  periodicals  is  better  than  to  have  those  of 
degrading  influence  such  as  are  now  being  circulated  in  many  parts  of  the  non- 
Christian  worid.  A  literature  is  indispensable,  but  it  must  be  a  literature  with  an 
ideal. 

The  Christian  mission  can  help  set  standards  of  modem  literature  in  the  non-Christian 
world.  It  is  needed  to  stimulate  the  production  of  religious  and  ethical  works  written 
from  the  native  point  of  view;  it  is  as  greatly  needed  to  encourage  what  is  best  in 
native  secular  literature. 

The  potency  of  the  printed  page  as  a  medium  for  popularizing  an  idea  was  demon- 
strated in  the  Far  East  during  the  war.  The  political  doctrines  of  the  Western 
worid  were  given  wide  circulation  in  Asia  through  the  newspapers,  which  there,  as 
elsewhere,  are  playing  an  increasingly  large  part  in  the  formation  of  public  opinion. 

As  a  practical  means  of  establishing  a  better  understanding  between  all  peoples  as 
well  as  for  the  advancement  of  Christianity,  we  should  not  lose  any  opportunity  of 
acquainting  the  non-Christian  worid  with  the  spiritual  ideals  by  which  the  Western 
world  measures  conduct. 

No  other  factor  has  played  so  important  a  part  in  stimulating  popular  literature  in 
China  as  has  the  Christian  mission.  But  the  literary  medium  is  passing  out  of  the 
hands  of  the  missions  into  the  hands  of  commercial  and  political  interests. 

The  church  of  Christ  must  not  lose  touch  with  the  popular  literary  movement  in 
non-Christian  lands.  There  is  perhaps  no  better  investment  for  intemational  peace 
and  good  will  and  for  laying  the  foundations  of  the  kingdom  of  God  in  Asia  and 
Africa  than  a  literature  that  will  adequately  interpret  to  the  non-Christian  the 
spiritual  side  of  Christian  civilization. 

Interchurch  World  Movement  Estimates  of  Missionaries  Needed  for  Publication 
and  Distribution  of  Literature  in  the  Foreign  Mission  Field 


Africa 

China 

India 

Japanese  Empire . 
Southeastern  Asia 

Philippines 

Near  East 

Latin  America 

Total 


For  1920 

For  1920-1925 

Missionaries 

Missionaries 

11 

31 

9 

21 

8 

21 

3 

7 

3 

8 

3 

6 

7 

22 

8 

26 

52 


142 


34 


FOREIGN  SURVEY 


3DcJ?:C=*'»^?5» 


■"centers  of  INFLUENCE:  CHRISTIAN  LITERATURE 

Dots  show  centers  issuing  periodicals,  even  of  very  small 
circulation,  and  the  small  mission  publishing  agencies. 
The  stars  show  the  more  influential  centers 
Areas  of  the  maps  are  approximately  proportional  to  the 
population —--^-——=zz=, 


WOMEN 

THE  brightest  banner  in  Christendom  is  that  which  bears  the  legend: 
"Women  and  children  first."  The  darkest  stain  is  that  it  is  applied  to  less 
than  a  third  of  the  women  of  the  world. 

Far  more  important  than  justice  between  man  and  man  is  justice  between  man 
and  woman.  Justice  to  women  is  the  consummate  recognition  of  the  worth  of  human 
life,  the  value  of  the  soul. 

Christianity  needs  no  other  apologetic  than  the  place  it  assigns  to  women;  the  non- 
Christian  religions  have  no  severer  condemnation  than  the  degraded  condition  of 
their  women. 

The  losses  to  mankind,  to  the  kingdom  of  God,  through  the  physical,  intellectual 
and  spiritual  waste  of  womanhood  in  non-Christian  lands  surpass  anything  which 
can  be  calculated.  The  human  value  of  girlhood  is  disregarded.  The  girl  baby 
comes  into  the  world  unwelcomed,  or  welcomed  only  for  the  price  she  will  bring 
when  sold  to  a  husband  or  master.  The  body  is  neglected,  the  mind  is  ignored,  often 
the  soul  is  denied— and  yet  the  women  must  be  the  mothers  of  the  race. 

For  two-thirds  of  the  women  of  the  world  marriage  is  not  by  their  free  choice. 
Nowhere  in  the  non-Christian  worid,  except  in  a  few  places  such  as  Sumatra,  Siam 
and  parts  of  Oceania,  is  it  the  general  practise  for  the  woman  to  be  consulted  in 
the  choice  of  a  husband.  In  Africa  women  are  bartered  for  a  few  beads,  or  per- 
haps a  blanket. 

In  Mohammedan  households  the  heavy  burden  of  polygamy  drags  down  the  spiritual 
meaning  of  the  home.  Shut  out  of  heaven  by  the  Koran,  treated  either  as  slave  or 
toy,  confined  within  the  harem,  illiterate,  childish,  what  possible  force  can  these 
women  be  for  the  revitalizing  of  the  life  around  them? 

Thirteen  is  the  average  marriage  age  in  India,  and  child-bearing  begins  in  the  very 
shadow  of  childhood.  Behind  the  purdah,  in  the  zenana,  life  quickly  fades.  The 
average  life  of  an  Indian  woman  is  but  twenty-three  years.  Is  it  any  wonder  that 
in  India  it  is  estimated  that  babies  are  bom  a  pound  lighter  than  in  the  Western 
world? 

Child  marriage,  like  every  other  lowering  of  the  status  of  woman,  is  costly  not 
alone  to  the  woman  but  to  the  race.    Child  marriage  means  the  breeding  of  children 


36 


Women:  FOREIGN  SXH^VEY 


by  immature  women,  undeveloped  in  body  and  unready  in  mind.  The  result  is  ill  health 
and  unhappiness  for  women.  They  grow  old  too  soon.  They  share  little  in  the 
comforts  and  adventures  of  life.  They  create  little  bodies,  but  they  cannot  create 
homes  where  children  can  grow  healthy  and  wise. 

Through  Central  Africa  the  marriage  age  for  women  is  from  ten  to  fourteen.  In 
North  Africa  the  marriage  age  for  women  is  from  nine  to  fifteen.  In  India  there  are 
two  and  one-half  million  wives  under  ten  years  old.  In  Japan  the  age  is  rising.  The 
marriage  age  for  women  is  now  around  twenty.  The  change  can  be  laid  to 
Christian  influence,  and  to  general  recognition  that  to  allow  the  development  of 
the  mother  before  marriage  is  the  greatest  insurance  against  producing  a  feeble  race 
with  mothers  ill-equipped  to  nourish  and  mould  it. 

In  China  girls  of  thirteen  and  fourteen  are  married  to  men  of  forty  and  fifty.  The 
husband  is  his  wife's  master.  He  may  beat  her.  He  may  collect  all  her  wages.  The 
endless  bargains  between  families  over  marriages  and  marriage  settlements  leave  no 
place  for  the  free  development  of  the  bride.  And  yet  the  story  of  the  non-Christian 
home,  with  denial  of  active  development  to  women,  its  debasement  of  her  personality, 
its  carelessness  of  her  health  and  wastefulness  of  her  maternity,  is  not  the  saddest 
story  in  the  world.  No  one  will  deny  that  the  oriental  home,  for  all  its  likeness  to  a 
prison  house,  has  its  code.  The  oriental  home,  bad  as  it  has  been,  may  yet  seem 
a  haven  of  rest  and  providence  for  women  and  children. 

The  factory  system  has  come  to  Asia  and  to  Africa.  Mill  and  machine  are  drawing 
women  and  their  children  from  their  homes.    The  old  order  crashes  before  advancing 

« 

industry. 

The  unrighteous  waste  of  life  that  attended  even  the  slow  evolution  of  modem 
industry  under  Christian  institutions  should  warn  us.  What  came  about  in  a  hundred 
years  in  Europe  and  America— the  great  substitution  of  the  machine  for  the  hand, 
and  the  accompanying  rise  of  materialism— came  slowly  enough  for  a  Christian  ideal- 
ism to  accompany  it.  With  child  labor  came  the  abhorrence  of  regarding  children 
as  so  much  industrial  material.  With  the  widespread  regimenting  of  women  in 
industry,  came  a  new  hope  for  the  protection  of  her  body  and  soul,  as  the  creators  of 
human  life. 

To  the  non-Christian  world  there  must  accompany  the  factory  system,  with  its  promise 
of  production  of  enough  to  feed  and  clothe  the  whole  world  humanely,  some  Christian 
bill  of  rights  to  protect  the  workers  in  the  mills.  The  new  bounty  must  be  bounty 
to  all.  It  must  mean  a  new  access  to  the  fruits  of  the  earth  for  women  and  for 
children. 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  Women 


37 


In  Japan,  seven  times  out  of  ten,  the  worker  is  a  woman.  Seven  hundred  thousand 
Japanese  women  are  in  the  silk  and  cotton  and  other  mills  of  Japan.  They  are  enticed 
from  the  country  districts,  and  bring  their  rosy  cheeks  to  the  city,  under  promise 
of  good  wages  and  kind  treatment.  They  are  herded  in  company  dormitories.  Often 
they  are  fed  on  food  unfit  for  animals.  They  work  at  machines  from  eleven  to  sixteen 
hours  a  day.  Some  never  leave  the  high  brick  walls  of  the  crowded  factory  dormitory. 
Most  of  them  work  seven  days  a  week.  Some  have  two  days  off  in  the  month.  It 
has  been  estimated  that  one-third  of  the  factory  women  of  Japan  contract  tuberculosis 
each  year. 

The  growing  cotton  and  jute  mills  of  India  have  the  same  problems.  Here  is  whole- 
sale waste  of  motherhood.  Here  is  hundredfold  disregard  of  the  rights  of  human 
beings  to  be  strong  and  healthy  and  free. 

In  Shanghai  thirty  thousand  giris  come  up  each  year  to  work  in  the  factories  at  one 
cent  an  hour.  The  city  is  not  prepared  to  receive  them.  The  little  hall  room, 
thexjrowded  tenement  of  the  Western  worid— even  these  do  not  stretch  out  to  receive 
them.  They  are  herded  promiscuously  with  men.  Here  is  a  new  degradation  of  the 
woman.    At  least,  under  the  old  code,  she  was  one  man's  property. 

Under  the  old  laws,  a  Chinese  woman  cannot  inherit  property  unless  there  is  no 
possible  male  heir,  natural  or  adopted.  The  new  laws  under  the  republic  have 
not  yet  replaced  old  social  laws.  The  woman  of  Africa  has  no  property  rights 
whatever.  Under  Mohammedan  law  woman  may  hold  property,  but  there  is  nothing 
to  protect  her  from  exploitation  of  any  kind,  and  usually  she  has  no  property  to 
hold. 

The  great  impetus  to  education,  to  better  hygiene  and  sanitation,  to  more  mature  and 
freely  chosen  marriages  for  women,  must  come  from  the  inculcation  of  the  Christian 
ideal  in  the  non-Christian  worid.  When  the  women  of  those  countries  feel  the  urge 
of  self-respect  and  self-ownership,  when  they  feel  their  right  to  share  their  lives 
with  humanity  and  in  service,  when  they  know  what  the  Master  thought  of  their 
power  for  light  in  the  worid,  and  how  He  valued  them,  more  than  half  the  battle 
for  the  kingdom  of  God  will  be  won. 

The  non-Christian  world  stands  or  falls  with  its  women. 


38 


FOREIGN  SURVEY 


HOW  CHILD  LIFE  IS  WASTED 

DEATHS  PER  1,000  BABIES  IN  THEIR  FIRST  YEAR 

0       100      20d 300 400 500 600 7QQ 800 


900 


1000 


(THE  RATE  FOR  INDIA  IS  TAKEN   FROM  THE  GOVERNMENT  FIGURES   FOR   BRITISH   INDIA) 

ALL  over  the  world  an  appalling  waste  of  childhood  is  going  on.  The 
extent  of  that  waste  may  be  roughly  indicated  by^  infant  mortality. 
Sir  Arthur  Newsholme,  a  great  English  authority  on  public  health,  has  called 
the  infant  mortality  rate  the  most  sensitive  index  we  possess  of  social  welfare. 
It  is  a  movable  scale,  adjusted  by  the  value  placed  on  human  life.  It  is 
significant  that  the  countries  which  have  the  lowest  infant  mortality  rates 
are  in  the  Christian  worid. 


CHILDREN 


At  least  one-third  of  the  population  of  the  non-Christian  world  is  under 
X_^  twelve  years  of  age.  In  the  United  States  we  hold  a  child  a  child,  entitled 
O-  A^  to  care  and  protection,  until  he  is  at  least  seventeen  or  eighteen  yeara 
of  age.  In  many  parts  of  the  non-Christian  world  children  cease  to  be  children  even 
before  they  are  twelve.  In  India,  girls  are  married  in  infancy  and  begin  to  live  with 
their  husbands  at  the  age  of  eight  or  nine.  Children  of  nine  are  permitted  by  law  to 
work  m  Indian  factories,  and  still  younger  children  are  employed.  In  China  little 
girls  are  sold  into  slavery  when  they  are  mere  babies.  There  is  no  age  limit  for 
the  employment  of  children  in  Chinese  industries. 

Scarcely  one  child  in  ten  in  heathen  lands  gets  even  a  primary  education. 

All  over  the  world  an  un-Christian  and  needless  waste  of  childhood,  mental  moral 
and  physical,  is  going  on.    The  extent  of  that  waste  may  be  roughly  indicated  by 
infant  mortality.    Sir  Arthur  Newsholme,  a  great  English  authority  on  public  health 
has  called  the  infant  mortality  rate  the  most  sensitive  index  we  possess  of  social 
welfare.    It  is  a  movable  scale,  adjusted  by  the  value  placed  on  human  life. 

Only  scattering  figures  for  infant  mortality  in  the  non-Christian  world  are  available 
But  It  IS  estimated  that  in  India  one  baby  out  of  every  five  dies  before  it  is  a  year 
old.  Reports  from  certain  scattered  areas  indicate  an  infant  mortality  rate  as  high 
as  two  or  even  three  out  of  four. 

In  China,  the  China  Year  Book  reports,  infant  deaths  are  so  much  a  matter  of  course 
that  babies  are  rarely  given  funerals  as  adults  are;  the  little  bodies  are  tossed  into  the 
scavengers'  carts  that  go  through  the  city  streets. 

These  infant  mortality  figures  gain  in  significance  when  they  are  placed  beside  the 
figures  for  the  United  States  and  modem  European  countries.  The  United  States 
has  an  infant  mortality  rate  of  one  in  eleven,  and  even  we  cannot  boast  of  setting  a 
Christian  standard;  eight  out  of  the  twenty-two  other  countries  for  which  statistics 
are  available  make  a  better  showing  than  we  do. 

The  non-Christian  world  accepts  infant  mortality  with  fatalistic  apathy. 

"It  was  written  on  his  forehead,"  they  say  in  India  when  a  child  dies. 

The  Christian  worid  places  a  higher  value  on  life.    It  has  demonstrated  that  infant 

mortality  can  be  reduced.    By  the  multiplication  of  infant  welfare  stations,  visiting 


40 


Children:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


nurses,  and  various  forms  of  educational  work  for  mothers,  New  York  City  in  five 
years  brought  down  its  infant  mortaHty  rate  from  111.6  to  93.1  per  1,000  births. 

New  Zealand,  by  careful  and  systematic  work  for  mothers  and  babies,  has  made  her 
rate  the  lowest  in  the  world— about  half  that  for  the  United  States. 

Even  in  the  tropics,  work  for  the  protection  of  maternity  and  infancy  gives  results; 
the  infant  mortality  of  the  Philippines  was  reduced  between  1902  and  1918  from 
448  to  210  per  1,000. 

What  has  been  accomplished  in  the  Philippines  can  be  done  anywhere  in  the  non- 
Christian  worid,  where  public  interest  is  aroused  against  the  foes  of  life— ignorance 
and  disease  and  poverty. 

The  Christian  worid  knows  that  the  causes  that  kill  children  in  infancy  maim  and 
handicap  thousands  of  children  who  survive.  It  must  bear  that  knowledge  to  the 
non-Christian  world. 

Some  one  has  estimated  that  from  six  to  twelve  million  American  children  are  victims 
of  malnutrition— are  not  getting  enough  food  or  enough  of  the  right  sort  of  food.  There 
are  areas  in  the  non-Christian  worid  where  all  the  children  are  undernourished. 
Mothers  do  not  know  how  to  be  good  mothers  by  instinct;  they  must  be  taught. 

Education  in  the  care  and  feeding  of  children  must  be  part  of  the  message  of  the 
mission;  there  must  be  more  hospitals  and  more  doctors.  A  Christian  ideal  of  the 
dignity  of  woman,  the  sacredness  of  motherhood,  and  the  duties  of  fatherhood,  must 
be  carried  to  the  non-Christian  world. 

The  intelligent  Christian  home  is  the  defense  of  childhood  in  Asia  and  in  Africa  no 
less  than  in  America.  In  all  the  non-Christian  worid  there  are  perhaps  half  a  million 
intelligent  Christian  homes.  But  the  picture  has  its  bright  side.  Christendom  has 
had  many  centuries  to  build  its  homes;  the  non-Christian  worid  has  amassed  half 
a  million  such  homes  in  the  course  of  the  single  century  which  measures  the  period 
of  modem  foreign  missionary  work. 

Every  missionary  who  goes  into  a  non-Christian  land  and  sets  up  a  home,  creating 
for  his  children  a  Christian  environment,  establishes  a  model  of  the  kingdom 
itself. 

But  in  the  non-Christian  worid,  as  well  as  in  the  Christian  worid,  some  provision 
must  be  made  for  the  child  outside  the  home.  There  must  be  created  a  public  senti- 
ment in  favor  of  free  schools,  of  the  public  provision  for  wholesome  recreation  and  of 
the  protection  of  children  in  industry. 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  Children 


41 


Western  industry  is  creeping  into  the  non-Christian  world.  With  it  goes  child  labor. 
Japan  has  seven  thousand  children  under  twelve  employed  in  her  factories;  more  than 
one  hundred  thousand  under  fifteen.  Many  of  these  children  are  employed  in  such 
dangerous  occupations  as  the  making  of  glass  and  of  matches.  The  hours  of  labor 
in  silk  filatures  and  cotton  mills  range  from  eleven  to  sixteen.  China,  with  her 
growing  textile  industry,  employing  numbers  of  children,  has  no  child-labor  laws. 

The  playground,  the  boy  scout  troop,  the  gymnasium,  the  social  settlement,  organized 
games,  regulated  motion  pictures— all  the  healthful  antidotes  for  wrong  living  that 
we  have  come  to  consider  part  of  our  duty  toward  childhood,  especially  in  crowded 
cities— are  almost  entirely  lacking  in  the  non-Christian  world.  Where  they  exist, 
it  is  usually  through  missionary  effort. 

More  than  half  the  fight  for  a  better  world  is  won  if  the  children  are  fairly  equipped 
in  body,  mind  and  soul  for  the  tasks  of  life.  Theirs  is  the  future  of  the  earth— and 
theirs  is  the  kingdom  of  heaven  if  we  will  but  show  them  the  way  to  it. 


Children  Enrolled  in  Elementary  Schools 

in  the  United  States,  England,  France,  and  Countries  in  the  Foreign 
Mission  Field,  at  the  Outbreak  of  the  World  War 

A  Comparative  Study  *^^ 

(Statistics  based  on  Report  of  the  United  States  Commissioner  of  Education,  1916) 


Countries 


.-X*:? 


United  States 

England  and  Wales 

France 

Honduras  (British) 

Japan 

Argentina 

Chile 

Finland 

Ceylon 

Paraguay 

Costa  Rica 

Honduras  (Republic) 

Uruguay 

Mauritius-Africa 

Colombia ". 

Salvador 

Exuador 

Russia 

Peru 

Guatemala 

Brazil 

Bolivia 

India — British  Provinces 

India — Mysore  (Native  State) 

Venezuela 

Mexico 


Population 


98,781,324 

36,960,684 

39,601,509 

40,458 

53,696,858 

7,467,878 

3,551,703 

3,115,197 

4,262,097 

850,000 

410,981 

553,446 

1,279,395 

379,853 

5,100,000 

1,225,835 

1,500,000 

163,919,000 

4,500,000 

2,119,165 

24,308,219 

2,520,540 

242,988,947 

5,806,193 

2,755,685 

15,501,684 


Enrolment  in 

Elementary 

Schools 


17,934,982 

6,108,648 

5,508,534 

5,405 

7,021,661 

890,000 

381,883 

333,980 

381,334 

71,324 

33,084 

40,565 

91,746 

20,958 

280,000 

54,514 

65,531 

6,180,510 

146,272 

61,136 

634,539 

58,865 

5,447,850 

108,143 

47,334 

120,295 


Percent  of 

Population 

Enrolled 


18.16 

16.52 

13.90 

13.35 

13.07 

11.91 

10.75 

10.73 

8.94 

8.40 

8.05 

7.33 

7.17 


51 
50 
44 

36 

77 

25 

90 

61 

33 

2.24 

1.86 

1.72 

.76 


42 


FOREIGN  SURVEY 


RELIGIOUS  BOUNDARIES  ARE  SHIFTING 

BOUNDARIES 


THE 
CHRISTIANmr 
600  A.  D. 


ICNRISTW 

I  PAGANS 


L 


IF  THE  Christian  worid  should  be  wiped  out  today,  there  would  still  be  in 
the  non-Christian  worid  a  force  for  Christianity  numerically  greater  than 
that  existing  at  the  end  of  the  first  century,  from  which  has  sprung  today's 
Christian  population  of  more  than  half  a  billion  souls — a  third  of  the  population 
of  the  worid.  At  the  beginning  of  the  seventh  century  the  Christian  worid  had 
grown  to  include  all  the  countries  on  the  Mediterranean,  and  several  others. 


RELIGION 


IN  ALL  the  worid  there  are,  as  neariy  as  can  be  estimated,  one  hundred  and 
thirty  million  Protestant  church  members.     Over  95  per  cent,  of  this  number 
live  in   the  United  States,  the  British  Isles,  Canada,  Continental  Europe 
or  Australasia. 

About  one-fifth  of  1  per  cent,  are  scattered  through  the  Latin-American  countries. 
Four  per  cent,  live  in  what  we  know  as  the  non-Christian  worid.  In  this  number 
are  included  Europeans  and  descendants  of  Europeans.  About  2  per  cent,  of  the 
Christians  of  the  worid  have  been  converted  from  heathenism  by  the  missions. 

One  person  out  of  every  four  in  the  United  States  is  a  communicant  in  a  Protestant 
church.  In  the  British  Isles  the  proportion  is  one  person  out  of  every  seven,  in  Con- 
tinental Europe  it  is  one  out  of  five.  But  in  the  non-Christian  worid,  there  is  only 
one  Protestant  church  member  for  every  200  of  population,  if  Europeans  and  their 
descendants  are  included,  and  only  one  for  every  400  among  the  native  races. 

Counting  converts  to  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  and  converts  who  are  not  church 
members,  the  Christian  population  of  heathendom  reaches  fifty  million.  After  a 
hundred  years  of  missionary  effort  the  great  mass  of  the  people  remain  almost 
untouched. 

Yet  there  is  a  powerful  leaven  working  in  that  mass.  The  number  of  Christians  in 
Asia  and  Africa  today  is  greater  than  the  number  of  Christians  in  all  the  worid  at  the 
end  of  the  first  century  A.  D.  If  the  Christian  worid  should  be  wiped  out  of  existence 
today,  there  would  still  be  in  the  non-Christian  worid  a  force  for  Christianity 
numerically  greater  than  that  existing  at  the  end  of  the  first  century,  from  which 
has  sprung  today's  Christian  population  of  five  hundred  and  sixty-five  million 
souls,  34  per  cent,  of  the  population  of  the  worid. 

By  600  A.  D.  the  Christian  worid  had  grown  to  include  all  the  countries  on  the 
Mediterranean  and  a  few  others. 

What  the  World  Believes 

The  religious  boundaries  of  the  worid  are  always  changing.  The  history  of  religion 
is  the  story  of  a  series  of  conquests  over  great  masses  of  people.  Sometimes  they 
have  been  conquests  of  the  sword.  Oftener  they  have  been  peaceable  conquests  of 
peoples  hungry  in  spirit. 


44  Religion:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 

Today  the  principal  religions  of  the  worid  are  as  follows: 

Religion  Adherents  Percentage 

Christians. 565,000,000  34.2 

Taoists  and  Confucianists 301,000,000  18.3 

Mohammedans 222,000,000  13.44 

Hindus ••  211,000,000  12.8 

Animists 158,000,000  9.7 

Buddhists 138,000,000  8.4 

Shintoists 25,000,000  1.5 

Jews                                   12,000,000  .74 

Unclassified'..'.'. 15;000,000  .92 

Fifty-four  per  cent,  of  the  peoples  of  the  world  are  adherents  of  some  one  of  the 
five  great  oriental  religions. 

Some  of  the  spuitual  and  ethical  concepts  on  which  these  religions  were  based  were 
wise  and  noble;  but  most  of  the  wisdom  and  nobility  has  been  lost  under  a  mass 
of  empty  form  and  degrading  superstition  and  vicious  practise. 

The  oriental  religions  are  as  dead  as  the  civilizations  from  which  they  sprang.  They 
have  lost  their  contact  with  life.  The  peoples  of  the  Orient  are  ready  for  the  revitaliz- 
ing force  of  Christianity. 

Almost  10  per  cent,  of  the  peoples  of  the  world  are  Animists.  Animism  is  one  of  the 
most  primitive  forms  of  religion.  It  is  the  defense  of  ignorant  man  against  the  mysteri- 
ous forces  of  nature.  He  cannot  imderstand  them,  so  he  regards  them  as  some- 
thing to  be  propitiated  by  worship  and  sacrifice.  Animism  makes  one  hundred  and 
fifty-eight  million  people  slaves  to  their  environment. 

Missionaries  in  Foreign  Fields 

At  present  there  are  in  the  non-Christian  world  20,400  Protestant  missionaries, 
American  and  European— one  for  each  55,000  inhabitants.  China  has  one  mis- 
sionary for  each  65,000  of  population.  India  has  one  missionary  for  each 
62,000.  Japan  has  one  missionary  for  each  52,000.  Africa  has  one  missionary  for 
each  24,000. 

The  Christian  missionaries  scattered  throughout  heathendom  are  a  very  few  in 
comparison  with  the  great  masses  of  people  for  whom  they  are  working.  And  yet 
they  have  been  able  to  achieve  results  out  of  all  proportion  to  their  numbers. 

The  object  of  Christian  missions  is  to  establish  self-supporting,  self-governing  and 
self-propagating  churches  with  the  highest  modem  ideals  as  to  the  meaning  and 
power  of  their  gospel  message. 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  Religion 


45 


Not  only  have  thousands  been  converted  to  Christianity,  and  thousands  of  others 
touched  by  its  influence  through  school  or  hospital  or  some  other  of  the  many  mission 
activities,  but  there  are  signs  that  Christianity  is  taking  root  in  native  life.  In 
India,  China,  and  Japan  as  well  as  in  many  scattered  sections  of  the  mission  field, 
there  are  now  many  flourishing  congregations  and  religious  organizations  manned 


WHAT  THE  WORLD  BELIEVES 


.92% 


NEARLY  two-thirds  of  all  mankmd  is  enslaved  by  religions  whose  spiritual 
impulse  is  lost  under  a  mass  of  empty  form  or  degrading  superstition  or 
vicious  practise.  The  emerging  peoples  of  the  non-Christian  world  are  ready 
to  exchange  their  outworn  creeds  for  the  vitalizing  force  of  Christianity.  Can 
we  withhold  it?  * 


46 


Religion:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


and  controlled  by  converts,  sometimes  in  cooperation  with  missionary  bodies  or  in 
affiliation  with  a  denominational  group  in  Europe  or  America,  and  sometimes,  but 
more  rarely,  absolutely  independent. 

• 

In  Japan  there  is  a  group  of  six  national  autonomous  bodies  with  a  membership 
of  107,460.  Autonomous  or  semi-autonomous  churches  in  China  have  a  strength 
of  approximately  159,780  members. 

India  has  a  number  of  practically  self-governing  churches. 

Christianity  is  on  the  road  to  becoming  indigenous  when  such  a  movement  as  the 
China  for  Christ  Movement  is,  by  common  consent,  put  under  the  leadership  of 
Chinese  ministers  and  laymen,  and  has  a  promise  of  receiving  a  considerable  part 
of  its  support  from  the  Chinese  Church. 

The  non-denominational  Chinese  Home  Missionary  Movement,  which  has  opened 
work  in  Yunnan,  shows  the  vigor  and  life  of  the  Chinese  Church  and  its  ability  to 
work  unhampered  by  denominational  lines. 

India  is  supporting  a  significant  native  missionary  society,  which  keeps  thirty  workers 


THE  CONTEST  OF  RELIGIONS 


B.C.-fe 


1920 


4  A  J>. 


CHRISTIANITY  has  gone  further  toward  becoming  a  world-faith  than 
either    Buddhism    or    Mohammedanism.      Christianity  is  still  in  the 
ascendency.    Buddhism  and  Mohammedanism  are  on  the  decline. 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  Religion 


47 


in  the  field.  There  is  a  strong  Indian  Christian  Association.  At  one  of  the  latest 
national  meetings  of  this  association,  not  only  Protestant  Christians  but  Roman 
Catholics  were  in  attendance. 

In  many,  respects  the  Christian  church  in  non-Christian  countries  is  more  vital  and 
more  progressive  than  it  is  in  Christendom.    The  young  church  is  apostolic  in  zeal. 


Missionary  Cooperation 


In  most  missionary  fields  denominational  barriers,  insofar  as  they  interfere  with  the 
common  cause,  are  being  broken  down.  There  is  a  growing  movement  toward  union 
or  cooperative  enterprise  among  the  Protestant  missions. 

In  China,  a  large  percentage  of  the  British  and  American  missions  are  participating 
in  some  union  movement.  There  are  seventy-two  cooperative  missionary  organiza- 
tions in  this  one  country  alone,  including  forty-four  schools,  nine  union  theological 
seminaries,  three  union  hospitals,  four  union  evangelistic  organizations,  and  six 
administrative  bodies. 

From  the  beginning  there  has  been  a  tendency  toward  cooperation  among  the 
missionaries  of  Japan.  Practically  all  the  Protestant  missions  are  interested  in  one 
or  another  of  the  activities  of  the  Conference  of  Federated  Missions. 


CAN  CHRISTIANITY  KEEP  PACE? 


THERE  ARE  MORE  NON-CHRISTIANS  TODAY  THAN  EVER  BEIX)RE 

NON-CHRISTIAN  WORLD  -  ASIA.  AFRICA.  OCEANIA. 


CHRISTIANS  6.000.000 


1820 


TOTAL  POPULATION   600.000.000 


CHRISTIANS  60.000.000 


1920 


TOTAL  POPULATION     1 . 1 25 ,000.000 


AFTER  one  hundred  years  of  missionary  effort,  the  Christian  population 
L  of  the  non-Christian  worid  has  increased  ten-fold.     But  in  the  meantime 
the  population  has  doubled.     We  must  redouble  our  efiforts. 


48 


Religion:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


In  India  and  Africa,  the  movement  toward  cooperation  has  not  gone  so  far.  The 
one  field  is  too  old,  too  hampered  by  conservatism;  the  other  is  too  new,  the  mission- 
aries are  too  scattered. 

But  in  practically  every  mission  field  a  beginning  has  been  made  toward  a  combination 
of  the  forces  at  work  in  the  common  cause  of  the  evangelization  of  the  world. 


Unoccupied  Areas 


According  to  the  most  conservative  estimate  there  are  at  least  160,000,000  people  of 
the  non-Christian  world  utterly  untouched  by  missionary  effort.  This  figure  does  not 
include  the  peoples  of  localities— and  there  are  many  such— where  there  are  merely 
not  enough  missionaries  to  handle  the  work;  it  includes  only  the  peoples  living  in 
areas  where  there  are  no  missionaries  at  all. 

There  are  still  480,000  square  miles  of  territory  in  China  proper  with  thirty-five 
million  to  forty  million  inhabitants  utterly  unclaimed  by  any  missionary  agency, 
and  in  Turkestan,  Tibet  and  Mongolia  there  are  eleven  or  twelve  million  more  for- 
gotten non-Christians. 

At  least  twenty-six  million  of  the  natives  of  Central  Africa  have  no  missions  among 
them  or  near  them.  Of  the  remaining  twelve  million  over  one-half  are  practically 
untouched  by  the  influence  of  the  missions. 

Afghanistan,  with  a  population  of  6,380,500;  Nepal,  with  a  population  of  5,639,092, 
and  Bhutan,  with  about  300,000  inhabitants,  are  all  without  missionaries. 

In  Central  and  Southeastern  Asia,  in  the  Near  East,  in  Latin  America,  there  are 
millions  waiting  to  hear  the  Word  of  God. 

With  the  exception  of  Afghanistan,  Nepal,  Bhutan,  and  Tibet,  there  is  practically  no 
coimtry  in  the  world  where  it  is  not  legally  permissible  to  preach  the  religion  of  Christ. 

It  is  estimated  that,  given  men  and  money,  all  China  could  be  occupied  by  mission- 
aries in  the  next  five  years.  China  is  exceptionally  well  organized  for  missionary 
effort.  There  is  the  China  Continuation  Committee,  which  can  act  as  a  clearing 
house  for  boards  wishing  to  open  new  missions.  The  large  number  of  missionary 
societies  makes  it  possible  to  draw  on  existing  work  for  experienced  leaders  to  go  into 
new  fields,  while  they  are  replaced  with  new  workers  from  America. 

Where  are  the  men  and  money  to  come  from?  They  must  come  from  the  United 
States.  Europe  has  more  than  two  and  one  half  times  the  number  of  Protestant 
communicants  that  the  United  States  has;  yet  Europe  is  not  alive,  as  is  the  United 


FOREIGN  SVRVEY :  Religion 


49 


States,  to  the  necessity  for  extending  the  boundaries  of  the  kingdom  of  God. 
Europe,  furthermore,  will  be  crippled  for  years  to  come  as  a  result  of  the  war,  and 
will  have  many  problems  of  her  own  to  solve. 

Our  Quota  for  Foreign  Missions 

There  are  at  present  in  the  field  24,500  missionaries;  9,700  of  these  come  from 
Europe,  10,700  from  the  United  States.  According  to  the  budget  of  the  Interchurch 
World  Movement,  America  must  furnish  3,434  new  missionaries  for  1920. 


PREDOMINANT  FAITHS  OF  THE  WORLD 


IProtntant  Chrstiani 


I  Roman  Catholic  Christians 


I  Greek  and  OrienUI  CtirBtiaiis 


Conf  ucianists,  Taocsts,  Buddhists,  Hindus,  Shintoists,  etc.  I 


ALMOST  two-thirds  of  the  area  of  the  earth  is  still  predominantly  non- 
XX  Chnsban.  There  are  one  hundred  and  sixty  million  people  of  the  non- 
Chnstian  world  who  are  utterly  untouched  by  Christian  missionary  effort 
This  figure  does  not  include  people  of  the  localities  where  there  are  merely 
not  enough  missionaries  to  handle  the  Work;  it  includes  only  the  people 
Imng  m  areas  where  there  are  no  missionaries  at  all.  It  is  within  the  power 
of  the  Christians  of  the  United  States  to  bring  the  heathen  countries  under 
the  banner  of  the  Lord.  The  missionary  is  the  best  emissary  for  worid  brother- 
hood and  world  jieace. 


50 


Religion:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


In  1919,  Continental  Europe  contributed  $1,579,049  to  foreign  missions;  the  United 
States  contributed  $29,242,527.  The  budget  proposals  of  the  Interchurch  Worid 
Movement  for  1920  ask  for  $107,661,488,  which  includes  a  few  five-year  budget  items 
as  further  explained  in  Table  I,  on  pages  158  and  159. 

Four  dollars  from  every  Protestant  church  member  in  the  United  States  would  pay 
the  year's  expenses  of  foreign  missions.  There  are  few  of  our  twenty-six .  million 
Protestants  who  could  not  manage  an  annual  contribution  of  four  dollars.  The 
majority  could  give  much  more. 

•  • 

Is  it  worth  while  to  send  to  the  non-Christian  world  1,174  ministers  to  preach  the 
gospel  of  Christ?  Is  it  worth  while  to  send  1,290  teachers  to  help  lift  the  cloud  of 
ignorance  that  obscures  the  truth?  Is  it  worth  while  to  send  655  doctors  to  spread 
Christian  standards  of  health  and  sanitation  among  suffering  millions?  Is  it  worth 
while  to  give  $107,000,000  out  of  all  our  wealth,  that  two-thirds  of  the  human  race 
may  be  offered  a  living,  vital  truth  to  live  and  work  by,  in  exchange  for  outworn 
creeds  and  cramping  superstitions? 

Interchurch  World  Movement  Estimates  of  Missiotiaries  Needed  for 

Evangelistic  Work 


Africa 

China 

India 

Japanese  Empire 

Southeastern  Asia 

Philippines 

Near  East 

Latin  America 

Total 1,174 


For  1920 

For  1920-1926 

Missionaries 

Missionaries 

274 

833 

277 

702 

235 

607 

154 

430 

44 

126 

33 

63 

49 

142 

108 

352 

PART  II. 
GEOGRAPHICAL  SECTION 


3,255 


EUROPE 


STATISTICS  would  seem  to  indicate  that  Europe  is  by  far  the  strongest  section 
of  Protestantism.    A  study  of  the  number  of  Protestant  communicants  in 
Europe  and  the  British  Empire  as  compared  with  those  in  the  United  States 
shows  this  strikingly: 

United  States 25,980,456 

British  Empire: 

British  Isles 6,750,426 

British  Possessions 13,398,532 

Continental  Europe 70  473  395 

116,608,310 

As  a  force  for  the  evangelization  of  the  world  the  statistics  for  continental  Protestant- 
ism are  less  encouraging.  The  United  States  is  far  ahead  in  the  number  of  foreign 
missionaries  (men  and  women): 

United  States _     jq  668 

Great  Britain  and  Ireland 7  oiO 

Continental  Europe 1  720 

With  more  than  two  and  one-half  times  the  communicants,  Continental  Europe 
furnishes  only  one-sixth  the  number  of  missionaries  supplied  by  the  United  States. 
The  comparison  of  total  gifts  is  less  fair  owing  to  the  differences  in  the  value  of 
currency,  but  is  none  the  less  interesting.  Protestant  Europe  (continental)  con- 
tributes only  a  little  over  one-twentieth  as  much  money  for  the  evangelization  of 
the  world  as  does  the  United  States.  The  figure  for  Continental  Europe  is 
$1,579,049,  compared  to  $29,242,527  for  the  United  States,  for  1919. 

After  making  all  allowances  due  for  the  war,  the  fact  is  plain  that  European 
Protestantism,  notwithstanding  the  size  of  the  European  colonial  empires  and  the 
number  of  European  political,  commercial  and  other  contacts  with  the  non-Christian 
world,  has  not  yet  been  captured  by  the  ideal  of  the  completion  of  the  kingdom  of 
God  on  earth.  It  is  at  least  clear  that  for  the  immediate  future  European  Protestant- 
ism may  be  counted  neither  in  men  nor  money  as  a  large  asset  in  the  task  of  world 
evangelization.  This  may  be  said  without  in  any  way  discounting  the  extent  or  the 
fine  quality  of  European  Protestant  foreign  missionary  work.  It  is  merely  an 
important  factor  for  the  people  of  the  United  States  to  consider  in  measuring  up 
their  own  responsibility  in  this  great  task,  specially  in  the  next  few  years. 


54 


Europe:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


BIRTHPLACE  OF  MISSIONS 

IT  OUGHT  to  be  added  that  Europe  is, 
always  has  been,  and  always  will  be  an 
important  spiritual  asset  both  to  world  evan- 
gelization and  to  American  Protestantism. 
Foreign  missions  had  their  birth  in  Europe, 
and  in  some  important  phases  of  missionary 
work  European  missions  have  not  only  been 
pioneers  but  also  set  the  pace  for  all  other 
missions. 

But  Europe  has  been  bled,  not  merely  by  the 
war,  but  by  a  long  period  of  emigration,  in 
which  hosts  of  Europe's  more  aggressive  re- 
ligious leadership  have  removed  to  America, 
and  much  of  this  leadership  now  serves  the 
kingdom  in  American  missionary  societies. 

The  time  has  come  when  the  United  States  may 
well  consider  this  accumulated  debt  which  it 
owes  to  Europe  for  both  men  and  ideas,  and 
attempt  in  some  measure  to  repay  it.  As  com- 
pared with  European,  American  Protestantism 
now  finds  itself  incredibly  rich  in  material 
wealth  and  not  drained  of  leadership.  It  is  only 
just  and  right  that  the  United  States  should 
now  study  how  it  may  begin  to  repay  the  debt, 
and  do  it  in  a  way  which  will  strengthen  and 
not  weaken  the  total  force  of  the  kingdom  of 
God. 

MUST  WORK  TOGETHER 

THE  spiritual  and  moral  welfare  of  Europe  is 
a  vital  concern  to  America  for  two  reasons: 
European  conditions  directly  influence  the 
United  States  by  both  communications  and 
migrations.  They  also  are  carried  directly  to 
Africa,  Asia,  and  even  more  to  Latin  America. 
The  kingdom  of  God  will  not  come  in  these 
continents  by  the  unaided  effort  of  the  United 
States,  no  matter  how  great  the  expenditure  of 
men  and  money. 

European  Protestantism  is  in  temporary  need 
of  assistance  in  two  ways:  through  direct 
cooperation  with  existing  churches  and  denomi- 
nations, assisting  them  to  repair  their  losses  and 
reestablish  themselves  in  prosperity,  and  by 
the  establishment  of  new  churches  in  which  the 
peculiar  evangelistic  emphasis  and  the  social 
service  ideals  so  common  in  American  Protes- 
tantism may  have  an  opportunity  to  demon- 


strate their  value  in  the  religious  life  of  Europe. 
This  latter  opportunity  is  not  dissimilar  to  that 
which  every  American  Protestant  church  faces 
in  our  own  American  cities  and  industrial 
conmiunities. 

Far-seeing  leaders  in  European  Protestantism 
are  agreed  that  new  life  and  new  vision  must 
be  introduced  to  restore  the  church  to  a  posi- 
tion of  moral  and  spiritual  leadership.  The 
so-called  "State  church"  is  rapidly  disappearing, 
but  the  traditions  which  have  circumscribed 
and  restricted  the  influence  of  the  State  sup- 
ported and  controlled  church  remain.  There  is 
a  great  lack  of  social  vision,  not  merely  in  the 
chiu-ches  now  or  until  recently  supported  by 
the  State,  but  also  in  the  evangelical  churches 
which  have  in  other  respects  so  largely  carried 
forward  the  ideals  of  aggressive  Protestant 
Christianity. 

Outside  the  existing  Protestant  churches  there 
is  a  large  and  steadily  increasing  mass  of  free- 
thinkers, many  of  whom  have  separated  them- 
selves from  either  the  Roman  or  Greek  Catholic 
churches  and  are  now  without  religious  or 
church  loyalties. 

The  opportunity  of  American  Protestantism  to 
help  its  European  brethren  is  also  a  precious 
opportunity  of  service  in  a  ministry  of  recon- 
ciliation in  the  success  of  which  the  extension 
of  the  kingdom  of  God  throughout  the  world 
is  at  stake. 

SURVEY  IN  EUROPE 

IF  THE  question  be  asked,  why  Europe  is  in- 
cluded in  the  foreign  division  of  the  Inter- 
church  Survey,  there  is  only  one  answer:  because 
Europe  is  geographically  foreign  to  the  United 
States.  This  section  of  the  world  has  been 
studied  in  the  same  manner  and  is  here  pre- 
sented for  the  same  reasons  that  the  United 
States  and  Africa  appear.  On  account  of  the 
war  it  has  been  more  difficult  to  secure  satis- 
factory returns  from  Europe  than  from  China 
or  other  distant  sections.  The  following  state- 
ment is  as  complete  as  present  available  data 
make  possible  and  is  necessarily  tentative. 

The  total  area  of  twenty-two  countries  in- 
cluded in  this  statement  (which  excludes  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland,  but  includes  Siberia)  is 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  Europe 


55 


10,342,290  square  miles,  three  and  one-half 
times  the  area  of  the  United  States,  with  a 
population  of  four  hundred  and  seventy-three 
million,  four  and  three-tenths  times  that  of  the 
United  States. 

DISTRIBUTION  OF  RELIGIONS 

CONSIDERED  religiously,  Europe's  popu- 
lations are  distributed  among  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church,  Greek  Orthodox  and  other 
Eastern  churches;  Protestant  State  churches 
(now  in  process  of  disestablishment  in  Central 
and  Eastern  Europe) ;  Protestant  free  churches; 
American  and  other  foreign  denominations,  and 
free-thinking  masses. 

An  excellent  work  also  is  being  carried  on  in 
many  of  the  European  countries  by  such  un- 
denominational religious  forces  as  the  Young 


Men's  Christian  Association,  the  Young  Wom- 
en's Christian  Association,  Bible  and  tract 
societies,  the  Worid  Sunday  School  Association 
and  similar  bodies. 

It  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  missionary 
data  of  Europe  cannot  be  read  and  interpreted 
in  the  same  manner  as  other  foreign  statistics. 
In  Europe  so  much  of  the  work  is  self-support- 
ing, or  nearly  so,  that  the  participation  of 
American  bodies  in  the  crusade  for  the  king- 
dom there  frequently  is  little  more  than  frater- 
nal counsel  and  encouragement,  with  limited 
financial  cooperation. 

For  convenience  in  study  in  the  following  pages, 
Europe  is  divided  into  sections:  (1)  Northern 
Countries;  (2)  Western  and  Southern  Countries; 
(3)  Central  Countries;  (4)  Eastern  Countries; 
(5)  Russia;  (6)  The  Balkan  Group. 


L  Northern  Countries 

IHE  northern  countries  of  Norway  and  Sweden,  Denmark  and  Finland 
constitute  a  group  of  European  peoples  quite  distinct  from  any  other  of 
the  groups  we  shall  consider.    Their  areas  and  populations  are  as  follows: 

r.       4.  Area  in  Square  Total 

^°""*^  Miles  Population  Protestants 

^^T^y 124,642  2,632,011  2,629,250 

•      ^^^\ 173,035  5,800,847  5,515,504 

^.^r^T  ^^'^^^  2,940,979  2,732,792 

^'^'^"^ 125,689  3,300,650  3,213,715 

Norway,  Sweden  and  Denmark  are  socially  and  economically  intact,  virile  and 
energetic,  offering  religious  freedom  to  all.  Contiguous  to  a  distraught  Russia  and 
a  Germany  seeking  new  ideals,  they  offer  a  splendid  base  for  helpful  approach  to 
these  countnes.  Archbishop  Soderblum  has  said:  "In  Sweden  we  have  the  Church; 
in  Norway,  Christians;  in  Denmark,  the  community." 

NORWAY  Mormons,  143  Quakers,  and  2,046  Catholics. 

THE  Evangelical  Lutheran  Church  is  en-  The  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Methodist 

dowed  by  the  State,  and  the  clergy  are  Episcopal  Church  and  the  American  Baptist 

appointed  by  the  king.     There  is  complete  Foreign    Mission   Society   financially   sustain 

religious  freedom  except  that  Jesuits  are  pro-  evangelical    work    as    follows:     Ninety-eight 

hibited.    The  religious  census  for  ten  years  ago  churches,   155  preachers,  thirty-nine  Sundav 

showed :  10,986  Methodists,  7,659  Baptists,  714  schools,  13,593  scholars. 


56 


Europe:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


SWEDEN 


1UTHERAN  Protestant  is  the  State  religion. 
^  The  king  must  be  a  Lutheran.  There  is 
complete  religious  liberty  for  all  others,  and  of 
late  a  movement  has  begun,  as  in  all  Scandi- 
navian countries,  looking  toward  the  separation 
of  Church  and  State.  Aside  from  the  Lutheran 
population  there  are  Protestants,  Dissenters, 
Methodists  and  Baptists  to  the  number  of 
14,715;  Roman  Catholics,  3,070,  and  Jews, 
6,112.  The  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  and  the  Ameri- 
can Baptist  Foreign  Mission  Society  sustain 
evangelical  work  as  follows:  1,819  churches, 
1,268  preachers,  72,873  members,  1,501  Sunday 
schools,  87,697  scholars.  Archbishop  Soder- 
blum  is  the  leader  in  church  life. 


DENMARK 

HE  Lutheran  Church  predominates,  but  is 


X 

X  separated  from  the  State.  There  is  com- 
plete religious  liberty.  Nine-tenths  of  the  popu- 
lation is  Protestant.  The  American  societies 
sustain  work  as  follows:  175  churches  and 
meeting  places,  8,347  members,  148  preachers, 
150  Sunday  schools,  10,528  scholars. 

FINLAND 

THE  national  religion  is  Lutheran,  but  there 
is  complete  tolerance.  The  two  American 
societies  support:  126  churches  and  meeting 
places,  120  preachers,  4,765  members,  136  Sun- 
day schools,  6,548  scholars.  Finland  is  the 
only  country  in  the  northern  group  that  suf- 
fered directly  from  the  World  War. 


IL  Western  and  Southern  Countries 


THIS  group  comprises  the  romance  language  speaking  nations  of  Europe, 
except  Switzerland,  and  includes  also  Holland.    Of  these  countries,  Holland 
in  the  north,  and  Spain  in  the  south,  alone  escaped  the  calamities  and 
devastation  of  war. 

France,  Belgium  and  Italy  constituted  the  battle-grounds  in  Western  and  Southern 
Europe  during  the  World  War,  and  they  challenge  America's  ministry  of  sacrificial 
love  in  the  great  work  of  restoration  and  rehabilitation.  These  countries,  their  areas 
and  populations,  are  as  follows: 

Area  in  Square  Total 

Country  Miles  Population  Protestants 

Holland 12,582  6,724,663  3,334,447 

Belgium 11,375  7,571,387  27,900 

France  (old) 207,054  39,602,258  600,000 

Alsace-Lorraine 5,605  1,874,014  408,274 

Spain 194,763  19,950,817  5,000 

Portugal 35,490  5,597,985  4,491 

Italy 110,632  36,120,118  123,253 

HOLLAND  formed,  2,588,261;  other  Protestants,  746,186; 

THE  majority  of  the  people,  including  the  Catholics,  2,053,021;  Jansenists,  10,082;  Jews, 

royal   family,    belong   to   the   Reformed  106,509;  other  creeds  or  possessing  no  religious 

Church.   The  State  budget  contains  fixed  allow-  affiliations,  353,158. 

ances  for  different  churches,  Protestant,  Catho-  Holland,  the  ancient  asylum  for  the  world's 

lie  and  Jewish.     There  is  complete  religious  oppressed,  still  maintains  her  tradition  as  the 

freedom.   The  census  of  1909  shows:  Dutch  Re-  "cradle  of  liberty." 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  Europe 


57 


BELGIUM 

THE  number  of  Protestants  in  1910  was 
given  as  27,900,  and  the  number  of  Jews 
as  13,200.  The  rest  of  the  people  are  Catho- 
lic. There  are  about  eighty  Protestant  pastors 
and  evangelists.  There  is  full  religious  liberty 
and  part  of  the  income  of  ministers  as  well  as 
priests  is  paid  from  the  national  treasury. 

FRANCE 

As  IN  no  other  country  of  Europe  there  is 
Xjl  the  great  opportunity  of  helpful  coopera- 
tion offered  to  the  Protestant  forces  of  America. 
French  Protestantism,  small  but  strong,  senses 
its  new  opportunity  in  national  evangelism  and 
stands  before  newly  opened  doors  in  colonial 
missions. 

Realizing  that  evangelical  France  has  enormous 
vitality,  American  Protestant  workers  should 
cooperate  in  entire  harmony  with  her  program; 
establish  headquarters  for  all  Protestant  agen- 
cies, and  preferably  use  the  channel  of  approach 
already  made  by  the  Federal  Council  of 
Churches  of  Christ  in  America  with  the  French 
Protestant  Federation. 

When  the  newly  acquired  territory  of  Alsace- 
Lorraine  is  included,  France  has  a  total 
Protestant  population  of  about  one  million, 
one-fortieth  of  her  population,  but  less  than 
half  of  the  Protestants  can  be  said  to  be  related 
closely  to  any  church.  It  is  estimated  that  not 
quite  three-fourths  of  the  French  people  main- 
tain any  intimate  relation  with  any  church. 

The  Protestants  of  France  may  be  classified  in 
six  major  divisions:  the  Reformed  Church, 
which  is  Presbyterian  in  polity  and  Calvinistic 
in  doctrine,  and  which  is  divided  into  two  fac- 
tions, the  Evangelicals  and  the  Liberals;  the 
Lutheran  Church,  which  will  largely  benefit 
from  the  additions  from  Alsace;  the  Free 
churches,  which  broke  away  from  the  State 
church  in  1848  and  since  the  disestablishment 
have  existed  as  one  of  the  Protestant  denomina- 
tions; the  Baptist  and  Methodist  churches, 
first  transplanted  from  England  and  now  as- 
sisted also  from  the  United  States,  and  the 
independent  churches  and  missions,  in  which  are 
included  the  McAll  Missions.  The  two  wings 
of  the  Reformed  Church,  together  with  the    I 


Lutherans,  account  for  about  two-thirds  of 
French  Protestantism. 

The  American  Baptist  Foreign  Mission  So- 
ciety and  the  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  assist  the  Protes- 
tant cause  in  France  through  the  agency  of 
seventy-one  churches  and  meeting  places,  104 
preachers,  2,659  members,  seventy  Sunday 
schools,  1,852  scholars,  and  three  missionaries. 

The  vitality  of  the  Protestant  Church  in  France 
is  to  be  judged  not  so  much  by  its  nominal  or 


VITALITY  OF  THE 
PROTESTANT  CHURCH  OF  FRANCE 


MINISTERS.  EVANGEUSTS  ANDFORDGN  MISSIONARIES 


FOREIGN 
MISSIONARIES 
175% 


MINISTERS  IN  FRANCE 
FRANCE 


82.5% 


FOREIGN 
MISSIONARIES 

5.4% 


MINISTERS  IN  UNITED  STATES    94.6% 
UNITED  STATES 

CHURCH  INCOME 


TO  FOREIGN 
MISSIONS 

16.5% 


TO  CHURCHES  AND  HOME  MISSIONS  IN  FRANCE   83.5% 
FRANCE 


TO  FOREIGN 
MISSIONS 

8.3% 


TO  CHURCHES  AND  HOME  MISSIONS  IN  UNITED  STATES  91.7% 
UNITED  STATES 


A  MERICA  sends  5.4  per  cent,  of  her 
^^^  total  Protestant  missionaries  and  evan- 
gelists to  the  foreign  mission  field;  France 
sends  17.5  per  cent,  of  hers.  American 
churches  contribute  8.3  per  cent,  of  their 
incomes  to  foreign  missions;  French 
churches  give  16.5  per  cent,  of  theirs. 
French  Protestantism,  small  but  strong, 
senses  its  opportunity  in  national  evangel- 
ism and  stands  before  newly-opened  doors 
in  colonial  missions. 


58 


Europe:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


active  membership  as  by  the  strength  of  its 
missionary  zeal.  While  the  American  Protes- 
tant churches  support  in  the  non-Christian 
world  missionaries  to  the  extent  of  5.4  per 
cent,  of  the  total  number  of  ministers  and 
evangelists,  France  sends  17.5  per  cent,  of  her 
ministers  and  evangelists  to  the  non-Christian 
world. 

Likewise,  while  the  American  churches  devote 
8.3  per  cent,  of  their  total  income  to  foreign 
missions,  the  French  churches  give  16.5  per 
cent. 

SPAIN 

THIS  country  has  enjoyed  nominal  religious 
toleration  for  fifty-two  years,  although  full 
religious  liberty  has  not  yet  been  granted.  It 
may  be  safely  asserted  that  today  a  convert  to 
Protestantism  in  China  or  India  is  freer  from 
persecution  and  the  danger  of  social  and 
economic  ostracism  than  is  the  convert  in 
Spain.  The  State  spends  annually  about 
$8,200,000  on  the  support  of  the  Roman  Catho- 
lic Church. 

The  number  of  members  actually  enrolled  in 
the  Protestant  churches  does  not  exceed  four 
and  one-half  or  five  thousand.  Probably 
fifteen  thousand  more  would  acknowledge 
themselves  to  be  Protestants.  There  are  about 
150  regularly  organized  Protestant  congrega- 
tions. The  Spanish  Protestant  churches  are 
joined  together  in  the  Spanish  Evangelical 
Alliance,  a  very  loose  organization  with  no 
legislative  powers.  Within  the  alliance  are  two 
groups  of  Protestants:  the  Spanish  Reformed 
Church,  largely  insph-ed  and  assisted  by  Brit- 
ish and  Irish  Anglicanism  and  having  a  total 
strength  of  less  than  one  thousand  people,  and 
the  Evangelical  churches,  in  which  are  joined 
together  the  mission  churches  of  the  following 
Protestant  bodies:  American  Congregational- 
ists,  German  Lutherans,  Scotch  and  Irish 
Presb)rterians,  and  many  scattering  congrega- 
tions. In  addition  to  these  congregations  there 
are  the  British  Wesleyan  missions,  various 
Baptist  groups,  including  the  Pl3nnouth  Breth- 
ren, and  the  Seventh  Day  Adventists. 

Excellent  educational  work  has  been  established 
by  the  Congregationalists,  although  of  very 


limited  extent,  and  there  are  two  schools  for 
the  training  of  ministers,  one  under  the  direc- 
tion of  German  Lutherans  and  the  other  sus- 
tained by  Scotch  Presbsrterians.  The  Board  of 
Foreign  Missions  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  has  recently  begun  work  in  Spain. 

PORTUGAL 

THERE  is  a  Protestant  community  of  about 
five  thousand  in  a  population  of  nearly  six 
million.  There  is  complete  religious  liberty,  a 
separation  of  the  Church  and  State,  support  of 
all  churches  being  voluntary. 

• 

The  following  Protestant  churches,  chiefly 
British,  are  at  work:  Episcopal,  Baptist,  Con- 
gregational, Presbjrterian,  and  Plymouth  Breth- 
ren. The  Baptist  Church  at  Oporto  has  eighty 
members,  the  British  Wesleyans  have  2,300 
members  and  various  sub-stations  for  mission- 
ary work;  the  Congregational  Church,  assisted 
by  gifts  from  Brazil,  has  eighty  members;  and 
the  Presbyterian  Church,  also  supported  from 
Brazil,  has  one  hundred  members.  The  Epis- 
copal work  is  more  extensive,  consisting  of  six 
churches,  ten  ministers  and  missionaries,  and 
seven  hundred  members.  There  are  also  six 
schools  with  eight  hundred  pupils  and  property 
to  the  value  of  $40,000. 

ITALY 

OF  THE  evangelicals  in  Italy,  about 
twenty-five  thousand  belong  to  the  Wal- 
densian  Church;  ten  thousand  to  other  evan- 
gelical Italian  chiu-ches,  and  thirty  thousand 
to  foreign  Protestant  bodies. 

While  the  nominal  State  religion  is  Roman 
Catholic,  freedom  of  worship  is  granted  to  all 
recognized  religions.  The  Pope  has  permitted 
the  gospels  and  epistles  to  be  read  at  mass  in 
the  vernacular  instead  of  in  Latin.  During  the 
war  Protestant  agencies  distributed  the  New 
Testament  in  large  numbers,  thereby  creating 
a  great  demand  for  more. 

About  one  and  one-half  millions  of  people  in 
Italy  are  non-professing  or  religiously  unclassi- 
fied, furnishing  opportunities  for  extended 
evangelism. 

"Protestantism  is  growing  and  indifference  is 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  Europe 


59 


alarmingly  on  the  increase,"  says  the  Mission- 
ary Review  of  the  World  (March,  1919),  quoting 
from  the  Roman  Catholic  journal  America. 
"In  1862  there  were  32,975  Protestants  of  vari- 
ous sects  in  Italy;  in  1901  there  were  65,595;  in 
1911  the  number  had  grown  to  123,253,  which 
means  that  in  ten  years  it  had  almost  doubled. 
The  writer  believes  the  official  registration  of 
Protestants  would  be  still  greater  were  it  not 
that  human  respect  prevented  certain  Italians 
from  publicly  proclaiming  their  apostacy." 

The  same  journal  is  authority  for  the  statement 


that  5  per  cent,  of  the  entire  population, 
according  to  the  census  of  1911,  were  either 
Protestant  or  professed  no  religious  faith,  a 
great  increase  in  ten  years.  . 

There  is  both  need  and  place  here  for  Protes- 
tant secondary  schools.  The  Board  of  Foreign 
Missions  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
conducts  work  in  Italy  through  twenty-one 
churches,  seventy-eight  preachers,  4,132  mem- 
bers, fifty-one  Sunday  schools,  2,811  scholars, 
and  nine  missionaries.  Educational  work  also 
is  carried  on  by  thirty-five  teachers. 


IIL  Central  Countries 


IHREE  countries  constitute  the  Central  European  group.  They  are  Germany, 

Austria  and  Switzerland.    The  area  and  population  of  each  of  these  coun- 
tries are  as  follows: 

« 

Area  in  Square  Total 

^®"^*^                                  Miles               Population  Protestants 

^^""?"y • 203,176          63,051,979  39,991,421 

^^^"a- 40,127            9,320,546  596,000 

Switzerland 15,976            3,937,000  2,107,814 


SWITZERLAND 

THE  population  is  nearly  four  million,  about 
one-third  of  whom  are  Roman  Catholics 
and  the  biggest  part  of  the  remaining  two- 
thirds  are  Protestants.  Of  the  total,  two  and 
a  half  million  speak  German,  eight  hundred 
thousand  French,  three  hundred  thousand 
Italian. 

The  work  of  the  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  and  that  of 
the  Missionary  Society  of  the  Evangelical 
Association  of  North  America  in  Switzerland 
are  represented  by  135  churches,  116  preachers, 
18,125  members,  265  Sunday  schools,  and 
23,272  scholars.  Through  the  Intehiational 
Committee,  the  Student  Department  of  the 
Young  Men's  Christian  Association  is  conduct- 
ing work  among  foreign  students  in  Switzer- 
land. 

The  Swiss  missionary  societies  are  much  in 
need  of  help,  due  to  losses  during  the  war. 


AUSTRIA 

IN  ALL  national  characteristics  Austria  is  a 
close  parallel  to  Germany.  Vienna,  its 
beautiful  and  populous  capital,  should  become 
the  center  of  evangelical  and  evangelistic 
activity.  Before  the  break-up  of  the  Austrian 
Empire,  the  work  of  the  Board  of  Foreign 
Missions  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church, 
and  that  of  the  American  Board  in  Austria- 
Himgary,  stood  as  follows:  ninety  churches, 
thirty-six  preachers,  3,063  members,  seventy- 
eight  schools,  1,379  scholars. 

A  promising  Christian  movement,  the  Christo- 
cratic  Student  Movement,  is  operating  in 
Austria,  Czecho-Slovakia,  Croatia  and  Poland. 

GERMANY 

UNDER  the  new  regime  the  State  church 
is  being  disestablished.  This  leaves 
religious  education  in  the  hands  of  the  Church, 
giving  the  Sunday  school  a  bigger  field. 


60 


Europe:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


In  addition  to  the  former  State  church,  several 
evangeHcal  and  evangeHstic  movements  are 
working  in  Germany,  as  are  the  Roman  Catho- 
Hcs  and  Jews.  The  Board  of  Foreign  Missions 
of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  the  Ameri- 
can Baptist  Foreign  Mission  Society,  and  the 


Missionary  Society  of  the  Evangelical  Associa- 
tion of  North  America,  maintain  1,211  churches 
and  meeting  places,  1,324  preachers,  91,190 
members,  1,104  Sunday  schools,  and  66,262 
scholars.  The  nation's  great  need  is  stabilized 
government  and  industry. 


IV^  Eastern  Countries 

IN  THIS  group  we  are  met,  on  the  one  hand,  by  the  stirring  spectacle  of  a  people 
attaining  a  national  resurrection,  as  in  the  instance  of  Czecho-Slovakia,  of 
Poland,  of  Hungary.  On  the  other  hand,  we  are  confronted  by  the  World  War's 
direst  and  most  appalling  aftermath,  as  exhibited  in  the  sufferings  of  Poland  and 
Hungary. 

Here,  as  in  the  central  countries  of  Europe,  the  loss  of  life  on  account  of  lack  of  food, 
clothing  and  fuel,  during  the  current  year,  will  run  into  many  hundreds  of  thousands, 
unless  substantial  relief  is  granted  by  America. 

Area  in  Square  Total 

Country  Miles  Population  Protestants 

Czecho-Slovakia 60,000  13,000,000  352,700 

Poland    (new) 120,000  36,234,727  2,010,000 

Hungary 109,188  18,264,533  4,035,768 

Baltic  Provinces: 

Esthonia 7,289  1,500,000  1,000,000 

Lithuania  (estimated) 81,815  4,833,000  Unobtainable 

Latvia 

(Livonia  and  Courland)    . .  26,752  2,500,000  Unobtainable 


CZECHO-SLOVAKIA 

FIFTY  years  before  the  days  of  Martin 
Luther,  the  ancestors  of  the  people  forming 
this  pioneer  of  the  new  European  republics, 
enjoyed  religious  liberty,  and  were  90  per  cent. 
Protestant.  Then  came  the  Thirty  Years' 
War  and,  with  it,  three  hundred  years  of 
oppression,  now  happily  at  an  end. 

Here  is  a  great  field  for  Bible  distribution. 
The  Young  Men's  Christian  Association  is  ask- 
ing for  two  hundred  thousand  New  Testaments 
for  1920.  Here  is  need  of  a  Christian  publish- 
ing house  and  a  training  school  for  Bible 
men,  preachers  and  Young  Men's  Christian 
Association  secretaries. 

Through  the  minister  of  national  defense,  the 


Y.  M.  C.  A.  was  asked  to  put  in  operation  a 
full  army  program  of  spiritual,  mental  and 
physical  work.  It  also  has  established  itself 
in  four  civilian  centers.  A  union  movement 
between  Protestant  bodies  is  now  under 
way. 

Some  of  the  great  needs  of  Czecho-Slovakia  are: 
Christian  leaders;  a  training  faculty  in  connec- 
tion with  Prague  University;  establishment  of 
a  Christian  literature  publishing  house;  the 
possible  expansion  of  the  present  plant  of  the 
American  Board  at  Prague. 

The  faith  of  the  Bohemian  peoples  in  America 
cannot  be  over-estimated.  America  is  to  them 
the  Moses  to  lead  them  and  the  other  peoples 
of  Europe  to  religious  and  civil  liberty. 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  Europe 


61 


POLAND 

THE  shuttleboard  of  the  Old  World  is 
Poland.  More  than  2,100,000  diseased, 
emaciated,  and  crippled  victims  of  the  World 
War  have  passed  and  repassed  into  then-  own 
countries  through  her  territories.  This  weary 
pilgrimage  is  still  in  progress,  and  the  need  of 
emergency  relief  in  food,  fuel,  clothing  and  hos- 
pital supplies,  is  nowhere  so  pressing  as  in 
Poland. 

The  country  is  predominantly  Roman  Catholic, 
but  there  are  about  two  million  Evangelical 
Lutherans  and  ten  thousand  Calvinists  in  New 
Poland.  Lay  and  clerical  leaders  of  Protestant 
Poland  speak  openly  of  a  union  of  the  Lutheran 
and  Calvinistic  bodies  in  order  to  create  a 
national  evangelical  church. 

Illiteracy  (62  per  cent,  in  Russian  Poland), 
defective  education,  bad  roads  and  the 
scarcity  of  raiboads,  are  all  serious  obstacles 
to  Poland's  progress. 

In  cities  like  Lodz,  where  low  wages,  exceedingly 
long  hours  and  child  labor  generally  obtain, 
there  is  imperative  necessity  for  the  creation 
and  operation  of  drastic  measures  of  uplift  and 
reform. 

The  International  Committee  of  the  Young 
Men's  Christian  Association  is  at  work  in 
twenty  centers,  and  is  invited  to  open  nine 
more.  The  establishment  of  an  adequately 
equipped  publishing  house,  to  meet  the  need 
for  Bibles,  tracts  and  other  Christian  literature, 
is  also  very  necessary. 

HUNGARY 

HERE,  as  in  Poland,  an  emergency  relief  is 
an  unequivocal  necessity.  The  Hungarian 
Reformed  Church,  with  its  two  and  a  half 
million  members,  the  largest  Reformed  or 
Presbyterian  church  in  the  eastern  hemisphere, 
is  threatened  with  the  break-up  of  its  territorial 
unity  by  the  Czecho  and  Serbian  invasion. 
Other  Protestant  churches  in  Transylvania 
(East  Hungary)— Lutheran,  with  one  and  a 
quarter  million  members.  Unitarian,  Baptist  and 
Methodist,  with  another  quarter  million — are 
similarly  threatened. 


be  preserved  in  their  spiritual  and  intellectual 
life  and,  regardless  of  any  territorial  changes, 
safeguarded  in  the  full  exercise  of  their  religi- 
ous liberty. 

A  great  opportunity  for  helpful  cooperation  in 
Protestant  programs  of  work  is  plainly  indi- 
cated. Under  the  Bolshevist  rule  most  congre- 
gations kept  their  churches  but  lost  all  their 
property,  such  as  manses,  schools,  and  other 
properties  devoted  to  charitable  purposes. 
Funds  and  endowments  were  confiscated. 
Ministers  were  forced  to  join  Soviets  and  trade- 
unions  and  take  up  secular  labor  in  order  to 
earn  a  living  for  themselves  and  their  families. 

All  income  received  by  the  churches  for  any 
purpose  is  now  on  a  basis  of  voluntary  con- 
tribution. 

Even  in  normal  times,  so  swift  and  radical  a 
change  would  have  demanded  great  forethought 
and  organization  to  bring  matters  to  a  success- 
ful issue.  But  as  things  are  today  the  task 
is  one  of  almost  insuperable  difficulty. 

THE  BALTIC  PROVINCES 

THE  people  of  the  Baltic  Provinces,  incor- 
porated into  the  Russian  complex  of  empire 
since  the  eighteenth  century,  are  largely  Aryan 
linguistic  races,  and  are  in  a  brave  fight  for  their 
independence.   The  Courlanders,  Livonians  and 
Esthonians  are  of  Ugro-Finnic  stock,  speaking 
languages  akin  to  modem  Finnish;  the  Letts  are 
of  Indo-Germanic  stock,  and  their  language  is 
related   to  ancient  Sanskrit.     The  Livonian 
seaboard  is  widely  known  in  Russia  because  of 
its  splendid  summer  seaside  resorts,  and  con- 
stitutes the  port  key  of  Russia,  with  Riga, 
Windau,  and  Libau.     Two-thirds  of  the  peo- 
ple of  Esthonia  are  Protestant;  Lithuania  is 
strongly  Roman  Catholic,  and  Latvia  strongly 
Protestant. 


It  should  be  strongly  urged  that  these  churches 


Public  instruction,  especially  in  Esthonia,  is 
on  a  high  level.  In  common  with  Finland, 
Esthonia  suffered  a  terrific  shock  of  Bolshevik 
invasion.  Hundreds  of  men  and  women  were 
murdered;  churches  were  desecrated.  Help  is 
needed  to  rebuild .  or  at  least  restore  the  de- 
stroyed churches;  support  should  be  given  to 
pastors,  rendered  destitute,  and  to  widows  and 
children. 


62 


Europe:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


V^  Russia 


ONE-QUARTER  of  Christendom  lies  within  the  borders  of  the  old  Russian 
Empire.  Religious  forces  more  vast  than  economic  forces  are  alive  today 
and  moving  toward  the  light  in  Russia.  The  revival  of  religious  feeling 
that  has  been  going  on  behind  the  dark  curtain  of  blockade  and  censorship  will 
outlive  the  Bolshevist  regime.  But  Christian  Europe  and  America  must  declare 
their  brotherhood  with  Russia  to  save  her. 

The  area  and  population  of  the  old  Russian  Empire  were  divided  as  follows: 

Area  in  Sq.  Miles  Population 

Russia  in  Europe 1,997,310  149,764,000 

RussiainAsia 6,294,119  29,141,500 

The  division  according  to  religion  was: 

Greek  Orthodox  (with  12  million  dissenters) . . .  / 120,970,000 

Roman  Catholic  (including  Poland) 15,420,000 

Mohammedan 18,742,000 

Protestant 8,324,000 

Jews 6,750,000 

Other  Christians 1,661,000 

Other  non-Christians 865,000 


RELIGIOUS  VITALITY 

FROM  the  earliest  times,  the  Russian 
mind  has  been  preoccupied  with  religious 
questions.  No  other  country,  except  the 
United  States,  has  so  many  different  Christian 
churches,  or  so  many  dissenting  sects.  Before 
the  war  37  per  cent,  of  the  Christian  com- 
municants of  Europe  resided  within  the  boimds 
of  the  old  Russian  Empire. 

One  index  of  the  vitality  of  the  religious  life 
of  a  people  is  the  extent  and  variety  of  the 
dissent  from  the  established  or  historic  church. 
Measured  by  this  standard,  the  Russians  were 
easily  the  most  religious  folk  of  Europe. 

The  great  nucleus  of  Russian  Christians  were 
adherents  of  the  Eastern  Orthodox  Church. 
The  Eastern  Church  was  also  the  State  church, 
and  closely  identified  with  the  governing 
machinery  of  the  old  Czarist  regime. 

The  clergy  of  the  Orthodox  Church  are  the 


Black  Clergy  (the  high  monastic  and  celibate 
priests),  and  the  White  (married,  lay)  Clergy. 

Broken  off  from  the  Greek  Orthodox  Church, 
or  established  church,  is  the  Raskol  or  Schism. 
In  the  seventeenth  century  the  Patriarch  Nikon 
introduced  reforms  into  the  church,  chiefly  a 
revision  of  the  missal.  The  Raskolniks,  or 
"Old  Believers,"  kept  to  excessive  ritualism. 
The  Raskolniks  divide  into  the  Popoftsky, 
who  have  priests,  and  the  Bezpopoftsky,  who 
have  only  elders. 

The  latter  have  often  stepped  out  of  the  pale, 
not  only  of  Christian  but  of  natural  morality. 
Always  they  believe  that  the  end  of  the  world 
is  imminent.  Their  fanaticism  has  led  to  child 
murder,  the  self-starvation  of  whole  villages, 
and  a  worship  of  Napoleon,  whom  at  one  time 
they  believed  to  be  the  coming  Messiah. 

No  one  knows  how  many  Raskolniks  there  are. 
The  estimates  run  from  nine  to  twenty  millions. 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  Europe 

They  are  widespread  among  the  old  colonists 
of  the  Urals  and  Novgorod,  the  energetic  and 
genumely  Russian  peasants  of  the  North,  the 
Sibenan  pioneers  and  the  Cossacks  of  the 
Southeast. 

The  dissenters  do  not  often  practise  proselyt- 
ism.  They  have  among  themselves  a  sort  of 
solidarity  that  amounts  to  freemasonry,  a 
better  talent  at  business,  and  better  standards 
of  living,  which  have  placed  them  among  the 
most  secure  and  prosperous  of  the  population. 

SECTS  DESCRIBED 

MANATOLE  LEROI-BEAULIEU'S 
•  authoritative  "Empire  of  the  Tzars 
and  the  Russians"  describes  in  detail  many  of 
the  sects  not  connected  with  the  Great  Schism. 
1  hey  fall  into  two  groups,  the  Mystics  and  the 
nationalist  or  Protestant  sects. 

The  Mystic  sects  divide  again  into,  chiefly, 
the  Khlysti  or  Flagellants,   and  the  White 
Doves  or  Skoptsi  (eunuchs).    The  Khlysti  call 
themselves  the  People  of  God,  and  every  genera- 
tion has  a  visible  Madonna  or  Christ.    They 
follow  twelve  ascetic  commandments,  which 
condemn  stealing,  swearing,  marriage.     They 
await  ecstatic  trance,  and  have  habitual  rites 
not  unlike  those  of  the  whirling  dervishes  and 
Amencan   Shakers.     The  Skoptsi   or   White 
Doves  are  a  widespread  mystical  sect,  who  are 
eunuchs,  though  marriage,  in  the  interest  of 
propagating  the  sect,  is  permitted  for  a  time 
They  constantly  practise  proselytism.     Out- 
wardly they  conform  to  the  practises  of  the 
established  church,  but  they  are  usually  dis- 
tinguishable. 


63 


The  thirty-eight  thousand  Baptists  and  six 
hundred  Methodists  are  in  congregations 
founded  by  American  agencies,  chiefly  among 
non-Russians  in  the  Baltic  Provinces. 

Among  the  rationalist  sects  are  the  Molokans 
(milk  dnnkers),  Dukhobortse  (Wrestlers  of  the 
Spint),  large  colonies  of  whom  have  emigrated 
to  Canada;  Stundists  or  Russian  Evangelistic 
Baptists,  and  Sabbatists  (Unitarians  with 
Jewish  rites). 

In  the  aristocracy  many  groups  with  special 
doctnnes  had  grown  up.  The  young  English 
Lord  Radstock  founded  a  group  in  the  seventies 
for  lay  preaching,  since  the  priests  would  not 
prea-ch.  Count  Tolstoi's  teachings  created 
Tolstoianism"  and  a  form  of  Christian  Bud- 
dhism and  Evangelical  Nihilism. 

Among  the  minor  sects,  most  of  whose  life  is 
preoccupied  with  religious  observances,  are  the 
Skaloini  (Jumpers),  Bieguni  (Runners),  Voz- 
dukhantsi  (Sighers),  Moltchaniki  (Silent  Ones) 
Stranniki    (Forest     Hermits),     Samojhigateli 
(Self-Cremators),  and  others.    The  Molokans 
abound  in  the  agricultural  communities  of  the 
South.    They  have  frequently  been  visited  by 
the  English  Quakers,  who  feel  kinship  with 
them.    They  are  communists  at  heart  and  work 
to  avoid  the  inequalities  between  the  sexes  and 
between  the  young  and  old.   They  care  tenderly 
for  their  old  people. 


In  Protestant  Russia  will  be  found  3,572  000 
Lutherans  and  85,000  Reformed  Lutherans. 
Iheir  memberships  are  chiefly  among  the 
German  and  Swedish  colonists  imported  by 
Peter  the  Great  and  Catherine,  and  among 
Esthonians,  Finns  and  Letts. 

There  were  over  sixty-six  thousand  Mennonites 
among  the  Russians  and  German-Russians  of 
South  Russia.  There  were  about  five  thousand 
Anglicans,  chiefly  among  the  British  and 
Amencan  colonists  settled  for  trading  purposes 
m  Petrograd  and  Moscow.  Most  of  these  have 
left  Russia  in  the  last  two  years. 


The  Dukhobortse  believe  strongly  in  inner 
revelation.  They  believe  that  Christ  lives, 
suffere,  dies  and  is  resurrected  in  every  Chris- 
tian life.  The  Stundists  are  strong  among  the 
German  colonists  in  South  Russia.  Thev  clin^ 
to  the  Bible  alone.  ^ 

All  of  Russia  was  greatly  influenced  by  the 
teachings  of  Tolstoi,  especially  by  preaching  of 
action,  and  the  redemption,  not  alone  of  one's 
own  soul,  but  of  mankind  in  general. 

In  summing  up,  M.  Leroi-Beaulieu  says: 

"The  Russian  ideal,  unconsciously  half  the 
time,  is  the  application  of  Christ's  ethics  to 
public  no  less  than  to  private  life.  Many  be- 
lieve that  Russia  is  called  to  a  lofty  religious 
mission.  Her  mystic  genius,  her  thirst  for  live 
truth,  her  natural  turn  of  imagination,  her 


64 


Europe:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


liking  for  bold  experiments,  her  people's  faith, 
her  distinctive  distrust  of  the  human  intellect, 
her  contempt  for  abstractions,  whether  moral 
or  material — all  these  are  traits  which  seem  to 
point  to  her  vocation 

"If  communism  can  ever  be  anything  but 
utterly  Utopian,  if  it  is  capable  of  practical 
even  though  only  partial  application,  it  can  be 
so  only  under  religious  discipline,  and  with 
charity  as  motive  power." 

RELIGIOUS  FORCES  ALIVE 

THE  vast  curtain  of  censorship,  and  the 
smoky  clouds  of  contradictory  rumor  that 
have  hidden  the  state  of  spiritual  and  material 
facts  about  Russia  from  Western  Europe  and 
America,  still  have  not  obscured  the  fact  that  in 
Russia  the  potent  religious  forces  of  a  spiritual 
people  are  more  alive  today  than  anywhere  else 
on  the  continent.  Holy  relics  have  been  burned 
and  many  pious  frauds  upset,  but  the  vast  mass 
of  the  people,  perceiving  these  things  in  true 
proportion,  have  retained  and  exalted  their 
capacity  for  spiritual  life. 

The  Soviet  Government  has  separated  the 
church  from  the  state  and  the  school  from  the 
church.  The  former  state  church  is  decentral- 
ized and  democratized.  All  church  properties, 
together  with  those  of  all  religious  societies,  have 
been  nationalized,  while  anti-religious  propa- 
gandists are  allowed  full  freedom  of  utterance. 

Operations  of  the  Greek  Orthodox,  Roman 
Catholic  and  Protestant  chiu-ches  are  unfettered 
in  so  far  as  they  "do  not  disturb  the  public 
order  and  are  not  accompanied  by  attempts 
upon  the  rights  of  the  citizens  of  the  Soviet 
RepubHc." 


H 


PROBLEMS,  OPPORTUNITIES 

ERE  are  great  problems  that  offer  out- 
standing opportunities: 

The  inauguration  of  immediate  efficient  relief 
is  indicated  in  those  parts  of  Russia  where  the 
population  is  starving  and  epidemics  are  daily 
canying  off  thousands  of  men,  women  and, 
particularly,  children. 

The  Orthodox  Church  and  the  cooperative 
societies  remain  today  the  two  great  national 


institutions  that  have  withstood  the  shock  and 
reorganization  of  the  Bolshevik  regime.  Lec- 
tures and  discourses  on  religion,  according  to 
a  recent  article  by  Anitchkof  in  New  Europe, 
are  being  attended  as  never  before.  The 
educated  classes,  who  before  the  war  were 
enfeebled  by  skepticism,  have  returned  in  force 
to  the  rallying  point  of  religious  centers. 
Diocesan  and  parish  assemblies  sit  and  rule,  as 
usual.  What  the  State  could  not  withstand,  nor 
the  Constituent  Assembly  outlive,  has  only 
served  to  reinforce  and  deepen  the  old  channels 
of  religious  life. 

An  encouraging  and  hopeful  note  is  the  broad 
attitude  of  many  Orthodox  priests  and  church 
leaders,  who  are  looking  not  only  to  church 
reforms,  such  as  the  introduction  of  sermons 
instead  of  excessive  ritualism,  but  also  to  the 
fostering  of  young  people's  societies,  and  a 
spirit  of  community  service. 

Russia  offers  a  vast  field  for  undenominational 
evangelism,  and  this  opportunity  for  a  united 
Christianity  must  not  be  lost. 

The  American  Baptists  and  Methodists  main- 
tain work  in  Russia  through  658  churches, 
29,525  members,  371  Sunday  schools,  17,009 
scholars,  one  missionary  and  164  preachers. 

REUNION  WITH  WORLD 

THE  reunion  of  Christian  Russia  with  the 
world  may  yet  be  the  means  of  solving 
many  of  the  most  pressing  problems  of  Europe 
and  America.  The  appalling  illiteracy  of  the 
nation  will  make  the  problems  of  communica- 
tion with  the  nation  at  large  difficult  for  many 
years.  An  authoritative  estimate  in  1917 
pointed  out  that  less  than  one-third  of  the 
population  was  literate.  Among  the  women  of 
the  peasantry  the  figures  run  much  lower. 

In  exchange  for  technical  skill  and  machinery, 
Russia  will  bring  again  to  the  sum  of  world 
prosperity  her  raw  materials.  In  normal  times 
she  was  the  leading  flax-producing  country  of 
the  world,  and  supplied  51  per  cent,  of  the 
rye,  33  per  cent,  of  the  barley,  25  per  cent, 
of  the  oats,  and  22  per  cent,  of  the  wheat  of 
the  world. 

She  is  the  great  timber  country  of  Europe, 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  Europe 

and  is  rich  in  furs,  live  stock,  cotton,  wool 
tobacco,  and  every  known  metal.  She  i^ 
n'^^j  o  *^°'''  production,  second  to  the 
Umted  States  in  coal  reserves,  mistress  of 
the  platinum   of  the  world,   and  fabulously 


Protestent  Christian  effort;  can  confidently  look 

effort;  to  unite  the  vast  spiritual  and  material 
r^ur^es  of  Russia  with  those  of  Eur^S 
America,  in  a  common  effort  to  extend  the 
kingdom  of  God  in  Asia. 


VI,  The  Balkan  Group 

What  .e  s.  o.  -s^a^nstitr  ir^t -n^^^^^^^ 

Country  Area  m  Square  Total 

Bulgaria ^!!^  Population  Protestants 

Greece..  ^1'?^  4,500,000  6,254 

Roumania...         ^2?'???!       12,000,000*  1,399 

•  Estimated.   VPre-wi^figura:-  '^^^^  7.508,000t  22,749 

NO  MAN'S  LAND 

stands  apart.   For  twenty  centuries  the  Baikal         'MPOVERISHED  PEOPLES 

anH^7i,fr„T"'^'  ^"^'  ^'^^'  Albania,     T""^    ^^^   P^P^^   are   impoverished 
^■^J^:^°^  expanded  to  include  the  newly      X  They  have  had  seven  vears  of  T^  t^' 

joined  Southern  Slav  Kingdom  of  Jugo-SIavil-     '^^t  ten  years.     ThX  wo^  an  J^km/ 

StiSU'Lrrh'^f  '^"^  "'*''-"'•>«     '--•--^"^SeriT^S^elVSte? 
Christian  and  non-Chnsfan  worlds.  numbers  even  than  the  women  and  cM^ 

A  little  larger  than  Texas  th..  Rmi,      o.  .  ^ielgium  and  France.     Typhus  has  swept 

contain  five  nationalisti^uS  SSuf ^'^    fiZh  *  T  /'""^l!'"-      ^°'^^^^'  ^"^    »«- 
armies,  frontiers,  politic^l3;^*T.r'     ^H  mT'  ^°T  ^^^  ^'"'"•°"«J  *em.    The 

Zn'^^rr^'-'^^^^^^-  -  tSt^pr^  ^""^  ^^^ ''''  ''^^  "-'- 

•^o"!*''^''' ^^^'^'^  from  Turkish  domination     n,. 

in  1878  they  have  had  three  fratricidal  ware,     J^eir  rich  natural  resources  are  a  temptation 

costmghundredsofthousandsof  human  lives  ^^^"^  ?««hbore;  for  the  peninsula  is  rich  no? 

As  had  m»n„  f        u  ^^  ^  '?  '*^  Strategic  position  for  trading  pur- 

p^n  wi?  wv    '^^'"  P"^''='«''  *»>«  Emx).  ^  but  in  its  oil  and  agriculhiml  pr<^;^te 

T^rc^Sn^  P      °"'  T""  ^  ^^"^  0"^1-  ^T  *•'"  "^  Bulgaria  produced  S  ^^ 

^e^theR^l^     .T"^'""-    Until  there  is     «°ro  than  Nebraska,  though  only  twoS 
telu  op^     vl^rl"^  can  be  no  r^  peace     '^^^^-  .Except  Russia,  Roumania  has^ 

peninsula  is  the  oldest  highway  Ltw^nEL^^     Balkan  peoples  lived  in  the  comiby.    The  land 

S     ay  between  Europe    was  pretty  generally  divided  into  small  holdings! 


66 


Europe:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


except  in  Albania  and  Roumania.  A  group  of 
Moslem  landlords  were  predominant  in  Albania, 
and  five  thousand  landholders  had  a  strangle 
hold  on  Roumania.  Cooperative  societies  and 
land  banks  had  grown  up,  however,  and  were 
helping  the  peasants  to  adopt  new  methods  and 
secure  new  machinery. 

The  factory  system  is  being  introduced  slowly. 
The  people,  especially  the  Bulgarians,  show 
great  adaptability  for  machine  industry. 

The  war,  which  cut  down  production  for  peace- 
ful consumption,  has  brought  tremendous  priva- 
tion. The  cost  of  living  in  the  last  twenty 
years  has  risen  1000  per  cent. 

HEALTHY  BUT  IGNORANT 

PHYSICALLY,  the  Balkan  peoples,  in  spite 
of  their  deprivations,  are  among  the 
healthiest  in  Europe.  The  high  death  rate  in 
Roumania  is  not  because  of  the  low  vitality 
of  the  people.  Ignorance  has  raised  the  infant 
mortality  rate.  The  lack  of  modern  sanitary 
arrangements  has  made  for  epidemics.  Even 
Athens  has  no  city  sewage  system.  In  Serbia, 
the  nucleus  of  the  newly  formed  state  of  Jugo- 
slavia, the  mortality  of  doctors  in  the  war 
accounts  for  much  suffering.  It  is  estimated 
that  there  is  one  doctor  to  30,000  people. 

The  Balkans  will  be  dependent  on  outside  help 
for  medical  aid  for  several  years  to  come.  The 
Greek  Government  annually  sends  Greek  giris 
to  American  hospital  training  schools  for 
nurses.  The  late  Queen  Eleonora  of  Bulgaria 
just  before  the  outbreak  of  the  war  estab- 
lished a  nurses'  training  school  in  Sofia. 
She  was  accustomed  to  say,  "We  need  American 
standards  of  health  and  physical  and  sanitary 
care,  not  alone  for  the  people  of  Bulgaria,  but 
because  we  women  of  Southeastern  Europe 
have  the  opportunity  to  present  the  example  of 
freedom  and  usefulness  to  all  the  women  of  the 
Levant." 


states,  divorces  are  infrequent  and  the  divorce 
laws  are  equitable.  In  most  places  the  women 
engage  in  agricultural  pursuits  and  in  home 
industries.  They  do  not  associate  with  men 
very  much  before  marriage,  and  south  of 
the  Danube  maintain  a  very  high  standard  of 
morality. 

COMPULSORY  EDUCATION 

IN  ALL  the  Balkan  states,  except  Albania, 
there  are  compulsory  school  laws,  and 
about  70  per  cent,  of  the  school  population 
of  Greece  is  actually  in  school.  In  Albania, 
practically  no  school  system  exists.  Constant 
warfare  has  made  education  a  secondary  con- 
sideration. In  Bulgaria,  about  80  per  cent, 
of  the  school  population  is  in  school.  Since 
the  expulsion  of  the  Turks,  the  Bulgarians 
have  succeeded  in  building  up  a  school  system 
after  European  models,  and  have  shown 
especially  a  desire  to  educate  their  giris.  They 
never  fail  to  acknowledge  their  debt  for  the 
inspiration  and  example  of  the  American  Girls' 
School  at  Samakov,  and  the  American  School 
at  Constantinople. 

In  Roumania  only  30  per  cent,  of  the  school 
population  was  at  school  before  the  war.  The 
last  few  years  have  disorganized  home  life  and 
school  life  as  well.  The  armies  have  been  the 
chief  and  practically  the  only  concern  of  all 
constituted  government. 

At  every  turn,  the  Balkan  peoples  present 
problems  that  we  are  accustomed  to  think  of 
as  belonging  to  the  non-Christian  world.  Their 
literacy  figures  are  appalling.  Ninety-four  per 
cent,  of  the  brides  in  Roumania  cannot  sign 
their  names.  They  can  only  make  the  "X." 
Eighty  per  cent,  of  the  Serbians  are  illiterate. 
In  Greece  53  per  cent,  are  illiterate.  In 
Bulgaria,  the  state  is  more  hopeful.  Sixty- 
six  per  cent,  of  the  women  are  illiterate,  but 
only  16  per  cent,  of  the  men. 


MARRIAGE  ARRANGEMENTS 

IN  THE  Balkans  almost  all  marriages  are 
arranged  by  the  parents.  The  dowry 
usually  plays  an  important  part  in  match- 
making. In  Roumania,  divorce  laws  are  un- 
favorable to  the  women.    In  the  other  Balkan 


OUTPOST  OF  CHRISTENDOM 

OR  five  centuries  the  Balkans  were  the  lost 
^  provinces  of  Christendom.  But  under 
Turkish  rule  and  persecution  they  remained 
true  to  the  Christian  Church.  Eighty  per  cent, 
of  the  people  today  are  Christian,  belonging 


F 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  Europe 


67 


Protestant  Foreign  Missionary  Societies 
of  Continental  Europe 

(From  the  1919  Year  Book  of  the  American  Board  of  Commissioners  for  Foreign  Missions) 


SOCIETIES 


O  c 

U    N 

V  5 


Denmark 
Danish  Missionary  Society. . 


France 
Paris  Evangelical  Missionary  Society. 


Germany 

Berlin  Missionary  Society 

Breklum  Missionary  Society 

General   Evangelical   Protestant   Missionary 

Society 

German  East  Africa,  Missionaries  to 

Gossner  Missionary  Society 

Hanover,  Lutheran,  Free  Church  of 

Hermannsburg  Missionary  Society 

Leipzig  Missionary  Society 

Neuendettelsau  Missionary  Society 

Neukirchen  Missionary  Society 

North  German  Missionary  Society 

Rhenish  Missionary  Society 


Holland 

Java  Committee 

Mennonite  Missionary  Society 

Netherlands  Missionary  Society 

Netherlands  Missionary  Union 

Reformed  Churches  Missionary  Society. 

Salatiga  Mission  in  Java 

Sangir  and  Talaut  Committee 

Utrecht  Missionary  Union 


Norway 

Norwegian  Missionary  Society 

Norwegian  Lutheran  China  Mission  Associa- 
tion  

Norway,  Church  of,  Mission  established  by 
Schreuder 


Sweden 

Swedish  Missionary  Society 

Swedish    Evangelical    National 

Society 

Sweden,  Church  of,  Missionary  Board 
Swedish  Mission  in  China 


Missionary 


Switzerland 

Basel  Missionary  Society 

Suisse  Romande  Missionary  Society. 

Finland 
Finnish  Missionary  Society 


International 
Moravian  Missionaries  (BrUdergemeine) . 


TOTA 


LS. 


1821 


1824 


1824 
1877 

1884 
1886 
1836 
1892 
1849 
1836 
1886 
1881 
1836 
1828 


1855 
1847 
1797 
1858 
1892 
1887 
1886 
1859 


1842 
1891 
1877 

1879 

1856 
1874 
1887 


1815 
1875 


1859 


1732 


"O  in 
C  C 

M  O 

.  v4 

2  rt 

C  4-1 

Oc/J 
C/30 


58 


970 


61 

80 

820 


23 

23 

184 

31 

89 

42 

169 

224 


1,023 
86 
81 

166 

103 

571 

79 


401 
111 


72 


356 


5,841 


M 


issionaries 


e 


41 


81 


133 

23 


44 
11 


32 

23 

195 


5 

11 
28 
15 
34 
17 

8 
19 


74 

26 

6 

62 

34 
25 
18 


229 
29 


24 


175 


1,428 


c.S 

E  3  U 


57 

94 

103 
2 

4 

4i 


12 

21 

189 


4 
10 

35 
14 
30 
26 
8 
19 


98 
35 
14 

76 

55 
44 
32 


193 
51 


41 


175 


1,483 


u 

u 

i 

> 


386 


1,371 


c 
_o 

u 
J2  u   3 

•  —   u  ^ 

r^    a   "> 
CIh    Si-i 


Communicants 


u 

V 

-n  *-■ 
-2  "> 


4,479 


36,227 


Fig 
larg 
of 


144 

109 

1,345 


50 

80 

150 

79 

22 

90 

400 

200 


1,449 

171 
115 

339 

275 
904 
139 


625 
132 


110 


2,201 


obtaina 

from   se 

he  Germ  an   soc 


ures    un 
e    part 


275 


823 


o 
H 


2,721 
1,435 
5,173 


1,500 
1,109 

10,000 
1,706 
4,125 
1,800 

10,000 
6,000 


33,915 
1,098 
1,150 

8,794 

3,019 

14,260 

567 


13,443 
4,627 


1,593 


10,886 


168,741 


1,667 
3,004 


337 

100 

2,000 

105 

275 

50 

2,000 

1,500 


59 
200 

1,120 

39 

1,895 

251 

"i69 
314 


1,943 


44,573 


16,12^ 


ble  in 
veral 
ieties 


3,746 

3,080 

98,423 


2,948 

1,200 

18,000 

1,523 

1,599 

1,100 

79,000 

15,000 


94,537 
1,232 
1,988 

5,228 

1,952 

15,279 

1,445 


31,415 

2,847 


2,445 


430,503 


u 

E 
o 

o 

c 

I— I 
u 

E 

o 

X 


CO 


>  ^ 

<  to 

av 


3159,128 


177,010 


191,186 
50,728 

36,234 

"99,23  i 

8,149 

107,427 


20,962 

35,592 

205,380 


10,275 
25,000 
48,000 
34,140 
49,505 
14,352 
4,000 
52,000 


251,775 

111,532 

7,500 

200,512 

127,266 
133,481 

38,818 


301,236 
55,981 


114,281 


93,852 


32,764,533 


68 


Europe:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


either  to  the  Catholic  or  Eastern  Orthodox    are  the  problems  of  Europe  and  the  problems 
Church.    Seven  per  cent,  are  Moslem.  of  Christendom. 


The  Eastern  Orthodox  is  the  State  church  in 
Bulgaria,  Roumania,  Jugo-Slavia  and  Greece. 

Three  Roumanians  in  a  thousand  are  Protes- 
tants. One  Serbian  in  a  thousand  is  Protestant. 
Figures  for  Serbia  are  used  because  figures  are 
not  yet  available  for  the  new  kingdom  of  Jugo- 
slavia. Two  in  seven  thousand  Bulgarians 
are  Protestants. 

And  yet  the  Balkan  peoples  look  to  American 
Protestantism  for  leadership  in  the  task  that 
confronts  them.     The  Balkan  States  are  the 
outpost  of  Christendom.    Their  standards  are 
the  pillars  of  the  first  temple  of  Christian  living 
which  visitors  from  Southern  Asia  see  when 
they  leave  Asia  Minor.    Rightly  or  wrongly, 
the  Balkan  peoples  lack  faith  in  the  Christian 
churches  of  Europe.     They  see  in  European 
Protestantism  not  The  Church,  but  so  many 
nationalistic  churches.    They  are  too  weary  to 
be  forever  on  their  guard.     They  have  been 
pawns  before  in  the  European  game  and  they 
do  not  want  to  be  again.    They  are  sick  of  dis- 
trust of  the  great  nations  of  Europe  and  dis- 
trust of  each  other. 

The  Balkan  Christians  would  solve  their  own 
problems  if  they  could,  but  their  own  problems 


NEED  OF  ADVICE 

THE   Balkans  are  one   of  Europe's  great 
granaries  and  an  avenue  of  trade  vital  to  the 
rebuilding  of  the  continent.  They  need  a  partner 
to  help  them  deal  with  their  political  bitterness 
and  intrigue,  their  staggering  debts,  their  mass 
of  sick  men  and  widowed  women,  theu-  illiterate 
children,  their  insanitary  towns,  their  unde- 
veloped  railways  to  the   East.     They  need 
disinterested  advice,  which  will  not  pit  them 
one  against  the  other  for  an  advantage  that 
might  be  gained  in  the  European  balance  of 
power.    They  need  cooperation  in  establishing 
Christian  standards  and  ideals  of  human  life 
if  they  are  to  show  to  Asia  the  vision  of  a  vital 
religion  bringing  the  kingdom  of  God  to  the 
whole  world.    Ragged,  dirty,  hungry,  warring, 
the  Balkans  present  a  picture  to  the  adjacent 
East  that  a  thousand  missionaries  could  not 
gainsay.     United,  using  their  great  resources 
for  the  benefaction  of  the  people,  rescued  from 
their  sorry  state  as  a  land  of  political  barbed 
wire  entanglements  and  under-educated  people, 
the  Balkan  States  could  be  the  great  mission 
station  of  all  time,  the  gift  of  American  Pro- 
testant Christianity  showing  peace  to  Europe 
and  to  Asia. 


LATIN  AMERICA 

IATIN  AMERICA,  together  with  Europe  and  North  America,  comprises  the 
nominally  Christian  World.    Yet  one-quarter  of  the  population  of  Latin 
^  America  remains  to  this  day  practically  pagan.    There  are  probably  more 
pagans  in  the  country  than  there  were  when  Columbus  discovered  it. 

Of  the  twenty  million  native  Indians,  those  of  the  highlands  have  at  the  most  a 
veneer  of  Christianity,  remaining  pagan  at  heart,  while  the  uncivilized  Indians  of  the 
lowlands  are  completely  untouched  by  Christianity. 

If  the  Indians  were  the  only  inhabitants  of  Latin  America,  it  would  present  an 
enormous  mission  field— a  field  having  a  population  twice  as  large  as  that  of  the 
South  African  field  and  an  area  as  great  as  that  of  the  North  African  and  South 
African  fields  combined.  But  there  are  sixty  million  souls  in  addition  to  the  Indians 
whose  need  of  the  gospel  of  Jesus  Christ  is  almost  as  great  as  theirs. 


PAN-AMERICAN  CHRISTIANITY 

THE  entire  evangelical  church  membership 
of  Latin  America  is  less  than  130,000 — one 
and  one-half  communicant  church  members  to 
every  1,000  of  population.  While  the  over- 
whelming majority  of  the  inhabitants  of  Latin 
America  are  nominally  of  the  Catholic  faith, 
for  a  large  proportion  of  them  religion  is,  at  the 
most,  a  formal  thing. 

Among  the  masses  Christianity  is  a  matter  of 
crude  superstitions.  Among  the  educated 
classes  it  has  given  place  to  a  materialistic 
philosophy  of  life  which  can  have  no  outcome 
except  in  blank  pessimism. 

The  World  War  has  caused  Latin  America  to 
begin  a  new  search  after  God,  compelling  the 
people  to  re-examine  the  materialistic  theories 
of  life  which  they  had  previously  accepted. 
Coupled  with  this  new  yearning  for  a  spiritual 
life  is  a  desire  for  closer  friendship  with  the 
United  States.  The  part  we  played  in  the  war 
has  done  much  to  dissipate  old  prejudices  and 
has  brought  about  a  warm  sentiment  for  ail- 
American  solidarity. 

"If  America  does  not  save  the  world,  it  will 


not  be  saved,"  were  the  words  used  recently 
by  a  professor  of  Buenos  Aires. 

COUNTRIES  AND  PEOPLES 

IATIN  AMERICA  is  composed  of  Porto 
>  Rico  and  the  twenty  republics  south  of  the 
Rio  Grande:  Mexico,  Guatemala,  Honduras, 
Salvador,  Costa  Rica,  Nicaragua,  and  Panama, 
in  Central  America;  Cuba,  Haiti  and  Santo 
Domingo,  in  the  West  Indies,  and  Venezuela, 
Brazil,  Bolivia,  Paraguay,  Uruguay,  Argentina, 
Chile,  Peru,  Ecuador  and  Colombia  in  South 
America. 

These  countries  have  a  total  area  of  more  than 
eight  million  square  miles  and  a  population  of 
eighty-five  miUion — an  area  nearly  three  times 
that  of  the  United  States  and  a  population 
four-fifths  as  large. 

A  rough  distribution  of  the  population  is  as 
follows:  Whites,  eighteen  million;  Indians, 
twenty  million;  Negroes,  six  million;  mixed 
White  and  Indian,  thirty-two  million;  mixed 
White  and  Negro,  eight  million;  mixed  Negro 
and  Indian,  seven  hundred  thousand;  others, 
three  hundred  thousand. 


70 


Latin  America:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


The  people  of  eighteen  of  the  republics  of 
Latin  America  speak  Spanish;  the  language  of 
Brazil  is  Portuguese;  Haitians  speak  French. 
About  fifteen  million  Indians,  however,  can 
be  reached  only  through  their  own  tribal 
languages. 

For  purposes  of  the  survey  Porto  Rico  and  the 
West  Indies  have  been  included  in  the  home 
missions  field,  and  consequently  are  not 
touched  on  in  the  following  pages. 

LUXURY  AND  MISERY 

1ATIN  AMERICA  is  a  country  of  the  very 
^  rich  and  the  very  poor.  In  some  of  the 
great  cities  is  found  a  luxmy  hardly  matched 
in  any  other  capitals  of  the  world,  and  side 
by  side  with  it  are  misery  and  squalor  inde- 
scribable. 

Recent  years  have  seen  the  slow  development 
of  a  middle  class,  but  that  class  at  present  does 
not  contain  more  than  10  per  cent,  of  the 
population.  The  wealthy,  governing  class 
makes  up  another  10  per  cent.,  and  the  native 
Indians,  speaking  only  their  own  tribal  lan- 
guages, form  20  per  cent,  of  the  population. 
The  remaining  60  per  cent,  is  composed  of 
the  peon  class,  practically  all  of  whom  are 
illiterate.  These  constitute  the  rural  popula- 
tion of  the  continent,  which  is  everywhere 
greatly  in  excess  of  the  urban,  except  in  Ar- 
gentina, where  the  two  are  in  about  equal  pro- 
portion on  account  of  the  unusual  develop- 
ment of  Buenos  Aires  and  a  few  other  large 
centers. 

Except  for  a  considerable  flow  of  Mexicans 
back  and  forth  across  the  United  States  border, 
the  immigration  problem  is  found  only  in 
South  America.  In  Argentina  and  Brazil  there 
is  a  large  immigration  from  Europe.  More  than 
one-half  of  the  population  of  Argentina  are 
immigrants  or  the  children  of  immigrants  who 
arrived  there  within  the  last  fifty  years.  Of 
these  immigrants  Italians  make  up  50  per 
cent,  and  Spaniards  30  per  cent. 

The  system  of  peonage,  a  form  of  contractual 
slavery,  exists,  either  openly  or  secretly,  in  most 
of  the  countries  of  Latin  America,  and  the 
peons,  as  we  have  seen  above,  constitute  a 
majority  of  the  population.    In  many  of  the 


states  the  franchise  is  determined  on  a  basis 
of  literacy.  Consequently,  in  these  countries, 
whose  constitutions  are  democratic,  only  a 
small  proportion  of  the  population  has  a  voice 
in  government. 


TRADE  AND  MISSION 
GROWTH 


1.200 


1.100 


1.000 


900 


-J 

s 

O 

in 


UJ 

-J 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  Latin  America 


71 


IN  MATERIAL  things  the  outside  world 
needs  Latin  America  far  more  than 
Latin  America  needs  the  outside  world. 
But  the  world  needs  not  only  the  material 
resources  of  the  continent;  it  needs,  above 
all,  its  moral  force.  More  of  Latin 
America's  exports  come  to  the  United 
States  than  go  to  any  other  country.  The 
United  States  can  send  to  Latin  America 
one  gift  in  return  that  will  more  than  pay 
for  all  that  is  received — the  Bible. 


FETTERS  OF  IGNORANCE 

ILLITERACY,  indeed,  is  the  outstanding 
problem  of  Latin  America.  The  rate  of 
illiteracy  varies  from  40  per  cent,  of  the 
population  in  Uruguay  to  90  per  cent,  in 
Ecuador. 

New  York  City's  present  budget  for  education 
equals  the  national  budgets  for  education  of  all 
the  twenty  republics  of  Latin  America  for  the 
year  1914. 

Yet  all  the  republics  have  public  school  sys- 
tems, though  in  many  of  them  these  systems 
are  chiefly  on  paper.  In  most  of  the  countries 
educational  effort  is  concentrated  in  the  towns, 
while  the  country  districts  are  neglected.  There 
is  at  least  one  higher  school,  of  the  grade  of  the 
French  lyc6e,  in  each  capital  city,  and  in  many 
of  these  schools  professional  training  is  at- 
tempted, but  they  are  only  sufficient  to  care 
for  the  needs  of  an  insignificant  proportion  of 
the  population.  In  the  capital  city,  also,  there 
is  usually  a  national  university,  as  a  rule  the 
descendant  of  an  old  Catholic  foundation. 

It  is  gratifying  to  note  a  growing  tendency 
towards  cooperation  in  educational  matters 
between  the  United  States  and  Latin  America. 
More  and  more  the  republics  are  tending  to 
abandon  European  systems  of  education  and 
are  turning  for  example  and  encouragement  to 
this  country.  An  interesting  sign  of  the  times 
is  the  recent  exchange  of  professors  effected 
between  the  National  University  of  Chile  and 
the  University  of  California,  while  Peru  and 
Mexico  are  both  remodelling  their  educational 
systems  on  North  American  lines,  the  former 
country  having  appointed  a  North  American 
educator  as  Special  Commissioner  of  the 
Ministry  of  Public  Instruction. 

Such  fraternal  assistance  rendered  by  this 
country  is  capable  of  almost  limitless  extension. 


T 


"Y"  EVENING  CLASSES 

HE  Y.  M.  C.  A.  has  been  active  in  intro- 


ducing American  standards  of  Christian 
education  into  several  of  the  large  cities  of 
Latin  America,  where  it  conducts  evening 
classes  and  gives  physical  instruction. 

Physical   education   is  a  new   departure  for 


Latin  America,  but  its  value  in  developing  body 
and  character  is  coming  to  be  generally  appre- 
ciated. The  physical  director  of  the  Y.  M.  C.  A. 
of  Montevideo  was  asked  to  become  the 
technical  director  of  the  Uruguayan  National 
Committee  of  Physical  Education,  a  committee 
named  by  the  president  of  the  republic  and 
responsible  for  the  promotion  of  physical  educa- 
tion throughout  the  country. 

Several  Latin  American  governments  have  sup- 
ported the  international  student  camps  held 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.,  and 
departments  of  education  of  a  number  of 
republics  have  given  hearty  support  to  the 
"Y's"  plan  for  hostels  as  social  centers  for 
students  in  Buenos  Aires. 

NEED  OF  GOOD  BOOKS 

PROVISION  of  Christian  literature  in 
Spanish  and  Portuguese  is  an  urgent  need. 
The  prevailing  literature  of  Latin  America  is 
atheistic  and  often  immoral.  There  are  great 
classics,  but  there  is  hardly  any  popular  litera- 
ture to  aid  in  the  development  of  character. 
Scarcely  a  hundred  evangelical  books  of  all 
kinds  exist  in  Spanish,  and  both  the  yoimg 
evangelical  church  and  the  great  public  cry 
out  for  character-building  books  and  peri- 
odicals. 

At  present  there  are  seven  evangelical  publish- 
ing houses  all  told  in  Latin  America.  The 
American  Tract  Society,  in  particular,  has  done 
a  notable  work  in  the  field,  but  at  present  is 
able  to  meet  a  very  small  part  of  the  demand. 
The  inauguration  of  a  great  comprehensive 
program  for  the  production  of  Christian  litera- 
ture is  an  outstanding  need. 

HEALTH  FOR  THE  POOR 

A  LMOST  as  urgent  is  the  need  for  modem 
XjL  medicine  and  sanitation.  The  rich  com- 
mand the  services  of  skilled  modem  physicians, 
but  the  poor,  both  in  cities  and  country  districts, 
are  pitiable  victims  of  curable  diseases  and  are 
ignorant  of  modem  sanitation. 

Valparaiso  has  an  infant  death  rate  of  57  to 
80  per  cent.  Whole  states  are  without  a  resi- 
dent physician.  The  country  districts  are 
almost  wholly  uncared  for.   Trained  nurses  and 


72 


Latin  America:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


public  clinics  are  unknown  except  in  a  few  large 
cities. 

In  Guatemala  and  Her  People  of  Today,  pub- 
lished in  1916,  N.  O.  Winter  says  that  there 
is  a  wide  open  door  for  Protestantism  among  the 
poor — "Children  and  poor  people  literally  die 
here  by  the  hundred  without  any  proper  medical 
care." 

VICE  AND  SUFFERING 

PROSTITUTION,  illegitimacy  and  child 
labor  are  other  evils,  which  only  an  advance 
in  the  moral  standards  of  the  community  can 
cure. 

Prostitution  is  rife,  and  its  concomitant,  ven- 
ereal disease,  very  prevalent.  In  some  parts 
of  the  continent  it  is  estimated  that  those 
afflicted  with  venereal  disease  are  as  many  as 
85  per  cent,  of  the  entire  population. 

Illegitimacy  is  high  in  all  Latin -American 
coxmtries,  and  in  some,  like  Paraguay,  it  exceeds 
50  per  cent. 

Child  labor  is  quite  general  throughout  the 
continent.  In  Mexico,  however,  laws  regulat- 
ing it  have  recently  been  passed,  though  their 
enforcement  meets  with  great  difficulty. 

Much  needs  to  be  done  in  the  care  of  the  unfit. 
Mendicancy  is  a  profession,  as  it  is  in  Spain  and 
Italy.  Blindness  is  a  common  affliction  in  most 
of  the  Latin-American  republics,  and  little  or 
no  provision  is  made  for  its  victims. 

Conditions  in  the  prisons  are  usually  deplor- 
able, though  in  some  of  the  capitals  the  peni- 
tentiary is  a  "show"  place  and  the  prisoners  in 
such  an  institution  may  be  considerably  better 
off  than  the  poorer  class  of  citizens. 

In  practically  all  the  countries  prisoners  will 
be  found  in  the  jails  on  account  of.  political 
crimes.  The  law  of  "incomunicado"  is  general. 
This  means  that  a  man  accused  of  a  crime  or 
even  witnesses  in  the  case  may  be  kept  in  close 
confinement  for  three  days  without  trial. 

LAND  OF  THE  FUTURE 

ECONOMICALLY  Latin  America    is    the 
land  of  the  future.     Just  as  the  most 
remarkable  developments  of  the  nineteenth 


century  took  place  in  North  America,  so  the 
most  wonderful  growth  of  the  twentieth  century 
may  be  expected  to  take  place  in  Latin 
America. 

In  natural  resources  the  country  south  of  the 
Rio  Grande  is  probably  the  richest  in  the  world. 
From  Mexico  come  oil,  silver,  henequen,  gold, 
copper,  com;  from  Central  America  we  have 
bananas,  coffee,  fine  woods,  chicle,  gold  and 
pearls;  the  South  is  rich  in  cabinet  and  dye 
woods,  meats,  wheat,  coffee,  wool,  nitrates, 
asphalt,  gold,  emeralds  and  diamonds. 

Hardly  a  beginning  has  been  made  in  develop- 
ing the  natiu^l  wealth  of  this  country.  Begin- 
ning at  the  Rio  Grande  and  extending  down 
through  Mexico,  Central  America,  across 
Panama,  over  Colombia,  Brazil,  Peru  and 
Chile,  and  the  abounding  plains  of  the  Argen- 
tine to  the  Straits  of  Magellan,  is  the  largest 
stretch  of  undeveloped  fertile  land  in  the  entire 
world. 

All  the  population  of  the  world  could  find  place 
here  and  be  only  one-third  as  crowded  as  is  the 
population  of  Porto  Rico.  The  whole  popula- 
tion of  Germany  might  be  put  comfortably  into 
a  state  in  the  north  of  Argentina  and  the  whole 
population  of  France  into  a  state  in  the  south, 
and  there  would  still  be  as  much  neutral  terri- 
tory to  keep  the  peace  between  them  as  there 
is  between  Berlin  and  Bagdad. 

INDUSTRIAL  UPHEAVAL 

DESPITE  unrivalled  advantages  in  the  way 
of  almost  unexplored  resources,  the  present 
unequal  distribution  of  wealth  and  opportunity 
has  its  reflex  in  the  same  kind  of  industrial 
troubles  that  have  afflicted  the  rest  of  the 
civilized  world. 

Great  strikes  have  taken  place  recently  in 
practically  all  the  republics.  Some  thousand 
strikers  were  killed  in  a  single  demonstratipn 
in  the  city  of  Sao  Paulo.  The  social  upheaval 
in  Mexico  is  destined  to  be  re-enacted  in  Chile 
and  other  Latin-American  countries  if  the 
problems  of  labor  are  left  unsolved. 

Here,  as  in  our  own  country,  the  correction  of 
industrial  maladjustment  must  be  through  the 
steady  permeation  of  the  community  by  the 
principles  and  ideals  of  Jesus  Christ. 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  Latin  America 


73 


One  indication  of  the  natural  wealth  of  the 
Latin-American  countries  is  the  discrepancy 
between  their  export  and  their  import  business. 
In  a  total  foreign  trade  of  nearly  three  billion 
dollars,  exports  exceed  imports  by  $650,000,000. 

How  rapidly  trade  is  growing  is  shown  by  the 
fact  that  some  of  the  Latin- American  countries 
have  increased  their  foreign  trade  during  the 
last  five  years  by  more  than  100  per  cent.  Of 
the  twenty  republics  only  six  show  a  decrease 
in  foreign  trade  diuing  the  last  five  years. 

Thus  it  is  clear  that  in  material  things  the  out- 
side world  needs  Latin  America  far  more  than 
Latin  America  needs  the  outside  world.  But 
the  world  not  only  needs  the  material  resources 
of  Latin  America;  it  needs,  above  all,  the  moral 
force  of  this  great  continent,  comprising  almost 
one-sixth  of  the  total  area  of  the  world,  on  the 
side  of  the  kingdom. 

A  greater  proportion  of  Latin  America's  ma- 
terial resources  comes  to  the  United  States  than 
goes  to  any  other  country.  The  United  States 
can  send  to  Latin  America  one  gift  in  return 
that  will  more  than  pay  for  all  that  is  re- 
ceived—the gift  of  the  Bible. 

OUR  SPECIAL  RESPONSIBILITY 

FROM  the  above  statement  of  the  problem,  it 
is  apparent  that,  though  Latin  America  is 
nominally  Christian,  it  constitutes  for  the 
evangelical  churches  one  of  the  most  important 
territories  of  all  the  missionary  fields.  The 
churches  of  this  country,  for  obvious  reasons  of 
propinquity  and  similarity  of  institutions,  must 
acknowledge  a  special  responsibility  for  this 
field. 

How  are  the  churches  meeting  this  responsi- 
bility? 

A  visitor  to  the  capitals  and  port  cities  of  Latin 
America  will  be  impressed  with  the  smallness  of 
the  evangelical  work  done  there.  When  he 
visits  the  smaller  cities  and  towns  he  will  be 
appalled  by  the  utter  lack  of  it. 

In  Mexico  there  are  states  with  a  million  popu- 
lation where  no  foreign  missionary  works. 
There  are  only  200  ordained  ministers,  both 
foreign  and  native,  to  preach  the  gospel  to 
fifteen  million  people.     Seventy-five  thousand 


souls  are  thus  dependent  on  each  ordained 
minister. 

A  representative  of  the  Guggenheim  interests 
said  that  before  the  revolution  practically  a 
million  Mexicans — one  out  of  every  fifteen  of 
the  population — ^were  dependent  on  that  and 
allied  corporations. 

To  help  Mexico  teach  the  80  per  cent,  of 
illiterates  in  her  population,  there  are  alto- 
gether 177  mission  schools. 

American  capitalists  have  invested  a  billion 
dollars  in  Mexico.  For  missionary  purposes  we 
have  invested  a  little  more  than  one-five- 
himdredth  part  of  that  amount. 

In  the  northern  half  of  Peru,  a  stretch  of  terri- 
tory larger  than  our  own  thirteen  original 
states,  there  is  not  one  evangelical  missionary. 
There  are  ten  provinces  in  this  historic  repub- 
lic, each  larger  than  Holland,  where  there  is  no 
evangelical  work.  In  Bolivia  the  evangelical 
church  has  scarcely  one  hundred  member^. 

Great  areas  in  Chile  and  Argentina  are  still 
untouched  by  evangelical  missionaries,  and  only 
the  fringes  along  the  ocean  and  river  fronts  of 
Uruguay  and  Brazil  are  occupied. 

Two  missionary  couples  have  recently  been  sent 
to  Paraguay  as  the  first  step  toward  facing  the 
great  problem  that  country  presents. 

LARGEST  UNOCCUPIED  FIELD 

THE  greatest  stretch  of  imevangelized  terri- 
tory in  the  world  lies  in  the  center  of  South 
America,  including  the  interior  of  Brazil, 
Venezuela,  Colombia,  Ecuador,  Peru,  Bolivia 
and  Paraguay.  An  irregular  territory  some  two 
thousand  miles  long  and  from  five  hundred  to 
fifteen  hundred  miles  wide  would  only  include 
two  or  three  missionaries. 

In  Northern  Brazil  there  are  seven  states,  with 
populations  ranging  from  that  of  Maine  to  that 
of  New  Jersey,  with  no  foreign  missionary. 

In  spite  of  the  needs,  as  great  in  the  interior  of 
South  America  as  in  China  or  Africa,  American 
mission  boards  do  not  support  one  hospital  in 
all  the  continent. 

In  the  five  republics  of  Central  America  there 


74 


Latin  America:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


are  only  ten  evangelical  church  buildings.  Our 
missions  support  four  schools  and  one  hospital 
in  all  of  Central  America. 

In  little  Panama,  which  owes  its  very  existence 
to  the  United  States,  there  is  only  one  mission- 
ary preaching  the  simple  gospel  of  Jesus  Christ 
to  350,000  Spanish-speaking  Panamanians. 
There  are  eight  ordained  missionaries  in 
Venezuela,  trjring  to  serve  a  population  of 
nearly  three  million.  To  educate  the  85 
per  cent,  of  her  population  who  cannot  read 
and  write  there  are  two  little  primary  schools 
with  a  small  enrolment.  In  the  whole  history  of 
this  republic  only  one  building  has  ever  been 
erected  for  school  purposes  by  either  church 
or  state,  and  that  was  a  military  academy 

In  Colombia,  which  is  larger  than  Germany, 
France,  Spain  and  Italy  together,  there  are 
only  two  ordained  evangelical  ministers  to 
every  million  of  the  population. 

In  Ecuador  there  is  practically  no  established 
mission  work,  and  no  evangelical  church  build- 
ing has  ever  been  erected  in  that  country. 

The  mission  work  already  established  has  been 
so  successful  that  Brazil  has  asked  the  mission- 
aries to  take  charge  of  two  of  its  large  industrial 
schools;  Paraguay  offers  to  turn  over  its  agri- 
cultural school;  Bolivia  has  heavily  subsidized 
missionary  education;  and  Mexico  has  placed 
Protestants  in  most  prominent  positions  both 
in  education  and  in  administration. 

In  every  southern  republic  missionaries  are 
honored,  and  both  officials  and  people  are  de- 
manding a  great  and  immediate  enlargement  of 
their  service. 

The  presidents  of  at  least  five  countries, 
Mexico,  Guatemala,  Argentina,  Bolivia  and 
Ecuador,  have  asked  that  Protestant  mission 
work  be  carried  on  in  their  countries.  Prac- 
tically every  mission  school  in  Latin  America  is 
overcrowded  and  could  be  filled  immediately 
to  twice  its  present  capacity. 

READY  FOR  ADVANCE 

THE  missionary  forces  in  Latin  America  are 
united,  ready  for  a  great  advance.  For  five 
years  the  Committee  on  Cooperation  in  Latin 
America,  acting  as  a  board  of  strategy  for  thirty 


missionary  societies,  has  been  minutely  study- 
ing its  field,  working  out  for  the  boards  a  better 
distribution  of  territorial  responsibility  and  a 
cooperative  plan  for  the  training  of  national 
leaders,  the  production  of  Christian  literature, 
and  the  reaching  of  the  last  man  with  the 
gospel  message. 

A  common  language,  common  religious  inheri- 
tances, a  common  form  of  government  and  com- 
mon problems  and  ideals  give  an  opportunity 
absolutely  unique  in  the  world's  missionary 
history  to  develop  a  united  program  for  a 
continent-and-a-half. 

There  ought  to  be  established  or  enlarged  as 
a  result  of  the  Interchurch  World  Movement 
the  following:  theological  seminaries  in  Mexico, 
Porto  Rico,  Cuba,  Chile,  Uruguay  and  Brazil; 
union  colleges,  with  departments  for  training 
Christian  workers,  in  Mexico,  Porto  Rico, 
Panama,  Argentina  and  Chile;  union  normal 
schools  in  Chile,  Cuba  and  Costa  Rica;  union 
agricultural  schools  in  Mexico,  Brazil  and  Cuba; 
union  universities  in  Mexico  and  Brazil. 

The  need  is  urgent  for  the  establishment  of 
union  book-stores  in  every  capital  in  Latin 
America;  for  employment  of  colporters  for 
country  districts;  for  organization  of  central 
boards  of  publication  with  sufficient  capital 
to  publish  for  the  rising  church  in  these  fields 
and  for  books  on  the  spiritual  life  and  character 
building,  and  also  children's  books  and  period- 
icals for  church  leaders,  families  and  intellectual 
classes. 

National  evangelists  and  North  American 
leaders  are  in  great  demand  to  give  addresses 
in  theaters,  halls  and  educational  institutions, 
as  well  as  to  hold  evangelistic  meetings  in 
churches  all  through  Latin  America,  taking  ad- 
vantage of  the  ripeness  of  the  field,everywhere  in 
evidence,  for  a  great  ingathering  to  the  churches. 


<< 


NORTHFIELDS"  NEEDED 

THE  Panama  Congress  and  the  subsequent 
regional  conferences  are  still  bearing  fruit. 
A  better  imderstanding  exists  between  the 
various  evangelical  missions.  There  is  less 
competition  and  more  cooperation  according  to 
definite  and  mutually  acceptable  plans. 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  Latin  America 


75 


. 


Several  "Northfields"  should  be  established 
throughout  Latin  America  where  conferences 
can  be  held,  where  missionaries  may  have  con- 
tact with  each  other,  and  where  intensive  train- 
ing can  be  given  to  numbers  of  national  workers 
who  must  now  be  quickly  prepared  to  carry  out 
the  large  advance  program  planned  by  the 
churches. 

The  program  for  the  Indians  includes  ten  great 
central  industrial  schools  and  farms,  and  fifteen 
centers  from  which  an  evangelist,  physician  and 
nurse  will  work  out  into  the  interior. 

The  establishment  of  social  centers  is  called 


for  in  several  of  the  larger  cities,  while  the 
introduction  of  some  form  of  social  service 
in  connection  with  each  church  that  has  its 
own  building  is  necessary. 

A  Y.  M.  C.A.  "plant"  costing  $100,000  has 
just  been  erected  at  Montevideo.  Loud  and 
insistent  calls  for  the  opening  of  Y.  M.  C.  A.'s 
are  coming  in  from  the  larger  cities  elsewhere  in 
Latin  America. 

Careful  plans  and  estimates  have  been  made 
for  all  departments  of  the  work  of  each 
board,  and  these  will  fit  into  the  great  whole, 
with  the  one  objective  that  the  last  man  in 


EFFECT  OF  COOPERATION  IN  MEXICO 


MEXICO  -  1914 

NBSSIONARY  OCCUPATION  BEFORE 
COOPERATION  WAS  EFFECTED 


Vtry  InadaqiMtetjr  eccupM  -  evcrtoggjng 
Vary  in.dMuat.ty  occuptad.  -  fw  ovaflappinf 
Moat  naariy  occupiad  -  ovartapping 
MoM  naariy  occupiad  -no  ovartepptng 
UnoccuPfd  by  any  avangeiiatic  miasionary 


MEXICO  «  1920 

COMPLETE  MISSIONARY  RESPONSIBILITY 
DIVIDED  COOPERATIVELY 


, 


COOPERATION  among  missionary  bodies  has  done  away  with  the  un- 
occupied fields  in  Mexico.  The  entire  territory  has  been  assigned  to  one 
or  another  of  the  mission  boards.  Yet  today  there  are  states  with  a  million 
population  where  no  foreign  missionary  actually  works.  There  are  only  200 
ordained  Protestant  ministers,  both  foreign  and  native,  to  preach  the  gospel 
to  fifteen  million  people.  American  capitalists  have  invested  a  billion  dollars 
in  Mexico.  For  missionary  purposes  we  have  invested  a  little  more  than  one 
five-hundredth  part  of  that  amount. 


76 


Latin  America:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


Latin  America,    from   Intellectual   to    Indian, 
shall  know  Christ. 


of  old  suspicions  and  a  desire  for  new  friendship 
with  the  United  States — these  are  the  all-inclu- 


This  is  the  best  descriptive  word  for  Latin  sive  conditions  which  assure  victory  for  the 
America.  A  new  industrial  era;  a  new  open-  carefully  planned  Christian  program  in  Latin 
mindedness  and  seeking  after  God ;  a  dispelling     America. 

Pan- America  for  the  Kingdom 

Four  hundred  and  thirty  new  missionaries  to  carry  the  message  of  Protestant 
Christianity  to  the  people  of  our  sister  continent. 

Interchurch  World  Movement  Estimates  for  American  Foreign  Missionary  Societies 

in  Latin  America 


Missionaries 
needed  for  1920 


Evangelistic 108 

Educational 190 

Medical 72 

Literature 8 

Others* 52 

Total. 430 

♦Business  agents,  industrial  and  institutional  workers,  etc. 


Missionaries  needed 
for  5-year  period 
1920-1925 

352 

621 

234 

26 

168 

1,401 


THE  NEAR  EAST 

THE  Christian  world  has  a  great  debt  to  pay  to  the  Near  East.  For  many 
years  the  ancient  lands  that  lie  between  Europe  and  Asia  have  been  the  scene 
of  European  intrigue.  The  so-called  Christian  nations  have  taken  advantage 
of  the  corruption  of  Moslem  officials  to  use  them  as  pawns  in  the  game  of  Western 
politics.  Indirectly  the  West  has  assisted  in  the  exploitation  of  the  peoples  under 
Turkish  rule.  The  great  nations,  prompted  by  self-interest,  have  even  stood  by  and 
watched  the  massacre  of  the  long  tortured  Armenians  by  the  fanatic  Moslems. 

Now  comes  a  chance  for  reparation.  Turkey,  pfeying  now  on  one  side  and  now  on  the 
other  in  the  great  European  game,  cast  her  lot  on  the  wrong  side  in  the  great  war. 
She  has  suffered  defeat  with  Germany.  The  peoples  whom  she  has  oppressed  for 
centuries  will  be  under  her  rule  no  more. 


OPPORTUNITY,  TEMPTATION 

THE  Allies  have  an  opportunity  to  put  the 
Near  East  on  the  road  to  independence  and 
self-govemment.  They  have  also  the  tempta- 
tion to  retain  for  themselves  coveted  spoils. 

Asia  Minor  holds  an  almost  untouched  wealth 
in  oil  and  minerals.  It  is  the  home  of  exotic 
products  much  in  demand  by  the  Western 
world — figs,  dates,  nuts,  licorice,  coffee,  rose 
oil,  mohair,  emery,  meerschaum,  rare  rugs 
woven  in  remote  huts  in  remote  villages.  It 
has  broad  stretches  of  fertile  land  which, 
developed,  would  make  it  one  of  the  great  food 
supply  regions  of  the  world.  Irrigation  would 
turn  whole  deserts  into  wheat  fields.  The 
introduction  of  modem  methods  of  cattle 
raising  would  make  the  broad  plains  of  the 
Near  East  rival  our  own  western  plains  as 
producers  of  meat  and  hides  and  wool.  The 
Near  East  is  fitted  to  the  production  of  both 
silk  and  cotton.  It  has  forests  of  valuable 
timber,  waiting  only  the  extension  of  transpor- 
tation to  become  available. 

Will  Armenia  and  Mesopotamia,  Arabia,  Pales- 
tine and  Syria  be  given  a  fair  chance  for  self- 
development,  or  will  they  be  parcelled  out 
among  the  powers  and  remain  a  storm  center  of 
European  politics? 


PEOPLE,  NOT  POLITICS 

NO  ONE  can  tell  what  course  European 
politics  will  take.  But  while  the  decision 
hangs  fire,  a  beginning  can  be  made  toward  pay- 
ing the  debt  of  the  West  to  the  Near  East. 

The  immediate  problem  of  those  tortured  lands 
is  not  to  be  considered  in  terms  of  politics,  but 
in  terms  of  people.  There  are  sick  to  be  healed ; 
hungry  to  be  fed;  naked  to  be  clothed.  The 
entire  territory  has  been  swept  by  war  and 
massacre,  plague  and  pestilence.  Thousands  of 
men  and  women  and  children,  always  near  the 
poverty  line,  are  destitute.  In  Armenia  there 
are  400,000  orphans.  Thousands  of  Christian 
families,  driven  from  their  homes  by  the  Turks, 
are  destitute  in  Russia. 

The  entire  Near  East  is,  and  will  be  for  years 
to  come,  a  field  for  relief  work.  What  more 
striking  demonstration  of  Christianity  can 
America  give  the  Moslem  than  to  aid  in  the 
reconstruction  of  the  lands  for  whose  failure 
to  progress  the  Western  world  is  so  largely 
responsible? 

TURKEY 

TURKEY  is  bankrupt  financially.  No  esti- 
mates are  available  of  the  present  national 
debt,  but  in  August,  1918,  it  had  reached  almost 
$485,000,000-a  little  over  $50  an  inhabitant. 


78 


The  Near  East:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


The  national  debt  of  the  United  States  averages 
only  about  $26  per  capita,  and  we  have  wealth 
and  resources,  a  stable  government,  and  a 
booming  trade  as  security.  In  Turkey,  pro- 
duction, never  great,  is  now  almost  at  a  stand- 
still. Commerce  is  disorganized.  The  morale 
of  the  people  is  broken  down  by  hunger  and 
disease  and  bloodshed.  The  taxes  cannot  be 
paid. 

Turkey  is  being  held  in  a  receivership.  At 
present  it  is  being  governed  by  an  international 
commission,  which  controls  the  railroads  and 
telegraph  lines,  collects  the  customs  duties  and 
applies  them  on  the  foreign  debt,  and  generally 
keeps  a  firm  hand  on  the  disorganized  popula- 
tion. 

Turkey  probably  will  never  again  regain  the 
subject  lands  which  it  so  long  oppressed- 
Armenia,  Kurdistan,  Mesopotamia,  Syria  and 
Palestine.  To  the  Turks  will  be  left  probably 
nothing  more  than  the  peninsula  bounded  by  the 
Black  Sea,  the  Aegean  and  the  Mediterranean. 

Turkey  is  morally  bankrupt.  Who  can  say 
that  Turkey's  present  misfortune  may  not  be 
traced  to  a  national  lack  of  character,  the  fruit 
of  years  of  adherence  to  a  degraded  Moham- 
medanism that  makes  virtues  of  lust  and 
bloodshed? 

CONFUSION  OF  PEOPLES 

TURKEY  is  the  centuries-old  bridge  between 
Europe  and  Asia.  For  more  than  two 
thousand  years  the  commerce  and  civilization 
of  two  continents  have  passed  and  repassed  by 
the  Golden  Horn.  Her  population  has  been  de- 
veloped from  the  hordes  that  cross  and  recross 
her  territory.  Turks,  Greeks,  Armenians, 
Kurds,  Bulgars,  Jews,  Syrians,  Assyrians, 
peoples  antagonistic  in  race  and  religion,  in- 
habit her  316,000  square  miles  of  territory. 

Before  the  war,  the  population  of  Turkey  was 
about  thirteen  and  a  half  million;  of  these  about 
two  million  were  Greeks  and  another  two 
million  Armenians.  Now  the  population  is 
scarcely  nine  million.  According  to  the  most 
reliable  statistics,  at  least  one  million  Arme- 
nians and  half  a  million  Greeks  were  massacred 
or  died  of  exposure,  disease,  and  starvation 
during  the  so-called  "deportations";  and  the 


battle  toll  of  Turks  was  about  three  million. 
Add  to  this  loss  the  loss  in  production  and  the 
loss  in  strength  among  the  surviving  inhabi- 
tants, and  Turkey's  war  loss  reaches  colossal 
proportions. 

Turkey's  problem  is  one  of  construction,  not 
of  reconstruction.  She  needs  a  new  order,  not 
a  return  to  the  old  one,  oppressive  and  careless 
of  human  life. 

AGRICULTURAL  COUNTRY 

TURKEY  is  primarily  an  agricultural  coun- 
try. Sixty-five  per  cent,  of  her  population  is 
rural,  and  an  additional  10  per  cent,  is  nomadic, 
depending  for  a  living  on  flocks  and  herds. 
Yet  the  freeholder  in  old  Turkey  was  an  excep- 
tion. Most  of  the  land  was  held  under  a  feudal 
system  which  made  it  the  property  of  the  Sul- 
tan, who,  through  his  officials,  granted  the  right 
to  cultivate  on  the  pajrment  of  certain  fees,  but 
never  let  go  his  overlordship. 

A  large  part  of  the  State  revenue  in  pre-war 
times  was  gained  from  tithes  on  agricultural 
products,  levied  under  a  burdensome  and  op- 
pressive system.  Though  the  soil  is,  for  the 
most  part,  fertile,  capable  of  producing  valuable 
crops,  agriculture  has  been  carried  on  in  a 
primitive  fashion;  the  land  has  not  been  made 
to  yield  nearly  the  amount  of  which  it  is  cap- 
able. Nor  has  the  most  been  made  of  the  Turk- 
ish resources  in  minerals.  Even  the  fisheries, 
rich  as  has  been  their  yield  in  pearls  and 
sponges  and  mother  of  pearl,  have  been  carried 
on  in  a  primitive  way,  not  calculated  to  develop 
them  to  their  utmost. 

Modem  industry  is  almost  unknown. 

LAGGING  BEHIND 

TURKEY  is  centuries  behind  the  Christian 
world  in  education  and  health,  in  the 
protection  of  women  and  children  and  the  care 
of  the  unfit — in  everything  that  makes  life 
worth  living  for  the  great  masses  of  the  people. 

An  educational  system  which  required  school 
attendance  from  all  children  between  the  ages 
of  six  and  sixteen  was  inaugurated  by  the  Turk- 
ish Government,  but  actually  not  over  60  per 
cent,  of  the  Mohammedan  children  between 
six  and  twelve  years  of  age  attended  school. 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  The  Near  East 


79 


On  the  other  hand,  95  per  cent,  of  the 
Christian  children  in  normal  times  were  in 
school,  although  the  Christians  had  to  support 
two  school  systems,  the  State  schools  attended 
by  Mohammedan  children  only,  and  the  schools 
for  their  own  children. 

The  literacy  rate  shows  the  contrast  between 
Turkish  and  Christian  standards  of  education. 
Nine  out  of  ten  of  the  Armenian  men  can 
read  and  write,  and  six  out  of  ten  of  the 
Armenian  women.  For  the  Greeks,  the  figures 
are  about  eight  out  of  ten  for  the  men  and  a 
little  less  than  six  out  of  ten  for  the  women. 
For  the  Turks,  they  are  a  little  more  than  three 
out  of  ten  for  the  men,  and  only  one  out  of  ten 
for  the  women. 

The  high  literacy  rate  of  the  Armenians  un- 
doubtedly can  be  attributed  in  part  to  mission- 
ary effort.  The  schools  of  the  Armenian 
Evangelical  Church  were  largely  supported  by 
the  American  Board,  the  mission  agency  with 
the  most  extensive  work  in  Turkey.  In  1914 
the  board  was  maintaining  426  schools,  includ- 
ing eight  colleges  and  three  theological  schools, 
with  a  total  enrolment  of  25,221.  In  addition 
to  these  schools,  the  Armenian  National 
Church  supported  803  schools,  with  a  total 
attendance  of  81,226.  The  Roman  Catholic 
supported  500  schools,  with  59,414  pupils,  and 
the  Greek  Church  had  1,830  schools  and  184,586 
pupils. 

REBUILDING  THE  SCHOOLS 

MANY  of  the  Christian  schools  and  colleges 
of  Turkey  were  destroyed  during  the 
war.  Especially  in  Armenia,  buildings  have 
been  razed  and  many  of  the  native  teachers 
killed  or  exiled. 

Many  Armenian  children  have  been  out  of 
school  for  four  or  five  years.  A  missionary 
reports  that  he  is  visited  frequently  by  delega- 
tions of  Armenians  asking,  not  for  bread  or 
clothing,  though  they  need  both  sorely,  but 
for  schools,  that  their  children  may  not  grow 
up  uneducated. 

Turkey  needs  Christian  schools  and  Christian 
teachers.  And  Turkey  wants  Christian  schools 
and  Christian  teachers. 


The  Turkish  governor  of  Marsovan  recently 
decided  to  send  his  son  to  the  mission  school  in 
the  city  instead  of  the  Turkish  government 
school. 

The  more  progressive  among  the  Turks  recog- 
nize that  the  Western  education  offered  by  the 
missions  is  of  more  value  than  the  haphazard 
instruction  of  the  Turkish  government  schools. 

Especially  are  schools  for  higher  education 
needed.  The  one  Turkish  university  at  Con- 
stantinople is  hopelessly  inadequate  to  train 
the  leaders  of  Turkey.  Thousands  of  young 
men  are  asking  for  a  chance  to  enter  the  Ameri- 
can colleges,  but  at  present  only  a  small  per- 
centage can  be  admitted.  The  schools  of  the 
interior  especially  have  not  recovered  from  the 
effects  of  the  war. 

Robert  College  and  Constantinople  College  for 
Girls,  although  independent  of  the  mission 
boards,  have  long  been  centers  of  Christian 
education  in  the  Near  East.  Both  were  able  to 
keep  open  during  the  war,  in  spite  of  the  great 
difficulties.  This  year  Constantinople  College 
has  an  enrolment  of  600  girls,  representing 
fifteen  different  nationalities.  Robert  College 
has  been  able  to  admit  only  632  students  out 
of  1,500  applicants,  representing  twenty  differ- 
ent nationalities.  In  1914  Anatolia  College  had 
425  students.     Today  President  White  writes: 

"We  could  easily  enroll  one  thousand  students 
if  we  could  take  care  of  them  .  .  .  the  future 
of  Turkey  is  in  the  Christian  education  which 
can  be  given  to  the  boys  and  girls  of  today." 

MATERIAL  OF  EDUCATION 

THERE  is  a  great  need  in  Turkey  for  the 
material  of  education  as  represented  by 
books  and  newspapers.  There  is  an  especial 
need  for  Christian  literature,  since  during  the 
war  the  Turks  destroyed  all  Bibles,  hymn-books, 
everything  they  could  lay  their  hands  on  that 
pertained  to  the  Christian  religion. 

Libraries  are  also  greatly  needed.  The  only 
libraries  in  Turkey  are  those  connected  with  the 
schools  maintained  by  Christian  communities. 

In  no  way  can  the  Christian  ideals  be  better 
promulgated  than  through  books  that  give  the 
best  of  Western  life  and  thought. 


80 


The  Near  East:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


BAD  HEALTH  CONDITIONS 

HEALTH  conditions  in  Turkey,  as  in  most 
parts  of  the  non-Christian  world,  are 
bad.  Only  a  few  big  coast  cities  exert  any 
municipal  control  over  the  water  supply. 
Except  in  a  few  large  cities,  sewage  systems  are 
unknown.  The  result  is  frequent  epidemic; 
typhus,  typhoid  fever,  Asiatic  cholera  and 
malaria  are  conmion. 

Venereal  disease  is  prevalent.  In  some  cities 
as  many  as  80  or  90  per  cent,  of  the  inhabi- 
tants are  infected. 

In  the  entire  coimtry  there  are  only  eight 
thousand  doctors — about  one  for  every  twenty 
thousand  persons. 

At  present  there  is  only  one  medical  school  in 
Anatolia,  or  Turkey  proper — that  connected 
with  the  Imperial  University.  There  are  only 
twelve  foreign  missionary  doctors  and  about 
twenty  native  missionary  doctors. 

There  are  only  one  hundred  hospitals,  most  of 
them  maintained  in  the  larger  cities.  Great 
areas  are  far  out  of  reach  of  hospital  care. 
There  are  not  over  one  hundred  nurses  in  all  of 
Turkey. 

There  are  five  thousand  midwives,  most  of  them 
ignorant  and  imtrained. 

For  every  two  babies  that  come  into  the  world, 
one  dies  before  it  is  a  year  old 

Christian  standards  of  care  for  mothers  and 
babies  would  save  many  of  these  little  imfortu- 
nates  for  useful  lives  and  would  prevent  a  large 
additional  wastage  in  ill-health  and  resulting 
inefficiency. 

Especially  during  the  next  few  years  will 
Turkey  be  in  need  of  medical  care.  Her  people 
have  been  underfed  for  years;  they  are  an  easy 
prey  to  disease.  Only  by  the  persistent  preach- 
ing of  modem  hygiene  and  sanitation  and  by 
prompt  and  efficient  medical  care,  can  repeated 
plague  and  pestilence  be  averted. 

ENSLAVEMENT  OF  WOMEN 

AT  THE  very  root  of  Turkey's  decadence  is 
L  the  enslavement  of  womankind.  Perhaps 
nowhere  is  woman  more  degraded,  more  of  an 
instrument  of  man's  pleasure,  less  of  an  indi- 


vidual. Polygamy  is  common  among  the 
Mohammedan  population.  Divorce  is  frequent. 
A  husband  can  put  away  his  wife  at  his  pleasure. 
A  woman  is  bound  to  her  husband  for  as  long 
as  he  cares  to  keep  her. 

The  war  has  had  its  effect  not  only  in  the  spread 
of  disease,  but  in  the  increase  of  immorality. 

The  policy  of  the  Turkish  army  is  to  allow  and 
even  encourage  unlimited  license  among  the 
troops.  Hundreds  of  Christian  women  and 
girls  have  been  forced  to  turn  Mohammedan 
and  take  up  their  life  in  harems;  hundreds  of 
others  have  been  forced  into  prostitution. 
Before  the  war  there  was  very  little  organized 
vice.  Now  there  are  25,000  prostitutes  in 
Turkey. 

CROSS  AND  CRESCENT 

CONSTANTINOPLE,  or  the  ancient 
Byzantium,  was  the  cradle  of  Christianity 
as  embodied  in  the  Eastern  churches.  In  1453 
A.  D.,  however,  the  Moslem  horde  swept  into 
Europe  through  the  Turkish  gateway,  and 
began  the  process  of  conversion  by  the  sword. 

Today  Turkey  is  56  per  cent.  Mohammedan. 
Thirty-eight  per  cent,  of  the  population  is 
Christian;  6  per  cent,  holds  other  faiths. 

Protestantism  has  been  introduced  into  Tiu-key 
in  the  last  hundred  years  through  the  efforts 
of  American  missionaries.  About  one  out 
of  every  ninety  inhabitants  is  a  Protestant 
Christian. 

The  bulwark  of  Protestant  Christianity  is  the 
Evangelical  Church  of  Armenia,  which  is  the 
result  of  one  hundred  years  of  activity  on  the 
pari:  of  the  American  Board  of  Commissioners 
for  Foreign  Missions.  The  church  works  in 
cooperation  with  the  board,  which  aids  in  the 
support  of  the  weaker  churches  and  schools. 
Its  membership  numbers  over  100,000,  thirteen 
thousand  of  whom  are  communicants. 

The  strength  of  this  church,  its  democratic 
organization,  and  its  peculiar  success  in  in- 
terpreting the  West  to  the  Eastern  peoples  of 
Armenia,  make  it  stand  out  among  the  inde- 
pendent Christian  churches  of  the  non- 
Christian  worid. 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  The  Near  East 

LOOK  TO  WEST  FOR  AID 

AT  PRESENT  most  of  the  churches  and 
.  schools  that  have  been  built,  often  at  the 
cost  of  life  and  persecution,  are  in  ruins. 
Armenia,  the  long-suffering,  looks  to  the 
Western  world  for  aid.  The  Armenian  Evan- 
gelical churches  in  America  are  making  an 
organized  effort  to  raise  a  fund  for  the  rehabili- 
tation of  the  church  in  Armenia;  but  they  are 
too  few  to  accomplish  much  unaided. 

Russian  Armenia,  Georgia,  Kurdistan,  and 
Azerbaijan  probably  will  never  again  be  under 
Turkish  rule.  This  will  open  up  vast  new 
fields  for  missionary  endeavor.  It  will  furnish 
the  opportunity,  lacking  under  Turkish  domina- 
tion, for  an  open  evangelistic  appeal  to  the 
Moslem  peoples. 

The  Moslem  is  in  a  receptive  mood  for  Christian 
ideals.  The  suffering  and  mart5Tdom  of 
thousands  of  Armenians  and  Greeks  have  not 
been  without  effect.  The  Turks  are  impressed 
as  never  before  with  the  reality  of  a  Faith  that 
outlives  torture. 


81 


At  present  there  are  only  147  missionaries  in 
Turkey.  This  is  but  one  for  every  68,000  of 
population. 

Turkey  needs  missionaries;  she  needs  teachers 
and  doctors. 

Can  we  withhold  from  the  Mohammedan 
world  the  sorely  needed  inspiration  of  Christian 
standards  of  life  and  conduct? 

PERSIA 

PERSIA  is  an  elevated  plateau  of  628,000 
square  miles,  surrounded  and  intersected  by 
mountains.  The  rugged,  impassable  mountains 
and  the  lack  of  railroads  make  traveling  in  the 
country  extremely  difficult.  In  all  Persia  there 
are  only  one  hundred  miles  of  railroad,  still 
unfinished.  Several  good  trade  routes  intersect 
the  country,  however,  and  the  British  have 
planned  two  trunk  lines  which  will  do  much 
toward  opening  up  the  country  to  missionary 
effort. 

The  potential  agricultural  wealth  of  the  country 


RUGS  FOR  AMERICA  AND  MISSIONARIES 

FOR  PERSIA 


S212,896 


SPENT  BY  THE  U.  S. 

FOR  MISSIONS  IN 

PERSIA  IN  1916 


SPENT    BY  AMERICANS    FOR.  PERSIAN    RUGS     •    •     •    IN    1916 


si,ooo,ooo 


THE  women  who  weave  rugs  in  little  Persian  villages  lack  most  of  the  things 
that  the  American  women  who  buy  the  rugs  consider  necessary  for  decent 
living.  The  majority  of  them  are  out  of  reach  of  a  doctor.  Their  babies  die 
at  the  rate  of  one  out  of  every  two  bom.  They  themselves  for  the  most  part 
are  illiterate,  and  their  children  have  small  opportunity  for  education.  Persian 
rugs,  and  the  tradition  of  art  that  lies  back  of  them,  are  a  real  contribution 
to  Western  life.  Can  the  Western  world  offer  nothing  in  return  to  make  Eastern 
life  more  worth  the  living? 


82 


The  Near  East:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


is  unlimited,  and  the  mineral  resources  also 
are  considerable,  offering  large  possibilities  to 
manufacturers.  Yet  little  effort  is  made  to 
take  advantage  of  this  wealth  in  minerals. 

The  more  than  twelve  million  inhabitants  in- 
clude Persians,  Tartars,  Kurds  and  related 
tribes,  Arabs,  Jews,  Armenians  and  Assyrians. 
About  half  the  inhabitants  are  rural, 
26  per  cent,  urban,  and  the  remainder 
nomadic. 


PERSIA'S  BOUNDARIES 


Boundary  of  Penia 

Temtory  which  ms  , 
aitxtranly  taken  fmn  \ 
Persia.  \ 

fTT^Tefntofy  inhabited  bf       \ 
'^'■^^  people  of  the  same         \ 
race  as  the  Persians  \ 

who  wish  to  tK  incofpof-     V 
^d  with  Persia. 


PERSIA'S  independence  is  in  the  bal- 
ance. The  agreement  reached  between 
Great  Britain  and  Persia  at  Teheran,  the 
capital  of  Persia,  violates  this  independence, 
according  to  a  protest  by  the  Persian  dele- 
gation to  the  peace  conference.  It  is 
charged  by  some  that  Great  Britain  has 
virtually  established  a  protectorate  in  Per- 
sia, but  the  British  Government  has  officially 
denied  this  through  Earl  Curzon,  who  says: 
"I  find  no  evidence  of  such  a  condition  of 
affairs  in  the  agreement.  Neither  I  nor 
my  colleagues  would  have  consented  to  or 
acquiesced  in  anjrthing  like  the  creation  of 
a  British  protectorate  over  Persia." 


DEMOCRACY  OF  CHRIST 

PERSIA  is  a  constitutional  monarchy,  ruled 
by  a  rather  unstable  ministerial  cabinet, 
with  the  Shah  as  the  nominal  head.  The  fran- 
chise is  limited  to  landowners  and  tradespeople. 
But  there  is  longing  for  something  better.  Persia 
recently  has  been  the  scene  of  popular  revolu- 
tions aiming  at  the  establishment  of  more 
democratic  forms  of  government.  Persia  has 
caught  the  unrest  that  pervades  the  Orient. 
And  it  cannot  be  denied  that  the  Persian  unrest 
is  due  largely  to  the  missionaries,  who  have 
taught  the  simple  democracy  of  Christ  to  an 
enslaved  people. 

Economically,  Persia  has  suffered  greatly  dur- 
ing the  war.  Her  foreign  trade  has  been  prac- 
tically annihilated;  famine  and  fighting  caused 
great  loss  of  human  life  and  the  loss  of  many 
animals,  the  only  means  of  transportation. 
Vineyards  and  villages  were  destroyed.  The 
economic  life  of  the  nation  in  general  has  been 
completely  upset,  and  some  time  must  elapse 
before  the  equilibrium  will  be  restored.  Here 
is  a  field  for  missionary  effort  in  relief  work  and 
in  education  of  the  sort  that  will  put  the  people 
on  the  road  to  economic  independence. 

THE  OPENING  WEDGE 

PERSIA  has  only  about  150  modem  doctors. 
Eighteen  of  them,  six  women  and  twelve 
men,  are  foreign  missionaries.  This  makes 
one  doctor  for  every  80,000  inhabitants. 

The  healer  of  the  sick  is  always  welcome  in 
Moslem  countries.  Missionary  medicine  is  a 
powerful  factor  in  opening  up  and  developing 
a  new  or  closed  area.  At  the  shrine  city  of 
Meshed  hundreds  of  Afghan  and  Turkoman 
pilgrims  are  hearing  the  message  preached  in 
the  dispensary  and  hospital.  This  dispensary 
served  over  15,000  people  in  the  first  seven 
months  after  it  was  opened.  More  than  a 
hundred  Moslem  converts  have  been  made 
through  the  medical  work  in  Ispahan  alone. 

Forty  doctors  are  needed  to  provide  adequately 
for  the  next  five  years'  campaign.  A  number  of 
native  Christian  doctors  have  been  trained  in 
the  mission  hospitals,  but  their  number  should 
be  greatly  multiplied.  In  Persia,  as  elsewhere 
in  the  Orient,  women  physicians  have  an  incal- 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  The  Near  East 


83 


culable  opportunity  among  the  women.  Today 
there  is  urgent  need  for  ten  more  women  doc- 
tors in  this  land  of  the  open  door.  How  urgent 
is  this  need  may  be  seen  from  Persia's  infant 
mortality  rate.  Every  other  child  bom  in 
Persia  dies  before  it  is  a  year  old,  usually  from 
one  of  the  ailments  caused  by  improper  feeding. 

Cholera,  typhus  and  influenza  have  repeatedly 
swept  over  Persia,  devastating  whole  districts. 
The  severe  famine  of  1917-18  killed  thousands 
of  people.  Sanitary  administration  for  public 
welfare  is  practically  non-existent. 

Of  Persia's  thirteen  hospitals,  two  are  main- 
tained by  the  government,  one  by  independent 
means,  and  ten  by  missions.  In  addition  to 
these  hospitals  there  are  twenty  dispensaries. 
The  government  maintains  a  medical  school 
and  there  are  two  nurses'  training  schools 
maintained  by  missions.  Except  for  one  leper 
colony,  no  provision  is  made  by  the  govern- 
ment, by  missions  or  by  independent  associa- 
tions for  the  treatment  of  leprous  cases. 

Persia's  great  numbers  of  unfit  people  chal- 
lenge the  attention  of  America's  missionaries. 
No  institution  exists  to  take  care  of  5,000 
feeble-minded,  10,000  blind,  5,000  deaf,  and 
approximately  10,000  insane  persons.  Nor  are 
there  any  refuges  for  the  aged  and  poor.  There 
are  only  three  orphanages,  all  maintained  by 
missions.  Of  delinquents,  there  are  at  least 
30,000  professional  beggars  and  about  500 
convicts,  all  men.  Prisons,  nothing  more  than 
dungeons,  exist  in  every  town  and  city.  No 
reformatories  or  penal  colonies  have  yet  been 
established. 

Although  there  are  many  prostitutes,  no 
attempt  is  made  at  legal  regulation  of  vice, 
except  as  provided  for  in  Islam.  Undoubtedly 
25  per  cent,  of  the  population  have  venereal 
disease. 

TWO  FREE  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS 

THE  natives  of  Persia  are  awake  to  the  need 
of  education.  But  at  present  there  are  only 
two  free  public  schools  in  Persia,  both  of  them 
controlled  by  the  government.  Most  children 
attend  private  primary  schools,  taught  by 
Mollahs.  The  church  has  full  sway  in  the 
matter  of  Persia's  schools,  with  only  slight 


government  control.  There  is,  of  course,  no 
compulsory  education  law. 

When  we  realize  that  at  the  present  time 
not  more  than  43/^  per  cent,  of  the  young 
children  of  Persia  are  in  primary  schools  and 
about  5,000  in  higher  schools,  there  is  small 
wonder  that  only  5  per  cent,  of  the  men  of 
Persia  can  read.  Only  1  per  cent,  of  the 
women  are  literate. 

Schools  have  proved  to  be  the  most  effective 
of  evangelizing  agencies  in  the  country.  There 
are  128  mission  schools  in  Persia.  The  mission 
of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  North,  maintains 
in  Teheran  an  American  high  school  for  boys 
and  the  Iran  Bethel  School  for  girls.  A  fund 
of  $250,000  has  laid  the  foundation  for  the 
development  of  the  girls'  school  into  a  college 
for  Persian  women.  The  boys'  school  also  will 
be  developed  into  a  college.  Govemment  and 
private  schools  are  mostly  imitations  of  mission 
schools. 

In  the  Christian  campaign  in  Persia  more  suc- 
cess has  attended  higher  education  among  the 
upper  classes  than  has  attended  any  other 
phase  of  mission  work. 

There  are  increasing  demands  for  Christian 
literature.  Persia  has  two  Protestant  publish- 
ing houses  and  one  Christian  newspaper. 
Teheran  has  about  ten  native  and  two  foreign 
publishing  houses.  About  twenty  native  news- 
papers are  printed,  but  no  foreign  ones.  Persia 
has  no  libraries. 

DEGRADATION  OF  WOMEN 

THERE  is  no  woman's  movement  in  Persia. 
There,  as  in  most  oriental  countries,  women 
have  few  rights.  When  a  girl  of  Persia  reaches 
the  age  of  twelve,  she  is  no  longer  free.  Her 
marriage  is  arranged  by  relatives,  and  she  must 
present  a  dowry  to  her  husband.  The  average 
marriage  age  for  a  girl  is  twelve  and  for  a  boy 
twenty.  Polygamy  and  divorce,  secondary 
wives  and  temporary  marriages,  all  current  in 
Persia,  tell  the  tale  of  woman's  degradation. 
Probably  half  the  women  who  marry  are  later 
divorced.  Women  have  no  choice  in  the  matter 
of  divorce. 

Women,  however,  are  accorded  property  rights; 


84 


The  Near  East:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


all  women,  whether  single,  married,  or  widowed, 
have  the  same  property  rights  as  men. 

Practically  all  women  of  the  rural  population 
work  in  the  fields.  About  20,000  women  work 
at  home  at  rug  weaving.  It  is  estimated  that 
1,000  women  and  children  weave  rugs  outside 
the  home.  No  laws  exist  to  protect  women  in 
industry. 

MILLIONS  WITHOUT  MISSIONARY 

PERSIA  is  essentially  a  Mohammedan  field. 
But  since  most  of  the  Persians  are  of  the 
heterodox  sect  of  Moslems,  they  offer  little 
opposition  to  the  Christian  missionary. 

Of  the  twelve  million  inhabitants,  however, 
more  than  seven  million  are  without  missionary 
influence  of  any  sort.  The  Christians  of 
Persia — and  these  include  the  Armenian  and 
Nestorian  or  Assyrian  Christians — number 
only  eight  per  thousand  of  population.  Evan- 
gelical Protestantism  can  claim  only  3,562 
people.  America's  field  in  Persia  is  the  north- 
em  section.  The  missionary  force  there  is 
wholly  inadequate. 

The  World  War  has  greatly  helped  to  increase 
missionary  opportunities  in  the  Persian  field. 
The  relief  work  done  by  the  missionaries  here 
as  elsewhere  has  softened  the  hearts  of  the 
people.  But  at  present  there  is  only  one 
Protestant  missionary  in  Persia  for  each  91,000 
people.  American  missionaries  may  bring  the 
kingdom  of  God  to  the  Persian  people  through 
teaching  and  healing.   Can  we  hold  them  back? 

SYRIA  AND  PALESTINE 

THE  "Promised  Land"  became  the  cradle  of 
our  modem  civilization.  In  Syria  and  Pal- 
estine— about  two  and  a  half  times  the  size  of 
the  state  of  Pennsylvania — the  two  great  forces 
that,  more  than  any  others,  have  influenced 
modem  thought  and  action — Judaism  and 
Christianity — were  developed. 

For  years,  with  the  exception  of  brief  intervals, 
this  land  has  been  part  of  the  Ottoman  Empire, 
and  subject  to  the  oppression  and  retardation 
that  have  always  been  the  lot  of  lands  under  the 
rule  of  the  Turk. 

But  on  Christmas  Day,  1917,  that  rule  was 


broken  forever.  Now  Palestine  and  Syria  are 
open  to  Western  influence  and  Westem  develop- 
ment. 

What  the  political  future  of  the  Bible  lands  will 
be  is  as  yet  uncertain.  There  are  many  Christians 
ready  to  believe,  with  the  Zionists,  that  there 
would  be  a  fine  historical  fitness  in  making 
Palestine  again  a  Jewish  state,  its  integrity 
guaranteed  by  the  Christian  powers.  And, 
indeed,  rightly  administered,  such  a  state  might 
prove  to  be  a  great  source  of  spiritual  influence 
throughout  the  world. 

In  whatever  hands  the  government  of  Palestine 
rests,  the  peoples  of  the  Christian  world  will 
insist  that  its  shrines  be  honored  and  protected 
and  that  its  gates  be  opened  to  all  who  come 
in  peace  to  visit  the  lands  made  holy  by  Jesus 
and  his  disciples  and  the  patriarchs  and  prophets 
of  old. 

WAR'S  DESOLATION 

1IKE  all  of  the  little  war-swept  nations, 
^  Palestine  and  Syria  have  suffered  greatly 
during  the  last  six  years.  The  population,  never 
large,  has  shrunk  to  scarcely  three  million  in- 
habitants. A  census  of  certain  districts,  made 
by  the  American  Red  Cross  relief  workers, 
shows  that  probably  one-third  of  the  inhabitants 
of  the  Lebanon  region  alone  perished  during 
the  war  from  starvation  and  disease. 

Many  villages  were  depopulated  by  famine;  the 
bodies  of  the  dead  were  too  many  for  burial; 
houses  were  stripped  of  fumiture  for  fuel  to 
prolong  life  for  a  few  more  days. 

In  Sidon,  in-  addition  to  famine,  dysentery  and 
typhus  took  a  heavy  toll,  even  in  the  wealthy 
silk  manufacturing  towns. 

Yet  in  a  way  the  war  horror  has  worked  for 
good.  Palestine  always  has  been  a  difficult 
mission  field.  It  is  a  land  of  mixed  peoples  and 
numerous  religions.  The  only  unifying  bonds 
are  the  common  customs  and  the  Arabic  lan- 
guage. Lack  of  unity  among  its  inhabitants, 
together  with  the  opposition  of  the  Turk,  has 
made  it  extraordinarily  hard  to  spread  the 
gospel  of  Christ  in  the  Holy  Land.  But  the 
relief  administered  impartially  by  the  mission- 
aries regardless  of  race  or  creed  has  opened  the 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  The  Near  East 


85 


way  to  peoples  long  antagonistic.  As  is  usual, 
the  silent  teaching  of  Christianity  through  good 
works  has  done  much  to  remove  bigotry  and 
prejudice.  Many  non-Christians  are  volun- 
tarily seeking  for  information  about  the  religion 
that  seeks  to  make  universal  brotherhood  a 
reality. 

JOINING   FORCES 

MISSIONARY  enterprise  in  the  Holy  Land 
should  make  great  strides  in  the  next 
few  years.  The  war  has  brought  the  Christians 
working  in  Palestine  into  closer  unity.  Syria 
and  Palestine  have  always,  by  virtue  of  their 
sacred  history,  appealed  to  Christians  as  a  field 
for  service.  But  while  there  have  been  many 
missions  in  the  Holy  Land,  circumstances  have 
combined  to  keep  them  isolated.  Thirty-four 
missionary  societies  are  working  in  Syria  and 
Palestine,  but  a  large  share  of  the  work  is 
done  by  one  American  mission. 

The  needs  of  the  war-stricken  country  have 
drawn  the  forces  closer  together,  and  at  a 
recent  meeting  twelve  societies  voted  unani- 
mously to  join  in  cooperative  work.  Such 
widely  divergent  groups  as  the  Society  of 
Friends  (Quakers)  and  the  Church  Missionary 
Society  (Church  of  England)  are  considering  the 
establishment  of  a  United  Church  for  Syria  and 
Palestine. 

OASES  IN  THE  DESERT 

LESTINE  and  Syria  suffer  under  most  of 


1  th 


the  handicaps  that  retard  the  peoples  of 
the  rest  of  the  old  Ottoman  Empire.  Rich  in 
resources,  almost  literally  a  land  flowing  with 
milk  and  honey,  the  Holy  Land  has  developed 
little  since  Biblical  times.  Its  people  tend  their 
flocks  and  herds  and  till  their  fields  much  as 
they  did  1,900  years  ago. 

An  exception  to  this  rule  are  the  Hebrew 
colonies.  They  are  maintained  by  various 
Jewish  organizations  outside  of  Palestine. 
There  little  groups  of  immigrants,  most  of  them 
Russian  Jews,  are  engaged  in  cooperative 
agriculture.  Each  colony  has  one  or  more 
schools,  a  synagogue,  public  library,  town  hall, 
hospital,  pharmacy  and  public  baths.  A  Jew- 
ish agricultiu^l  experiment  station  carries  on 
agricultural  and  botanical  research  work. 


These  colonies  and  the  various  activities  of  the 
missions  are  little  oases  in  a  desert  of  ignorance 
and  backwardness. 

CROWDED  SCHOOLS 

AS  ELSEWHERE  in  the  Near  East,  the 
jLJL  school  has  been  a  powerful  agent  for  the 
spreading  of  Christian  ideals. 

The  government  schools  in  Palestine,  as  else- 
where in  the  Ottoman  Empire,  were  open  only 
to  Mohammedan  children.  Schools  for  Christian 
children  were  provided  by  the  Eastern  churches 
or  by  the  missions.  In  1914  there  were  130 
primary  schools  and  five  secondary  schools 
maintained  by  missions  in  Palestine  and  Sjaia. 
Ninety-eight  of  these  schools  were  supported 
by  the  Presbyterian  Board  of  Missions,  long 
active  in  the  Holy  Land. 

The  American  schools  were  the  only  ones  that 
were  permitted  to  remain  open  during  the  war. 
Shortage  of  supplies  forced  some  of  them  to 
close  their  doors,  but  many  remained  open  at 
the  cost  of  considerable  hardship. 

Indicative  of  the  need  for  schools  is  the  report 
of  the  American  School  for  Girls  maintained 
at  Beimt  by  the  Presbyterian  Board  of  Mis- 
sions. The  closing  of  this  school  for  diplo- 
matic reasons  from  October  17,  1917,  to  Jan- 
uary 28,  1918,  resulted  in  a  protest  from  both 
Christian  and  Moslem.  When  it  reopened,  it 
was  with  the  largest  enrolment  in  its  history. 
The  primary  department  had  sixty-six  Mo- 
hammedans, ten  Christians  and  four  Jews; 
the  preparatory  had  twenty-nine  Mohamme- 
dans, forty-eight  Christians  and  six  Jews;  the 
academic  had  two  Mohammedans,  forty-seven 
Christians  and  three  Jews.  Admission  was 
refused  to  seventy-five  more. 

The  day  schools  that  were  kept  open  during 
the  war  have  been  full  to  over-flowing.  The 
one  at  Ras  Beirut,  under  the  Presbyterian 
Board  of  Missions,  reports  a  daily  attendance  of 
more  than  one  hundred  pupils,  fifty-three  of 
whom  are  Moslems. 

SYRIAN  COLLEGE 

ONE  of  the  most  important  Christian 
educational  institutions  of  the  Near  East 
is  the  S5Tian  Protestant  College,  an  inter- 
denominational institution  which  aims  to  give 


86 


The  Near  East:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


to  the  young  men  of  Syria  and  adjacent  coun- 
tries a  higher  education  that  is  sound,  modern, 
and  thoroughly  permeated  with  the  spirit 
of  Christ.  This  college  has  seven  departments: 
the  Preparatory  Department,  the  School  of 
Arts  and  Sciences,  Schools  of  Medicine,  Phar- 
macy, and  Dentistry,  a  Nurses'  Training 
School,  a  School  of  Commerce,  and  the  begin- 
ning of  a  school  of  Biblical  Archaeology  and 
Philology.  Normal  courses  and  courses  in 
Agricultural  Engineering  are  offered.  In  1918- 
1919,  nine  hundred  students  of  many  religions 
and  races  were  enrolled  in  the  college. 

While  a  distinctly  missionary  institution  and  a 
direct  outgrowth  of  the  work  of  American 
missionaries  in  Syria,  the  college  is  not  con- 
nected with  any  missionary  society.  It  depends 
for  its  income  on  receipts  from  tuition  and  the 
generosity  of  those  who  believe  in  its  work. 
Like  most  Christian  institutions  in  the  Near 
East,  it  has  kept  open  during  the  war  only  at 
the  cost  of  hardship  and  sacrifice  on  the  part 
of  all  concerned.  It  has  emerged  from  the  five 
years'  struggle  with  heightened  prestige,  but 
a  large  debt.  The  2,860  graduates  of  this 
institution  occupy  positions  of  commanding 
influence  among  their  own  people. 

CENTURY  OF  ACTIVE  SERVICE 

HAND  in  hand  with  the  increasing  demand 
for  schools  comes  an  increasing  demand 
for  books.  The  American  Mission  Press  in 
Beirut  is  one  of  the  greatest  agencies  for  the 
dissemination  of  Christian  literature  in  all  the 
non-Christian  world.  It  has  printed  more  than 
two  million  volumes  of  the  Scriptures  in  Arabic, 
which  have  been  distributed  among  the  Arabic 
speaking  peoples  of  Asia,  North  Africa,  and 
the  East  Indies.  Its  catalog  contains  a  list  of 
1,200  publications. 

In  the  first  year  of  the  war  over  thirty-seven 
milHon  pages  were  printed  and  124,000  volumes 
sold.  But  the  supply  of  literature  is  far 
behind  the  demand. 

The  American  Mission  Press  has  seen  nearly  a 
hundred  years  of  active  service.  Founded  in 
Malta,  in  1822,  it  will  celebrate  its  centennial 
in  two  years.  During  those  two  years  it  hopes 
to  improve  its  equipment  and  widen  the  scope 


of  its  activities.  Will  it  be  supported  by  the 
people  "back  home"  ? 

CHRIST  COMES  AGAIN 

NECESSARILY,  the  activities  of  the 
missions  in  the  Holy  Land,  as  in  the 
rest  of  the  Near  East,  will  be  largely  de- 
voted to  relief  work  during  the  next  few 
years.  The  Presb3rterian  Board,  which  main- 
tains forty-six  missions  in  Syria  and  Palestine, 
has  temporarily  turned  over  one-third  of 
its  force  and  the  use  of  several  of  its  build- 
ings to  the  American  Relief  Committee  in 
the  Near  East.  Other  missionary  agencies 
also  are  cooperating  in  this  work. 

A  vital  part  of  the  relief  work  must  consist  of 
the  provision  of  medical  care  and  hospital 
facilities.  In  all  Palestine  and  Syria  there  is 
only  one  doctor  for  every  25,000  persons. 
There  are  nine  hospitals  in  the  Holy  Land, 
three  of  them  supported  by  missions.  Promi- 
nent among  them  is  the  sanitorium  for  the 
tubercular  maintained  at  Beirut  by  the  Pres- 
byterian Board.  Only  by  the  greatest  effort 
was  this  hospital  kept  open  during  the  war, 
when  it  was  almost  impossible  to  obtain  food 
and  supplies;  but  it  did  keep  open,  and  now 
this  institution  looks  to  an  expansion  of  its 
activities. 

Another  important  hospital  is  that  of  the  Re- 
formed Presbyterian  Church  at  the  seacoast 
town   of  Latakiah  in   Syria. 

Once  more,  after  centuries  of  waiting,  Christ 
has  come  to  Galilee  as  a  healer  of  bodies  and  a 
healer  of  souls.  Through  the  missions.  He 
again  ministers  to  the  stricken  peoples  of  His 
land,  bearing  them  a  message  of  regeneration. 

ARABIA,  THE  UNEXPLORED 

ARABIA  is  like  a  fabled  land.  Except  for  a 
XJL  few  ports  and  trading  stations,  its  broad 
reaches  are  almost  unknown  to  the  world  be- 
yond its  borders.  It  contains  the  largest  unex- 
plored territory  in  Asia,  possibly  in  all  the 
world.  With  an  area  of  1,230,276  square  miles, 
more  than  twenty-seven  times  that  of  the  state 
of  Pennsylvania,  it  has  a  population  of  about 
eight  million  souls,  a  little  less  than  the  popu- 
lation of  Pennsylvania. 

Though  nominally  a  part  of  the  Ottoman  Em- 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  The  Near  East 


87 


pire,  Arabia  cannot  be  said  ever  to  have  had 
any  centralized  system  of  government.  Im- 
mense reaches  of  Arabia  are  desert  and  steppes, 
inhabited  only  by  nomadic  Bedouins,  wild  and 
warlike,  who  gain  their  subsistence  from  flocks 
and  herds,  and  own  allegiance  only  to  their 
own  tribes.  The  oases  of  Central  Arabia  and 
the  coastal  regions  are  fertile.  Here  are  settled 
communities.  But  even  among  the  peoples  of 
these  communities  there  is  no  unity.  They 
live  under  eight  independent  systems  of  govern- 
ment. 

MOHAMMEDAN  "HOLY  LAND" 

THESE  characteristics  alone  would  make 
Arabia  a  difficult  field  for  missions.  But 
there  is  an  added  difficulty.  Arabia  is  the 
"holy  land"  of  the  Mohammedans.  It  is  to 
Mecca,  in  Arabia,  birthplace  of  the  prophet, 
that  devout  Moslems  all  over  the  world  turn 
when  they  offer  prayer.  Medina,  the  city  of 
Mohamet's  vision,  is  another  shrine  of  the 
faithful. 

It  is  not  to  be  expected  that  Arabia  would  prove 
friendly  to  Christian  missions.  Yet  in  spite 
of  difficulty  and  hardship  and  hostility,  British 
and  American  missionaries,  brave  pioneers, 
have  gained  a  foothold  in  Arabia.  It  is  a  small 
foothold,  it  is  true;  the  present  missionary  force 
is  almost  entirely  limited  to  the  east  coast; 
and  there  are  only  five  missionary  stations 
on  a  coast  of  4,000  miles.  Inland,  there  is  not 
a  single  missionary  station. 

But  the  door  of  Arabia  is  slowly  being  unlocked 
by  the  medical  missionary.  Doctors  are  re- 
ceived as  far  inland  as  Riadh,  the  capital  of 
Central  Arabia.  Schools  are  not  well  attended, 
but  the  Arabian  Mission  of  the  Reformed 
Church  of  America  reports  40,000  patients  at 
its  hospital  and  dispensary  during  a  single 
year. 

BIG  JOB,  SMALL  FORCE 

THE  Arabian  Mission,  which,  with  the 
missions  of  the  United  Free  Church  of 
Scotland,  and  the  Church  Missionary  Society, 
is  the  only  missionary  body  in  Arabia,  is  at 
present  faced  with  a  shortage  of  men  and  money. 
It  needs  particularly  medical  missionaries,  men 
and  women.     Its  finest  hospital  is  standing 


empty.  Except  for  what  the  missions  offer, 
Arabia  has  no  schools,  except  in  a  few  of  the 
larger  cities;  it  has  almost  no  doctors.  Modem 
methods  of  sanitation  and  hygiene  are  un- 
known. There  are  nine  mission  schools  in 
Arabia  proper,  one  mission  hospital,  twelve 
dispensaries,  and  seven  missionary  doctors. 
Altogether,  there  are  forty-seven  missionaries 
in  Arabia,  American  and  British,  one  for  every 
172,324  souls. 

The  emancipation  of  Arabia  from  Ottoman 
rule  will  mean  greater  freedom  in  Arabia,  as 
in  other  parts  of  the  Near  East.  Already  a 
breaking  down  of  the  hostile  attitude  of  the 
Arab  toward  Christian  activities  is  reported 
by  missionaries. 

Eight  million  people  are  living  in  an  ignorance 
which  engenders  disease  and  misery  and  sin  in 
Arabia.    Can  we  fail  to  lighten  their  darkness? 


THE  HOLY  LAND  OF 
MOHAMMEDANS 


THE   CRADLE   OF 
MOHAMMEDAN  ISM 
EVEN  YET  UNATTACKED 

8.000.000  PEOPLE 
4  MISSION  STATIONS 


h 


'  I  ^HE  emancipation  of  Arabia  from  Otto- 
-*-  man  rule  means  greater  freedom  for 
the  missionary.  Already  a  breaking  down 
of  the  hostile  attitude  of  the  Arab  toward 
Christian  activities  is  reported. 


J 


88 


The  Near  East:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


OLD  TESTAMENT  LAND 

THE  Old  Testament  land  of  Mesopotamia 
presents  much  the  same  problem  as  Arabia. 
Its  broad  basin,  lying  between  the  Tigris  and 
the  Euphrates,  was  the  granary  of  the  ancient 
world.  But  the  great  irrigation  scheme  that 
made  it  productive  fell  into  disuse  centuries 
ago.  Today,  its  area  of  143,250  square  miles, 
three  times  the  area  of  Pennsylvania,  holds  a 
population  of  one  and  a  half  million,  only 
about  one-sixth  that  of  Pennsylvania.  Where 
fields  of  grain  once  flourished,  is  a  desert 
inhabited  only  by  tribes  of  Bedouins. 

Mesopotamia  is  ripe  for  the  message  of  Chris- 
tianity. The  war  has  opened  the  territory  to 
Western  civilization  and  to  the  missionary. 

At  present  the  country  is  a  British  protectorate. 
The  Arab  chiefs  are  friendly,  and  the  work  of 
territorial  development,  so  valuable  in  prepar- 
ing the  field  for  evangelization,  is  going  on. 
The  British  have  opened  thirteen  government 
schools,  four  municipal  schools  aided  by  the 
State,  one  teachers'  training  school  and  one 
survey  school.  In  addition  there  are  in  Meso- 
potamia a  number  of  mission  schools.  The 
British  are  friendly  toward  the  educational 
work  of  the  missions,  and  encourage  especially 
agricultural  and  industrial  education.  Such 
education  is  sorely  needed  by  a  people 
brought  into  contact  with  the  Western  world 


after  generations  of  primitive,  nomadic  ex- 
istence, if  they  are  to  hold  their  own  against 
the  newcomers. 

JOINING  THE  PROCESSION 

PLANS  are  under  way  for  irrigation,  with 
British  capital,  of  sixteen  million  acres  of 
the  ancient  grain-growing  district,  on  the  resto- 
ration of  peace.  The  Church  must  form  part 
of  the  procession  of  the  Western  world  into  the 
open  doors  of  Mesopotamia.  Our  civilization 
will  mean  nothing  to  the  ancient  peoples  it 
touches  without  an  interpretation  of  the  life 
giving  spiritual  force  that  inspires  it.  Three 
religious  organizations  are  at  work  in  Mesopo- 
tamia, with  a  total  of  forty-seven  missionaries. 
One  of  these  organizations,  the  Arabian  Mission, 
with  twenty-nine  missionaries,  is  American. 

To  reach  the  scattered  population,  a  large  num- 
ber of  Christian  workers  are  needed.  In  this 
country,  recently  swept  by  war,  doctors  are 
in  demand.  Here,  as  in  all  the  non-Chris- 
tian world,  the  teacher  must  sweep  away  the 
clogging  ignorance  and  superstition  that  make 
the  natives  easy  victims  of  oppression. 

The  gospel  of  Jesus  offers  the  only  chance  to 
the  oppressed  peoples  of  the  Near  East  to 
acquire  a  divine  self-consciousness  as  children 
of  God — worthy  to  share  in  His  kingdom  on 
earth  and  in  the  world  to  come. 


Come  Over  and  Help  Us 


Two  hundred  and  thirty-nine  new  missionaries  to  cany  Christianity  into  the  strong- 
hold of  Islam. 

Interchurch  World  Movement  Estimates  for  American  Foreign  Missionary  Societies 

in  the  Near  East 

Missionaries  needed 
for  6-year  period 
1920-1925 


Missionaries 
needed  for  1920 

Evangelistic 49 

Educational '. 92 

Medical 66 

Literature 7 

Others* 25 

Total 239 

*Busine8s  agents,  industrial  and  institutional  workers,  etc. 


142 

272 

192 

22 

70 

698 


AFRICA 


HE  continent  of  Africa,  with  an  area  four  times  that  of  the  United  States 
and  a  population  one-third  larger— one-thirteenth  of  the  population  of  the 
globe — is  already  a  "white  man's  land." 

Put  the  population  of  metropolitan  New  York  into  the  states  of  Texas  and  New  Mex- 
ico, and  you  have  the  equivalent  of  all  Africa  not  under  the  control  of  the  white  man. 

Ninety  per  cent,  of  the  population  of  Africa  is  reached,  directly  or  indirectly,  by 
commerce;  only  10  per  cent,  of  those  touched  by  commerce  are  reached  by  the 
Word  of  God. 

If  China  is  rightly  termed  a  "sleeping  giant,"  the  same  description  might  be  applied, 
with  even  greater  force,  to  the  Africa  of  only  a  few  years  ago;  for  though  all  Africa 
has  only  one-third  of  China's  population,  it  is  three  times  as  large  and  contains  a 
greater  wealth  of  raw  material. 

In  the  whole  of  the  African  continent  there  are  only  two  states,  the  Republic  of 
Liberia  and  the  Kingdom  of  Abyssinia,  which  are  not  possessions  or  dependencies 
of  the  white  man.  These  two  states  together  make  up  only  one-thirtieth  of  the  area 
of  all  Africa,  and  contain  but  one-thirteenth  of  the  total  population. 

Nowhere  else  has  the  native  African  a  voice  in  the  government  of  his  own  affairs; 
nor  in  most  parts  of  the  continent  will  he  be  ready  for  it  until  he  has  made  consid- 
erably more  progress  than  at  present  along  the  paths  of  culture  and  civilization. 
Egypt  and  South  Africa  are  the  only  countries  in  which  there  is  a  definite  nationalist 
movement. 


MISSIONARY  PIONEERS 

THE  various  parts  of  this  great  continent  are 
rapidly  being  connected  up  by  systems  of 
railroads  and  automobile  tracks.  The  dream  of 
Cecil  Rhodes  of  a  Cape-to-Cairo  raih-oad  is 
within  measurable  distance  of  realization. 
There  is  today  one  mile  of  railroad  to  every 
four  thousand  of  population,  10  per  cent,  of 
the  mileage  per  head  in  the  United  States. 

To  the  white  man's  invasion  of  the  older  civiliza- 
tions of  Northern  Africa  political  and  economic 
motives  have  contributed  in  about  equal  pro- 
portion.   In  South  and  Central  Africa  economic 


motives  have  been  the  prime  consideration. 
It  is  inspiring  to  remember,  however,  that  here 
it  was  the  missionary,  bearing  the  Word  of  God 
and  caring  nothing  for  gold  or  ivory,  who  first 
opened  up  the  trackless  veld  and  forest. 

It  is  nearly  200  years  since  George  Schmidt, 
the  Moravian  missionary,  first  landed  in  South 
Africa.  Others  have  carried  on,  to  the  best 
of  theu*  ability,  the  work  that  he  started  and 
was  not  permitted  to  continue;  but  of  recent 
years  the  progress  of  commerce  and  industry 
has  far  outstripped  the  progress  of  missionary 
effort. 


90 


Africa:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


THE  PROBLEM  OF  AFRICA 

THAT,  in  a  nutshell,  is  the  problem  of  Africa. 
The  white  man  seeks  the  gold,  diamonds 
and  ostrich  feathers,  the  copper,  chrome  ore 
and  wool  of  the  South;  the  ivory,  rubber,  oils, 
copper  and  copal  of  the  central  countries;  the 
cotton,  nuts,  oil,  hides,  wool,  cereals  and  tin 
of  the  North.  In  his  search  for  these  raw 
materials  and  the  wealth  that  accrues  from 
them,  he  has  brought  his  Western  civilization 
into  close  contact  with  the  native  barbarism  of 
South  and  Central  Africa,  and  with  the  combina- 
tion of  barbarism  and  oriental  culture  of  the 
Mohammedan  lands  of  the  North. 

The  total  foreign  trade  of  Africa  for  the  year 
before  the  war  was  close  to  two  billion  dollars. 
Contact  with  Western  civilization  has  been 
productive  of  much  good  for  the  native.  His 
standard  of  living  has  been  raised;  his  tenure 
of  life  and  property  is  infinitely  more  secure; 
he  has  learned,  at  any  rate,  in  most  of 
the  colonies,  the  fundamental  principles  of 
justice. 

But  with  the  blessings  of  Western  civilization 
the  white  man  has  brought  its  evils,  also,  often 
in  an  exaggerated  form.  The  fiery  spirits 
which  the  native  has  learned  from  the  white 
man  to  drink,  despite  prohibitory  legislation 
against  their  sale  to  natives  in  most  of  the 
colonies,  are  more  harmful  than  the  native 
brew,  bad  as  that  is.  Commercialized  prostitu- 
tion, another  of  the  white  man's  gifts,  is  a  more 
evil  thing  than  the  traditional  polygamy  of 
the  native. 

Prostitution  has  brought  with  it  its  inevitable 
penalty  in  the  way  of  disease.  In  South  and 
Central  Africa  it  is  estimated  conservatively 
that  50  per  cent,  of  all  the  native  population 
is  infected  with  venereal  disease,  while  in 
Northern  Africa  conditions  are  considerably 
worse.  A  recent  report  states  that  96 
per  cent,  of  the  members  of  a  certain  tribe  in 
West  Africa  are  infected.  In  adding  to  the 
burdens  of  the  native  womanhood  the  evils  of 
prostitution,  civilization  has  not  everywhere 
lightened  the  load  she  already  bore.  Marriage 
in  South  and  Central  Africa  is  a  matter  of 
barter,  and  though  in  parts  of  North  Africa 
Western  civilization  has  done  much  towards 


raising  the  status  of  woman,  she  still  remains 
without  property  rights  throughout  the  con- 
tinent, being  herself  regarded  as  a  chattel. 

CHANGING  MODE  OF  LIFE 

ECONOMIC  developments  have  made  a  vast 
change  in  the  native's  mode  of  living.  Huge 
tracts  of  territory  are  no  longer  free  to  him. 
Under  most  of  the  colonial  administrations 
there  is  a  growing  tendency  to  compel  him  to 
settle  on  a  definite  piece  of  land  and  from  it  to 
gain  his  livelihood.  Thus  the  art  of  intensive 
cultivation  is  an  immediate  requirement,  which 
will  continually  grow  more  pressing. 

Already  in  the  African  continent  we  see  the 
small  beginnings  of  the  constant  problem  of 
every  civilized  community — the  growth  of 
large  cities  and  migration  to  them  from  the 
country  districts.  The  city  problem  already 
exists  in  Egypt,  where  the  population  has  nearly 
doubled  since  the  British  occupation  in  1882. 
Alexandria  now  has  a  population  of  nearly  half 
a  million— more  than  23,000  people  to  the 
square  mile.  In  Bathurst,  the  capital  of 
Gambia,  land  on  the  river  front  is  valued  at 
$25  per  square  foot. 

In  South  and  Central  Africa  natives  are  re- 
cruited from  the  veld  to  work  in  the  centers  of 
industry,  with  the  result  that  wherever  a  town 
of  white  men  is  found  there  springs  up  beside 
it  a  native  city  from  four  to  ten  times  as  large. 
It  is  a  Pandora's  box  of  good  and  ill  together 
that  the  untutored  native  sees  opened  before 
him,  and  he  needs  the  guidance  of  Christian 
principles  in  making  his  choice. 

Thus  the  problems  of  Africa  are  the  problems 
of  a  country  in  a  state  of  transition.  There  is 
an  almost  incalculable  wealth  of  raw  material. 
There  is  sufficient  human  energy,  wisely  ap- 
plied, to  make  this  wealth  available  for  the 
great  benefit  of  the  world  at  large. 

AID  FROM  GOVERNMENTS 

GOVERNMENTS  can  do  much  and  are 
doing  much;  but  they  cannot  do  every- 
thing. They  cannot  even  effectually  control 
the  white  men  who  are  attracted  to  the  coun- 
try by  its  commercial  possibilities.  They 
cannot  altogether  prevent  legitimate  develop- 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  Africa 


91 


WHERE  THE  WORD  IS  NEVER  HEARD 


EACH  white  circle  represents  the  area  within  a  fifty-mile  radius  of  a  mission 
station.  Darkest  Africa  lies  beyond.  Christian  nations  have  benefitted  by 
Africa's  wealth  for  years,  without  returning  much  in  the  way  of  Christian  stand- 
ards of  life.  The  missionary  problem  in  Africa  is  not  alone  a  spiritual  problem, 
it  is  a  problem  of  the  conservation  of  human  life  and  natural  resources  for  the 
ultimate  benefit  of  the  whole  world — including  the  African. 


92 


Africa:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


merit    from    being    turned    into    illegitimate  the  evil  moral  influences  which,  more  surely 

exploitation  of  the  native  worker,   and   the  than  any  other  agency,  sap  the  natives'  phy- 

consequent  loss  of  the  greatest  asset  of  any  sical  well  being  and  so  detract  from  the  coun- 

nation,  human  energy.     They  cannot  arrest  try's  vital  power. 


CONQUERING  THE  JUNGLE 


THE  iron  horse  is  penetrating  the  dense  jungle  and  the  once  trackless  desert. 
Africa's  great  distances  are  rapidly  being  cut  down  by  railroads  and  auto- 
mobile roads.  Improved  methods  of  transportation  make  it  possible  for  the 
missionary  to  reach  more  people  with  the  Word  of  God. 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  Africa 


93 


Governments  are  beginning  to  realize  that  if 
a  backward  population  is  to  be  raised  to  a  level 
of  efficient  service,  material  benefits  must  be 
accompanied  by  spiritual  well  being.  Mission- 
ary effort  is  the  only  fountain  from  which  the 
native  can  draw  the  necessary  resources  of  the 
spirit.  Consequently,  almost  all  governments 
in  these  days  welcome  missionary  effort. 

THE  GOSPEL  OF  HEALTH 

THE  missionary  problem  in  Africa  is  not 
only  a  spiritual  problem  pure  and  simple; 
it  is  also  a  problem  of  the  conservation  of 
human  life  and  natural  resources  for  the 
ultimate  benefit  of  the  whole  world. 


ONLY  HONEY 
FOR  MEDICINE 


'T'WENTY-SIX  Protestant  medical  mis- 
•^  sionaries  are  ministering  to  the  physi- 
cal needs  of  forty  million  Mohammedans 
and  forty  million  pagans  in  North  Africa. 
While  Christian  governments  have  greatly 
improved  the  health  conditions  of  French 
West  Africa,  including  the  "White  Man's 
Grave,"  Protestant  missions  have  not  yet 
established  a  single  hospital.  Honey  is  the 
ONLY  MEDICINE  recommended  in  the 
Koran  to  "believers." 


Africa  presents  a  rich  field  for  the  medical 
missionary.  In  almost  all  parts,  though  few 
statistics  are  available,  there  is  no  doubt  that 
the  death  rate  is  far  higher  than  in  civilized 
communities,  though  it  is  not  nearly  so  high 
as  it  was  before  the  white  man  brought  law 
and  order. 

In  one  exceptional  district  of  Sierra  Leone  the 
birth  rate  is  26.6  per  thousand  and  the  death 
rate  is  53.5  per  thousand.  In  the  United  States 
registration  area  the  estimated  death  rate  is 
fourteen  per  thousand. 

Infant  mortality  is  particularly  high,  due  to 
the  ignorance  of  the  native  mothers  in  the  care 
of  their  children.  Even  in  so  advanced  a 
country  as  Egypt  the  deaths  of  infants  under 
one  year  are  31  per  cent,  of  the  total  native 
deaths — exactly  double  the  rate  in  New  York 
City. 

Frequent  epidemics  sweep  various  parts  of 
Africa.  In  the  Union  of  South  Africa  and  the 
British  protectorates  alone  it  is  estimated  that 
the  epidemic  of  influenza  in  1918  caused 
eighty  thousand  deaths,  while  in  the  interior 
the  devastation  was  far  greater.  In  the  Belgian 
Congo  whole  villages  were  wiped  out,  and  one 
estimate  gives  the  number  of  deaths  as  one- 
eighth  of  the  total  native  population. 

Other  plagues  that  periodically  sweep  different 
parts  of  the  continent  are  malaria,  yellow  fever, 
smallpox,  sleeping  sickness,  dysentery  and 
bubonic  plague.  Blindness  is  an  especial  curse 
of  Northern  Africa.  In  Egypt  one  person  in 
every  ninety  is  totally  blind,  and  one  in  every 
thirty-three  partially  blind.  Among  the  tribes 
of  Central  Africa,  to  see  an  old  person  is  an 
exception.  The  reason  is  that  the  sick  are 
put  out  on  the  veld  to  die  of  starvation  or  fire 
or  be  killed  by  wild  beasts. 

Sanitation  throughout  the  continent,  except  in 
centers  of  industry,  is  almost  unknown. 

GOVERNMENT  MEASURES 

TO  COMBAT  these  conditions  the  govern- 
ments of  the  various  countries  have  made 
efforts  differing  widely  in  degree  according  to 
the  progress  attained  in  civilization.  In  the 
cities  and  mine  fields  of  South  Africa  the 


94 


Africa:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


health  of  the  natives  is  well  looked  after  by 
European  physicians  and  health  officers,  while 
there  are  also  district  surgeons  appointed  by 
the  government  for  large  areas.  There  are 
no  trained  native  doctors,  and  few  nurses. 
There  are  few  government  hospitals  except 
in  cities  where  they  are  required  by  the  labor 
regulations. 

In  Central  Africa  there  are  twenty  government 
hospitals  for  natives  and  whites,  all  in  European 
towns  and  industrial  centers.  There  is  none 
for  the  native  village  population.  There  are 
no  medical  schools. 

THE  MISSIONARY  DOCTOR 

A  HEAVY  responsibility  for  the  native 
health  is  laid  upon  the  missions.  At 
present,  to  meet  this  responsibility,  there  are 
in  South  Africa  twenty-three  missionary  doctors 
and  nineteen  nxu^es  among  the  eight  and  one- 
half  million  natives. 

In  Central  Africa  the  forty  millions  of  natives 
are  cared  for  by  seventy-seven  foreign  evangel- 
ical medical  missionaries,  sixty-nine  men  and 
eight  women.  There  are  also  one  native  doctor 
and  seventy-four  nurses.  In  all  Central  and 
South  Africa  there  are  sixty-two  evangelical 
mission  hospitals,  and  in  South  Africa  there  are 
135  dispensaries. 

There  is  before  the  Interchurch  World  Move- 
ment a  proposition  for  the  establishment  of  a 
medical  school  for  the  training  of  native  doctors 
and  nurses  for  South  and  Central  Africa. 

In  North  Africa  there  are  seventy-three 
government  hospitals  all  told,  most  of  them  in 
Egypt,  and  a  number  of  dispensaries.  One 
result  of  the  World  War  has  been  so  serious  an 
interference  with  missionary  work  in  this  field 
that  it  is  difficult  even  to  obtain  accxu^te 
figures  of  surviving  mission  enterprises. 

The  following  figures  of  evangelical  medical 
missions  for  the  eighty  million  people  of  North 
Africa  are  collected  from  the  latest  board 
reports:  foreign  missionary  doctors,  twenty- 
six;  native  doctors,  six;  foreign  missionary 
nurses,  sixty-seven;  native  nurses,  fifty-six; 
hospitals,  five;  dispensaries,  twenty-nine.  These 
figures  are  considerably  smaller  than  those 


shown  in  World  Statistics  (1916),  but  unhap- 
pily they  are  probably  more  accurate,  in  view 
of  conditions  brought  about  by  the  war. 

The  medical  missionary  has  an  enormous  con- 
tribution to  make  to  the  conservation  of  life 
and  resources  throughout  the  African  conti- 
nent. The  present  equipment  is  utterly  in- 
adequate. 

The  cure  of  the  body  presents  an  opportunity 
for  the  cure  of  the  soul. 

The  souls  of  the  older  people  among  the  natives 
can  perhaps  best  be  reached  indirectly  through 
their  bodies.  With  the  young,  missions  have 
a  direct  opportunity,  through  the  schools,  not 
only  of  implanting  the  love  of  Christ  and  the 
ideals  of  Christianity  in  the  heart,  but,  through 
those  ideals,  of  raising  up  a  race  of  men  and 
women  in  the  African  continent  who  will  be 
qualified  to  make  that  vast  reservoir  of  natural 
resources  productive  for  both  themselves  and 
the  rest  of  mankind. 

EDUCATION  OF  NATIVES 

THROUGHOUT  South  and  Central  Africa 
native  education  is  predominantly  in  the 
hands  of  the  churches.  In  South  Africa  the 
government  gives  grants  in  aid  where  the 
standard  of  education  meets  certain  require- 
ments. In  the  Union  of  South  Africa  there 
are  4,945  schools  for  white  children;  2,670  for 
colored.  For  Whites  there  is  one  school  for 
every  250  of  the  school  population;  for  natives 
there  is  one  school  for  nearly  2,000  of  the  school 
population. 

Higher  education  for  natives  is  represented  by 
the  South  African  Native  College  at  Alice, 
Cape  Colony,  which  was  formally  opened  in 
February,  1916,  and  reported  twenty-three 
students  in  1917. 

The  rate  of  literacy  in  the  Union  of  South 
Africa  is  given  as  5  per  cent,  for  men  and 
women;  15  per  cent,  for  boys  and  girls.  In 
other  states  of  South  Africa  it  is  far  lower.  In 
Central  Africa  the  literacy  rate  is  1  per  cent, 
for  men  and  one-quarter  of  1  per  cent,  for 
women.  Only  from  1  to  2  per  cent,  of  the 
native  children  attend  school. 

Secondary  education  has  made  a  beginning  in 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  Africa 


95 


Nysaland,  Angola,  Northern  Rhodesia,  Uganda 
and  British  East  Africa,  but  all  told  there  are 
probably  not  more  than  five  hundred  pupils. 
Vocational  instruction  in  agriculture,  building, 
cabinet  making,  etc.,  is  carried  out  under  some 
few  of  the  missions;  but  here  again  only  a 
beginning  has  been  made.  In  this  important 
field  there  is  limitless  opportunity  of  enlarge- 
ment. 

In  North  Africa,  State  schools  predominate  in 
the  French  colonies;  church  schools  in  the 
British  and  other  colonies.  Mohammedans 
have  their  own  schools. 

Algeria  and  Egypt  have  the  highest  percentage 
of  children  attending  schools  between  the  ages 
of  six  and  twelve.  In  Algeria  it  is  15,  and 
in  Egypt  12  per  cent.  Of  sixteen  other 
countries  in  North  Africa  the  percentage  varies 
from  9  per  cent,  in  Tunis  to  one-tenth  of 
1  per  cent,  in  Abyssinia,  the  average  for  all 
sixteen  being  3.688  per  cent.  It  is  hardly  sur- 
prising that  the  literacy  rate  for  North  Africa 
is  only  5  per  cent,  for  men  and  1  per  cent,  for 
women. 

DEARTH  OF  LITERATURE 

EDUCATION  and  the  provision  of  literature 
in  the  vernacular  are  among  the  most 
pressing  problems  of  missionary  effort  in  all  the 
African  fields.  The  missions  have  instilled  into 
the  natives  the  desire  for  education,  but  they  are 
without  the  means  to  satisfy  either  that  desire 
or  the  desire  for  reading  matter  which  the 
ability  to  read  has  given  the  native  educated 
in  a  mission  school.  In  all  Central  Africa  there 
are  but  two  or  three  small  printing  presses 
turning  out  reading  matter  in  the  vernacular. 
In  North  Africa  mission  presses  are  few  and 
inadequate,  while  the  secular  press  in  the 
vernacular  is  definitely  anti-Christian. 

There  is  a  great  and  urgent  need  for  linguists, 
printers  and  directors  of  natives  in  producing 
literature  for  these  rapidly  awakening  tribes 
and  peoples. 

UNTOUCHED  MILLIONS 

WHILE  there  is  no  considerable  part  of 
South  and  Central  Africa  where  the 
beginnings  at  least  of  missionary  enterprise  have 
not  been  made,  in  all  Central  Africa  less  than 


six  million  natives  are  touched  in  any  way  by 
evangelical  missions. 

Taking  the  two  fields  together,  there  is  one 
ordained  missionary  to  every  35,514  of  the 
native  population. 

South  Africa  is  relatively  well  looked  after. 
There  we  have  forty-three  evangelical  mission 
societies,  ten  of  them  American.  There  are  150 
evangelical  church  adherents  per  one  thousand 
of  native  population. 

PORTUGAL'S  DARKEST  AFRICA 

PORTUGUESE  East  Africa  is  a  unique  field 
for  missionary  endeavor.  It  has  an  area  of 
195,000  square  miles  and  a  population  of  about 
three  million.  This  is  practically  unoccupied 
territory. 

Commercial  companies,  chartered  by  the  Por- 
tuguese Government  and  under  governmental 
control,  are  exploiting  the  country  for  cotton, 
sugar,  rubber  and  other  products.  The  native 
people  are  forced  by  the  Mozambique  Com- 
pany, the  largest  of  these  commercial  com- 
panies, to  work  without  fair  wages  and  with 
no  regard  for  their  individual  or  racial  rights. 
The  police  and  soldiers  are  the  agents  of  force, 
used  in  the  labor  propaganda.  Rum  is  manu- 
factured and  sold  by  the  company. 

Prostitution  of  the  native  women  of  the 
country  by  Portuguese  officials  and  native 
police  is  carried  on  regularly. 

Taken  as  a  whole,  the  moral  character  of  the 
people  is  far  below  what  it  was  in  heathenism, 
and  a  deliberate  and  systematic  opposition  to 
the  establishment  of  mission-work  among  the 
people  of  the  country  over  which  it  rules  is 
carried  out  by  the  Mozambique  Company. 

The  American  Board  and  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  occupy  positions  of  strategic  importance 
in  relation  to  this  field,  and  an  agreement  has 
been  reached  as  to  the  spheres  of  influence  of 
each. 

In  Central  Africa  there  is  the  spectacle  of  a  hand- 
ful of  devoted  missionaries  struggling  heroically 
to  perform  an  impossible  task.  After  twenty- 
five  years  of  labor  1  per  cent,  of  the  native 
population  are  communicants  of  evangelical 
churches.    There  is  about  the  same  proportion 


96 


Africa:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


of  Catholics.  Of  the  total  population  of  more 
than  forty  million  natives  in  Central  Africa  and 
the  islands,  twenty-six  million  have  no  missions 
among  or  near  them.  Of  the  remaining  millions, 
more  than  half  are  practically  untouched. 

This  is  not  on  account  of  any  natural  difficul- 
ties. The  natives  are  not  inaccessible.  Ninety 
per  cent,  of  them  are  reached  by  commerce. 
They  earn  money  and  purchase  goods  from 
England,  the  United  States,  India,  Japan  and 
Australia — clothing,  cotton  goods,  boots,  hats, 
blankets,  flour,  sugar,  tinned  food,  tobacco, 
matches.  But  only  10  per  cent,  of  those 
touched  by  commerce  are  reached  by  the  Word 
of  God. 

MOHAMMEDAN  HOSTILITY 

NORTH  AFRICA  presents  a  different  and 
an  even  more  difficult  problem  to  the 
evangelical  missionary  than  South  or  Central 
Africa.  Mohammedanism  here  is  actively  hostile 
to  Christianity,  while  the  French  colonies  are 
occupied,  though  by  no  means  fully,  by  Catholic 
mission  agencies.  Nevertheless  the  French 
Government  has  expressed  a  desire  to  cooperate 
in  missionary  enterprise. 

Though  Mohammedan  North  Africa  is  under 
the  political  control  of  Christian  governments, 
the  Moslem  spirit  and  Arabic  blood,  speech 
and  culture  bind  the  Mohammedans  of  the 
various  races  into  a  religious  community  which 
is  actively  antagonistic  to  Christianity.  Thirty- 
six  per  cent,  of  the  population  of  Africa  is 
Moslem.  North  of  latitude  twenty,  90  per 
cent,  of  the  people  live  according  to  the  moral 
standards  of  Arabia  in  the  seventh  century. 

From  these  northern  coimtries  the  pagans  of 
the  Sudan  and  Central  Africa  are  menaced. 
Mohammedan  traders  are  rapidly  finding  their 
way  south  among  the  pagan  tribes.  In  every 
Mohammedan  character  religious  and  com- 
mercial elements  are  mingled.  For  this  reason 
the  Moslem  is  doubly  attractive  to  the  pagan. 
Whole  tribes  have  been  converted  during  the 
last  few  decades.  By  the  enunciation  of  a 
simple  formula  the  pagan  becomes  anti- 
Christian  rather  than  non-Christian. 

Islam  is  not  a  stepping  stone  from  paganism  to 
Christianity.    Since  the  war  the  religious  and 


political  leaders  of  Islam  in  North  Africa 
have  shown  themselves  definitely  opposed  to 
foreign  influences.  This  is  their  admission 
of  the  imdermining  effects  of  Western  civiliza- 
tion on  Mohammedanism.    They  are  fighting 


MOSLEM  "CAPITAL" 


I 


CAIRO,  the  capital  of  Egypt,  is  the 
intellectual  center  of  the  Moslem 
World.  It  is  the  key  to  the  Moslem  problem 
in  North  Africa.  It  has  eighty-four  papers 
and  reviews.  In  it  are  430  mosques  and 
the  famous  El  Azhar  University,  influencing 
Moslem  thought  and  life  throughout  the 
world. 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  Africa 


97 


ISLAM  IN  AFRICA 


THE  STRONGEST  LINE 
OF 

MOHAMMEDAN  ADV\NCE 


V 


IN  THE  WORLD 

CENTERS  OF  MOHAMMEDAN  PENETRATION 
Population  wholly  or  predominantly  Mohammedan 
Contiderable  part  of  population  Mohammedan 

ARROWS  mOtCATC  MOST  ACCRC&SIVE  MOHAMMEDAN  ADVANCE 


FORTY  million  Mohammedans  are  advancing  like  a  mighty  army  on  the 
pagans  of  Central  Africa.  Reports  just  received  from  West  Africa,  from 
Senegal  to  Nigeria,  and  other  places  invariably  call  for  help  to  combat  the 
Mohammedan  menace.  Islam  is  the  foe  of  democracy.  The  backward 
peoples  of  Africa  cannot  receive  the  benefits  and  blessings  of  our  civilization 
and  religion  while  influenced  by  Islam. 


98 


Africa:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


with  their  backs  against  the  wall.  The  Moham- 
medan advance  in  North  Africa  is  undoubtedly 
one  of  the  most  urgent  problems  confronting 
the  Christian  church.  The  hour  for  an  aggres- 
sive campaign  has  struck. 

WHERE  ARE  THE  CHRISTIANS? 

OF  THE  population  of  nearly  eighty  million 
of  North  Africa,  communicants  of  evan- 
gelical churches  number  a  little  less  than 
121,000.  There  are  105,000  baptized  non- 
communicants,  and  57,000  under  Christian 
instruction.  Catholics  have  gained  257,000 
converts. 

Sixty  million  natives  of  North  Africa  have  had 
no  opportunity  of  hearing  the  gospel  of  Christ. 

According  to  the  latest  board  reports  there  are 
815  evangelical  missionaries  in  North  Africa — 
one  to  every  95,000  of  population.  Nine 
colonies  and  political  territories,  comprising  an 
area  of  nearly  two  million  square  miles  and 
with  a  population  of  more  than  thirteen  million 
people,  are  totally  unoccupied  by  Protestant 


missions.  Five  other  countries,  having  an  area 
more  than  ten  times  that  of  New  England  and 
a  population  of  nearly  five  million,  possess  but 
one  mission  station  each,  manned  in  most 
cases  by  only  one  missionary.  In  the  Sudan 
there  is  one  stretch  of  1,500  miles  between  two 
mission  stations. 

North  Africa,  earlier  than  the  rest  of  the 
continent,  has  caught  echoes  of  the  world-cry 
for  democracy.  For  most  of  the  colonies  and 
dependencies  a  measure  of  self-government  is 
only  a  question  of  time.  When  that  time  comes 
it  depends  on  the  church  of  Christ  whether  it 
shall  assume  a  materialistic  shape  or  be  inspired 
by  the  only  ideals  that  can  make  for  human 
happiness  and  true  democracy. 

What  is  true  today  for  North  Africa  will  be  true 
tomorrow  for  the  backward  places  of  Central 
and  South  Africa.  Before  the  natives  of  these 
places  can  be  fit  to  share  in  any  way  in  govern- 
ment, they  must  be  educated  in  the  Christian 
ideals  on  which  alone  a  safe  and  sane 
democracy  can  be  founded. 


What  Africa  Asks  of  the  United  States 

Seven  hundred  and  twelve  new  missionaries  to  bring  light  to  the   'dark,  sobbing 
continent." 

Interchurch  World  Movement  Estimates  for  American  Foreign  Missionary  Societies  in  Africa 


Missionaries 
needed  for  1920 

Evangelistic 274 

Educational 218 

Medical 163 

Literature 11 

Others* 46 

Total 712 

♦Business  agents,  industrial  and  institutional  workers,  etc. 


Missionaries  needed 
for  5-year  period 
1920-1925 

833 

666 

497 

81 

142 


2,169 


INDIA 

With  Ceylon  and  Afghanistan 

INDIA  is  on  the  threshold  of  better  things.  The  most  universal  demand  is  for 
schools  and  education.  India  is  learning  from  Japan  what  schools  can  do  for 
increase  of  trade  and  economic  independence.  The  influence  of  the  American 
colonial  policy  in  the  Philippines  is  having  a  marked  effect  both  on  the  British 
colonial  government  and  on  the  popular  demand  for  increased  rights  of  self-determina- 
tion. 

Industrial  India  has  been  set  forward  twenty-five  years  by  the  war.  The  outcaste 
movement  has  become  one  of  the  greatest  social  movements  of  the  century,  promising 
economic  and  social  emancipation  to  fifty  million  people  whose  lot  has  been  almost 
as  pitiable  as  that  of  slaves. 

But  India  is  now  more  in  a  chaos  of  destruction  than  in  a  process  of  construction, 
and  forces  are  growing  which  bode  ill  for  the  peace  of  Asia.  The  existing  contacts 
with  Western  civilization  are  often  very  destructive  and  demoralizing. 

India,  uncaptured  for  Christ,  presents  an  insuperable  obstacle  to  the  kingdom  of  God 
in  Asia;  but  India  converted  to  the  gospel  will  be  a  reservoir  of  spiritual  power 
for  the  enrichment  and  reinterpretation  of  the  gospel  itself  to  the  Western  world. 

Christians. 5,000,000 

Hindus 234,000,000 

Mohammedans 71,000,000 

Buddhists 12,000,000 

Animists 11,000,000 

Others 7,000,000 


MOTHERLAND  OF  RELIGION 

OVER  the  Western  world  since  ancient 
times  India  has  exerted  an  indefinable 
charm.  Over  the  Asiatic  world  she  has  cast 
the  spell  of  her  religious  feeling. 

"In  India,"  said  Professor  Max  Miiller,  "you 
find  yourself  between  an  immense  past  and  an 
immense  future." 

We  may  not  measure  India's  power  in  terms  of 
Western  materialistic  progress.  Along  with 
Russia  and  China,  she  is  beginning  the  develop- 


ment of  her  vast  natural  resources.  Her 
material  rise  is  bound  to  make  changes  in  the 
religious  map  of  Asia.  How  this  map  changes 
is  of  vital  importance  to  the  whole  world. 

But  today  India,  with  Ceylon,  is  the  most 
essentially  religious  of  the  many  and  diverse 
units  in  the  non-Christian  world.  In  the  past 
she  has  been  the  home  of  religions.  While 
Athens  and  Rome  were  laying  the  foundations 
for  republican  forms  of  government  for  man- 
kind, India's  Buddha  was  teaching  men  to 
govern  themselves  by  the  spirit. 


100 


India:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


MANY  PEOPLES,  MANY  TONGUES 

INDIA  is  the  home  of  one-fifth  of  the  human 
race.  India's  population  of  nearly  three 
hundred  and  forty  million,  more  than  three 
times  that  of  the  United  States,  is  crowded 
into  an  area  about  half  as  large.  The  average 
density  in  India  is  163  persons  to  the  square 
mile,  as  compared  with  a  density  of  thirty-nine 
persons  in  this  coimtry. 

Owing  to  successive  swarms  of  invaders,  there 
is  now  a  vast  complex  of  race  and  creed  com- 
prising seven  distinct  races  speaking  about 
180  different  languages  and  perhaps  100  ad- 
ditional dialects. 

India  is  the  most  heterogeneous  country  in  the 
world.  At  one  extreme  are  the  land-holding 
and  professional  classes,  with  a  nucleus  of  those 
more  or  less  literate  in  English;  at  the  other  are 
some  aboriginal  tribes,  such  as  the  Bhils,  who 
live  in  the  recesses  of  the  jungles,  and  depend 
on  bow  and  arrow  for  sustenance,  or  the  primi- 
tive head-hunting  Assamese  and  hill-tribes  of 
the  northeast  frontier. 

THE  CURSE  OF  CASTE 

NO  SURVEY  of  social  conditions  may 
neglect  the  Hindu  institution  of  caste.  It 
has  authority  for  existence  in  the  sacred  books 
of  Hinduism,  and  has  been  imposed  upon  the 
Hindus  and  consecrated  to  use  through  cen- 
turies by  their  Brahmans  or  priests. 

Caste  has  developed  not  only  religious  distinc- 
tions but  economic  divisions  that  cut  man  from 
intercourse  and  trade  with  man. 

If  Christianity  banishes  caste  from  India,  more 
than  half  the  battle  for  economic  reorganization 
is  won.  Stratified  through  centiuies,  caste 
is  showing  signs  of  disintegration  today. 

In  the  ordinary  affairs  of  life  no  low  caste 
Hindu  may  have  contact  with  the  fortunately 
placed  Brahman.  Birth  in  a  certain  caste  pre- 
destines a  man  or  woman  for  life  to  either  a 
privileged  or  a  degraded  condition.  The 
penalties  for  any  infringement  are  severe  and 
ruthlessly  enforced  by  the  Brahmans.  Neither 
wealth  nor  social  ambition  is  of  any  avail. 
Intermarriage  between  the  Brahmans  and  the 
other  castes  or  depressed  or  foreign  classes 


and  social  meals  at  which  both  Brahmans  and 
other  classes  are  represented  are  taboo. 

The  effect  of  this  paralyzing  power  on  the  social, 
economic  and  political  life  of  India  is  poverty 


LAND  OF  MANY  TONGUES 

INDIA 

A  STUMBLING  BLOCK 

IN  THE 
MISSIONARY  PROBLEM 

TWELVE  LANGUAGES. 
EACH  THE  SPEECH  OF  ^ 
5  MILLION  OR  MORE  PEOPLE 


MALAYALAM 

7  MILLION 

BURMESE 

e  MILLION 

ORiYA 

10  MILLION 

KANARESE 

11  MILLION 

GUJARATI 

11  MILLION 

1  RAJASTHANI 

14  MILLION 

H  PANJABI 

16  MILLION 

^|tamil 

18  MILLION 

^^MARATHI 

20  MILLION 

^^^TELEQU 

24  MILLION 

BENGALI  48  Mil 

lU^UJ 

m    \ 

MILLIONS 

INDIA  is  the  most  heterogeneous  country 
in  the  world.  Its  people  present  a  vast 
complex  of  race  and  creed,  comprising  seven 
distinct  races  with  about  280  languages 
and  dialects.  In  addition  to  the  barrier 
of  race  and  language,  there  is  the  caste 
barrier,  which  cuts  man  from  intercourse 
and  trade  with  his  fellowman  and  paralyzes 
the  social,  economic  and  political  life  of 
the  country.  The  missionary  in  India 
deals  not  with  one  people  with  conmion 
customs,  but  with  multitudinous  groups, 
each  bound  by  tradition  to  a  long- estab- 
lished mode  of  life. 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  India 


101 


and  wretchedness.  One  great  problem  for  the 
Christian  missionary  has  been  the  condition  of 
the  depressed  or  submerged  classes.  Though 
these  classes  are  now  rapidly  improving  their 
economic  status  by  the  adoption  of  profitable 
trades,  from  the  practise  of  which  they  were 
formerly  excluded  by  the  more  fortunate  classes, 
the  vast  agricultural  middle  class  has  only 
begun  the  movement  toward  Western  moral 
and  political  ideals. 

OUTCASTE  TRADES 

INDIA  is  one  of  the  largest  exporters  of  hides 
in  the  world.  The  handling  and  treatment 
of  the  skins  of  dead  animals  are  taboo  to  Hindus 
of  good  caste.  This  industry  has  always  been 
in  the  hands  of  the  pariah  or  pancama  class. 
The  direct  result  has  been  a  corresponding 
economic  betterment  of  these  pariahs  and  of 
the  vast  numbers  of  people  practising  forbidden 
trades  who  have  for  many  centuries  lived 
beyond  the  proper  Hindu  pale.  It  is  among  the 
depressed  classes  that  the  Christian's  rival, 
Islam,  with  easy  democratic  ways  and  vigorous 
propaganda,  is  making  gains. 

More  than  70  per  cent,  of  India's  vast 
population  is  engaged  in  agriculture.  Drought 
and  famine  are  periodic  visitations,  and  the 
condition  of  the  ryat  or  farmer  is  not  enviable. 
His  cattle  are  too  light  and  ill-fed  for  the  work 
demanded  of  them.  The  necessary  tilth  for 
crops  is  obtained  by  frequent  superficial  plow- 
ing, so  that  his  soil  does  not  )ield  a  return 
proportionate  to  the  amount  of  labor  involved. 
His  tools  are  the  tools  of  two  thousand  years 
ago.  Grain  is  separated  by  treading  out  with 
oxen,  beating  out  by  hand  and  winnowing  by 
the  wind. 

Despite  these  drawbacks  the  country  is  the 
largest  rice  producer  in  the  worid.  The  United 
States  is  the  only  country  in  the  worid  that 
produces  more  cotton  than  India.  India  now 
exports  cotton  annually  to  the  value  of  more 
than  $193,000,000.  Her  jute  exports  are  worth 
over  $171,000,000. 

At  the  close  of  1917  there  were  21,737  agricul- 
tural and  non-agricultural  cooperative  societies 
with  a  total  membership  of  about  959,525, 
showing  since  the  inception  of  the  movement  in 


1907,  an  annual  increase  of  one  hundred  thou- 
sand members.  When  the  rural  credit  banks 
and  the  cooperative  movements  enable  the  ryat 
to  use  tractors  and  machinery,  India  will  be 
on  the  way  to  freedom  from  the  twin  specters  of 
famine  and  disease. 


GROWTH  OF  THE  COTTON 
AND  JUTE  INDUSTRIES 


NUMBER 

EMPLOYED  IN 

FACTORIES 


250.000 


20Q000 


I5Q000 


IOOX)00 


1900 


•05 


10 


1516  17 


TN  THE  last  ten  years  the  factories  of  India 
-*"  have  neariy  doubled.  With  these  factor- 
ies, which  might  be  the  means  of  truly  enrich- 
ing this  land  of  the  desperately  poor,  the 
evils  of  industrialism  come  crowding.  It  is 
estimated  that  nine-tenths  of  the  popula- 
tion of  India  is  undernourished.  Whether 
the  new  era  of  the  factory  will  be  more 
benevolent  than  the  old  agricultural  era, 
depends  largely  on  the  standards  taught 
by  Christian  missionaries. 


Y.  M.  C.  A.  HELPS  FARMERS 

THE  Y.  M.  C.  A.  has  been  able  to  reach  the 
rural  population  of  India  in  a  singularly 
effective  manner.  Its  method  of  approach  is  to 
send  a  rural  secretary  to  a  village  to  preach 


102 


India:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


the  gospel  of  the  governmental  rural  credit 
system.  •  When  he  has  organized  a  group  of 
people,  headed,  if  possible,  by  a  native  official, 
the  government  is  petitioned  to  install  a  local 
credit  bank.  The  "Y"  secretary  impresses 
upon  the  group  that  the  success  or  failure  of 
the  system  depends  on  the  individual  members 
of  the  group.  His  work  is  by  no  means  done 
when  organization  is  complete.  He  conducts 
evening  classes  in  general  educational  subjects, 
in  hygiene  and  sanitation,  and  the  Bible.  He 
becomes  the  friend  and  adviser  of  the  groups 
he  has  put  on  the  road  to  independence. 

It  is  significant  that  most  of  the  secretaries  in 
rural  work  are  natives.  In  India,  as  elsewhere, 
the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  has  adopted  the  policy  of  plac- 
ing natives  in  control  wherever  possible.  The 
National  Committee  is  predominantly  Indian, 
and  the  General  Secretary,  Mr.  K.  T.  Paul,  is 
a  native.  This  policy  of  developing  Christian 
leadership  among  the  natives  gives  the  work 
of  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  popularity  among  classes  in 
whom  the  feeling  of  nationality  is  highly  de- 
veloped, and  leads  to  native  support. 

LAND  OF  VERY  POOR 

INDIA  is  still  the  land  of  the  desperately  poor. 
The  average  daily  wage  in  the  United  States 
for  unskilled  labor  before  the  war  was  $2.50,  as 
against  an  average  varying  from  three  cents, 
among  the  rural  population,  to  about  eleven 
cents,  for  the  urban  population,  in  India.  Be- 
fore the  war  the  average  weekly  wage  for 
skilled  labor  in  the  United  States  was  $30, 
compared  with  India's  wage  of  $2  for  skilled 
labor. 


The  cost  of  living  is  not  proportionately  low. 
Rather,  it  has  risen  from  200  to  300  per  cent,  in 
the  last  twenty-five  years.  It  is  estimated 
that  nine-tenths  of  the  population  of  India 
is  undernourished.  Whether  the  new  industrial 
era  that  is  being  ushered  in  will  be  more 
benevolent,  depends  largely  on  the  standards 
which  Christian  missionaries  teach,  in  the 
dawning  day  of  industrial  expansion. 

POTENTIALLY  WEALTHY 

INDIA  could  be  rich.    Her  man  power  seems 
exhaustless.    The  steady  drain  of  emigra- 
tion   to    the    Malay    Archipelago    has    been 


practically  unfelt.  Her  mineral  resources  are 
still  abundant.  She  is  still  importing  annually 
ten  million  dollars'  worth  of  copper,  although 
she  has  vast  deposits  of  her  own.  The  day 
approaches  when  she  will  not  export  her  raw 
cotton  but  manufacture  it,  when  she  will  raise 
her  own  sugar  instead  of  importing  fifty  million 
dollars'  worth  from  Java. 

INDUSTRIAL  GROWTH 

IN  THE  last  ten  years  the  factories  have 
increased    by   80  per    cent.      The   great 
growth  of  the  cotton-mills  of  Bombay,  the  jute- 
mills  of  Calcutta,  and  the  steel-mills  of  Sakchi 
or  Jamshedpur,  and  the  mines  of  coal,  mica, 
silver,   manganese,   tin,   tungsten  and   many 
others,  in  conjunction  with  the  steady  shifting 
of  multitudes  of  workers  from  the  quiet  villages 
to  the  busy,  grimy  and  deadly  slums,  marks 
the  change  that  is  coming  over  this  dreamy  old 
land.    The  hands  employed  daily  in  the  mills 
and  factories  of  India  in  1916  were  reported 
as  1,061,409,  the  number  having  increased  a 
half  in  ten  years. 

And  with  the  coming  of  these  factories,  which 
might,  indeed,  enrich  the  country,  the  evils  of 
industrialism  are  being  felt.  Overcrowding  in 
the  chawls  or  tenements,  low  wages,  long  hours 
and  child-labor— these  begin  to  take  their  toll 
of  human  life. 

An  India  Factory  Commission  in  1908  found 
women  workers  employed  for  seventeen  and 
eighteen  hours  a  day  in  factories,  and  found 
the  average  hours  for  men,  women  and  children 
in  all  mills  and  factories  to  be  twelve  to  fourteen 
a  day. 


A  government  act  now  limits  the  hours  of  em- 
ployment in  textile  mills  to  twelve.  But  last 
year  a  general  strike  of  textile  workers  was 
declared  at  Bombay,  involving  some  seventy 
thousand  workers,  and  maintained  for  several 
days,  showing  that  oppression  still  prevailed. 

FEVER  OF  UNREST 

POLITICALLY  and  economically,  the  coun- 
try is  unrestful  in  the  midst  of  momentous 
change.  The  changes  are  inevitable,  and  they 
are  inevitably  disastrous,  if  the  people  are  not 
educated  for  the  new  day. 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  India 


103 


There  is  a  host  of  new  problems  demanding 
solution.  The  movement  formerly  called  the 
svadesif  which  attempted  a  boycott  of  foreign 
goods  and  was  accompanied  with  outbreaks  of 
sedition  and  assassination,  is  now  known  as 
the  "home-rule"  movement  and  seeks  for  a 
larger  degree  of  political  independence.  It  has 
been  rewarded  with  important  concessions 
looking  towards  a  greater  Indian  participation 
in  matters  of  government,  brought  about 
through  the  legislative  reforms  recommended 
by  Lord  Morley,  Mr.  Montagu  and  Lord 
Chelmsford. 

Another  problem  much  discussed  has  been  the 
protection  of  Indian  emigrants  from  social  and 
civil  disabilities  in  South  Africa  and  in  other 
parts  of  the  British  Empire.  The  return  of 
a  million  Indian  soldiers  from  war  service  in 
Mesopotamia,  Arabia,  Egypt  and  France,  where 
they  received  a  new  view  of  European  life  and 
character  and  contracted  a  new  international 
fellowship,  is  accentuating  the  demand  for  a 
new  social  and  moral  order. 

LITERACY,  EDUCATION 

THE  last  available  figures  (1911)  show 
that  89  per  cent,  of  the  men  of  India 
were  illiterate,  and  99  per  cent,  of  the  women. 
Ceylon  is  in  advance  of  India,  having  26  per 
cent,  literate. 

In  India  and  Ceylon,  in  1916,  there  were  re- 
ported over  14,000  Protestant  missionary 
schools  of  all  grades  attended  by  more  than 
650,000  pupils. 

The  total  attendance  at  public  schools  in 
India  for  1917  was  reported  over  7,200,000. 
In  the  public  schools  less  than  one-fifth  of 
the  pupils  were  girls,  though  in  the  missionary 
schools  the  ratio  was  probably  higher.  In 
the  public  schools  the  total  attendance  had 
increased  about  17  per  cenjt.  in  five  years, 
but  the  female  attendance  had  increased 
in  primary  schools  33  per  cent.;  in  high 
schools,  47  per  cent.;  and  in  colleges  201  per 
cent. 

Compulsory  education,  as  we  know  it  in  the 
West,  and  as  Japan  practises  it,  with  schools 
for  all  children,  is  an  impossibility  at  present 
for  India.    The  country  is  too  poor. 


RELIGION  AND  EDUCATION 


JAINS 
SIKHS 

CHRISTIANS 
BUDDHISTS 


ILUTERATES 
UTERATES 


ANIMISTS 


MOHAMMEDANS 


EDUCATION  in  India  is  largely  a  matter 
of  religion.  If  you  are  one  of  the 
sixty  or  seventy  millions  of  low  caste  or 
outcaste  Hindus,  your  chance  for  an  educa- 
tion dwindles  to  almost  nothing,  for  you 
are  not  allowed  in  schools.  Christianity, 
however,  is  bringing  schools  to  the  depressed 
classes,  from  which  most  of  its  converts 
are  recruited. 


104 


India:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


The  men  are  ignorant,  and  the  women  are  more 
so.  The  women  are  not  only  without  schooHng, 
but  among  some  of  the  upper  classes  they  lead 
even  more  secluded  lives  than  the  other  women 
of  the  East. 

DAUGHTER  A  BURDEN 

THE  birth  of  a  daughter  is  still  considered  a 
misfortune  in  India,  for  her  marriage  be- 
comes an  added  economic  concern  to  her 
parents.  It  is  a  disgrace  to  be  unmarried. 
Nearly  every  family  in  India  goes  into  debt  for 
the  dowry. 

Is  it  not  small  wonder  that  through  centuries 
until  soon  after  the  abolition  of  the  suttee,  or 
the  immolation  of  a  widow  on  her  husband's 
funeral  pyre,  female  infanticide  was  often  prac- 
tised by  Hindu  parents? 

The  child  wives  and  child  widows  of  India 
today  are  a  crying  waste.  Early  marriage  pre- 
vails. This  is  emphasized  in  the  following 
table,  which  shows  the  proportion  of  girls  of 
various  ages  who  are  married: 

Under  5  years one  in  72 

From  5  to  10  years one  in  10 

From  10  to  15  years more  than  two  in  five 

From  15  to  20  years four  in  five 

In  the  whole  of  India  there  are  more  than  two 
and  a  half  million  wives  under  ten  years  of  age, 
and  nine  million  under  fifteen  years  of  age. 
The  aboriginal  tribes,  however,  do  not  give 
their  girls  in  wedlock  until  after  they  have 
attained  maturity. 

HINDU  DIVORCE  RARE 

A  MAN  may  have  many  wives,  and  in  cases 
of  sterility  irregular  sex  relations  are 
countenanced  and  even  supported  by  the  Arya 
Samaj,  a  modem  Hindu  reform  society.  Hindu 
divorce  is  rarer  than  among  Indian  Moslems, 
for  a  woman  is  an  economic  factor  in  her 
husband's  family. 

The  Christian  missionary  has  found  no  part 
of  his  work  more  gratifying  than  the  slow  loosen- 
ing of  the  caste  and  religious  bonds  that  were 
suffocating  Indian  womanhood.  The  women 
missionary  doctors  have  often  penetrated 
Indian  homes  where  no  Western  influence  had 
ever  gone  before. 


FREEING  WOMEN  OF  INDIA 


LITERATES 


LITERATES 
13S'  % 


ALL  RELIGIONS 


CHRISTIANS 


CHRISTIAN  influence  is  slowly  loosen- 
ing the  social  caste  and  religious  bonds 
that  were  suffocating  Indian  womanhood. 
More  than  one  Christian  woman  out  of 
eight  can  read,  as  compared  with  one  out  of 
a  hundred  among  the  women  of  India  as  a 
whole.  The  education  of  Christian  mothers 
is,  perhaps,  the  greatest  gift  of  the  missions 
to  the  Orient. 


LAWS  ON  MARRIAGE 

HINDUS  are  coming  to  see  the  deleterious 
effects  of  child-marriage.  Legislation  in 
the  feudatory  state  of  Mysore  expressly  for- 
bids the  marriage  of  girls  under  eight  years  of 
age,  and  the  marriage  of  girls  under  fourteen 
with  men  over  fifty  years  of  age.  In  the  pro- 
gressive state  of  Baroda,  an  act  forbids  marriage 
of  girls  under  nine. 

The  natural  result  of  an  iniquitous  social  sys- 
tem like  child-marriage  among  Hindus  is  restric- 
tion upon  the  remarriage  of  child-widows.  One 
of  the  first  great  works  of  missionaries  and  the 
Western  officials  was  to  abolish  the  cruel  prac- 
tise of  suttee.  An  act  against  it  was  passed 
in  1829. 

In  1856  the  remarriage  of  widows  was  legalized 
by  the  British  Government.  But  it  is  custom, 
not  law,  that  rules  in  the  Orient,  and  this  cus- 
tom is  only  slowly  being  adopted  by  small 
numbers  of  advanced  Hindus. 

The  vitality  of  a  race  must  suffer  when  social 
abuses  like  child-marriage  obtain  through  cen- 
tiuies.    The  total  birth  rate  per  thousand  for 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  India 


105 


THE  five  million  Christians  of  India  do  not  seem  many  in  comparison  with 
the  two  hundred  and  thirty-four  million  Hindus  or  the  seventy-one 
million  Mohammedans  or  even  the  twelve  million  Buddhists.  Missionaries  are 
succeeding  in  putting  an  ideal  of  the  worth  of  human  life  into  India.  But 
when  so  many  people  are  sick,  when  great  changes  are  so  imminent,  when  the 
number  of  people  is  increasing  at  so  great  a  rate,  from  ten  to  one  hundred 
times  the  present  active  Christian  forces  in  India  would  not  be  too  many. 


106 


India:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


India  in  1917  was  3S.33,  while  the  death  rate, 
32.72  per  thousand,  was  nearly  as  great. 
Meanwhile  the  infant  mortality  of  India  was 
206  per  thousand,  as  against  a  rate  of  109  per 
thousand  in  England.  To  the  Christian  ob- 
server, the  waste  of  precious  human  life  is  bar- 
barous. 

WOMAN  DOCTOR'S  ROLE 

THE  woman  doctor  feels  that  she  strikes  at 
the  heart  of  the  bulk  of  human  waste  in 
India  when  she  brings  enlightenment  concerning 
child-birth.  There  is  the  beginning  of  ignorance 
and  a  double  burden  of  superstition.  There  the 
fatal  effects  of  sedentary  life  and  seclusion 
show  on  the  mother.  There  feeble  little  mites 
are  brought  into  the  world  by  girls  who  would 
still  be  playing  "tag"  in  Western  countries. 
Many  a  Hindu  girl  has  borne  six  children  and 
lost  three  of  them,  grown  old  and  died,  before 
the  average  Western  girl  would  have  begun  to 
think  of  marriage. 

Child-marriage  in  India  casts  a  burden  on  the 
whole  world,  and  breeds  a  race  that  can  neither 
produce  nor  afford  to  consume  its  share  of  this 
world '«  goods. 

India's  widespread  ill  health  not  only  is  a 
merciless  waste  and  a  vast  sore  on  its  own  well- 
being,  but  it  makes  the  whole  world  sag  below 
our  Christian  standards  for  the  Whole  Man. 
Epidemic  diseases  like  cholera,  plague  and 
fevers  run  up  the  death  rate. 

There  are  no  figures  to  indicate  the  great  pro- 
portion who  do  not  die,  but  live  sickly,  unpro- 
ductive lives.  No  temple  in  India  is  without 
its  entourage  of  beggars,  lepers,  blind,  deaf,  and 
mutilated.  Some  of  these  even  pretend  their 
diseases. 

It  is  true  that  a  certain  superstitious  respect  at- 
taching to  these  forlorn  ones  brings  them  com- 
forting alms.  But  charity  for  the  unfit  as  we 
know  it  in  the  West,  and  careful  institutional 
provision  to  look  after  them,  in  no  way  help  to 
bind  up  the  sores  of  India.  The  British  Gk)vem- 
ment  has  made  some  effort,  and  there  are  fifty 
leper  stations  under  missionary  supervision  not 
supported  by  the  government,  but  there  are 
still  a  hundred  thousand  lepers  roaming  the 
streets  of  Indian  villages. 


VISION  OF  HEALTH 

THE  Christian  missionaries  have  endeavored 
to  build  toward  better  health  for  the  three 
hundred  and  forty  million  people  of  India. 
There  are  185  mission  hospitals  and  300  foreign 
missionary  doctors;  160  of  these  doctors  are 
women,  whose  every  deed  tends  not  only 
to  lift  the  physical  misery  of  the  land,  but 
to  open  the  windows  onto  a  better  world  for 
the  secluded  women  of  the  East.  Their  great 
contribution  is  the  Ideal,  for  without  the  ideal  of 
the  worth  of  every  single  human  life  the  in- 
spiration would  be  lacking  for  either  govern- 
ment or  people  to  bestir  themselves. 

But  when  so  many  are  sick,  when  great 
changes  are  so  imminent,  when  the  fecundity 
of  the  people  is  increasing  the  number  of  lives 
so  rapidly,  the  call  is  for  double  the  number  of 
Christian  agencies.  From  ten  to  one  hundred 
times  the  present  active  Christian  forces  in 
India  would  not  be  too  many. 

STATUS  OF  RELIGIONS 

TODAY  there  are  five  million  Christians  in 
India,  nearly  1.5  per  cent,  of  the  population. 
But  their  significance  cannot  be  counted  by 
numbers.  Christianity  is  spreading  rapidly. 
Ten  years  ago  there  were  only  3,900,000. 
Each  new  convert  counts  tremendously,  fell- 
ing the  hideous  walls  of  caste,  in  setting  new 
examples  of  health  and  social  relations. 

There  are  two  hundred  and  thirty-four  million 
Hindus,  seventy-one  million  Mohanmiedans, 
twelve  million  Buddhists,  eleven  million  Ani- 
mists,  but  India  is  a  land  of  religious  change, 
and  no  one  can  foretell  what  the  next  ten  years 
will  bring  forth.  The  present  rapid  spread  of 
Christianity  is  comparable  to  the  remarkable 
religious  phenomenon  of  the  rise  of  Buddhism 
to  domination,  commencing  in  the  fifth  century 
B.  C.  and  extending  to  its  fall  in  500  A.  D., 
under  the  Brahman  reaction,  and  to  the  rise  of 
Islam  in  the  twelfth  century  and  its  growth  to 
the  present  day. 

CONVERSION  BY  VILLAGE 

THE  economic  forms  of  the  West  make  rapid 
headway.  The  adoption  by  the  respectable 
classes  of  Hindus  of  some  commercially  profit- 
able trades,  as  for  example  the  leather  industry, 


FOREIGN  SURVEY;  India 


107 


ONWARD,  UPWARD 


POPULATION 
IK  MILLIONS 


400 
300 

. 

^r^TAL  IH^PULA-nSli- 

HINDUS   

_____ 

200 

100 
90 
80 
70 
60 

50 

-y^v*^;^*- — 

40 
30 

20 

- 

• 

10 

^o^ 

SJS^ 

'^ 

' ^ 

"^^^ 

8 

7 

^<^y 

y^ 

-^■^^ 

^ 

y 

6 
.  5 

-^ 

4 
3 

2 

1 

,  < 

^ 

^ 

^ 

r 

1881 


1891 


1901 


1911 


1919 


which  traditionally  belongs  to  the  outcaste,  has 
already  been  regarded  as  threatening  by  Hindu 
leaders.  Add  to  this  the  fact  that  whole 
villages  of  those  so  employed  beg  for  Christian 
missionaries  so  that  all  together  the  village  shall 
come  into  the  kingdom  of  God,  and  you 
behold  the  tremendous  dynamic  force,  working 
ever  more  rapidly  through  the  entire  social 
fabric  of  India. 

Conversion  by  village  as  it  is  now  going  on  in 
India  is  a  remarkable  phenomenon,  with  far- 
reaching  effects.  These  outcaste  villages  have 
been  doomed  for  centuries  to  carry  on  the 
scavenger's  work  and  the  dirtiest  and  most 
arduous  labors.  Their  people  have  never  been 
allowed  inside  schools.  They  have  been  cheated 
and  oppressed. 

The  Christian  message  of  the  worth  of  the 
individual  and  his  right  to  grow  and  expand 
brings  them  release.  It  has  often  brought 
them  schools.  They  have  straightened  their 
backs  and  undertaken  new  labors.  The  temper 
of  the  villages  changes.  They  are  cleaner. 
They  are  not  so  quarrelsome.  Father,  mother, 
children,  Headman  of  the  village  and  his 
council — the  whole  unit — seem  to  ascend  into 
a  kindlier  sort  of  dwelling  together. 

A  NEW  FELLOWSHIP 

THE  whole  of  Hindu  society  has  been  built 
on  the  acquiescence  and  almost  un- 
believable exploitation  of  these  lowly  ones, 
these  out-of-caste.  For  centuries  the  Brahman 
pinnacle  has  rested  imdisturbed  at  the  top  of  a 
P5n^midal  society  at  whose  base  are  the  sixty 
million  outcastes.  When  these  no  longer 
acquiesce  to  injustice,  inequality,  squalor,  sick- 
ness, and  the  denial  of  the  rights  of  human 
personality,  a  new  day  must  come.  The  Hindu 
will  acknowledge  that  his  society,  with  its 
innumerable  religious  and  economic  barriers,  is 
in  dissolution.  He  will  look  for  a  new  religion. 
And  that  new  religion  must  be  one  that  joins 
him  in  a  hitherto  unknown  fellowship  with  the 
outcaste  class. 

In  Ceylon,  the  ferment  is  even  stronger.  In 
India  there  are  fourteen  Christians  per  thou- 
sand; in  Ceylon,  one  hundred.  In  India,  there 
are  1,900,000  Protestants,  or  five  and  one-half 


108 


India:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


per  thousand  of  population,  and  in  Ceylon,  it 
has  been  estimated,  there  are  226,000,  or  fifty- 
five  per  thousand  of  population. 

In  India  there  is  a  Protestant  missionary  to 
about  sixty-eight  thousand  of  population;  in 
Ceylon  the  ratio  is  much  higher — one  to  twenty- 
one  thousand.  But  three  times  the  number  of 
missionaries  has  made,  proportionately,  ten 
times  the  converts. 

CHRISTIAN  LITERATURE 

THE  circulation  of  Christian  literature  in 
this  great  Asiatic  region  is  about  the 
simplest  and  the  freest  from  local  hindrances  of 
all  the  major  forms  of  missionary  effort,  and  yet . 
it  is  comparatively  a  neglected  enterprise.  The 
work  of  translation,  revision  and  publication  of 
the  Bible  has  been  for  many  years  very  wisely 
left  to  a  single  great  organization,  the  British 
and  Foreign  Bible  Society,  which  works  through 
six  auxiliaries  in  all  sections  of  the  field  and  in 
many  languages,  Indian  and  European,  and  has 
splendidly  demonstrated  the  helpful  results  of 
interdenominational  cooperation. 

Other  societies  also  working  through  twelve  or 
more  important  depots  have  accomplished 
much  by  cooperative  methods  in  literary  work, 
a  department  especially  suitable  to  concerted 
action.  This  work  is  now  being  promoted 
under  plans  made  by  the  Literature  Committee 
of  the  National  Missionary  Council  of  India 
and  by  the  provincial  councils.  Plans  include 
encouragement  to  selected  persons  in  the  matter 
of  linguistic  preparation,  by  assignment  of 
tasks  and  by  financial  provision,  to  write, 
translate  and  edit  books,  leaflets  and  articles  on 
religious  and  other  subjects  in  many  languages 
and  for  various  classes  of  readers;  the  improve- 
ment of  existing  Christian  periodicals  and  the 
establishment  of  a  few  new  ones  for  certain 
classes;  improvement  of  publishing  institutions 
by  extension  of  equipment,  and  by  grants  or 
loans  for  working  capital;  improvement  in 
advertising  of  literature;  presentation  of  moral 
and  religious  articles  as  advertisements  in 
secular  newspapers,  with  attention  to  resulting 
personal  inquiries;  and  the  establishment  of  new 
and  better  equipped  depots  for  distribution. 

Missionaries  and  especially  Indian  workers  who 


are  well  acquainted  with  certain  lines  of  thought 
and  familiar  with  the  vernacular  tongues  of 
certain  regions  will  need  to  be  furnished  with 
library  facilities  and  set  apart  for  long  periods 
to  work  on  the  production  of  Christian  lit- 
erature. 

Except  in  rare  cases,  experience  proves  the 
impossibility  of  having  suitable  books  written 
by  men  and  women  who  are  already  hard 
pressed  with  the  usual  cares  incident  to  the 
management  of  mission  stations.  There  are 
thirty  presses  managed  by  the  Protestant 
missions  in  this  great  region,  besides  a  number 
of  others  closely  related  to  the  missions.  One 
hundred  and  twenty  regular  Christian  periodi- 
cals are  issued  from  those  presses,  some  in  the 
vernacular,  some  in  English,  and  some  in  Anglo- 
vernacular  combinations. 

INDEPENDENT  CHURCHES 

IN  A  land  so  poor,  where  hunger  and  disease 
are  so  widespread,  it  is  natural  that  inde- 
pendent native  churches,  free  from  financial  de- 
pendence and  administrative  ties  with  their 
richer  European  or  American  sponsors,  should 
not  be  many.  The  Indian  National  Church  at 
Madras,  founded  thirty  years  ago  to  bring  to- 
gether the  churches  built  up  by  the  Protestant 
missionary  forces,  has  not  effected  the  organic 
union  of  the  churches  into  one  great  church. 
But  the  National  Missionary  Society,  which  has 
a  native  board,  with  only  one  or  two  European 
members,  now  supports  thirty  workers,  scat- 
tered all  over  India  in  fields  not  occupied  by 
foreign  workers.  The  Indian  Christian  Associa- 
tion fellowship  meetings  have  been  attended 
not  only  by  Protestants,  but  also  by  Catholic 
Christians. 

With  the  increasing  material  prosperity  of 
India,  there  will  be  ever  increasing  financial 
support  of  the  church.  It  is  in  the  transition 
period,  when  the  effects  of  the  establishment 
of  new  industries,  and  of  railroads  and  other 
communications,  are  being  felt,  that  foreign  aid 
must  be  invoked.  Only  the  promulgation  of 
Christian  ideals  can  save  many  millions  of 
people  from  the  abyss  of  a  new  and  crass 
materialism  that  will  scar  not  only  India  but 
the  whole  world.  A  marvellous  opportunity 
here  confronts  American  Protestantism. 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  India 


109 


7 


AFGHANISTAN 

AFGHANISTAN,  the  gate  to  India,  has 
,  been  since  ancient  times  one  of  Invasion's 
great  highways.  Through  the  mountain  passes 
from  Afghanistan  to  the  fertile  fields  and  allur- 
ing cities  of  India,  have  come  in  centuries  past 
the  Greeks  of  Alexander,  the  Mongols,  the 
Tartars,  and  the  Mughals  under  Babur,  whose 
d)masty  laid  the  foundations  of  Mohammedan- 
ism in  India. 

Like  a  walled  castle,  Afghanistan  has  stood 
apart.  In  the  nineteenth  century  it  served  as 
the  buffer  state  between  the  British  Indian  and 
Russian  empires.  The  famous  caravan  line 
from  Meshed  on  the  Persian  frontier  that 
runs  by  Herat  and  Kabul  down  through 
Khaibar  pass,  has  been  closed  to  Europeans. 
The  last  of  the  rail  connections  with  the  Rus- 
sian system  stopped  at  Kushk.  The  British 
lines  have  crept  to  Chaman  and  Jamrud,  no 
farther.  Only  Asiatics  have  been  allowed  to 
bring  their  wares  to  the  Afghan  bazaars.  And 
.  even  the  Hindus  have  been  compelled  to  wear 
high  yellow  turbans  marking  them  as  aliens. 

Today,  following  the  breakup  of  the  old  Russian 
Empire,  the  welfare  of  India  requires  that 
Afghanistan  be  kept  no  less  a  buffer  state 
between  the  socialist  masses  of  Russia  and  the 
millions  of  stirring  India. 

The  Afghan  revolution  of  1919,  in  which  the 
Amu-  who  was  inclined  to  British  friendship 
was  killed,  has  brought  no  lowering  of  the  bar- 
rier. The  defeat  of  invading  Afghan  forces 
along  the  Indian  frontier  after  a  brief  skirmish, 
and  the  dickering  of  the  present  Amir  with 
Moscow,  have  left  ill-feeling  in  their  train. 

The  population  of  Afghanistan  is  numbered 
at  6,300,000,  but  no  exact  census  has  ever  been 
made.  The  Amir,  an  absolute  monarch,  gov- 
erns from  the  capital  at  Kabul.  Under  him 
each  of  the  five  provinces  has  its  governor, 
who  supervises  the  tribal  chiefs. 

The  door  has  been  closed  to  Christianity  by  the 
Mohammedans,  especially  the  fanatical  Sunni 
sect,  to  which  most  of  the  population  profess 
allegiance.  A  rigorous  law  punishes  \^ith  death 
the  profession  of  Christianity  by  subjects  of  the 
Amir.     In  spite  of  this  fanaticism,  which  is 


latent  but  ready  to  express  itself  against  any 
European  or  native  Christian  influence,  neither 
the  Sunni,  nor  the  Shiah  community,  with  its 
Persian  connections,  is  really  as  intensely 
sectarian  as  many  of  the  Indian  Moslems. 

The  language  of  Afghanistan,  like  that  of  the 
frontier  tribes  on  the  hinterland  of  India,  is 
Pashtu,  though  Persian  is  the  language  of  the 
court  and  the  nobility.  There  is  only  one  news- 
paper published  in  Pa'jhtu,  and  the  standard 
of  literacy  throughout  the  country  is  very  low. 

No  thorough  attempt  to  bring  the  Christian 
message  of  world  friendship  and  cooperation 
to  this  secluded  country,  if  it  is  ever  opened, 
can  afford  to  overlook  the  need  for  schools.  At 
present  there  are  practically  no  schools,  except 
those  in  the  mosques  in  which  Moslem  boys 
study  the  Koran. 

The  impact  of  the  West  has,  nevertheless,  been 
felt  in  this  isolated  mountainous  country, 
especially  during  the  World  War.  Afghan 
traders  have  for  many  years  penetrated  into 
the  most  remote  bazaars  of  India,  and  are 
a  familiar  sight  in  many  of  its  great  cities. 
Moslem  pilgrims  passing  through  Persia,  Sun- 
nis  going  to  distant  Mecca,  and  especially  the 
Shiahs  on  the  way  to  their  great  shrine  at 
Kerbela,  have  made  connections  with  the  out- 
side world. 

There  are  evidences  that  the  sullen  withdrawal 
that  has  characterized  the  country  cannot  be 
maintained.  The  people  have  begun  to  be 
curious  about  other  nations.  Afghan  mer- 
chants bought  1,791  copies  of  the  Bible  at 
Meshed,  a  Presbyterian  medical  station  on  the 
Persian  frontier,  in  1917;  but  it  is  through  such 
missions  as  that  at  Bannu,  always  to  be  asso- 
ciated with  the  heroic  Dr.  T.  L.  Pennell,  who 
contracted  blood  poisoning  from  an  Afghan 
patient  and  gave  his  life  for  the  Afghan  cause, 
that  the  greatest  hope  may  be  seen  for  a  future 
development  of  this  field. 

In  1911  the  hospital  in  Bannu  treated  nearly 
90,000  Afghan  patients.  Thus  at  Bannu,  and 
at  the  similar  medical  stations  maintained  by 
the  British  missions  at  Hoti-Mardan,  Pesha- 
war and  Quetta,  the  approach  to  Afghanistan 
from  the  Indian  border  has  been  prepared. 


no 


India:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


It  is  hoped  that  the  future  will  bring  such  a  re- 
lation to  the  Indian  Government  as  will  facili- 
tate religious  progress  in  this  great  state.  It 
was  the  earnest  hope  of  the  martyr  Pennell  that 
some  day  he  should  be  permitted  to  enter  the 
vast  Afghan  parish,  where  his  prestige  had  al- 


ready spread .  Changing  political  and  economic 
conditions  may  soon  bring  about  some  reali- 
zation of  this  desire  by  men  of  like  vision. 
Afghanistan,  offering  a  free  contact  with  Chris- 
tian Russia,  would  make  a  splendid  field  for  the 
missionary  zeal  of  the  Christian  Church  in  India. 


Y 


To  Free  Suffering  India 

Five  hundred  and  eight  new  missionaries  from  the  United  States  in  1920  to  preach 
the  gospel  of  health,  education  and  Christian  faith  in  India. 

Interchurch  World  Movement  Estimates  for  American  Foreign  Missionary  Societies  in  India 


r 


Missionaries 
needed  for  1920 

Evangelistic 235 

Educational l^S 

Medical 7| 

Literature % f 

Others* 25 

Total •  •  •  •        5<)8 

*Business  agents,  industrial  and  institutional  workers,  etc. 


Missionaries  needed 
for  6-year  period 
1920-1925 

607 

427 

195 

21 


1,315 


CENTRAL  ASIA 

UNDER  this  head  is  included  that  region  of  the  late  Russian  Empire  east 
of  the  Caspian  Sea,  west  of  Chinese  Turkestan  and  north  of  Persia, 
Afghanistan  and  Kashmir.    It  contains  five  territories,  the  Transcaspian, 
Turkestan,  the  Steppes,  Bokhara,  and  Khiva. 

Central  Asia  is  a  comparatively  little  known  region  of  lofty  mountains,  plateaux 
and  rolling,  grassy  plains,  with  an  area  of  one  and  a  half  million  square  miles.  It  has 
a  population  of  over  thirteen  millions.  It  was  probably  from  this  region  that  the 
Aryan  migration  of  some  three  thousand  years  ago  started  into  India. 

The  ardent  Christian  missionary  enterprise  of  the  nineteenth  century  left  this  region 
practically  untouched.  Yet  this  need  not  be  regarded  as  discouraging.  Central 
Asia  today  presents  an  area  by  no  means  so  tightly  closed  as  was  the  whole  of  Asia  a 
century  ago. 


STRONG  MOSLEM  CENTER 

FIVE  per  cent,  of  the  Moslem  world  lives 
within  the  boundaries  of  Central  Asia  and 
rallies  around  the  University  of  Bokhara, 
which  has  much  the  same  influence  among  the 
Moslems  of  Asia  as  the  University  of  Cairo 
exerts  in  Africa. 

If  the  old  Russian  Empire  inhibited  any 
attempts  to  bring  energetic  Western  Chris- 
tianity into  that  quarter  of  its  realm,  and  if  the 
Greek  Orthodox  Church  made  few  converts 
and  few  contributions  to  civilization  there, 
Christendom  can  be  grateful  that  they  did  en- 
courage immigration. 

Several  million  Russian  colonists  and  their 
descendants  live  on  the  rich  steppes  of  this 
undeveloped  region,  and  many  of  them  would 
actively  support  American  missions.  One  in 
every  eleven  in  Central  Asia  is  a  Christian, 
as  compared  to  one  in  every  hundred  in 
India. 

But  the  Christian  population  is  not  among  the 
natives.  It  is  among  the  colonists.  The  Rus- 
sian occupation  made  little  impression  on  the 
primitive  life  of  some  large  sections  of  the 
country.    The  nomadic  tribes  of  the  steppes 


still  wander  from  place  to  place  searching  for 
pasture  and  water  for  their  flocks. 

Before  the  war,  it  is  true,  the  Russian  railway 
connecting  Tashkend,  through  Orenburg,  with 
the  Trans-Siberian  railway,  had  begun  to 
bring  in  Western  influences.  Merv,  through 
Krasnovodsk,  was  connected  with  the  Caspian 
steamship  lines  that  ran  to  Baku. 

There  are,  however,  only  twelve  feet  of  railroad 
per  siquare  mile.  So  great  is  the  need  for  the 
products  of  Central  Asia,  and  so  sparsely  settled 
is  it,  that  railroads  and  immigrants  will,  if 
political  conditions  permit,  early  and  rapidly 
promote  its  development.  Four-fifths  of  the 
Russian  cotton  supply  was  grown  there.  Enor- 
mous cereal  exports  are  possible. 

The  average  density  of  population  is  only  nine 
persons  to  a  square  mile.  There  are  100  men  to 
every  ninety  women,  it  has  been  estimated. 

FREQUENT  PLAGUES 

IN  SPITE  of  the  outdoor  life,  the  population 
suffers  from  plagues  and  venereal  and  other 
diseases.  According  to  one  estimate,  there  were 
more  than  half  a  million  cases  of  contagious 
disease  in  Central  Asia  in  1910. 


112 


Central  Asia:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


Since  the  Russian  Revolution,  the  sanitary 
condition  of  the  Christian  population,  chiefly 
in  Turkestan,  has  been  pitiful.  The  military 
hospitals  whose  surgeons  had  been  of  use  to  the 
people,  were  abandoned.  The  cry  is  for  new 
ameliorative  agencies,  and  since  Russia  proper 
is  busy  with  her  own  gigantic  task  of  building 
up  the  new  Russian  State  and  caring  for  a 
people  racked  by  six  years  of  continuous  war- 
fare, there  is  a  loud  appeal  to  America. 

Medical  missionaries  especially  are  desired, 
since  through  them,  as  through  no  other  agency, 
can  the  Mohammedan  population  be  reached. 
As  among  Moslems  elsewhere,  the  more  open 
and  direct  methods  of  evangelization  are  less 
practicable  in  the  pioneer  stage.  Yet  much 
can  be  done  by  personal  contact  in  the  home 
of  the  Christian  worker,  at  the  shops  and  in  the 
market-place,  by  the  distribution  of  literature, 
by  lectures  to  small  groups,  with  music  and 
pictures  and  by  elementary  schools  for  both 
children  and  adults. 

WORK  THROUGH  PERSIA 

THE  Central  Asiatic  field  is  accessible  to 
Protestant  missionaries  mainly  through 
Persia  on  the  southwest  and  through  China  on 
the  east.  It  has  occasionally  been  explored  by 
evangelistic  workers,  but  the  only  permanent 
work  now  going  on,  so  far  as  is  known,  is  being 
conducted  by  the  Brethren,  of  England,  the 
body  known  as  "Christian  Missions  in  Many 
Lands,"  at  Tashkend  and  Nikolaipol. 


Because  of  its  central  situation,  and  from  its 
being  on  the  railway  and  in  a  comparatively 
dense  population,  Tashkend  is  a  suitable  place 
for  opening  work.  Turkestan  has  about  sixteen 
persons  to  the  square  mile,  as  compared  with 
nine  for  the  whole  of  these  five  territories.  A 
strong  missionary  center  might  well  be  de- 
veloped at  Tashkend,  and  there  are  several 
other  sections  which  might  be  opened  within 
the  near  future,  as  the  cities  of  Bokhara  (with 
about  75,000  inhabitants),  Turkestan,  Samar- 
khand,  Merv,  Khiva  and  Khokan. 

Strong  medical  centers  might  be  established 
early,  and  evangelistic,  educational  and  literary 
efforts  undertaken  as  fast  as  conditions  war- 
rant. Special  preparation  would  obviously 
be  required  in  the  Arabic  of  the  Koran  and  in 
the  Turki  dialects  and  in  the  Moslem  faith, 
and  nearly  every  station  should  have  some 
workers  equipped  in  the  Russian  language 
and  in  the  history  of  the  Eastern  Orthodox 
Church. 

No  foreigner  can  do  much  to  influence  the  re- 
ligious, moral  and  domestic  ideas  of  these 
tribes  unless  he  understands  their  religion, 
languages  and  customs.  Nor  will  Christian 
books  and  papers  have  much  influence  unless 
written  in  the  domestic  speech  of  the  people. 
The  Bible  is  available  in  such  current  tongues 
as  the  Arabic,  Turki  and  Russian,  but  several 
new  versions  and  many  books  and  leaflets  will 
be  needed  at  once. 


n 


h 


SOUTHEASTERN  ASIA 

IT  IS  customary  to  place  under  the  one  grouping,  "Southeastern  Asia/'  the  Indo- 
China  peninsula,  Malaysia,  Oceania  and  the  Philippines.    But  no  single  gen- 
eralization serves  to  characterize  the  entire  region.    Its  ninety-one  millions  of 
population  are  scattered  over  the  peninsula  and  over  five  thousand  islands. 

The  populations  are  chiefly  of  the  brown  and  yellow  races.  There  are  over  twenty 
racial  groups.  One  hundred  and  fifty  different  languages  and  dialects  are  spoken  in 
Malaysia  alone. 

Siam  is  the  only  part  of  the  Southeastern  Asia  division  that  maintains  itself  politi- 
cally without  European,  American  or  Japanese  suzerains.  In  spite  of  these  political 
connections,  however,  this  part  of  Asia  is  not  nearly  as  well  known  as  India,  China 
or  Japan.    Until  the  last  thirty  years  it  has  been  comparatively  a  neglected  area. 


THE  MALAY  WORLD 

SOUTHEASTERN  Asia  has  been  the  more 
easily  overlooked  because  the  population 
was  predominantly  Malay.  The  Malay  people 
have  neither  the  numbers  nor  the  vital  force  to 
be  a  deciding  factor  in  twentieth  century  Asia. 
China,  the  homogeneous  mass,  has  overwhelm- 
ing political  and  social  dominance. 

Nevertheless,  for  two  reasons,  the  region  is  in 
the  fore  of  any  plans  made  today  for  the  re- 
generation of  the  non-Christian  world.  The 
population  of  Southeastern  Asia  is  in  flux. 
Sixty  thousand  immigrants  from  India  settle 
annually  in  the  less  crowded  territories  of  the 
peninsula  and  the  Malay  archipelago.  A 
quarter  of  a  million  Chinese  each  year  seek  the 
fertile  earth  and  tropical  climate  of  the  South. 
It  is  noteworthy  that  when  the  native  races 
and  the  Chinese  inter-marry,  their  offspring 
are  the  hardiest  physical  types  in  the  popula- 
tion. 

A  new  and  restless  life  has  come  over  that  whole 
portion  of  the  globe.  Oceania  and  the  South 
Seas,  that  used  once  to  be  infinitely  remote, 
are  caught  up  in  the  web  of  world  trade.  Brit- 
ish, Dutch  and  French  rule  is  rapidly  accelerat- 
ing the  growth  of  modern  commercial  ties  with 
the  Western  world. 


As  yet  there  are  few  cities.  Railroads  have 
come,  but  few  factories.  It  is  the  richer  and 
easier  life  of  the  tropics  that  attracts  the 
Chinese — a  life  less  harsh  than  that  in  the  more 
densely  populated  parts  of  the  continent. 
The  peninsula  has  sixty-two  people  to  the 
square  mile,  twice  as  many  as  the  United  States, 
but  seems  to  have  ample  room  to  the  coolies 
from  the  crowded  Yangtse  Valley. 

Not  only  are  there  main  currents  of  immigra- 
tion and  emigration  west  and  north,  but  there 
is  further  movement  of  peoples  because  of  the 
return  from  the  French  theater  of  war  of  many 
colonial  troops  and  workmen  among  the  Anna- 
mese,  Cambodian  and  Tai  people.  These 
Asiatics  come  back  with  new  ideas.  The 
whole  country  quivers  with  the  prospect  of 
imminent  change. 

AMERICA'S  EXAMPLE 

BUT  the  most  stirring  factor  to  Southeastern 
Asia,  and,  perhaps,  the  whole  of  Asia,  has 
been  the  American  Administration  of  the 
Philippines. 

Imagine,  if  you  can,  that  you  had  been  a  mis- 
sionary in  a  great  section  of  the  world  where 
only  one  nation  had  its  own  king;  where  all 
other   government    was   by   some    European 


114 


Southeastern  Asia:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


BRINGING  STUDENTS  TO  CHRIST 


* 


I 


I 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  Southeastern  Asia 


115 


power;  where  there  was  no  franchise.  Sup- 
pose, in  spite  of  the  bounty  of  the  tropical  con- 
ditions around  you,  that  you  had  seen  that 
bounty  go  for  nothing  in  the  tremendous  waste 
of  human  life  and  energy.  Suppose  you  had 
worked  ceaselessly  against  illiteracy  and  dis- 
ease, and  found  so  often  that  the  message 
which  in  a  literate  country  you  might  tell 
thousands,  had  to  be  told  one  by  one  through 
word  of  mouth.  Suppose  you  had  seen  half 
the  babies  bom  in  your  neighborhood  die,  and 
hookworm  lay  waste  the  population.  Suppose 
you  had  prayed  night  after  night  that  the 
Christian  world  might  share  its  knowledge  with 
these  people.  And  suppose  everywhere  about 
you  there  was  lethargy  and  a  general  belief 
that  the  Christian  democratic  standards  you 
wished  to  set  could  not  be  set. 

And  then  suppose  that  suddenly  there  came 
into  your  experience  and  into  the  experience 
of  many  of  your  native  neighbors  the  story  of 
the  Philippines,  putting  new  heart  and  new 
life  into  your  own  work  for  the  people  around 
you. 

WORK  ONLY  BEGUN 

NO  ONE  can  yet  calculate  what  the  history 
of  the  last  twenty  years  in  the  Philippine 
Islands  has  meant,  not  only  to  the  missionary, 
but  to  the  peoples  of  Southeastern  Asia.  Chris- 
tian ideals  and  American  application  of  those 
ideals  have  only  begun  to  do  their  work  in  the 
Philippines.  But  the  dynamic  force  of  their 
beginning  has  stirred  the  most  remote  parts  of 
Southeastern  Asia.  If  even  the  Malay,  of  whom 
not  a  great  deal  was  expected,  can  be  so  gen- 
erously shown  the  way  to  Western  sanitary 
standards  and  schools  and  the  Protestant 
Christian  ideal  of  self-government,  and  can 
grow  so  swiftly  toward  health,  prosperity  and 
brotherly  relations  with  the  Christian  world, 
then,  argues  the  Malay,  Christianity  is  vital. 

Generosity  on  so  large  a  scale  and  coupled  with 
the  promise  of  self-government,  was  new  to  the 
experience  of  Asia  with  Christian  governments. 
Every  missionary  in  the  Far  East,  and  especial- 
ly the  American  missionary,  has  felt  anew 
'  "that  things  could  be  done,"  and  the  people 
themselves  have  turned  hopefully  to  ask  for 


the  chance  to  do  what  the  Philippines  are  in 
process  of  achieving. 

PHILIPPINE  ISLANDS 

THE  Philippine  Islands  are  the  great  Chris- 
tian experiment  toward  which  the  eyes  of 
Asia  turn.  There  and  there  alone  it  sees  a 
Western  Christian  government  making  gener- 
ous practical  effort  to  assist  the  East  toward 
independence  and  democracy.  Protestant  Chris- 
tianity is  the  essential  spirit  on  which  the  West- 
em  democracies  rest.  On  Protestant  Christian 
missions  as  well  as  the  agency  of  the  American 
Government  rests  the  fulfillment  of  Philippine 
hope  and  the  conversion  of  Asia. 

The  3,141  islands  of  the  Philippine  group  cover 
a  total  area  of  115,000  square  miles,  a  little 
more  than  that  of  Arizona.  The  native  popu- 
lation numbers  ten  million.  Nine  million  live 
in  the  lowlands.  Chief  among  these  civilized 
tribes  are  the  Visayans.  The  most  advanced 
in  culture  are  the  Tagalogs.  The  population 
of  the  wild  unconquered  mountain  tribes  num- 
bers more  than  half  a  million.  Among  them 
are  the  Igorots,  still  living  in  their  ancient 
tribal  state,  and  the  Negritos,  who  have  re- 
jected all  forms  of  modem  civilization.  Three 
hundred  and  fifty  thousand  Moros,  the  only 
lai'ge  group  of  Mohammedans  under  the 
American  flag,  live  in  the  island  of  Mindanao 
and  on  the  Sulu  archipelago.  There  are  at 
present  about  40,000  Chinese  in  the  islands 
and  6,000  Americans,  excluding  troops. 

BAPTISM  BY  CONSCRIPTION 

FOR  four  centuries  before  the  coming  of  the 
Americans,  the  Philippines  were  under 
Spanish  rule,  a  last  fragment  of  the  old  Spanish 
Empire.  The  Spanish  had  forced  baptism  on 
the  subjugated  tribes,  and  the  Friar  orders  of 
Rome  dominated  the  people,  offering  no  protest 
against  and  even  cooperating  in  Spanish  op- 
pression. 

America's  coming  signalized  a  complete  change 
of  affairs.  Military  control  was  succeeded 
in  1900  by  a  Civil  Commission.  Within  four 
years  all  except  two  or  three  governors  of  the 
forty-five  provinces  were  Filipinos.  The  first 
Philippine  Assembly  was  called  in  190'^,  and 
the  first  Philippine  Senate  in  1916. 


116 


Southeastern  Asia:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


PHILIPPINE 
ISLANDS 


NUMBER  OF 

GOVERNMENT  SCHOOLS 

IN  EACH  PROVINCE 


THERE  are  4,747  public  schools  in  the  Philippines,  with  671,398  students. 
In  these  schools,  English  is  the  common  language.    The  educated,  English- 
speaking  thousands  are  ready  soil  for  missionary  endeavor. 


i^ 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  Southeastern  Asia 


117 


The  islands  are  rich.  The  hemp  crop  leads  the 
world.  Rice,  sugar  cane,  tobacco,  com  and 
cocoanuts  flourish.  Half  the  total  cultivated 
area  is  given  over  to  the  rice  crop.  Forty  thou- 
sand square  miles  of  rich  forest  lands  yield 
timber,  resins,  tan  and  dye  barks.  Three 
million  dollars'  worth  of  gold,  silver,  copper  and 
platinum  is  mined  annually. 

LAND  FOR  THE  PEOPLE 

THE  islands  have  just  begun  their  agri- 
cultural prosperity.  Japan  produces  five 
times  as  much  per  square  mile  of  arable  land. 
But  the  Philippines  will  catch  up.  There  are  now 
a  million  and  a  half  farms  in  the  islands.  Ninety- 
six  per  cent,  are  owned  by  natives.  Ninety- 
one  per  cent,  of  the  town  land  is  owned  by 
natives. 

The  American  administration  is  responsible 
for  much  of  this  democratic  division  of  hold- 
ings. One  of  the  first  acts  after  the  occupa- 
tion was  the  purchase  of  the  land  held  by  the 
Roman  Catholic  Friars  during  the  Spanish 
regime.  The  land  so  purchased  was  disposed 
of  to  natives,  and  by  1919  more  than  60,000 
homestead  applications  had  been  filed. 

The  trade  increase  in  the  Philippines  in  the  last 
five  years  has  been  131  per  cent.  It  has  been 
estimated  that  the  islands  could  support  six 
times  their  present  population  in  comfort. 
Under  such  favorable  prospects,  it  is  clear  that 
missionary  enterprise,  once  it  has  demonstrated 
its  usefulness  to  the  native  population,  can 
confidently  look  forward  to  local  self-support. 

EDUCATION'S  MAYFLOWER 

ASHIPLOAD  of  American  school  teachers 
were  sent  out  from  the  United  States  as 
one  of  the  first  acts  of  American  protection. 
"Within  four  years  English  instruction  was  being 
given  in  2,000  schools.  Today  there  are  4,747 
primary,  secondary  and  intermediate  public 
schools,  with  368  American  and  14,155  Filipino 
teachers.  The  total  enrolment,  including  high 
school  students,  is  671,398,  about  half  the 
school  population  between  six  and  fourteen. 
Trade  and  agricultural  schools  and  a  great 
university  at  Manila  with  3,300  students  are 
the  climax  of  the  splendid  educational  system. 


As  a  result  of  American  effort,  the  Philippines 
have  the  highest  percentage  of  literates  of  any 
eastern  country  except  Japan.  Today  literacy 
is  40  per  cent,  among  the  men  and  30  per 
cent,  among  the  women,  eight  times  what  it 
was  under  the  Spanish  regime. 

STATUS  OF  WOMEN 

IT  IS  important  to  note  here  that  there  is  not 
the  usual  appalling  difference  in  the  literacy 
rates  of  the  men  and  the  women.  The  status 
of  the  Philippine  women  is  probably  higher 
than  that  of  women  in  any  other  eastern  coun- 
try. Half  the  teachers  in  the  public  schools 
are  women.  Thirty  per  cent,  of  the  industrial 
population  are  women. 

Opportunities  are  made  for  women  in  govern- 
ment service.  They  are  protected  in  their 
property  rights  and  not  discriminated  against 
in  matters  of  divorce.  Women  take  active 
part  in  the  Red  Cross  and  the  Women's  Chris- 
tian Temperance  Union,  and  are  building  a 
strong  women's  club  movement.  They  are 
beginning  to  agitate  for  equal  suffrage. 

CRUSADE  FOR  HEALTH 

ONE  of  the  most  gratifying  examples  of 
what  American  Christian  standards  can 
do  for  the  Orient  has  been  the  record  of  sanitary 
improvement  in  the  Philippines.  The  work  is 
not  yet  finished,  but  it  has  been  nobly  begun. 
Calls  from  the  Philippine  field  praise  what  has 
been  done  and  beg  for  missionary  cooperation  in 
forwarding  the  movement  for  a  new  valuation, 
and  consequent  conservation,  of  all  human  life. 

The  Philippines  used  to  be  one  of  the  plague 
spots  of  the  earth.  Four  hundred  thousand 
people  lost  their  lives  in  the  cholera  epidemic 
of  1879.  Now  cholera  is  practically  wiped  out. 
Only  5,200  deaths  were  reported  in  1918.  The 
total  death  rate  has  fallen  from  30.5  per  thou- 
sand, in  1898,  to  twenty-four  per  thousand  in 
1918.  But  this  rate  is  still  more  than  a  third 
higher  than  it  should  be  to  equal  the  American 
standard. 

The  greatest  victory  has  been  won  over  the 
wasteful  infant  mortality  rate.  In  1902,  448 
children  out  of  a  thousand  died  before  the  age 
of  one  year.     That  rate  has  been  reduced 


118 


Southeastern  Asia:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


I 


considerably,  but  336  per  thousand  died  in 
1918,  as  compared  with  165  per  thousand  in 
the  United  States. 

In  Manila  and  the  provinces  last  year,  over 
two  and  one  half  million  persons  were  vacci- 
nated. Medical  equipment  in  the  islands  is 
extensive.  But  the  call  is  constantly  for  more 
and  more  doctors.  Six  hospitals,  one  medical 
school,  incorporated  with  the  University  of 
Manila,  and  422  dispensaries  are  maintained 
by  the  government,  as  well  as  the  largest  leper 
colony  in  the  world,  caring  for  4,500  sufferers. 
To  these  resources,  eleven  hospitals,  twenty 
dispensaries,  eight  nurses'  training  schools  and 
eight  missionary  doctors  have  been  added  by 
missionary  enterprise. 

The  mission  share  in  bringing  health  to  the 
Philippines  cannot  be  taken  over  by  the  govern- 
ment. The  medical  missions  are  dynamic 
centers  for  the  preaching  of  the  infinite  value 
of  human  life.  They  are  the  entering  wedge  for 
all  civilizing  influences  with  the  wild  mountain 
tribes.  They  emphasize  over  and  over  again 
that  Christian  living  is  the  great  preventive  of 
disease,  and  cooperation  and  social  responsi- 
bility the  spiritual  forerunners  of  all  sanitary 
programs. 

PROGRESS  OF  CHRISTIANITY 

EIGHTY-FOUR  per  cent,  of  the  population 
of  the  Philippines  is  Christian.  But  of 
these  Christians  less  than  100,000  are  Protestant 
church  members — or  approximately  ten  in 
every  thousand  of  population.  There  are  about 
500,000  adherents,  however. 

Among  ten  million  Filipinos  there  are  205 
Protestant  missionaries  at  work,  including  the 
wives  of  missionaries.  That  means  one  mis- 
sionary to  every  50,000  population.  But  the 
proportion  of  missionaries  actually  engaged  in 
evangelistic  preaching  is  only  one  to  500,000. 

Since  the  conference  of  denominational  boards 
in  1900,  overlapping  and  duplication  of  effort 
on  the  part  of  various  missionary  agencies  have 
been  eliminated.  The  territory  at  that  time 
was  divided  and  rules  of  activity  were  agreed 
upon.  The  .principle  of  this  cooperation  is 
illustrated  in  the  decision  that  the  new  Filipino 


churches  were  to  be  called  "evangelical,"  ir- 
respective of  denominations.  Results  have 
proved  the  value  of  such  practical  cooperation. 

Today  in  the  islands  fhere  are  four  union 
institutions:  the  Union  Dormitory  and  the 
Union  Hospital  at  Iloilo,  Panay,  maintained 
by  the  Presbyterians  and  Baptists;  the  Union 
Church  in  Manila,  for  the  American  population, 
and  the  Union  Theological  Seminary  at  Manila, 
which  fits  sixty-five  men  a  year  for  the  ministry 
and  which  is  maintained  by  the  Presbyterians 
(North),  Methodists,  Disciples,  United  Breth- 
ren, Congregationalists  and  Baptists.  A  pro- 
posal has  been  agreed  on  for  a  Union  Christian 
College  at  Manila  to  continue  the  Christian 
training  begun  in  the  Christian  dormitories  or 


CHURCH  MEMBERSHIP  IN 
THE  PHILIPPINES 


1899 


I 


1904 


19O0 


lOO 


I9POO 


^7,000 


19M 


1919 


THE  Philippines  are  the  most  fruitful 
of  all  mission  fields.  Additions  to  the 
Protestant  church  membership  have  piled 
up  there  at  a  greater  rate  than  in  any  other 
foreign  land.  A  record  of  90,000  members 
in  twenty  years  is  remarkable,  but  mis- 
sionaries say  that  this  number  can  be 
doubled  or  perhaps  trebled  in  the  next  five 
years,  if  adequate  reinforcements  in  men 
and  money  are  sent  from  the  United  States. 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  Southeastern  Asia 


119 


homes  maintained  by  all  the  mission  boards  in 
the  various  high  school  centers. 

Methodists  and  FYesbjrterians  cooperate  in 
publishing  a  paper  in  Tagalog,  and  the  United 
Brethren  and  Methodists  in  a  paper  in  Ilocano. 
The  Philippine  Islands  Sunday  School  Union 
represents  all  denominations. 

UNOCCUPIED  ISLANDS 

THIS  missionary  comity  has  achieved  far 
greater  advances  for  the  Church  than  could 
otherwise  have  been  gained.  Yet  even  with 
such  organization,  missionary  enterprise  has  not 
been  able  to  enter  two  of  the  islands,  and  has 
been  unable  adequately  to  occupy  two  others. 
The  two  unoccupied  islands  are  Palawan  and 
Mindoro.  They  have  a  combined  area  of  more 
than  9,000  square  miles  and  a  population  of 
135,000.  White  settlers  are  established  on 
these  islands.  Sugar  plantations  are  cultivated 
there,  and  timber  products  are  found.  To  a 
penal  colony  in  Palawan  the  government  sends 
criminal  offenders. 

The  inadequately  occupied  territory  includes 
Mindanao,  second  largest  of  the  islands.  The 
least  developed  territory  is  the  department  of 
Mindanao  and  Sulu.  Here  dwell  the  350,000 
Moros.  Their  Mohammedanism  is  of  a  de- 
graded type.  Until  recently  they  had  been 
unresponsive  to  modem  methods.  Mindanao 
holds  many  thousands  of  people  belonging  to 


the  wild  tribes.  Among  them  are  those  who 
have  migrated  from  the  northern  islands. 

Luzon  is  the  other  inadequately  occupied  island. 
In  the  northern  part  are  Igorots  and  other  wild 
tribes — several  hundred  thousand  of  them  liv- 
ing in  the  mountain  region.  These  have  not 
been  touched  by  the  missionary  advance,  al- 
though work  on  educational  and  industrial  lines 
has  been  begun  among  them  by  the  government. 

The  Philippine  Islands  have  one  native  church 
— the  Aglipayano,  or  Independent  Filipino 
Church.  Founded  in  1898  as  a  result  of  a  re- 
volt from  the  Roman  Church,  led  by  a  native 
priest,  this  independent  church  at  one  time  had 
a  membership  of  three  million.  It  incorporated 
Roman  Catholic  policies  and  methods,  but  its 
strength  lay  in  the  growing  nationalistic  and 
patriotic  feeling  of  the  natives.  Attempts  by 
political  leaders  to  use  the  church  brought 
about  its  decline.  Only  one  million  members 
now  remain.  Many  former  members  are  now 
back  in  the  Roman  church,  or  are  Protestants, 
while  many  have  drifted  into  atheism  and 
infidelity. 

PREPARING  FOR  INDEPENDENCE 

THE  Church  has  in  the  Philippine  Islands 
one  of  its  richest  opportunities.  To 
strengthen  the  forces  already  at  work  among  the 
more  civilized,  is  its  first  duty.  To  reach  the  wild 
tribes  of  the  hills  and  unoccupied  islands  is  also 


For  Our  Wards  in  the  Philippines 

Ninety-seven  new  missionaries  for  the  people  over  whom  the  United  States  holds 
the  guardianship. 

Interchurch  World  Movement  Estimates  for  American  Foreign  Missionary  Societies 

in  the  Philippines 


Missionaries 
needed  for  1920 

Evangelistic *. . .  33 

Educational 23 

Medical 23 

Literature 3 

Others* 15 

Total 97 

♦Business  agents,  industrial  and  institutional  workers,  etc. 


Missionaries  needed 
for  5-year  period 
1920-1925 

63 
47 
47 
6 
32 


195 


120 


Southeastern  Asia:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


A  MISSION  SCHOOL 

GIVING  TI^AINING  TO 

Hands 

TSEADS 

] Iearjs 

towns  represented 

at  this  School  in 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  Southeastern  Asia 


121 


necessary.  Here  above  all  must  Christian 
teaching  establish  Christian  ideals  and  Chris- 
tian service  aid  in  the  establishment  of  a  national 
poise  that  will  permit  these  people  to  assume 
their  independence. 

Modem  civilization  is  on  trial  in  the  Orient. 
Western  institutions  are  being  rapidly  adopted. 
Shall  we  allow  the  Orient  to  adopt  the  letter 
and  not  the  spirit  of  our  institutions  ?  His- 
torians of  the  future  must  not  record  that 
America  nurtured  ten  millions  of  her  wards  into 
full  citizenship  and  gave  them  responsible 
government  in  the  most  strategic  position  of 
the  great  Pacific,  and  yet  left  them  in  moral  and 
spiritual  darkness.  Even  though  they  have 
proved  apt  pupils  of  our  institutions,  let  us  not 
forget  that  "the  letter  killeth,  but  the  Spirit 
giveth  life."  Let  the  Philippines  be  our  Pacific 
contribution  to  posterity. 

OCEANIA 

(Not  including  Hawaii,  Australia,  New  Zealand 
or  Tasmania). 

OCEANIA,  the  great  archipelago  of  the 
Pacific,  is  composed  of  thirty  groups 
of  islands,  numbering  in  all  1,500.  With  the 
exception  of  a  few  islands  under  French, 
Japanese  or  American  protection,  the  archi- 
pelago comes  under  British  sovereignty.  Ger- 
many forfeited  her  holdings  in  the  war.  The 
United  States  has  jurisdiction  over  Guam  and 
American  Samoa. 

The  native  islanders  are  of  the  Malayan- 
Polynesian  race.  Many  of  the  islands  are  still 
ruled  by  native  chiefs  and  medicine  men,  who 
are  quite  oblivious  of  the  European  agencies. 

The  islands  are  coming  closer  to  Asia  because 
of  the  tide  of  immigration  from  this  continent 
which  is  seeking  their  less  densely  populated 
regions  and  following  the  new  lines  of  world 
commerce.  The  Chinese  are  coming  as  coolies 
and  traders.  Indians  are  brought  to  the  islands 
as  indentured  labor.  In  Fiji  alone  there  are 
61,000  Indians  to  91,000  natives. 

NATIVE  INDOLENCE 

THE  actual  status  of  this  coolie  labor  is  that 
of  the  period  slave.    They  cannot  be  re- 
leased until  after  periods  of  servitude  ranging 


up  to  ten  years.  Much  of  the  prosperity  of  the 
islands  is  built  on  the  long  term  land  leases  of 
the  European  settlers  and,  in  many  islands,  on 
coolie  labor.  The  indolent  natives  have  little 
interest  in  developing  the  natural  resources  of 
the  islands. 

The  coming  of  these  Asiatics,  which  has  pro- 
duced materials  on  which  to  base  the  trading 
future  of  the  islands,  has  complicated  the  ethnic 
problem.  The  native  islanders  are  unsteady, 
and  under  the  impact  of  oriental  immigration, 
threaten  to  lose  their  racial  entity. 

The  religious  problem  is  enormously  compli- 
cated for  the  Christian  missionary.  The  ma- 
jority of  the  Indians  brought  in  are  Hindus, 
but  there  is  a  large  Mohammedan  element. 
There  is  a  sprinkling  of  Chinese,  also,  mostly 
traders,  who  are  superseding  their  white  com- 
petitors. The  Christian  missionary  must  work 
among  the  varied  immigrants  as  well  as  among 
the  natives. 

VANISHING  TRIBES 

IT  IS  not  possible  to  obtain  vital  statistics 
in  the  islands.  It  is  known  that  on  many 
islands  the  native  races  are  dying  out.  In  Fiji 
the  birth  rate  is  increasing. 

Some  effort  is  being  made  to  look  after  the 
health  of  the  population,  but  there  is  not  even 
primitive  sanitation  except  in  European  settle- 
ments. There  are  only  sixteen  hospitals,  one 
to  each  150,000  population,  and  as  a  matter  of 
fact,  the  island  geography  makes  these  sixteen 
inaccessible  to  most  people.  There  are  ten 
physicians  and  nine  trained  nurses,  chiefly 
attached  to  the  governing  staffs.  In  the  Gilbert 
and  Ellice  colonies,  one  lone  orderly  dispenses 
medicine  for  the  groups  of  islands  covering  some 
2,000  square  miles.  In  Fiji  there  is  a  medical 
school  for  native  doctors  attached  to  the 
colonial  hospital. 

Medical  work  has  not  been  attempted  in  any 
large  degree  by  missionary  agencies.  At  pres- 
ent the  Protestant  organizations — sixteen  hos- 
pitals and  twenty-eight  dispensaries — have 
an  average  of  about  ten  thousand  cases 
during  a  year. 

Although    government    medical    departments 


■^ 


122 


Southeastern  Asia:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


have  been  established  in  many  places,  the 
witch-doctor  is  the  sole  "relief"  in  many  islands, 
and  the  lack  of  scientific  medical  aid  is  felt 
throughout  the  entire  archipelago. 

The  average  marriage  age  is  twelve  years,  and 
polygamy  is  practised,  but  for  the  most  part 
women  are  not  yet  exploited  at  heavy  labor, 
weaving  light  mats  being  one  of  their  common 
occupations.  They  are  fairly  independent. 
What  they  want  they  fight  for.  Native  queens 
are  not  unusual. 

But  no  real  value  is  set  on  women's  lives. 
Infanticide  and  cannibalism  still  mark  the 
closeness  to  savagery  of  many  tribes.  The 
killing  of  old  people  is  dying  out,  but  instances 
of  this  still  occur. 


MISSION  EDUCATION 

THERE  was  no  written  language  in  all  Oce- 
ania until  the  coming  of  the  missionaries. 
There  are  very  few  newspapers  on  the  islands. 
Missionary  literature  has  been  published  con- 
sistently ever  since  the  London  Missionary 
Society  entered  Tahiti  in  1797,  276  years  after 
Magellan  came  to  the  islands  and  converted 
by  compulsion. 

For  many  years  educational  work  was  almost 
entirely  under  missionary  control.  Recently 
the  British,  French  and  American  governments 
have  taken  up  this  matter  in  the  islands  they 
respectively  control.  Hitherto,  higher  educa- 
tion has  been  practically  negligible.  But  the 
aforementioned  governments  may  reasonably 


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THE  lighthouse  built  in  1797  cast  its  beams  a  long  way.  It  is  interesting 
to  note  that  in  the  majority  of  island  groups  the  gospel  was  first  preached 
by  natives  who  had  heard  its  message  from  missionaries  in  the  Society  Islands 
and  of  their  own  initiative  carried  it  back  to  their  own  people.  Today,  as  a 
himdred  years  ago,  natives  are  the  best  emissaries  for  carrying  the  gospel. 
Missionary  teachers  and  training  schools  are  needed  to  fit  them  for  the  task. 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  Southeastern  Asia 


123 


be  expected  to  develop  the  educational  systems 
they  have  already  organized.  Thus  the  mis- 
sionary problem  will  henceforward  be  largely 
an  evangelistic  one.  But  until  the  govern- 
mental systems  are  more  fully  developed  edu- 
cation under  control  of  the  missionaries  should 
go  on. 

At  present  there  are  about  60,000  pupils  under 
instruction  in  2,350  missionary  schools,  of 
which  only  a  few  go  above  the  grammar  grades. 
Throughout  Oceania  there  is  a  native  teaching 
staff  of  about  4,500,  but  the  foreign  staff  is 
entirely  inadequate. 

MISSIONARY  ADVENTURE 

THE  spiritual  victories  gained  in  the  Pacific 
cost  a  heavy  price.  The  missionary 
martyrs,  John  Williams,  Bishop  Patterson  and 
James  Chalmers,  laid  down  their  lives  in 
Oceania.  The  whole  story  of  the  South  Sea 
Islands  has  been  one  of  the  heroic  romances  of 
missionary  life. 

The  islands  today  call  for  help  as  they  called 
of  old,  the  new  peoples  from  Asia  no  less  than 
the  savage  natives  of  the  more  remote  islands  of 
New  Caledonia,  Papua,  New  Hebrides,  Santa 
Cruz,  the  Solomon  and  Bismarck  groups.  The 
traders  and  adventurers  from  the  white  man's 
world  have  introduced  some  of  the  worst  vices  of 
the  Occident.  In  many  places  the  natives,  while 
they  are  less  cruel  than  they  used  to  be,  are  less 
truthful,  less  industrious,  less  cleanly  than 
formerly.  Latterly,  where  Christianity  has 
been  accepted,  it  has  been  corrupted  with  old 
practises  of  ancestor  worship  and  magic. 
Saint-worship  also  is  being  established  in  some 
of  the  islands. 

The  Tonga  Island  Mission,  however,  illustrates 
a  more  complete  victory.  Sixty  years  ago  the 
whole  population  accepted  Christianity.  To- 
day there  is  a  native  membership  of  3,300  in 
Fiji. 

The  only  American  society  in  Oceania  which 
has  undertaken  work  on  a  large  scale  is  the 
American  Board  (Congregational).  But  for 
twenty  years  it  has  been  gradually  withdraw- 
ing from  the  field,  until  now  it  maintains  but 
three  women  missionaries  in  Micronesia,  one 
doing  general  work  in  the  Marshall  group  and 


two  in  a  girls*  school  at  Kusaie,  Caroline  Is- 
lands, which  work  will  be  dropped  when  they 
retire.  At  Guam,  the  United  States  possession 
in  the  Ladrone  Islands,  one  man  and  his  wife 
are  stationed  by  the  General  Baptists. 

As  far  as  America  is  concerned,  the  entire 
field  is  practically  unoccupied.  To  preserve 
against  being  overwhelmed,  first  by  the 
Asiatic  immigration,  then  by  the  European 
commercial  advance,  is  the  whole  problem. 
Existing  work  must  be  strengthened  and  ex- 
panded. For  the  one  million  or  more  natives 
of  New  Caledonia,  New  Hebrides,  the  Banks, 
Solomon  and  Bismarck  Islands  and  Santa  Cruz, 
a  new  force  of  missionaries  must  be  trained  and 
sent  out.  Meanwhile  no  small  part  of  the  solu- 
tion of  the  problem  of  Oceania  rests  with  the 
work  in  China,  India  and  Malaysia. 

INDO-CHINA  PENINSULA 

THE  Indo-China  peninsula  is  twice  the  size 
of  Texas,  and  has  four  times  the  population. 
Siam,  an  ancient  kingdom  with  an  ancient 
civilization,  one  of  the  most  humane  in  Asia, 
occupies  the  western  half  of  the  peninsula. 
Indo-China  and  its  provinces,  Tonking,  Annam, 
French  Laos,  Cambodia,  and  Cochin  China, 
lie  to  the  north  and  east. 

Seabound  and  rugged,  neither  country  has 
been  easily  reached  by  traveler  or  trader.  The 
refusal  of  the  French  Government  to  counte- 
nance Protestant  missionary  enterprise,  has 
robbed  the  country  of  some  most  useful  path- 
finders. Until  recently,  in  spite  of  the  fact 
that  Indo-China  has  $117,000,000  worth  of 
export  trade  and  $93,000,000  of  import  trade, 
the  country  was  called  "the  hermit  land." 

Nine-tenths  of  the  twenty-eight  million  popula- 
tion of  the  Indo-China  peninsula  still  live  in  the 
country.  Modem  machinery  has  not  yet 
brought  release  from  primitive  cultivation  of 
the  land.  Factory  projects  have  not  called 
the  rural  population  to  the  city  mills.  Both 
Siam  and  Indo-China  are  fortunate  in  their 
natural  resources.  In  spite  of  the  mountains, 
nearly  half  the  land  is  exceptionally  fertile. 
Rice  farming  and  teak  wood  forestry  flourish. 
Coal,  sapphires  and  rubies  are  found  on  rich 
mining  properties. 


124 


Southeastern  Asia:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


A  WEAK  SECTOR  IN  CHRISTIANITY'S 

ADVANCE 


I 


THE  Indo-China  Peninsula,  twice  the  size  of  Texas  and  with  four  times 
its  population,  is  a  weak  point  in  Christianity's  advancing  line.  The  part 
which  is  garrisoned  needs  reinforcements,  and  there  are  vast  regions  yet  to 
be  taken.  For  every  year  of  delay  in  establishing  Protestant  missions,  there 
is  a  toll  in  untrained  workers,  uneducated  women,  high  death  rates— all 
the  ills  of  a  non-Christian  community  that  act  as  a  drag  upon  civilization 
as  a  whole. 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  Southeastern  Asia 


125 


The  peninsula  ought  to  be  the  background  for  a 
prosperous  and  happy  society.  But  its  deadly 
climate  has  sapped  the  strength  of  the  people. 
The  remains  of  an  ancient  civilization  have 
made  the  people  gentle  and  amenable,  so  that 
they  are  easy  to  deal  with  democratically. 
But  they  are  ignorant.  They  are  sick.  They 
cannot  employ  their  resources  for  the  good  of 
themselves  and  the  good  of  their  neighbors  to 
anything  like  their  full  possibilities. 

ONE  IN  TEN  IN  SCHOOL 

ONLY  10  per  cent,  of  the  children  of  Siam 
between  six  and  seventeen  are  in  school. 
There  is  a  charge  of  approximately  thirty-eight 
cents  per  term   for  all   students  in  govern- 
ment schools.    In  French  Indo-China  approxi- 
mately  21   per  cent,  of  the  children  are  in 
school.    Government  schools  predominate  in 
both  countries.     Complementing  the  govern- 
ment school  system  in  Siam  are  the  mission 
schools  of  the  Presbyterian  Mission  Board  the 
only  board  at  work  there.     These  schools  range 
from   the   primary   to   the   collegiate   grade 
Twenty-two  schools  are  maintained,  with  an 
attendance  of  924  students,  each  school  a  slen- 
der but  imperishable  tie  between  the  Eastern 
and  Western  worlds. 

First  schools,  then  literature,  is  the  order  of 
the  educational  need  in  the  peninsula.    The 
entire  Bible  is  now  published  in  Siamese,  and 
almost  all  of  it  is  published  in  the  North  Tai 
or  Laos  dialect,  two-thirds  of  the  total  distribu- 
tion being  in  the  Laos  district.     It  is  very  wide- 
ly circulated  by  agents  of  the  American  Bible 
Society.     In  1918,  the  press  at  Chieng  Mai 
pnnted  2,082,173  pages  and  the  Bangkok  press 
16,109,400  pages.    A  number  of  tracts  and 
books  have  been  issued,  but  many  more  are 
needed.    Two  religious  news  magazines  are 
published  by  the  Presbyterian  Mission,  one 
m  the  Southern  Tai  and  one  in  the  Nori:hem 
Tai  language. 

WOMEN  AND  THE  HOME 

COMPARED  with  other  oriental  women, 
the  women  of  Siam  are  comparatively  free' 
But  they  are  illiterate,  and  are  unacquainted 
with  Western  hygiene.  They  have  not  been 
able  to  make  a  great  difference  in  the  welfare  of 


their  country.   Secondary  wives  are  prohibited. 
The  women  are  homemakers,  and  do  light  work. 

In  the  imminent  change  in  economic  founda- 
tions that  confronts  the  Orient,  few  observers 


PARING  DOWN  SIAM   I 


CHINA 


ClAM,  an  ancient  kingdom,  with  one  of 
^^  the  most,  humane  of  Asiatic  civiliza- 
tions, is  slowly  being  crowded  off  the  map. 
The  people  of  Siam,  though  in  contact 
with  the  Western  world,  and  contributing 
to  its  prosperity,  still  lack  most  of  the 
advantages  enjoyed  by  the  Christian 
nations.  Doctors,  teachers,  preachers  of 
the  gospel— all  are  needed  and  wanted  in 
the  land  of  the  "White  Elephant." 


124 


Southeastern  Asia:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


r 


A  WEAK  SECTOR  IN   CHRISTIANITY'S 

ADVANCE 


¥ 


THE  Indo-China  Peninsula,  twice  the  size  of  Texas  and  with  four  times 
its  population,  is  a  weak  point  in  Christianity's  advancing  line.  The  part 
which  is  garrisoned  needs  reinforcements,  and  there  are  vast  regions  yet  to 
be  taken.  For  every  year  of  delay  in  establishing  Protestant  missions,  there 
is  a  toll  in  untrained  workers,  uneducated  women,  high  death  rates — all 
the  ills  of  a  non-Christian  community  that  act  as  a  drag  upon  civilization 
as  a  whole. 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  Southeastern  Asia 


125 


The  peninsula  ought  to  be  the  background  for  a 
prosperous  and  happy  society.  But  its  deadly 
climate  has  sapped  the  strength  of  the  people. 
The  remains  of  an  ancient  civilization  have 
made  the  people  gentle  and  amenable,  so  that 
they  are  easy  to  deal  with  democratically. 
But  they  are  ignorant.  They  are  sick.  They 
cannot  employ  their  resources  for  the  good  of 
themselves  and  the  good  of  their  neighbors  to 
anything  like  their  full  possibilities. 

ONE  IN  TEN  IN  SCHOOL 

ONLY  10  per  cent,  of  the  children  of  Siam 
between  six  and  seventeen  are  in  school. 
There  is  a  charge  of  approximately  thirty-eight 
cents  per  term   for  all   students  in  govern- 
ment schools.    In  French  Indo-China  approxi- 
mately  21    per  cent,  of  the  children  are  in 
school.    Government  schools  predominate  in 
both  countries.     Complementing  the  govern- 
ment school  system  in  Siam  are  the  mission 
schools  of  the  Presbyterian  Mission  Board  the 
only  board  at  work  there.     These  schools  range 
from   the   primary   to   the   collegiate  grade 
Twenty-two  schools  are  maintained,  with  an 
attendance  of  924  students,  each  school  a  slen- 
der but  imperishable  tie  between  the  Eastern 
and  Western  worlds. 

First  schools,  then  literature,  is  the  order  of 
the  educational  need  in  the  peninsula.    The 
entire  Bible  is  now  published  in  Siamese,  and 
almost  all  of  it  is  published  in  the  North  Tai 
or  Laos  dialect,  two-thirds  of  the  total  distribu- 
tion being  in  the  Laos  district.     It  is  very  wide- 
ly circulated  by  agents  of  the  American  Bible 
Society.     In  1918,  the  press  at  Chieng  Mai 
printed  2,082,173  pages  and  the  Bangkok  press 
16,109,400  pages.    A  number  of  tracts  and 
books  have  been  issued,  but  many  more  are 
needed.    Two  religious  news  magazines  are 
published  by  the  Presbyterian  Mission,  one 
in  the  Southern  Tai  and  one  in  the  Northern 
Tai  language. 

WOMEN  AND  THE  HOME 

COMPARED  with  other  oriental  women, 
the  women  of  Siam  are  comparatively  free' 
But  they  are  illiterate,  and  are  unacquainted 
with  Western  hygiene.  They  have  not  been 
able  to  make  a  great  difference  in  the  welfare  of 


their  country.   Secondary  wives  are  prohibited. 
The  women  are  homemakers,  and  do  light  work. 

In  the  imminent  change  in  economic  founda- 
tions that  confronts  the  Orient,  few  observers 


PARING  DOWN  SIAM 


CHINA 


ClAM,  an  ancient  kingdom,  with  one  of 
the  most,  humane  of  Asiatic  civiliza- 
tions, is  slowly  being  crowded  off  the  map. 
The  people  of  Siam,  though  in  contact 
with  the  Western  world,  and  contributing 
to  its  prosperity,  still  lack  most  of  the 
advantages  enjoyed  by  the  Christian 
nations.  Doctors,  teachers,  preachers  of 
the  gospel— all  are  needed  and  wanted  in 
the  land  of  the  "White  Elephant." 


li 


126 


Southeastern  Asia:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


believe  that  the  old  home  standards  can  be 
saved.  The  Christian  ideal  of  man  and  woman 
side  by  side,  and  the  insurance  to  the  woman 
of  an  equal  share  in  the  educational  opportuni- 
ties of  her  country — only  these  can  defeat  the 
loss  of  the  old  standards. 

The  women  of  Indo-China  have  less  happy 
lives.  Polygamy  and  the  custom  of  secondary 
wives  prevail  in  Annam.  Among  the  Anna- 
mese  of  Indo-China,  the  women  do  the  heavy 
farm  work  and  keep  up  the  roadways. 

DRUG  AND  LIQUOR  MENACE 

NOWHERE  except  in  the  European  quar- 
ters of  the  larger  trading  cities  are  there 
any  sanitary  arrangements.  A  growing  drug 
evil  and  a  considerable  liquor  traffic  are  making 
themselves  felt  on  the  national  physique. 

Both  the  French  and  Siamese  governments  are 
endeavoring  to  correct  the  situation.  Both 
realize  how  much  economically  the  draining  of 
a  people's  vitality  can  cost.  Vaccination,  in- 
troduced under  missionary  auspices,  is  now 
maintained  as  a  free  service  by  the  Siamese 
Government.  Fifty-eight  government  hospi- 
tals are  maintained  on  the  peninsula — two  to 
every  million  of  population.  Ninety  dispensa- 
ries try  to  relieve  the  hospital  shortage.  A  free 
Pasteur  institute  is  maintained.  Liberal  sup- 
port is  given  by  the  Siamese  Government  to  the 
Rockefeller  Institute  campaign  against  hook- 
worm. 

But  the  active  medical  force  in  Siam  is  hope- 
lessly inadequate.  Siam  has  only  five  foreign- 
trained  doctors  in  private  practise.  Venereal 
disease  taints  50  per  cent,  of  the  population, 
and  has  greatly  increased  in  the  last  decade. 
What  the  country  needs,  as  urgently  as  modem 
medical  equipment,  is  Christian  teaching  about 
right  living,  and  broad  preventive  campaigns 
against  conditions  that  produce  disease. 

MODIFIED  BUDDHISM 

BUDDHISM  is  the  almost  universal  religion, 
but  it  is  a  Buddhism  liberally  modified  by 
elements  borrowed  from  Animism  and  early 
Brahmanism.  The  peoples  of  the  peninsula  are 
familiar  with  the  prophecy  which  teaches  that 
the  Buddhistic  era  is  to  end  when  men  fight  their 


battles  under  the  ground,  in  the  depths  of  the 
sea  and  while  flying  in  the  air.  Buddha  also 
taught  that  his  successor,  the  coming  Lord,  was 
to  be  known  by  the  scars  in  the  palms  of  his 
hands.  Siam  has  only  felt  the  initial  advance  of 
Christianity.  Nine-tenths  of  1  per  cent,  of  its 
millions  are  Christians.  But  only  one  in  every 
one  thousand  persons  is  a  member  of  a  Protes- 
tant church.  The  total  number  of  Protes- 
tants is  8,201. 

French  Indo-China  is  almost  untouched.  No 
estimate  can  be  made  of  the  number  of  Chris- 
tians among  its  population,  but  the  percentage 
of  Christians  and  of  Protestants  is  small. 

Confronted  by  such  conditions,  the  Christian 
Church  finds  itself  with  only  one  missionary  to 
95,000  people  in  Siam;  only  one  to  1,950,000 
in  French  Indo-China. 

That  which  is  held  must  be  more  strongly  gar- 
risoned. But  there  are  vast  fields  yet  to  be 
taken.  The  whole  of  East  Siam,  an  area  equal 
to  New  York  and  Pennsylvania,  remains  to  be 
reached.  French  Indo-China  is  an  almost 
entirely  neglected  field  for  missionary  action. 

There  are  two  million  Cambodians.  Fourteen 
million  Annamese  populate  the  provinces  of 
Tonking,  Annam  and  Cochin  China.  Three 
million  Tai,  brothers  of  the  northern  Siamese, 
are  in  French  Laos. 

POLITICAL  OBSTACLES 

THE  French  Government,  rather  than  risk 
the  growth  of  fellow  feeling  between  the 
northern  Siamese  and  the  Laos  Tai,  forebade 
Protestant  missionaries  to  cross  the  border  in 
1903.  Under  this  tremendous  handicap,  the 
work  in  the  peninsula  must  for  the  time  being  be 
concentrated  in  Siam.  But  for  every  year  of  de- 
lay in  establishing  Protestant  mission  centers 
in  Indo-China,  there  will  be  a  heavy  toll  in 
untrained  workmen,  uneducated  women,  high 
death  rates,  and  the  unprogressive  life  of  a 
non-Christian  community. 

Much  is  expected  of  the  new  government 
schools  that  are  beginning  to  supersede  the  old 
temple  schools  of  the  Buddhist  priests.  Dur- 
ing the  next  five  years  it  might  be  wise  not  to 
establish  mission  schools,  but  to  await  the  re- 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  Southeastern  Asia 


127 


suits  of  the  government  educational  program. 
Schools  devoted  to  Bible  teaching,  however, 
should  be  founded.  The  Siamese  Government 
is  emphasizing  and  carrying  on  public  school 
education.  Missionary  doctors,  dispensaries 
and  hospitsvis  are  urgently  needed.  The  new 
work  that  is  to  be  done  in  East  Siam  can 
best  be  carried  on  by  the  North  and  South 
Siam  Missions. 

MALAYSIA 

MALAYSIA  is  a  worid  of  islands.  United, 
it  would  cover  one-quarter  of  the  terri- 
tory of  the  United  States.  There  are  many 
distinct  peoples  among  the  fifty  million  inhabi- 
tants, speaking  150  languages  and  dialects. 
Five  per  cent,  of  the  population  live  in  cities. 
Singapore,  Socrabaja,  Batavia  and  Penang 
are  the  leading  cities. 


Malaysia,  all  the  territory  of  which,  excepting 
Portuguese  Timor,  is  divided  between  Great 
Britain  and  Holland,  and  is  held  as  colonies  or 
protectorates. 

In  the  British  area  the  increase  between  the 
census  years  1901  and  1911  was  41  per  cent., 
which  was  mainly  due  to  immigration  from 
China  and  India. 

In  the  Dutch  area  the  increase  in  the  twelve 
years  from  the  census  of  1905  to  the  latest  offi- 
cial estimate,  made  in  1917,  was  25  per  cent., 
and  this  was  partly  due  to  a  great  increase  in 
the  estimates  for  Celebes,  Timor,  Bali  and  Lom- 
bok,  and  other  hitherto  unexplored  regions. 

In  Java,  which  has  nearly  three-fourths  of  the 
population  of  the  Netherlands  Indies,  the  in- 
crease in  the  twelve  years  was  only  13.5  per  cent. 


The  population  is  increasing  very  rapidly  in     The  island  geography  of  Malaysia  makes  it 
ll = — == 


A  PRIME  REQUISITE  IN 

SUCCESSFUL  MISSION  ENTERPRISE 

IS  ADEQUATE  OCCUPATION 

SOUTH  SIAM  MISSION 


89  YEARS 


12  MISSIONARIES 

PER  MILLION  PEOPLE 

356  COMMUNICANTS 

PER  MILLION  PEOPLE 


] 


NORTH  SIAM  MISSION 


53  YEARS 


42  MISSIONARIES 

PER  MILLION  PEOPLE 

4,849  COMMUNICANTS 

PER  MILLION  PEOPLE 


Zl 


THE  laws  of  mechanics  apply  in  the  evangelization  of  the  world.     The 
great  mass  of  ignorance  and  supeistition  cannot  be  moved  unless  suffi- 
cient strength  is  applied  to  the  lever. 


128 


Southeastern  Asia:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


remote  and  difficult  to  traverse.  But  the  trade 
has  grown  in  the  last  ten  years  until,  in  1918, 
$314,000,000  worth  of  imports  and  $371,000,000 
worth  of  exports  passed  through  its  ports. 

Malaysia  has  over  sixteen  million  acres  of  the 
most  fertile  land  in  the  world.  Rubber,  cocoa- 
nut  products,  sugar  cane,  pepper,  all  flourish. 
The  tin  mines  of  the  Straits  Settlement  pro- 
duce two-thirds  of  the  world's  tin. 

Every  year  300,000  Chinese  migrate  to  the 
shores  of  Malaysia.  The  teeming  continent 
of  Asia  is  taking  advantage  of  the  under-popu- 
lation  in  Malaysia  to  relieve  its  own  congestion 
and  enrich  Malaysia  with  sturdy  workers  from 
the  North. 


EUROPEAN  LANDHOLDERS 

THE  governments  keep  title  to  the  land  and 
lease  it.  Ninety  per  cent,  of  the  land  is 
held  in  large  estates,  practically  all  by  Euro- 
peans. 

The  British  and  Dutch  governments  are  rapid- 
ly building  railroads  in  all  parts  of  Malaysia. 
The  mileage  at  present  in  actual  operation  in 
the  British  area  is  948  miles;  in  the  Dutch  area, 
3,250  miles. 

The  Dutch  and  British  governments  have  made 
a  real  effort  to  introduce  European  sanitary 
methods  into  the  islands,  and  great  progress 
has  been  made.    Disease  is  seldom  epidemic. 


FORGETTING  THE  WILD  MAN  OF  BORNEO 


MALAYS  1.AZ 

UNOCCUPIED=ZZ 


IISSION-nELDS- 


rr^HE  world  of  islands  is  a  mission  field  that  is  practically  unoccupied.  The 
X  Christian  Church  must  provide  a  leadership  that  will  bring  to  the  diverse 
peoples  of  Malaysia— Moslems,  Chinese,  and  the  wild  tribes  of  the  interior— 
the  moral  and  spiritual  force  that  will  enable  them  to  realize  the  social  and 
economic  progress  they  so  eagerly  desire. 


— 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  Southeastern  Asia 


129 


But  there  is  a  growing  opium  traffic,  an  increase 
in  venereal  diseases,  and  a  liquor  traffic  that 
yields  $40,000,000  in  revenue  annually.  All 
these  things  lower  the  vitality  of  the  islands, 
and  spread  disease. 

LACK  OF  DOCTORS 

THERE  is  only  one  doctor  for  every  300,000 
persons.  The  United  States  has  six  hundred 
times  as  many  doctors,  one  for  every  500  people. 

Where  the  field  of  medical  relief  is  so  sparsely 
covered,  where  the  people  are  still  so  careless 
of  human  life  that  half  their  babies  die  before 
they  reach  the  age  of  two,  the  medical  mission- 
ary can  become  one  of  the  strongest  forces  for 
good.  There  are  114  government  dispensaries 
in  the  islands.  There  are  fourteen  foreign 
mission  doctors,  eleven  mission  hospitals,  and 
one  mission  dispensary  in  Java. 

These  mission  doctors  and  those  who  are  added 
to  their  numbers,  will  be  a  dynamic  force.  It 
must  never  be  forgotten  that  mere  medical 
service  is  but  a  small  part  of  the  battle  for  the 
regeneration  of  Malaysia.  It  is  the  Christian 
ideal  of  health  for  all,  and  strength  for  all,  that 
each  may  serve  others  as  well  as  himself,  that 
will  raise  the  demand  for  doctors  and  sanita- 
tion in  Malaysia,  and  that  will  continue  to 
inspire    government    expenditure  for    health. 

Medical  work  is  the  forerunner  of  the  evangeli- 
zation of  the  Moslem  millions  in  Malaysia. 
This  department  of  missionary  effort  will  be 
reinforced  by  the  Dutch  Government.  The 
Dutch  are  prepared  to  pay  three-fourths  of 
the  cost  of  building  and  equipping  hospitals,  if 
the  mission  will  provide  the  remaining  fourth 
of  the  cost,  and  can  supply  the  trained  doctors 
and  nurses. 

In  response  to  the  appeal  for  medical  work  the 
Methodist  Board  is  planning  to  erect  sixteen 
new  hospitals  in  the  next  five  years  in  the 
Dutch  area.  These  hospitals  will  be  on  the 
islands  of  Java,  Sumatra,  and  Borneo,  the  terri- 
tory ah-eady  partially  occupied  by  the  Metho- 
dist Board.  Doctors  and  nurses  to  form  the 
staffs  of  these  hospitals  are  urgently  needed. 

In  the  British  area  three  hospitals  are  planned. 
The  Chinese,  now  settled  in  such  large  num- 
t)er8  near  Sitiawan  on  the  Malay  peninsula, 


are  entirely  without  medical  aid  and  will  them- 
selves provide  the  funds  for  one  of  them.  The 
two  other  hospitals  are  planned  to  reach  the 
Mohammedans  of  the  Malay  Peninsula,  who 
number  about  1,500,000. 

TREATMENT  OF  WOMEN 

IN  EDUCATION  and  treatment  of  women, 
Malaysia  falls  far  short  of  what  the  Chris- 
tian missions  teach.  Yet  nowhere  in  the  world 
have  Mohammedan  women  greater  freedom 
than  in  Malaysia.  The  harem  or  zenana  is  im- 
known,  except  in  the  large  cities.  In  the  villages 
and  small  towns  the  women  go  about  with 
perfect  freedom,  simply  covering  their  heads  in 
some  cases  with  a  sort  of  shawl,  or  without  any 
head  covering  at  all.  Polygamy  is  not  as 
common  as  it  is  in  most  Mohammedan  lands, 
but  free  divorce  is  the  cause  of  much  un- 
happiness  to  the  women. 

Only  3.9  per  cent,  of  the  men  can  read;  only 
1.9  per  cent,  of  the  women.  There  are  free 
government  primary  schools  conducted  in  the 
Malay  vernacular,  but  only  three-quarters  of 
a  million  children  get  even  this  primary  educa- 
tion. Hardly  one  person  in  two  thousand  has 
any  more  than  a  primary  education. 

NEEDS  OF  THE  PAGANS 

MISSIONARIES  have  just  begun  to  reach 
the  pagan,  animistic  Dayaks  of  the  in- 
terior of  British  and  Dutch  Borneo;  but  the 
subtle  influence  of  the  Mohammedan  Malays 
from  the  coast  is  always  active.  In  both  areas 
the  Christian  governments  have  done  much  to 
stamp  out  the  practise  of  "head-hunting." 

The  Dayaks  are  beginning  to  take  advantage  of 
the  opportunities  which  these  governments 
are  giving  them  for  the  education  of  their  chil- 
dren. The  question  whether  these  schools  shall 
be  taught  by  Christian  teachers  or  by  Moham- 
medans will  be  decided  in  favor  of  Christianity 
if  the  necessary  teachers  are  trained  and  the 
funds  supplied  for  the  purpose. 

CREATING  LEADERSHIP 

THE  Christian  Church  must  provide  the 
leadership  which  can  bring  to  these  peoples 
of  Malaysia — Moslems,  Chinese,  and  the  wild 
tribes  of  the  interior — those  moral  and  spiritual 


130 


Southeastern  Asia:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


forces  which  will  enable  them  to  realize  that 
social  and  economic  progress  for  which  they  are 
so  eagerly  seeking. 

In  the  Straits  Settlements  and  the  Federated 
Malay  States  it  is  estimated  that  about  40 
per  cent,  of  the  Malay  boys  of  school  age  are 
actually  in  school.  It  seems  probable  that  no 
other  Mohammedan  race  in  the  world  has  such 
a  large  proportion  of  its  boys  receiving  an  edu- 
cation. In  the  Netherlands  Indies  the  Mo- 
hammedan population  is  so  enormous  that  the 
proportion  of  Mohammedan  boys  in  school 
is  not  so  large,  but  there  are  over  10,000  schools, 
in  which  more  than  800,000  children  are  being 
educated.  The  unusually  large  number  of 
persons  in  Malaysia  who  are  able  to  read  in- 
dicates the  great  opportunity  for  a  widespread 
dissemination  of  literature. 

Today  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  and 
the  Seventh  Day  Adventists  are  the  only 
American  agencies  at  work  in  Malaysia.  The 
American  Methodists  are  dealing  with  the 
Chinese  problem  through  the  agency  of  a  great 
system  of  schools,  nearly  all  of  which  are  in  the 
British  area.  Instruction  is  given  entirely 
through  the  medium  of  the  English  language. 
There  are  approximately  10,000  children  in 
these  schools,  and  about  10,000  more  are  re- 
ceiving an  English  education  in  the  schools 
operated  by  the  British  Government  and  by  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church. 

The  graduates  of  these  British  schools  already 
are  becoming  the  leaders  of  their  people,  not 
only  in  the  British  area  but  even  to  some  extent 
in  the  Dutch  area.  The  Dutch  Government 
has  found  it  necessary  to  establish  "Dutch- 
Chinese  Schools,"  in  which  the  Chinese  chil- 
dren in  the  Dutch  East  Indies  are  now  begin- 
ning to  receive  a  Western  education,  which  is 
given  them  through  the  medium  of  the  Dutch 
language. 

The  Methodist  boys'  schools  in  the  British  area 
are  entirely  self-supporting.  Grants  from  the 
government,  together  with  school  fees,  pay  the 
salaries  and  traveling  expenses  of  missionary 
teachers,  so  that  these  schools  are  not  a  burden 
on  the  mission  boards.  Even  the  girls'  schools 
are  now  in  many  cases  almost  entirely  self- 
supporting. 


BETTER  TEACHERS 

THE  government  demands  a  high  grade  of 
efficiency  in  schools  which  receive  a  govern- 
ment grant,  so  that  it  becomes  absolutely 
essential  that  the  teaching  staffs  of  the  schools 
be  relieved  from  the  responsibility  of  the  other 
work  which  has  hitherto  rested  upon  them. 
There  is  immediate  need  for  both  American 
and  Chinese  workers  to  devote  their  full  time 
and  strength  to  evangelistic  work  among  the 
constituencies  of  these  schools.  The  teachers 
can  assist  in  their  spare  time. 

The  Chinese  also  are  demanding  better  facili- 
ties for  the  higher  education  of  graduates 
of  the  mission  and  government  high  schools, 
who  now  have  to  go  to  China  or  come  to  Amer- 
ica for  a  college  education.  A  university  at 
Singapore  is  planned,  and  large  sums  have 
been  contributed  by  the  Chinese  themselves. 
A  Christian  college  is  an  essential  part  of  the 
present  system  of  mission  schools.  Industrial 
education  also  needs  to  be  stressed,  and  engi- 
neering and  agricultiu^  departments  are  parts 
of  the  Singapore  college  scheme. 

The  demand  for  education  is  there  and  is 
steadily  growing.  The  impact  of  Chinese 
immigrants,  with  their  less  primitive  tradi- 
tions, has  played  its  part  in  stimulating 
native  demand.  The  missionary  forces  have 
complemented  the  existing  educational  facili- 
ties with  secondary  schools,  at  present  edu- 
cating 1,729  pupils;  women's  Bible  schools, 
with  thirty  students;  a  theological  school,  with 
forty  students,  and  another  school  for  miscella- 
neous students. 

LET  THEM  READ  THE  WORD 

THE  missionary  forces  know  that  the  first 
great  step  toward  the  conversion  of  the 
Malaysian  millions  must  be  an  opening  of  the 
doors  of  literacy. 


The  Christian  missions  already  have  one 
energetic  publishing  house,  but  their  four 
Christian  newspapers  have  as  yet  a  circulation 
of  only  2,500.  The  motion  picture  is  popular, 
and  every  town  of  any  considerable  size  has 
a  theater. 

The  zest  for  reading  of  the  Malay  bo3rs  in 
particular  opens  the  way  to  a  Christian  litera- 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  Southeastern  Asia 


131 


ture  campaign  that  will  effectively  reach  many 
thousands  who  might  otherwise  attach  them- 
selves to  the  Mohammedan  faith. 

Neither  literature,  nor  schools,  nor  hospitals 
may  be  spared  in  any  sincere  effort  to  share 
Christian  ideals  with  Malaysia  and  bind  her 
growing  prosperity  to  the  kingdom  of  God. 
Malaysia  promises  to  be  the  great  melting 
pot  of  the  East  to  which  the  Chinese  and 


Indians  from  the  continent  come  as  European 
immigrants  once  came  to  America.  Up- 
rooted from  their  old  traditions,  they  are 
ready  for  new  spiritual  leaven. 

In  Malaysia  they  may,  if  the  agencies  are 
provided,  begin  their  new  lives  on  a  Chris- 
tian basis,  or,  losing  what  they  had,  they  can 
deteriorate  and  swing  to  a  gross  and  threaten- 
ing materialism. 


For  the  Forgotten  Peoples  of  Southeastern  Asia 

One  hundred  and  nineteen  new  missionaries  for  the  out-of-the-way  peoples  of  Siam 
and  Indo-China  and  the  scattered  islands  of  the  South  Seas. 

Interchurch  World  Movement  Estimates  for  American  Foreign  Missionary  Societies  in 

Southeastern  Asia 


Missionaries 
needed  for  1920 

Evangelistic 44 

Educational 51 

Medical 18 

Literature 3 

Others* 3 

Total 119 


Missionaries  needed 
for  5-year  period 
1920-1925 

126 
145 

53 
8 

12 


344 


^Business  agents,  industrial  and  institutional  workers,  etc. 


132 


FOREIGN  SURVEY 


CHINA 

AREAS  UNCLAIMED 
BY  PROTESTANT  MISSIONS 

shaded:  mrnm 

Population  Approximately  35,000.000  ^-vtiSirni*,. 

Area  Approximately  480.000  Sq.  Miles    /Tf'^l^jrp^f*^ 
STATUTE  MILES.  Jt^^   '^^       J 

A  ^ 


THE  missionanes  say  that,  given  men  and  equipment,  all  the  dark  spots 
m  Chma  could  be  lightened  in  the  next  five  years.  China,  with  its  millions 
of  people,  vinle  and  mtelligent,  will  have  much  to  say  about  the  future  of  the 
H^ast.     The  great  task  of  the  Christian  missionary  is  to  train  Young  China 


CHINA 


CHINA  is  the  land  of  unchallenged  superlatives.    The  greatest  population 
and  man  power,  and  the  greatest  virility  in  the  world.    The  oldest  existent 
national  civilization,  the  widest  cultural  influence,  and  at  present  a  more 
confused  political  condition  than  Russia's. 

The  darkest  cloud  on  the  international  horizon  and  yet  the  brightest  promise  of  a 
world-wide  kingdom  of  God. 

The  Chinese  constitute  the  largest  homogeneous  mass  in  the  world's  history.  They 
number  more  than  a  quarter  of  the  population  of  the  globe. 

The  Chinese  occupy,  next  to  the  Russians,  the  largest  contiguous  territory  in  the 
world.    They  have  a  standing  army  of  over  a  million. 

At  the  end  of  this  century  it  is  estimated  they  will  have  increased  from  four 
hundred  and  twenty-seven  million  to  eight  hundred  million  souls. 

The  Chinese  are  a  homogeneous  people.  Wherever  they  go,  they  keep  their  charac- 
teristics. They  are  never  swallowed  up.  They  absorb  others.  And  each  year  a 
quarter  of  a  million  emigrant  Chinese  settle  in  Malaysia.  A  hundred  thousand  from 
the  north  of  China  shift  to  Manchuria  and  Mongolia.  The  political  control  of  these 
territories  may  be  temporarily  in  other  hands,  but  they  are  being  peopled  with 
Chinese. 

The  classic  culture  of  China  has  dominated  Asia  for  twenty  centuries.  The  basis 
of  Japanese  culture  is  thoroughly  and  absolutely  Chinese.  The  Chinese  people, 
though  today  ignorant  and  illiterate,  are  a  people  of  great  potential  mentality. 

When  Professor  Edward  Alsworth  Ross,  a  careful  and  impartial  observer  from  the 
West,  was  in  China,  he  asked  forty-three  missionaries  and  diplomats,  distinguished 
Europeans,  to  compare  the  intellectual  capacity  of  the  Europeans  and  the  Chinese. 
All  but  five  agreed  that  the  intellectual  capacity  of  the  yellow  race  is  equal  to  that 
of  the  white  race. 


STRONG  WITHOUT  "NERVES"  positive  that  the  Chinese  physique  evinces  some 

PHYSICALLY  the  Chinese  are  the  most  superiority  over  that  of  their  home  people.  The 

virile  mass  in  the  world.    They  have  more  Chinese  undergo  without  serious  or  long-lasting 

endurance.    They  have  less  "nerves."    Physi-  results  operations  that  would  either  kill  or  in- 

cians  in  different  parts  of  the  country  were  definitely  lay  up  the  occidental.     They  stand 


134 


China:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


high  fevers  and  recover  from  blood  poisonings  of 
which  white  men  die.  Instances  are  recorded 
where  peasants  from  the  fields,  unaccustomed  to 
running,  carried  chairs  and  burdens  of  one  him- 
dred  and  ten  pounds  each  forty  miles  across  two 
moimtain  ranges  between  sunrise  and  sunset. 


GROWING  POPULATION 


600.000,000 


400.000.000 


300,000,000 


200.000.000 


100,000; 


00,000,000 


00.000.000 


300.000,000 


200.000,000 


100,000,000 


UNITED 
STATES 


CHINA 


/^HINA'S  population  is  increasing  by 
^^  leaps  and  bounds.  Over  four  hundred 
million  people,  more  than  one-fourth  of  the 
world's  inhabitants,  live  in  China.  By 
1950,  according  to  the  most  conservative 
estimates,  the  Chinese  will  number  half 
a  billion.  Authorities  agree  that  the 
Chinese  are  equal  in  ability  to  any  race. 


The  Chinese  are  a  mass  of  people  who  must 
be  reckoned  with  in  world  affairs.  Twenty 
years  ago  John  Hay   said: 

"The  storm-center  of  the  world  has  gradually 
shifted  to  China.     .     .     .     Whoever  under- 


stands that  mighty  empu^  socially,  politically, 
economically,  religiously,  has  a  key  to  world 
politics  for  the  next  five  centuries." 

NATION'S  GREAT  WEALTH 

IT  IS  not  her  people  alone  who  will  make 
China  the  dominant  factor  in  world  life 
tomorrow.  Three  things  about  China's  wealth 
must  be  remembered: 

First,  a  fifth  of  her  arable  land  is  untilled.  Even 
so,  her  land  base  is  large  enough  to  feed  her 
own  people  permanently,  provided  she  retains 
the  art  of  intensive  agriculture.  She  has  not 
a  science  of  agriculture,  but  during  forty  cen- 
turies the  Chinese  have  learned  how  to  grow 
more  food,  for  longer  periods,  on  the  same  land, 
without  exhausting  the  soil,  than  any  other 
people.  As  China  expands  westward  towards 
Europe  she  will,  even  with  another  four  hun- 
dred million  people,  still  be  self  contained. 

Second,  China  has,  with  the  possible  exception 
of  Africa,  the  largest  undeveloped  natural  re- 
sources in  the  world.  She  has  not  so  much  iron 
as  Brazil,  but  Brazil  has  no  coal.  China  has 
ten  thousand  million  tons  of  both  hard  and 
soft  coal,  which  are  just  beginning  to  be  touched. 
There  is  hard  and  soft  coal  in  every  province 
in  China.  There  is  a  sufficient  supply  of  all 
the  useful  metals.  According  to  Julian  Arnold, 
our  commercial  attache  at  Peking,  the 
Chinese  consume  one  ton  of  coal  to  every 
twenty-three  persons,  whereas  in  the  United 
States  six  tons  are  set  to  work  per  person. 

Third,  China's  many  rivers  have  never  yet 
been  utilized  for  motive  power.  The  unused 
water  of  the  Yangtse  Kiang  would  do  what  the 
Mississippi  and  all  the  rivers  of  the  Atlantic 
seaboard  do  for  the  mills  of  the  United  States. 
The  Yangtse  is  the  most  densely  populated 
river  valley  in  the  world,  and  it  lies  directly  in 
one  of  the  great  east-west  trading  routes  of  the 
present  and  of  the  future. 

MASTERS  OF  MACHINE  \         " 

THE  man  power  of  China  is  virile,  indus- 
trious and  full  of  a  native  capacity  for 
understanding  mechanics.  Instances  are  re- 
corded of  Chinese  workmen  without  experience 
who  have  repaired  bicycles  and  manufactured 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  China 


135 


ball  bearings.  They  have  reproduced  all  manner 
of  Western  machines.  A  foreman  in  a  Shanghai 
shipyard  which  was  building  thirty  million 
dollars'  worth  of  ships  for  American  interests, 
said  that  Chinese  mechanics,  while  slower  than 
English  and  American  workmen,  had  an  indus- 
trial capacity  that  was  80  per  cent,  of  what 
the  Western  nations  had  developed  in  a  hundred 
years. 

Give  this  people  the  use  of  steel  and  coal  and 
motive  power,  and  China  becomes  the  greatest 
potential  industrial  country  of  the  earth.  She 
already  exports  nearly  as  much  silk  as  Japan, 
and  probably  makes  more  than  Japan  for  her 
home  consumption. 

MILLION  UNDER  ARMS 

POLITICALLY  Chma  is  in  a  state  of  flux. 
The  Republic  was  declared  in  1911,  and 
under  the  constitution  promulgated  in  Peking, 
"citizens  shall  have  the  right  to  vote  and  of 
standing  for  election  to  representative  assem- 
blies." In  practise  the  franchise  is  not  effective. 
As  a  matter  of  fact,  the  government  is  now 
controlled  by  the  Northern  Military  party. 
About  a  million  men  of  the  two  competing 
factions  are  under  arms.  The  maritime  customs 
are  under  foreign  control.  Nevertheless  the 
national  debt  is  only  about  three  dollars  per 
capita,  one  of  the  smallest  in  the  world. 

GREAT  SHIP  ADRIFT 

WITH  all  these  possibilities,  China,  under 
trustworthy  leadership,  would  be  like  a 
great  ship  bearing  plenty  to  the  world.  Under 
her  present  leadership,  China  is  like  a  great  ship 
loose  in  the  harbor,  swinging  derelict  to  sea, 
threatening  all  that  lies  in  her  path.  And  the 
most  patriotic  Chinese  admit  that  the  ship  is 
derelict.  In  the  last  twenty  years  there  have 
been  no  national  leaders  who  have  won  and  held 
the  confidence  of  the  whole  people,  although 
General  Li  Yuan  Hung  and  C.  T.  Wang  have 
both  won  enviable  positions. 

The  great  task  in  the  evangelization  of  China  is 
to  train  Young  China  for  partnership  in  the 
world  and  for  the  moral  leadership  of  Asia. 

The  old  system  in  China  was  leadership  by 
seniority.    The  old  man,  the  tired  and  dis- 


illusioned, held  the  power.  The  problem  is  to 
secure  leadership  by  worth.  In  China  the 
family  is  still  the  unit  of  society.  It  is  not  the 
family  as  we  know  it — ^father  and  mother  and 
children.  The  unit  is  an  entire  family  connec- 
tion.   And  these  connections  are  always  large. 


MISSION  COLLEGES 
AND  UNIVERSITIES 


THERE  is  no  more  effective  way  of 
teaching  China  the  worth  of  her  man- 
hood and  womanhood  than  through  the 
Christian  school.  But,  as  the  dots  and 
circles  indicate,  there  are  not  enough  of 
these  schools.  The  whole  western  half  of 
the  country,  with  a  tremendous  population, 
has  only  two  schools. 


for  every  couple,  believing  in  ancestor  worship, 
and  desiring  descendants,  set  themselves  to 
produce  large  families.  The  problem  of  the 
new  China  is  to  free  the  individual  while  con- 
serving all  that  was  beautiful  in  filial  and  family 
loyalty. 

IN  SOCIAL  BONDAGE 

IF  THE  great  possibilities  of  China  to  bring 
good  to  herself  and  to  the  world  are  to  be 
realized,  the  whole  social  structure  of  Chinese 


136 


China:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


society  must  change.  China  today  is  in  social 
bondage. 

For  ages  she  has  been  governed  by  the  past. 
Her  backwardness  today  is  not  due  so  much  to 
the  fact  that  she  did  not  progress  as  that  she 
did  not  want  to  progress.  This  fundamental 
attitude  has  in  itself  constituted  an  almost  in- 
superable obstacle  to  the  spread  of  Christianity. 

Custom  and  tradition  set  narrow  limits  to  the 
life  of  women  in  China  for  centuries.  They 
denied  her  almost  all  right  to  education.  Re- 
plies to  survey  questionnaires  bring  out  the  fact 
that  in  many  parts  of  China  not  more  than 
one-tenth  of  1  per  cent,  of  the  women  can 
read  and  write.  The  power  of  a  husband  over 
his  wife  used  to  be  almost  without  limit.  It 
created  a  situation  which  brought  the  bride 
into  the  home  of  her  husband  as  a  slave  to  the 
mother-in-law  and  permitted  extreme  cruelty 
to  be  practised  upon  the  helpless  giri-wife. 

Custom  imposed  upon  Chinese  women  the 
terrible  suffering  of  foot-binding.  It  made 
marriage  wholly  a  matter  of  arrangement  be- 
tween parents,  with  no  regard  to  the  rights  of 
the  young  men  and  women  concerned. 

In  the  Western  worid  the  largest  human  factor 
m  the  production  of  character  has  been  the 
influence  of  women.  Tradition  and  custom 
have  m  large  measure  deprived  China  of  such 
an  influence. 

A  human  mass  numbering  hundreds  of  millions 
cannot  be  moved  quickly  from  old  habits, 
and  great  areas  of  China  have  never  been 
brought  in  touch  with  Western  influence  of 
any  kind. 

POISON  OF  SUPERSTITION 

THE  hold  superstition  has  on  the  Chinese 
IS  almost  incredible.  No  realm  of  activity 
or  class  of  people  has  been  free  from  this 
bondage.  It  has  controlled  the  practise  of 
medicme,  and  led  to  the  perpetuation  of  ex- 
quisite tortures;  it  has  prevented  the  growth 
and  spread  of  knowledge  and  given  the  most 
terrifying  explanations  of  simple  phenomena; 
It  has  dominated  social  and  family  life  and  made 
a  naturally  kindly  people  deliberately  commit 
acts  of  unbelievable  cruelty;  it  has  influenced 


business  and  kept  one  of  the  most  practical 
peoples  in  the  worid  from  any  large  utilization 
of  their  great  mineral  resources.  Finally  it  has 
poisoned  the  inner  life  of  the  nation  and  out 
of  the  ethical  agnosticism  of  Confucius,  the 
mysticism  of  Lao-tse  and  the  pessimism  of 
Gautama,  it  has  created  a  religion  dominated 
by  constant  and  overwhelming  fear. 

IGNORANCE  AND  DISEASE 

SUPERSTITION,  ignorance  and  filthiness 
dnve  up  the  death  rate.  It  is  estimated 
that  from  forty  to  fifty  in  a  thousand  die 
annually,  as  compared  to  fourteen  in  the  United 
States.  China  is,  with  a  few  notable  exceptions, 
entu-ely  without  any  social  control  of  water 
supply,  sewage,   or  epidemic  diseases.     The 


THE  NEGLECTED  SICK 

CHINA 

,400,000  PEOPLE  TO  1  DOCTOR 


'T'HE  annual  death  rate  in  China  is  from 
A  forty  to  fifty  for  each  thousand  of 
population,  as  compared  with  fourteen  in 
a  thousand  in  the  United  States.  What 
better  explanation  is  needed  than  that  the 
ratio  of  the  sick  who  receive  competent 
medical  attention  to  thenumber  of  neglected 
sufferers  is  the  same  as  the  white  square  in 
this  cut  is  to  the  red  portion? 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  China 


137 


influenza,  sweeping  through  China  in  1918- 
1919,  cost  upwards  of  two  million  lives. 

For  all  of  China  there  are  about  a  thousand 
modem  doctors.  A  full  third  of  these  are  mis- 
sionary doctors.  There  are  162  foreign  and 
895  native  nurses  in  missionary  hospitals  and  in 
missionary  work.  There  are  no  better  instru- 
ments of  Christianity  than  this  small  army  of 
two  thousand  who  bear  to  the  four  hundred 
and  twenty-seven  millions  of  China  the  tidings 
of  Christian  health,  cleanliness,  and  the  sacred 
Christian  right  of  the  sick  and  weak  to  care  and 
tenderness. 

Suppose  that  in  the  Christian  world  the 
dominating  idea  was  one  of  disregard  and  dis- 
gust for  the  sick.  Suppose  that  in  the  new 
closely  knit  world  of  all  the  races  that  is  com- 
ing into  being,  where  not  for  white  or  yellow 
or  black  will  there  be  any  isolation,  the  Chinese 
and  not  the  Christian  standard  were  to  prevail. 
There  are  four  times  as  many  people  in  China 
as  in  the  United  States.  Shall  they  come  into 
touch  with  the  modem  world  as  reinforcements 
to  the  Christian  standard,  or  shall  they  come 
to  share  their  appalling  burden  of  filth  and 
pestilence? 

There  are  over  a  million  blind  in  China,  and 
four  hundred  thousand  deaf.  No  estimates  are 
available  to  tell  the  story  of  how  many  lepers, 
feeble-minded,  insane,  dependent  and  uncared 
for  children  and  aged.  No  one  has  calculated 
the  number  of  people  in  prison,  or  the  total 
number  of  professional  beggars  who  infest  the 
country.  These  people  suffer  wretchedness,  but 
are  no  worse  off  than  they  would  be  in  the 
Western  world,  if  public  and  private  agencies 
were  not  established  for  the  care  of  the  unfit. 

GATEWAYS  TO  THE  KINGDOM 

NO  FIGURES  are  available  of  the  total 
number  of  hospitals  in  China,  but  there 
are  320  missionary  hospitals.  Each  is  a  narrow 
gateway  through  which  the  Chinese  sufferer 
enters  into  a  knowledge  of  what  Christian 
freedom  from  superstition,  Christian  regard  for 
individual  human  life,  Christian  mercy  for 
pain,  mean. 

The  missionary  of  Christ  sets  up  the  ideal  of 
the  value  of  life,  the  value  of  the  individual.   He 


brings  to  the  republic  a  valuation  of  the  soul 
without  which  republican  government  is  im- 
possible. 

It  will  make  a  vast  difference  to  the  world  in 
the  next  century  whether  China  comes  to 


RAILROADS  AND  SCHOOLS 


CHINA 

UNION  WSSION  COLLEGES 

_,-n.  M  IKLATKM  TO 

'^      \  KAOROAD  -, 

'.      COMMUNICATION     %: 


■■HB  RAILROAOS  IN  OTEUTION 
4*  «•  .^  KAlUtOAOS  UNDER  COtOTmiCTIOH 
M  CONTRACTED  FO* 
RAILROADS  niOJECTEO 
JL-  RAILROAD  CENTER 
jg^-UNIQN  MISSION  COLLECeS 


/^HINA  has  nearly  7,000  miles  of  rail- 
^^  road.  Some  2,000  miles  more  are 
imder  construction.  Over  14,000  miles  in 
addition  are  projected.  Every  mile  of 
railroad  in  the  non-Christian  world  looks 
toward  the  establishment  of  thd  kingdom 
of  God  on  earth.  The  country  that  is 
oi>en  to  trade  is  oi>en  also  to  evangelization. 


adopt  Christ's  estimate  of  the  worth  of  men, 
women  and  children  as,  individually,  sons  of 
God. 

When  the  kingdom  of  God  comes  in  China, 
men,  women  and  children  will  be  valued  for  the 
minds  with  which  God  has  endowed  them. 

Judged  by  past  contributions  and  by  the  in- 
tellectual attainments  of  Chinese  who  have 
opportunities  for  education,  the  mind  of  China 
is  an  even  greater  resource  for  the  kingdom  of 
God  than  is  the  physical  wealth  of  the  republic. 
If  the  mind  of  China  were  to  be  emancipated 


138 


China:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


from  ignorance  and  then  used  in  opposition  to 
the  kingdom  of  God,  it  would  be  a  mighty 
obstacle.  Used  for  the  kingdom,  it  becomes  a 
mighty  asset. 

THE  LITERATE  FEW 

THE  present  literacy  is  estimated  at  less 
than  5  per  cent.  It  is  possibly  8  per 
cent,  for  men;  2  per  cent,  for  women.  A 
modem  school  system  under  the  direction  of 
the  government,  in  which  elements  of  the 
American,  French,  British  and  Grerman  educa- 
tional systems  are  merged,  has  been  inaugu- 
rated and  is  partially  in  operation. 

The  total  number  of  pupils  between  the  ages 
of  six  and  twelve  in  school,  including  govern- 
ment, private  and  mission  schools,  is  4,282,857. 

If  the  school  population  of  those  ages  is  as- 
s^imed  to  be  18  per  cent,  of  the  total  popu- 
lation, it  amounts  to  76,860,000.  That  is  to 
say,  only  about  6  per  cent,  of  the  school 
population  is  in  school. 

Coeducation  has  been  started  in  the  lower 
primary  grades  of  the  government  schools,  but 
girls  are  relatively  few  as  compared  with  the 
boys.  The  relative  opportunity  for  education 
for  girls  comes  out  clearly  when  one  compares 
the  total  number  of  middle  schools  for  boys 
with  those  for  girls.  There  are  428  middle 
schools  for  boys,  and  only  nine  for  girls.  The 
registration  is  69,598  boys  and  622  girls. 

PIONEERING  IN  SCHOOLS 

THE  relative  part  which  the  mission  schools 
are  playing  in  Chinese  modem  education 
can  be  seen  from  the  following  figures  on  regis- 
tration in  government  and  mission  schools: 

Kind  of  School  Government  Missionary 

Primary 4,122,897  159,979 

Secondary 70,220  12,046 

Trade  and  Industrial  30,654  1,375 

College  Grade ♦15,374  1,745 

Normal 29,295  3,905 

Medical 776  758 

*  Includes  registration  in  private  colleges. 

There  are  approximately  1,600  Chinese  students 
in  the  United  States,  300  of  whom  are  women. 

It  ought  to  be  added  that  the  value  and  in- 


fluence of  the  missionary  as  compared  with  the 
govemment  school  cannot  be  measured  by  the 
relative  figures.  The  missionary  school  is  the 
pioneer  in  modem  education  in  China,  and  at 
least  until  very  recently  has  fixed  the  standards 
of  education  for  the  govemment.  Now  the 
govemment  is  forging  ahead,  spending  what 
are,  for  China,  large  sums  of  money,  and  often 
providing  equipment  far  superior  to  that  of  the 
mission  schools. 

The  system  of  missionary  education  has  done 
much  to  stimulate  popular  education,  but  it 
cannot  always  expect  to  direct  it.  The  desire 
for  education  has  been  firmly  planted  in  China. 
Its  realization  must  in  large  measure  wait  for 
the  development  of  China's  resources,  the  es- 
tablishment of  effective  and  efficient  govern- 
ment, a  rising  standard  of  the  value  of  the 
individual,  and  the  creation  of  moral  ideals. 


KEY  TO  CHINA'S  FUTURE 
Xn  T  Pi*~i  ^  m  iZn  /Jm  \\i, 

^«  iL«^  ;/*  n  7?i  fc  7i» 


'T«ESE  are  the  thirty-nine  characters 
-^  of  China's  new  phonetic  alphabet  which 
will  unlock  the  doors  of  learning  in  the 
future  for  hundreds  of  millions  of  people. 
In  the  past,  with  a  written  language  of 
40,000  characters,  only  about  one  person 
in  twenty  learned  to  read  and  write.  The 
new  language  is  so  simple  that  an  ignorant 
peasant  can  master  it  in  four  or  five  weeks. 
Christian  missionaries  have  been  influential 
in  promoting  the  phonetic  system. 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  China 


139 


The  contribution  of  the  missionary  school  to 
all  these  needs  is  immeasiu^bly  great. 

The  Y.  M.  C.  A.  also  has  made  a  valuable 
contribution  to  education  in  China.  By  work 
in  schools  and  colleges,  similar  to  the  work 
carried  on  in  the  colleges  of  this  country,  it 
has  brought  the  student  classes,  always  difficult 
to  reach  through  the  ordinary  missionary 
channels,  into  contact  with  Christianity.  A 
special  campaign  for  students  resulted  in 
bringing  many  into  the  churches. 

There  is  no  more  effective  way  of  teaching 
China  the  worth  of  her  manhood  and  woman- 
hood than  through  the  Christian  school.  There 
is  no  other  way  to  help  China  to  safeguard  the 
purity  of  the  educational  ideal,  morally  and 
spiritually,  except  by  the  contribution  of  a 
multitude  of  Christian  teachers  definitely 
committed  to  the  exaltation  of  Christ  before 
the  childhood  and  youth  of  the  nation. 

As  to  the  education  of  women  China  still  looks 
largely  to  the  missionary  to  demonstrate  its 
value  and  worth  to  the  nation. 

SALVATION  THROUGH  PRINT 

CHINA  is  developing  a  modem  literature. 
The  China  Year  Book  for  1919  cites  an 
incomplete  list  of  328  Chinese  newspapers, 
many  of  which  are  dailies.  There  are  more  than 
forty  foreign-controlled  newspapers  in  China. 
The  Statesman's  Year  Book,  1919,  says: 

"Fifty  Chinese  newspapers  are  published  in 
Shanghai,  and  more  than  sixty  in  Peking  and 
Tientsin,  while  every  capital  city  in  the  interior 
has  several  daily  joumals.  There  are  over  one 
thousand  daily,  weekly  or  monthly  joumals  in 
China." 

It  is  interesting  to  note  also  that  out  of  a  total 
of  about  2,300  book  titles  mentioned  by  G.  A. 
Cla3rton  in  the  International  Review  oj  Mis- 
sions, July,  1919,  over  1,500  are  classified  under 
Religion. 

These  amazing  figures  indicate  something  of 
the  vitality  of  the  new  intellectual  life  which  is 
moving  through  the  republic.  China  is  be- 
coming articulate. 

There  are  at  present  eighteen  religious  publish- 
ing houses.     There  may  be  thirty  Christian 


newspapers  and  magazines,  but  a  survey  of  the 
field  shows  clearly  that  the  printed  page  is 
being  very  inadequately  used  for  the  kingdom 
of  God  in  China,  and  far  too  little  attention  is 
being  given  to  utilizing  for  Christian  teaching 
these  powerful  agencies  which  the  secular  press 
has  provided. 


PROTESTANT  CHURCH 
MEMBERS  IN  CHINA 


312,9rO 


300,000 


2S0,000 


200,000 


150,000 


lOO.OOO 


50,000 


'A6«9 


19IO      '17 


T)ROTESTANTISM  in  China  is  gaining 
-*-  momentimi.  It  has  made  more  progress 
in  the  last  seven  years  of  missionary  effort 
than  it  made  in  the  first  seventy. 


The  two  largest  publishing  houses  in  China  are 
directed  by  Christian  Chinese  who  learned  the 
printing  trade  in  mission  publishing  houses. 

NEW  PROBLEMS  AND  OLD 

CHINA  presents  the  world's  largest  and 
most  complex  problem.  Illiteracy,  entire 
lack  of  modem  hygienic  and  sanitary  conditions, 
a  low  value  on  human  life,  a  tjrpical  Asiatic 


140 


China:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


status  for  women  and  children— these  are  fac- 
tors which  come  from  the  old  life  of  China. 
The  new  life  which  will  be  forced  upon  her  brings 
all  the  problems  which  we  have  faced  or  are 
facing  in  the  Western  world.  Class  conscious- 
ness will  develop  to  a  degree  hitherto  unknown. 
The  influx  to  manufacturing  centers  will  in- 
tensify congestion  of  population  probably  to  a 
degree  never  experienced  in  the  West.  The  rise 
of  the  factory  system  will  overthrow  the  old 


CHINESE  CHRISTIAN 
MISSION  WORKERS 


asiooo 


OlO) 


'  I 'HE  budget  of  Chinese  missions  for 
-*-  1920  shows  a  larger  expenditure  for 
salaries  of  native  workers  than  for  salaries 
of  foreign  missionaries.  The  church  in 
China  is  on  the  road  to  becoming  auton- 
omous. 


family  life  of  China;  the  old  political  machinery 
and  political  ideas  are  gone,  and  what  has  come 
from  the  West  is  as  yet  entirely  ineffective. 

Most  students  of  China  today  write  in  a  pessi- 
mistic tone.  They  do  not  think  there  is  a 
solution  to  the  problem  which  she  presents  to 
the  worid.  They  are  practically  unanimous  in 
recognizing  that  the  problem  is  essentially  a 
moral  and  spiritual  one.    The  experience  of  the 


West  supports  this  view.  The  most  serious 
problems  arising  from  our  modem  economic 
and  industrial  development  are  moral  and 
spiritual.  There  is  no  reason  to  think  that  the 
Chinese  evolution— economic  and  industrial 
revolution— will  be  different  in  this  respect. 

FAILURE  OF  OLD  RELIGIONS 

THIS  brings  us  natiu^lly  to  the  question  of 
religion,  for  religion  produces  the  only  spuit- 
ual  and  moral  forces  which  have  been  effective 
in  the  worid.  China  has  religions— Confucian- 
ism, Taoism,  Buddhism,  Mohammedanism.  Are 
these  religions  capable  of  producing  among  the 
Chinese  people  moral  and  spiritual  forces  suffi- 
cient to  meet  the  need?  Can  they  produce 
character  of  the  tjrpe  which  our  Western  experi- 
ence has  proved  necessary  in  the  face  of  modem 
progress?  Can  they  give  a  meaning  to  human 
life  which  satisfies  the  hunger  and  unrest  which 
seem  to  go  with  the  development  of  modem 
thought  and  life?  Let  us  look  at  these  religions 
in  a  little  detail. 

Taoism  attempted  to  state  a  conception  of  the 
Divine  and  to  show  a  way  of  life;  but  Taoism 
had  no  place  for  a  personal  divine  being,  and 
today  it  is  the  most  debased  of  China's  re- 
ligions—a worship  of  innumerable  evil  spirits. 

In  Confucianism,  there  exists  a  fine,  practical 
moral  code— incomplete,  but  still  admirable  in 
its  system.  But  Confucianism  deliberately 
tumed  away  from  all  thought  of  God,  and  today 
the  chief  manifestation  of  this  Chinese  religion 
is  ancestor  worship,  dominated  by  fear  of  the 
power  of  the  departed. 

Buddhism  recognized  the  evil  of  the  worid  and 
held  out  the  hope  of  escape.  Its  great  appeal 
to  the  Asiatic  mind  lay  in  its  recognition  of  the 
essential  and  inherent  sadness  of  life  as  lived 
by  the  people  of  Asia.  They  followed  the  teach- 
ings of  Buddha  because  they  gave  a  hope  of 
escape— far  distant,  but  ultimate. 

Many  valuable  moral  influences  can  be  found 
in  each  of  these  religions,  but  when  due  allow- 
ance has  been  made  for  all  such  facts  and  when 
full  credit  has  been  given  for  the  best  aspirations 
of  these  religions  and  for  their  moral  teaching, 
we  are  still  justified  in  saying  that  they  have, 
separately  and  collectively,  failed,  and  failed 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  China 


%* 


141 


in  a  sense  which  cannot  be  charged  to  Christi- 
anity in  the  West. 

THE  CHRISTIAN  ANSWER 

IN  ADDITION  to  these  religions,  Christi- 
anity now  exists  in  an  organized  form  in 
China,  and  the  fundamental  question  for  the 
missionary  enterprise  is  whether  Christianity  in 
China  can  supply  the  need  which  her  own 
religions  cannot. 

This  matter  can  be  tested  by  the  lives  of  those 
Chinese  who  have  become  identified  with  the 
Christian  church.  They  are  not  perfect  lives, 
but  no  one  who  knows  the  average  character  of 
the  men  and  women  who  make  up  the  church 
in  China  as  compared  with  the  average  charac- 
ter of  classes  or  groups  outside  the  church  will 


have  any  doubt  on  this  subject.  Professor 
Ross  has  likened  the  Christian  element  in 
China,  in  comparison  with  the  rest  of  the 
Chinese,  to  the  Puritans  of  England  in  com- 
parison with  the  majority  of  the  English  people 
of  their  day. 

Perhaps,  no  other  section  of  the  non-Christian 
world  has  developed  so  many  men  capable  of 
Christian  leadership  as  China.  The  Y.  M.  C.  A., 
organized  in  most  of  the  principal  cities  and 
in  many  schools  and  colleges,  has  a  national 
committee  that  is  predominantly  Chinese. 
The  general  secretary,  Mr.  David  Yui,  is  a 
Chinese,  graduated  from  Harvard. 

This  organization  has  been  able  to  do  significant 
work,  especially  among  the  student  classes  and 
the  official  and  business  classes,  always  hard  to 


WHAT  MISSIONS  MEAN  TO  CHINA 


EVERY  mission  station  in  China  is  acknowledged  by  the  Chinese  to  be  a 
center  from  which  flow  forces  which  relieve  suffering  of  all  kinds  and 
cut  at  the  roots  of  superstition  and  ignorance. 


142 


China:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


reach.  Its  numerous  modern  buildings,  well-  submit  to  the  most  thorough  investigation  by 
equipped,  are  centers  for  valuable  social  service  impartial  students  and  be  assured  that  the 
activities.  judgment  would  be  overwhelmingly  favorable. 


The  Christian  church  has  stood  another  test 
as  to  its  qualifications  for  filling  China's  need. 
Nearly  all  the  movements  for  social  and  moral 
betterment  have  either  originated  inside  the 
Christian  movement  or  have  had  their  chief 
support  there.  This  is  particularly  true  of  the 
outstanding  movements  against  foot  binding, 
the  opium  traffic,  and  the  extension  of  the  whole 
modem  movement  in  China  for  elevating  the 
status  of  women  and  for  a  fuller  recognition  of 
the  value  and  importance  of  child  life. 

BALANCING  THE  LEDGER 

NO  OVER-STATEMENT  of  the  effective- 
ness of  missionary  work  would  be  wise ;  yet 
it  may  be  said  without  any  exaggeration  that 
every  mission  station  in  China  is  acknowledged 
by  the  Chinese  to  be  a  center  from  which  flow 
forces  which  relieve  suffering  of  all  kinds,  which 
cut  at  the  roots  of  superstition  and  ignorance, 
and  send  forth  ideas  that,  according  to  the  de- 
gree in  which  they  are  accepted,  transform  whole 
sections  of  Chinese  society.  Many  mistakes 
have  been  made  by  missionaries,  yet  the  mis- 
sionary movement  as  a  whole  in  China  could 


The  essential  fact,  however,  is  that,  while  such 
evidences  are  sufficient  to  prove  the  true  worth 
of  the  Christian  movement,  they  do  not  indi- 
cate forces  sufficient  in  magnitude  for  the 
requirements  of  the  task.  There  are  only  six 
thousand  men  and  women  from  the  West  at 
work  in  China,  and,  in  all  their  work,  they  have 
buildings  and  equipment  which  represent  the 
outlay  of  only  a  few  millions  of  dollars.  To 
assume  that  either  their  number  or  the  equip- 
ment is  sufficient  for  this  extraordinary  task  is 
to  close  our  eyes  to  very  evident  facts. 

The  missionary  enterprise  has  simply  demon- 
strated that,  if  it  is  sufficiently  enlarged,  it  can, 
both  in  the  quantity  and  quality  of  its  work, 
meet  the  need  of  China.  It  becomes,  therefore, 
in  the  last  analysis,  a  question  of  whether  our 
Western  civilization  can  project  its  best  life 
into  China  in  sufficient  quantity  and  with 
sufficient  working  apparatus  to  solve  the  prob- 
lem of  China.  If  this  is  done,  the  character  of 
the  Chinese  people  and  the  nature  of  their 
potential  resources  are  such  that  China  will 
become  a  factor  of  large  importance  in  the  up- 
ward movement  of  the  world. 


China  for  Christ 

One  thousand  and  thirty-five  missionaries  from  the  United  States  to  win  China 
to  the  kingdom. 

Interchurch  World  Movement  Estimates  for  American  Foreign  Missionary  Societies  in  China 


Evangelistic 

Educational 

Medical 

Literature 

Others* 

Total 1,035 

^Business  agents,  industrial  and  institutional  workers,  etc. 


Missionaries  needed 

Missionaries 

for  5-year  period 

needed  for  1920 

1920-1925 

277 

702 

463 

1,176 

206 

524 

9 

21 

80 

208 

2,631 


JAPAN 


JAPAN  is  a  world  power  physically  at  the  bursting  point.  A  state  of  violent 
economic  transitions,  mounting  financial  strength,  high  industrial  pressure, 
grave  congestion  of  population  and  moral  and  spiritual  apathy  characterizes 
the  dynamic  empire  of  the  East.  No  other  nation  faces  a  variety  of  problems  so 
complex  and  vital. 

Six  small  islands,  a  portion  of  a  seventh,  and  one  mainland  kingdom  comprise  this 
empire.  Only  one-two-hundred-and-twenty-first  of  the  earth's  area  lies  within  its 
boundaries,  while  one-twenty-first  of  the  world's  population  is  centered  there. 

Japan  stands  as  a  world  power  without  immigration,  with  her  racial  problem  centered 
in  her  mainland  kingdom,  a  rapidly  increasing  surplus  population,  which  her  colonies 
cannot  absorb,  and  the  white  world  closed  to  her.  She  is  a  nation  in  which  the  chief 
body  of  the  population,  which  numbers  fifty-seven  and  a  half  million,  is  centered  in 
a  territory  but  four  hundred  square  miles  greater  than  the  state  of  Montana.  Her 
chief  island  colonies,  where  more  than  3,700,000  persons  live,  are  not  the  equal,  by 
more  than  three  thousand  square  miles,  of  the  state  of  South  Carolina. 


MAKING  OVER  NIPPON 

WHILE  74  per  cent,  of  Japan's  popula- 
tion are  farmers,  only  14  per  cent, 
of  her  land  is  arable.  Japan  can  no  longer 
feed  herself.  About  three  million  acres  of 
wild  land  may  still  be  reclaimed,  and  this  is 
being  done  gradually.  Yet  with  the  increased 
area  each  year,  there  is  a  retrogression  of 
arable  land  owing  to  the  expansion  of  cities, 
so  that  the  net  gain  of  arable  soil  is  slight. 
The  keynote  of  modem  Japan's  life  is  no 
longer  agriculture,  but  industrialism,  in  its 
most  intense  form. 

This  drift  toward  industrialism  is  the  natural 
product  of  the  empire's  physical  form,  its  con- 
gestion of  population  and  the  alert  nature  of 
its  people  and  leadership.  To  this  nationally 
ambitious  spirit  the  war  came  as  a  long-awaited 
world  opportunity.  Japan  was  heavily  in  debt 
at  the  beginning  of  the  conflict.  Now,  at  the 
outset  of  her  new  career,  she  has  loaned 
$800,000,000  to  the  allies,  and  is  a  creditor 
nation.    Her  position  politically  also  has  been 


strengthened  by  her  participation  in  the  war. 
Her  ambitions  in  China  and  Russia  have  been 
fostered  by  war  developments. 

UNSOLVED  PROBLEMS 

MEANWHILE,  in  the  struggle  to  seize 
world  opportunity,  Japan  has  precipi- 
tated within  herself  a  climax  of  unsolved 
problems.  The  very  industrialism  by  which 
she  is  attaining  place  and  power  is  developing 
sinister  negatives.  Her  productive  industrial- 
ism, driving  forward,  is  leaving  in  its  path 
destructive  forces  whose  effects  are  menacing 
the  national  life. 

The  pressure  of  population  is  increasing  at  the 
rate  of  seven  hundred  thousand  annually,  while 
emigration  relieves  it  by  only  about  fifty 
thousand  a  year.  This  pressure  is  reacting 
upon  the  people.  Rural  life  is  suffering.  The 
isolation  of  the  islands  also  compels  maritime 
development  both  for  export  and  import.  The 
harshness  of  the  new  industrial  forms  is  working 
havoc  morally  and  socially  in  the  large  cities. 


144 


Japan:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


Autocratic  government  and  self-conscious 
masses  are  coming  to  grips. 

Japan  has  the  same  common  problems  as  other 
countries — her  labor  disputes  and  her  high  cost 
of  living.  And  while  labor  is  not  so  well  or- 
ganized, and  social  unrest  is  as  yet  apparently 


INCREASE  OF 
FACTORY  WORKERS  IN  JAPAN 

2,000,000 
1^00.000 
1,600.000 
1,400.000 
1.200.000 
1.000.000 
800.000 

600.000 
400,000 
200.000 
0 


"ITTESTERN  industry  is  invading  the 
^^  Orient.  In  Japan  the  number  of 
factory  workers  has  increased  almost  seven- 
fold in  the  last  five  years.  With  the  factory 
have  come  the  evils  of  industrialism — the 
unregulated  employment  of  women  and 
children,  the  overcrowded  factory  town 
with  its  bad  living  conditions,  the  in- 
sanitary factory  with  its  bad  working 
conditions,  the  long  day  and  the  low  wage. 
The  West  must  contribute  to  the  East  not 
only  modem  standards  for  manufacture  but 
Christian  standards  for  workers. 


not  so  radical,  the  strong  undercurrent  of 
socialism  which  existed  before  the  war  is  now 
openly  avowed.  Some  of  the  most  popular 
sellers  in  Japanese  bookstores  are  translations 
of  Karl  Marx. 

The  employment  of  women  in  excessive  num- 
bers in  the  new  industrial  activities  is  a  stroke 
at  the  heart  of  the  nation's  moral  and  social 
life — the  home.  This  evil  has  aroused  native 
protagonists  of  woman's  cause  to  call  a  halt. 
Woman's  new  industrial  status  has  so  impressed 
labor  that  its  leaders  are  demanding  relief  for 
her. 

CORNERSTONE  FOR  KINGDOM 

JAPAN,  with  her  mounting  wealth,  her 
intelligence,  population,  constricted  area — 
both  from  racial  and  geographical  barriers— and 
her  people's  energy,  is  a  world  power  literally 
at  the  bursting  point.  Her  religious  problem  is 
not  one  of  benighted  and  isolated  groups,  but 
one  of  intelligent,  congested,  active  and  literate 
peoples.  And  while  these  peoples  are  fortified 
by  a  religious  background  of  great  antiquity, 
they  are  unsustained  in  their  development  by 
a  morality  such  as  characterizes  Christianity. 

In  the  very  social  unrest  and  overturn  of  ancient 
and  intrenched  tradition  stands  a  new  and 
powerful  fulcrum  for  Christianity.  Japan's 
political  and  social  structures  are  sagging  under 
the  pressure,  presaging  a  destructive  crash  or  a 
peaceful  rebuilding.  The  eventual  rebuilding 
is  inevitable.  Of  the  new  construction,  Chris- 
tianity can  and  must  be  a  part  of  the  founda- 
tion, perhaps  much  of  the  structure.  A  world 
opportunity  for  Christianity  is  at  hand. 

TENANT  FARMING 

SEVENTY-FOUR  per  cent,  of  Japan's  popu- 
lation are  still  farmers.  Squatting  on  their 
little  two  and  a  half  acres,  which  is  the  average 
for  a  family,  the  Japanese  till  the  soil  much  as 
they  did  a  thousand  years  ago. 

Fifty-seven  per  cent,  of  the  rice  yield  of  each 
of  these  tiny  farms  goes  to  the  landlord.  Of 
the  other  products,  the  landlord  accepts  44 
per  cent,  either  in  cash  or  kind.  The  owner 
in  turn  pays  the  taxes,  which  amount  to 
from  30  to  33  per  cent,  of  the  rental  value. 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  Japan 


145 


( 


The  farmer,  however,  must  add  to  the  cost  of 
his  crops  $75,000,000  for  fertilizer.  This  is  the 
amount  annually  expended  in  Japan  to  enable 
her  miniature  farms  to  continue  to  be  worth 
the  name. 

The  machine  has  arrived  in  Japan.  In  an 
effort  to  keep  pace  with  the  great  nations, 
Japan  is  forcing  production  to  the  utmost. 

Remolding  as  rapidly  as  possible  her  mode  of 


TRANSFORMING 
ANCIENT  CITIES 


INDUSTRIAL  REGIONS 

OF 

JAPAN 


% 


KYO 
OKOHAMA 


FUKUOK 


Scf  01  Mill 

i '  '  'm       abo       a&o 


INDUSTRIALISM  has  brought  the  large 
city  to  Japan.  Some  of  the  ancient  cities 
of  the  empire  have  doubled  their  popula- 
tion in  the  last  few  years.  With  the  city 
have  come  the  problems  of  the  city.  Slum 
districts,  festering  sores  in  the  new  indus- 
trial centers,  are  beginning  to  draw  the 
attention  of  the  public.  There  is  a  brisk 
and  growing  trade  in  foreign  liquors  and 
in  sake,  which  are  playing  havoc  with  the 
congested  populations.  For  true  success, 
Japan's  new  industrialism  must  be  governed 
by  practical  application  of  Christian  princi- 
ples. 


production,  she  also  is  readjusting  her  peoples 
and  checking  up  the  balances  of  consumption 
and  export,  area  and  population. 

Japan  cannot  feed  herself.  Her  restricted  area 
and  limited  amount  of  arable  land  compel  her 
to  become  a  manufacturer  and  international 
trader.  Japan,  in  her  large  towns,  is  a  modem 
miracle  of  industrialism.  Seven  ancient  cities 
herald  the  recent  change  that  has  come  to 
Japan's  town  life.  They  are  Tokyo,  Yoko- 
hama, Nagoya,  Osaka,  Kobe,  Moji  and  Fuku- 
oka.  Some  have  doubled  their  population  in 
the  last  few  years,  as  the  result  of  machine 
production  methods. 

The  number  of  Nippon's  industrial  firms  has 
doubled  in  the  last  four  years.  There  are  now 
more  than  thirty  thousand  of  these,  employing 
more  than  two  million  persons.  These  factories 
are  seizing  industry  from  the  hands  of  the  old 
Japanese  workers,  turning  out  cotton  yam, 
cotton  and  silk  fabrics,  porcelain,  lacquer  ware, 
matches,  paper,  tea,  matting  and  toys.  Ma- 
chinery is  in  use,  indeed,  in  all  the  nation's 
labor  except  farming. 

WOMAN»S  PLACE 

WOMAN'S  place  in  this  rush  of  indus- 
trialism is  preeminent.  Of  the  two 
million  workers  employed  in  Japan's  factories, 
more  than  one- third  are  women  and  young 
girls.  In  the  tea  industry  the  proportion  of 
women  to  men  is  about  four  to  one.  In 
agriculture  eight  million  are  engaged.  As  in 
all  countries,  the  wages  of  women  are  con- 
siderably less  than  those  of  men,  about  one- 
half,  with  slight  variation  according  to  the 
industry. 

The  proportion  of  the  sexes  in  Japan's  industry 
is:  men,  42  per  cent.;  women,  58  per  cent.; 
workers  under  fifteen  years:  boys,  18  per  cent.; 
girls,  82  per  cent.  Despite  the  fact  that  the 
cost  of  living  in  Tokyo  now  exceeds  that  in 
New  York  or  London,  in  no  case  do  wages 
compare  with  those  of  American  communities. 
A  Japanese  carpenter  now  receives  from  eighty 
cents  to  one  dollar  a  day. 

Hours  of  labor  in  Japan's  factories  are  exces- 
sive. Many  workers  toil  sixteen  hours  a  day, 
with  but  one  or  two  days  of  rest  in  a  month. 


146 


Japan:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


The  strain  on  the  worker  is  destructive,  and 
this  is  marked  in  the  cases  of  women  and  chil- 
dren. Tuberculosis  is  becoming  a  great  prob- 
lem in  many  of  the  cities. 


June    Dec. 
1914    I9H 


Dec.    June 
1918    1919 


JAPAN  has  the  common  problems  of  the 
rest  of  the  world — increasing  cost  of 
living  and  labor  troubles.  In  spite  of  the 
fact  that  the  cost  of  living  is  higher  in 
Tokyo  than  it  is  in  New  York  or  London, 
in  no  case  do  wages  for  Japanese  workmen 
compare  with  those  paid  in  the  United 
States.  With  Christianity  really  put  into 
practise  labor  all  over  the  world  would  be 
given  a  "square  deal." 


IN  THE  WORLD  MARKET 

JAPAN'S  volume  of  trade  is  constantly  in- 
creasing. Between  1916  and  1918  it 
doubled.  The  United  States  is  the  chief  cus- 
tomer in  the  raw  silk  trade.  China  is  the  prin- 
cipal buyer  of  cotton  and  cotton  yams.  The 
Island  of  Sakhalin  is  beginning  to  produce  raw 
vegetable  materials  and  exports  gold,  coal,  fish, 
livestock  and  timber. 

Japan,  like  most  oriental  countries,  has  thou- 
sands of  beggars.  About  three  hundred  thou- 
sand persons  pass  through  the  prisons  every 
year,  with  a  proportion  of  males  to  females  of 
about  twenty  to  one.  Reformatories  for  the 
young  have  proved  effective,  and  juvenile  courts 
are  about  to  be  established.  Some  progress 
has  been  made  in  prison  reform. 

In  her  treatment  of  women,  children  and  pub- 
lic dependents,  Japan  is  a  century  behind 
Western  methods.  She  has  child  labor  laws 
and  laws  to  protect  women,  but  these  are  only 
perfunctorily  observed.  The  importance  of 
women  and  children  in  the  nation's  labor  has 
recently  moved  the  growing  labor  classes  to 
demand  better  working  conditions. 

Japan's  rapid  industrial  and  financial  rise  also 
is  precipitating  class  problems,  which  soon 
must  be  solved,  and  in  which  both  political  and 
economic  discontent  is  fast  becoming  a  factor. 
The  form  of  the  government  is  unsatisfactory. 
Only  two  and  a  half  million  persons  enjoy  the 
elective  franchise,  which  is  based  upon  an  age 
minimum  of  twenty-five  years  and  the  payment 
of  at  least  three  yen,  or  $1.50,  in  direct  national 
taxes. 

The  regulation  of  prostitution  demands  new 
measures.  Slum  districts,  growing  about  the 
new  industrial  centers,  are  creating  conditions 
which  Japan,  in  her  race  for  world  trade,  must 
soon  correct.  The  liquor  trade  is  growing,  and 
a  brisk  business  developing  in  foreign  liquors, 
in  addition  to  sake.  This  is  having  an  evil 
effect  on  badly  congested  populations.  Much 
beer  is  now  manufactured  in  Japan.  Christian 
workers  have  organized  a  prohibition  move- 
ment, under  the  leadership  of  the  National 
Temperance  Society,  of  which  General  T. 
Ando  is  president. 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  Japan 


147 


STRONG,  LITERATE  NATION 

JAPAN,  industrially  and  financially,  is 
stronger  than  ever  before.  But  her  present 
social  structure  is  not  one  which  can  withstand 
the  severe  tests  of  her  new  life.  Her  leaders 
frankly  look  to  America  for  help  and  advice  in 
the  remodeling  of  this  structure.  They  invite  a 
practical  application  of  Christian  principles. 

Japan  is  a  literate  and  literary  nation.  In  her 
literacy  she  is  the  peer  of  modem  Western 
peoples.  A  vast  literature  is  the  heritage  of 
her  people. 

Japan's  literacy  rate  among  her  men  is  in  the 
neighborhood  of  90  per  cent.  That  among 
her  women  is  about  70  per  cent.  Co-ed- 
ucation is  confined  to  her  primary  schools. 
For  some  decades  Tokyo  has  been  one  of  the 
world's  greatest  centers  for  scholarship.  The 
literati  of  the  country  are  many,  for  literature 
has  been  among  the  "polite  accomplishments" 
of  Japan  for  a  thousand  years. 

Japan's  children  have  the  advantage  of  an 
excellent  school  system,  and  98  per  cent,  of 
the  children  between  the  ages  of  six  and 
twelve  are  in  school.  An  important  part 
of  this  system  is  its  physical  training,  which  is 
thorough  and  elastic. 

The  modem  educational  equipment  of  Japan 
consists  of  six  universities,  ninety-two  normal 
schools,  two  higher  government  normal  schools, 
two  similar  schools  for  girls,  fourteen  missionary 
Bible  women's  training  schools,  eighteen  theo- 
logical schools  imder  mission  supervision,  25,574 
public  schools  and  2,476  private  institutions. 
There  are  five  medical  colleges. 

The  Y.  M.  C.  A.  is  offering  a  healthy  antidote 
for  vice  to  the  young  men  of  Japan,  by  setting 
an  ideal  of  physical  cleanliness,  sportsmanship, 
and  the  healthy  rivalry  of  games.  It  has  worked 
chiefly  among  the  student  class,  which  has  been 
exposed  for  the  last  sixty  years  to  licensed  vice, 
but  it  is  now  extending  its  work  to  employed 
men.  Its  gymnasiums  and  its  day  and  evening 
classes  in  secular  and  religious  subjects  are 
overcrowded. 


ago  the  "Y"  in  Tokyo  drew  two-thirds  of  its 
support  from  the  foreign  commimity  and  one- 
third  from  the  Japanese,  today  it  gets  only 
one-tenth  from  foreigners  and  nine-tenths  from 
Japanese. 

OUTPUT  OF  BOOKS 

THE  yearly  output  of  books  by  the  nation's 
secular  press  is  considerable,  embracing 
works  on  i)olitics,  industry,  religion,  education, 
literature  and  art.  The  nation  is  possessed  of 
an  imperial  library,  393  public  libraries  and 
more  than  five  himdred  private  collections  of 
great  value.  Tokyo  has  the  great  Morrison 
library  from  China. 

Japan's  press  is  energetic  and  modem  in  its 
treatment  of  world  affairs.  It  can  be  made  a 
force  for  Christian  ideals.  Japan's  students 
are  increasingly  dissatisfied  with  religious  condi- 
tions. The  newspapers  are  scathing  in  their 
denunciation  of  the  profligacy  and  laziness  of 
the  priesthood. 

Christian  literature  of  the  highest  grade  is  an 
essential  for  work  among  the  Japanese.  With 
less  than  one-sixth  the  population  of  China, 
Japan  has  six  times  as  many  readers  as  has  the 
"Flowery  Kingdom."  Provision  should  be 
made  for  systematic  propaganda  through  news- 
paper evangelism,  tract  distribution,  strong 
books  and  fiction  of  good  moral  tone. 

SEVERE  TEST  FOR  WOMEN 

THE  woman  of  Japan,  for  the  first  time  in 
history,  is  standing  erect.  Under  the 
double  load  of  ancient  prejudice  and  modem 
exploitation,  she  is  a  figure  to  challenge  the 
quick  aid  and  interest  of  all  civilization.  Her 
hope  is  in  Christian  ideals.  And  the  realization 
of  this  hope  rests  largely  in  the  hands  of 
America. 

In  no  land,  in  all  history,  has  womanhood  been 
put  to  such  a  test  as  she  is  now  undergoing  in 
Japan.  This  test  is  negative  in  its  withdrawal 
of  old  customs  and  beliefs;  it  is  positive  in  its 
sudden  intensity  of  Western  ideas  and  Western 
methods. 


As  an  index  of  what  Japan  thinks  of  this  sort    From  ages  of  protective  domination,  with  a 
of  work,  it  can  be  shown  that,  while  four  years     measure    of    "protective    exploitation,"    the 


i 


/ 


148 


woman  of  Japan  is  being  projected  into  a  new 
existence.  In  this  the  element  of  protection 
has  been  withdrawn.  Bonds  of  religious  tra- 
dition ^  loosening.  Customs  of  Occident  and 
Onent  have  met,  and  those  of  the  Orient  are 
giving  way.  Family  life,  due  to  the  influence 
of  the  new  regime  on  youth,  is  undergoing  con- 
fusing changes,  with  no  substitutes  for  aban- 
doned tenets. 

The  woman  of  America  has  long  been  trained 
to  the  disciplined  freedom  of  business  life.  To 
the  woman  of  Japan  this  test  has  come  with  the 
swiftness  of  a  blow,  for  the  keynote  of  Japan's 
present  constructive  life  is  industrialism,  and 
upon  woman  has  fallen  the  heaviest  pressure  of 
the  nation's  industrial  load. 

The  Y,  W.  C.  A.  in  Japan  has  done  valuable 
work  among  the  women  in  large  industrial 
centers.  It  has  established  hostels  for  girls  in 
these  centers,  and  is  active  in  the  protection 
of  girls  coming  from  the  country  to  face  the 
temptations  and  the  perils  of  the  city  alone. 
There  is  great  need  for  the  extension  of  the 
rescue  work  done  by  this  organization,  for  it  is 
a  most  helpful  factor  in  extending  the  kingdom 
of  God  m  Japan. 


Japan:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


The  new  cm!  code  gives  woman  new  property 
nghts.  She  now  also  has  legal  protection  in 
case  of  divorce,  but  woman  is  still  at  a  dis- 
advantage  due  to  ancient  custom. 

Licensed  prostitution  is  nation-wide,  and  from 
this  source  the  government  receives  a  large 
annual  revenue.  Every  large  town  has  its 
segregated  district,  and  the  total  number  of 
actual  prostitutes  is  said  to  be  in  the  neighbor- 
hood  of  275,000. 

Japan  is  waking  to  the  danger  of  valuing  women 
too  little.  Movements  in  favor  of  women  are 
even  receiving  government  support.  In  ad- 
dition, prominent  men  and  women.  Christian 
and  non-Christian  alike,  are  strongly  aligned 
against  the  crying  evil  of  prostitution.  There 
are  also  other  women's  reform  movements 
working  along  social  and  moral  lines. 

Of  late  there  has  come  an  insistent  call  from 
vanous  classes  for  the  protection  of  mother- 
hood Some  action  is  expected  of  the  present 
diet  to  relieve  the  situation. 


The  exigencies  of  a  worid  war  turned  Japan's 
big  cities  mto  industrial  camps.  With  the 
defeat  of  Germany,  Japan  leaped  into  the  race 
for  export  trade.  With  thousands  of  factories 
going  up  almost  over  night,  the  nation's  em- 
ployers naturally  turned  to  the  cheapest  labor- 
woman  labor. 

After  long  hours  of  labor  the  workers  often  are 
housed  m  company  dormitories  where  sanitary 
conditions  are  most  objectionable.  After  two 
years  many  of  these  women  leave  the  factories 
broken  m  health.  A  large  percentage  faU 
victims  to  tuberculosis. 

MARRIAGE  NOT  FREE  CHOICE 

MARRIAGE  is  rarely  of  free  choice,  and 
there  is  some  barter  of  women.  Men  can- 
not marry  until  they  have  reached  the  age  of 
seventeen,  girls  until  they  are  fifteen.  The 
average  age  is  now  around  twenty-three  for 
thewoman  twenty-fivefortheman.  Polygamy 
IS  against  both  law  and  sentiment,  butl^^re 
is  some  concubinage,  though  unla^ul 


Need  of  Christian  leadership  in  these  reform 
movements  is  obvious.  Western  methods  of 
finance,  commerce  and  industry  ah^dy  have 
proved  their  worth.  But  they  have  brought  in 
their  train  a  multitude  of  problems  which  are 
occidental  m  form.  Japan  is  undoubtedly 
searching  for  moral  guidance. 

OUTWORN  FAITHS 

'T'HE  Japan  of  today  is  a  nation  of  religious 
X  stenhty.  Two  outworn  faiths-Buddhism 
and  Shintoism-stand  in  the  midst  of  Japan's 
increasing  conflict  of  social,  moral  and  intellec- 
tual  forces. 

They  lack  vitality.  Yet  their  faiths  are  in- 
trenched in  an  oriental  soil  in  which  ancient 
precedent  is  powerful.  The  dim  shades  of 
ancestors  still  brood  over  the  land.  The  tur- 
moil  and  reaction  of  a  new  life,  however, 
are  making  breaches  in  a  hitherto  solid  front 
of  onental  cults.  And  these  breaches  are 
widening. 

Shintoism  is  peculiarly  a  Japanese  cult.  It  is 
not  missionary  and  has  not  gone  beyond  the 
Japanese  race.  It  may  be  called  the  State  re- 
ligion, and  the  stronger  enemy  of  Christianity. 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  Japan 

It  is  constantly  promoted  by  the  military  ele- 
ment as  well  as  by  the  educational  authorities. 
It  typifies  the  intensely  materialistic  spirit  of 
imperialism  which  exists  as  an  anomaly  in  the 
twentieth  century. 

On  the  other  hand,  there  are  in  Japan  proper 
113,311  Protestant  communicants,  75,983 
Roman  Catholics,  and  36,618  members  of  the 
Greek  Church.  The  proportion  of  Protestant 
Orthodox  Christians  is  about  one  in  every  500, 
while  one  in  every  250  belongs  to  some  Christian 
communion.  One  must  not  assume,  however, 
that  Japan  is  without  need  of  increased  mission- 
ary work. 

MISSIONARY  ENDEAVORS 

KARAFUTO,  or  that  part  of  Sakhalin 
Island  which  is  below  the  fiftieth  parallel 
and  under  Japanese  Government,  is  without 
mission  enterprises.  Its  population  includes 
seventy-five  thousand  Japanese,  three  thousand 
Ainu  and  thirty-seven  thousand  Russians.  This 
southern  half  has  its  contact  with  America 
through  Japan.  The  northern  section  carries  on 
what  little  communication  it  may  with  Europe 
through  Russia.  Foreign  civilization  is  little 
felt.  Cities  of  two  thousand  to  twenty  thou- 
sand may  be  found  with  little  or  no  social, 
educational  or  other  like  activities.  It  is  a 
little  land  into  which  Christianity  has  not 
penetrated. 

By  way  of  mission  forces  there  is  in  Japan  an 
ordained  Protestant  minister  or  missionary  to 
each  192,953  of  the  population.  Counting  all 
Protestant  missionaries  (including  wives)  there 
is  one  to  every  52,272  of  the  population. 

The  tendency  in  Japan  for  some  years  has  been 
to  unite  the  kindred  mission  societies  in  con- 
genial groups.  This  has  been  fostered  partly 
by  the  strong  nationalistic  spirit  in  Japan. 
There  is  also  the  desire  on  the  part  of  the  mis- 
sionaries to  eliminate  all  duplication  of  agencies 
and  thus  economize  in  men  and  money  in  the 
conduct  of  the  evangelization  of  the  country. 
Union  institutions  in  Japan  also  have  been 
somewhat  easily  formed  because  the  Japanese 
do  not  see  any  reason  why  religious  divisions 
which  characterize  American  Christianity  should 
be  maintained  among  them. 


149 


The  result  is  five  groups  of  missions  and 
churches.  These  have  prospered.  They  have 
adapted  their  work  to  the  nationalistic  and 
social  demands  of  their  enwonment.  But 
new  social,  industrial,  economic  and  intellectual 
forces,  the  product  of  the  last  four  years  of 
change,  in  which  the  World  War  has  been  the 
chief  factor,  are  incessantly  creating  new  con- 
ditions. And  in  the  newest  of  this  new  life  is 
the  key  to  opportunity. 

The  young  Japanese  are  not  religiously  in- 
clined.   They  crowd  the  matsuri,  or  religious 


INCREASE  IN 

NUMBER  OF  PROTESTANT 

CHURCH  MEMBERS 

PER  MILLION  OF  POPULATION 


2,500r 


2,000 


1,500 


1.000 


500 


omoinoino 

8         00OOO         Q  •-•  t-ii-i 

ooooooo       O)       o\       a\    o\ 


/CHRISTIANITY  is  on  the  ascendency 
^-^  in  Japan.  For  twenty  years  the 
proportion  of  Protestant  church  members 
has  steadily  increased.  Now  about  one 
in  every  500  of  Japan's  population  is  a 
Protestant  Christian,  and  about  one  in 
every  250  belongs  to  some  Christian  com- 
mimion.  Christians  in  the  United  States 
must  not  permit  the  rising  line  to  sag. 


if 


148 


Japan:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


woman  of  Japan  is  being  projected  into  a  new 
existence.  In  this  the  element  of  protection 
has  been  withdrawn.  Bonds  of  religious  tra- 
dition are  loosening.  Customs  of  Occident  and 
Orient  have  met,  and  those  of  the  Orient  are 
giving  way.  Family  life,  due  to  the  influence 
of  the  new  regime  on  youth,  is  undergoing  con- 
fusing changes,  with  no  substitutes  for  aban- 
doned tenets. 

The  woman  of  America  has  long  been  trained 
to  the  disciplined  freedom  of  business  life.  To 
the  woman  of  Japan  this  test  has  come  with  the 
swiftness  of  a  blow,  for  the  keynote  of  Japan's 
present  constructive  life  is  industrialism,  and 
upon  woman  has  fallen  the  heaviest  pressure  of 
the  nation's  industrial  load. 

The  Y.  W.  C.  A.  in  Japan  has  done  valuable 
work  among  the  women  in  large  industrial 
centers.  It  has  established  hostels  for  girls  in 
these  centers,  and  is  active  in  the  protection 
of  girls  coming  from  the  country  to  face  the 
temptations  and  the  perils  of  the  city  alone. 
There  is  great  need  for  the  extension  of  the 
rescue  work  done  by  this  organization,  for  it  is 
a  most  helpful  factor  in  extending  the  kingdom 
of  God  in  Japan. 

The  exigencies  of  a  worid  war  turned  Japan's 
big  cities  into  industrial  camps.  With  the 
defeat  of  Germany,  Japan  leaped  into  the  race 
for  export  trade.  With  thousands  of  factories 
gomg  up  almost  over  night,  the  nation's  em- 
ployers naturally  turned  to  the  cheapest  labor- 
woman  labor. 

After  long  hours  of  labor  the  workers  often  are 
housed  in  company  dormitories  where  sanitary 
conditions  are  most  objectionable.  After  two 
years  many  of  these  women  leave  the  factories 
broken  in  health.  A  large  percentage  faU 
victims  to  tuberculosis. 


The  new  civil  code  gives  woman  new  property 
rights.  She  now  also  has  legal  protection  in 
case  of  divorce,  but  woman  is  still  at  a  dis- 
advantage due  to  ancient  custom. 

Licensed  prostitution  is  nation-wide,  and  from 
this  source  the  government  receives  a  large 
annual  revenue.  Every  large  town  has  its 
segregated  district,  and  the  total  number  of 
actual  prostitutes  is  said  to  be  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  275,000. 

Japan  is  waking  to  the  danger  of  valuing  women 
too  little.  Movements  in  favor  of  women  are 
even  receiving  government  support.  In  ad- 
dition, prominent  men  and  women.  Christian 
and  non-Christian  alike,  are  strongly  aligned 
against  the  crying  evil  of  prostitution.  There 
are  also  other  women's  reform  movements 
working  along  social  and  moral  lines. 

Of  late  there  has  come  an  insistent  call  from 
various  classes  for  the  protection  of  mother- 
hood. Some  action  is  expected  of  the  present 
diet  to  relieve  the  situation. 

Need  of  Christian  leadership  in  these  reform 
movements  is  obvious.  Western  methods  of 
finance,  commerce  and  industry  already  have 
proved  their  worth.  But  they  have  brought  in 
theu-  train  a  multitude  of  problems  which  are 
occidental  in  form.  Japan  is  undoubtedly 
searching  for  moral  guidance. 

OUTWORN  FAITHS 

THE  Japan  of  today  is  a  nation  of  religious 
sterility.  Two  outworn  faiths— Buddhism 
and  Shintoism— stand  in  the  midst  of  Japan's 
increasing  conflict  of  social,  moral  and  intellec- 
tual forces. 


MARRIAGE  NOT  FREE  CHOICE 

MARRIAGE  is  rarely  of  free  choice,  and 
there  is  some  barter  of  women.  Men  can- 
not marry  until  they  have  reached  the  age  of 
seventeen,  giris  until  they  are  fifteen.  The 
average  age  is  now  around  twenty-three  for 
the  woman,  twenty-five  for  the  man.  Polygamy 
IS  agamst  both  law  and  sentiment,  but  there 
IS  some  concubinage,  though  unlawful. 


They  lack  vitality.  Yet  their  faiths  are  in- 
trenched in  an  oriental  soil  in  which  ancient 
precedent  is  powerful.  The  dim  shades  of 
ancestors  still  brood  over  the  land.  The  tur- 
moil and  reaction  of  a  new  life,  however, 
are  making  breaches  in  a  hitherto  solid  front 
of  oriental  cults.  And  these  breaches  are 
widening. 

Shintoism  is  peculiarly  a  Japanese  cult.  It  is 
not  missionary  and  has  not  gone  beyond  the 
Japanese  race.  It  may  be  called  the  State  re- 
ligion, and  the  stronger  enemy  of  Christianity. 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  Japan 


149 


It  is  constantly  promoted  by  the  military  ele- 
ment as  well  as  by  the  educational  authorities. 
It  typifies  the  intensely  materialistic  spirit  of 
imperialism  which  exists  as  an  anomaly  in  the 
twentieth  century. 

On  the  other  hand,  there  are  in  Japan  proper 
113,311  Protestant  communicants,  75,983 
Roman  Catholics,  and  36,618  members  of  the 
Greek  Church.  The  proportion  of  Protestant 
Orthodox  Christians  is  about  one  in  every  500, 
while  one  in  every  250  belongs  to  some  Christian 
communion.  One  must  not  assume,  however, 
that  Japan  is  without  need  of  increased  mission- 
ary work. 

MISSIONARY  ENDEAVORS 

KARAFUTO,  or  that  part  of  Sakhalin 
Island  which  is  below  the  fiftieth  parallel 
and  under  Japanese  Government,  is  without 
mission  enterprises.  Its  population  includes 
seventy-five  thousand  Japanese,  three  thousand 
Ainu  and  thirty-seven  thousand  Russians.  This 
southern  half  has  its  contact  with  America 
through  Japan .  The  northern  section  carries  on 
what  little  communication  it  may  with  Europe 
through  Russia.  Foreign  civilization  is  little 
felt.  Cities  of  two  thousand  to  twenty  thou- 
sand may  be  found  with  little  or  no  social, 
educational  or  other  like  activities.  It  is  a 
little  land  into  which  Christianity  has  not 
penetrated. 

By  way  of  mission  forces  there  is  in  Japan  an 
ordained  Protestant  minister  or  missionary  to 
each  192,953  of  the  population.  Counting  all 
Protestant  missionaries  (including  wives)  there 
is  one  to  every  52,272  of  the  population. 

The  tendency  in  Japan  for  some  years  has  been 
to  unite  the  kindred  mission  societies  in  con- 
genial groups.  This  has  been  fostered  partly 
by  the  strong  nationalistic  spirit  in  Japan. 
There  is  also  the  desire  on  the  part  of  the  mis- 
sionaries to  eliminate  all  duplication  of  agencies 
and  thus  economize  in  men  and  money  in  the 
conduct  of  the  evangelization  of  the  country. 
Union  institutions  in  Japan  also  have  been 
somewhat  easily  formed  because  the  Japanese 
do  not  see  any  reason  why  religious  divisions 
which  characterize  American  Christianity  should 
be  maintained  among  them. 


The  result  is  five  groups  of  missions  and 
churches.  These  have  prospered.  They  have 
adapted  their  work  to  the  nationalistic  and 
social  demands  of  their  en^aronment.  But 
new  social,  industrial,  economic  and  intellectual 
forces,  the  product  of  the  last  four  years  of 
change,  in  which  the  World  War  has  been  the 
chief  factor,  are  incessantly  creating  new  con- 
ditions. And  in  the  newest  of  this  new  life  is 
the  key  to  opportunity. 

The  young  Japanese  are  not  religiously  in- 
clined.   They  crowd  the  matsuri,  or  religious 


INCREASE  IN 

NUMBER  OF  PROTESTANT 

CHURCH  MEMBERS 

PER  MILLION  OF  POPULATION 


^DUU 

*i  fSfVS 

2,092 

4- 

Z,OUO 

4    e/\A 

,671 
> 

/ 

1,500 

1 

,253 

/ 

1,000 
500 

• 

,021 

/ 

/ 

<p' 

[^  ,^  . 

f 

ri48 

< 

( 
< 

^  1 

^^■"" 

1885 

1890 

1895 

1900 

1905 

1910 

1915 
1919 

CHRISTIANITY  is  on  the  ascendency 
in  Japan.  For  twenty  years  the 
proportion  of  Protestant  church  members 
has  steadily  increased.  Now  about  one 
in  every  500  of  Japan's  population  is  a 
Protestant  Christian,  and  about  one  in 
every  250  belongs  to  some  Christian  com- 
munion. Christians  in  the  United  States 
must  not  permit  the  rising  line  to  sag. 


150 


Japan:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


festivals,  as  they  would  a  picnic.  The  modern 
youth  of  Japan  seldom  worship  in  the  temples. 
Scores  of  factories  in  the  new  industrial  centers 
now  welcome  the  missionaries.  So  marked  is 
this  that  Buddhism,  awake  to  the  situation  and 


IS  JAPAN  EVANGELIZED? 

Total  Population 
57.500.000 

■  Protestant  Church 
Membership -110.069 

m  in  Reach  of  iheWord-272Z5iOOO 

■  UntouchedOOiT^OOO 


"^TEW  sodal,  economic  and  industrial 
'*'  ^  forces  are  creating  new  conditions  in 
Japan,  and  the  new  conditions  offer  new 
opportimities  to  missions.  But  with  their 
present  resources,  the  missions  are  not 
able  to  keep  pace  with  the  rapidly  growing 
population,  especially  in  the  congested 
industrial  centers.  For  every  Japanese  now 
within  reach  of  the  Word  of  God,  there  is 
one  that  remains  untouched.  Whether 
Japan  veers  toward  materialism  and  autoc- 
racy or  Christianity  and  democracy  is 
largely  in  the  hands  of  the  Christian 
people  of  America. 


alarmed,  is  putting  forward  its  teachers.  There 
is  a  danger  that  Christian  missions,  unless 
heavily  reinforced,  may  lose  their  chance  in 
many  of  the  industrial  centers.  They  are  pat- 
ently not  able,  with  their  present  resources,  to 
keep  pace  with  the  rapid  growth  and  congestion 
of  population. 


WHAT  PROGRAM  CALLS  FOR 

THE  missionary  program  in  Japan  calls  for 
a  readjustment  of  territory  to  prevent  the 
overlapping  of  areas  and  the  waste  of  time  in 
travel.  United  support  is  asked  for  a  Christian 
university  for  men,  the  goal  of  Christian  educa- 
tion for  Japan.  This  project  is  too  great  a  task 
for  any  single  denomination. 

This  institution  should  be  followed  by  another 
comprising  all  the  existing  Protestant  theo- 
logical schools  in  Japan,  with  a  strong  faculty 
and  sufficient  financial  backing  to  insure  a 
divinity  school  second  to  none.  An  economical 
use  of  board  funds  cannot  justify  the  continu- 
ance of  eighteen  theological  schools  for  only 
375  students.  One  good  school  with  provision 
for  the  teaching  of  denominational  polity, 
wherever  found  necessary,  could  do  all  the  work 
and  present  a  united  Christian  front. 

There  is  great  need  for  the  establishment  of 
several  separate  Bible  training  schools  for  men 
and  women.  These  should  be  strategically 
located  to  take  the  place  of  the  existing  theo- 
logical schools  and  consolidated  in  a  union 
seminary.  These  would  help  restore  lay  preach- 
ing and  greatly  assist  an  overworked  ministry 
and  missionary  force. 

The  Interchurch  Survey  shows  that  the  present 
schools  for  training  men  and  women  are  not 
meeting  half  the  demand  for  workers.  These 
schools  apparently  fail  to  command  respect 
because  they  are  low  in  grade  and  poor  in 
equipment. 

Present  denominational  work  should  be  sus- 
tained and  developed,  but  there  should  be  es- 
tablished institutional  churches,  social  centers, 
halls  for  the  young  and  kindergartens  after  the 
general  plan  of  the  Tokyo  Misaki  Tabernacle. 
Generous  cooperation  with  the  Japanese  in 
social  uplift  projects,  where  the  leadership  of 
the  missionary  is  expected  and  welcomed, 
should  be  freely  accorded. 

The  present  tendency  of  the  Japanese,  in  which 
many  see  a  result  of  the  defeat  of  Prussian 
militarism,  in  whose  mold  modem  Japan  was 
created,  is  decidedly  democratic.  This  ten- 
dency, together  with  local  conditions,  offers  to 
American   Christianity   one   of   the   greatest 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  Japan 


151 


challenges  ever  thrown  to  a  Christian  people  or    foreign  trade  is  now  in  the  neighborhood  of 
church.  $75,000,000  a  year. 


Japan  was  opened  to  the  world  by  an  American. 
Many  of  Japan's  leaders  are  graduates  of 
American  universities.  Japan's  place  at  the 
peace  table  as  one  of  the  five  great  nations  has 
influenced  her  attitude  toward  Christian  civili- 
zation. Commercial  relations  and  interests  in 
the  Pacific  tend  to  bring  Japan  and  the  United 
States  together. 

America,  as  well  as  Japan,  is  in  the  balance., 

KOREA 

A  FTER  centuries  of  night,  a  new  dawn 
Xjl  awaits  the  historic  "Land  of  the  Morning 
Calm."  It  is  a  dawn  of  reflected  light,  for 
"The  Land  of  the  Rising  Sun,"  whose  ward 
Korea  is,  must  provide  the  chief  help  which 
may  come  to  this  ancient  Eastern  kingdom. 

A  country  of  84,083  square  miles,  Korea  has  a 
population  estimated  at  seventeen  and  a  half 
million  persons.  She  is  a  nation  of  almost 
untouched  resources.  Her  people  are  of  one 
race,  mostly  rural,  with  fair  development  of 
civilization. 

Unlike  Japan's,  her  soil  is  good.  Sixty  per  cent, 
of  her  land  is  arable.  She  is  the  possessor  of 
gold,  coal,  silver,  copper,  timber,  rice,  buck- 
wheat, fruits  and  cotton.  She  has  1,066  miles 
of  railway,  which  provide  a  revenue  of  about 
$4,000,000. 

Korea  is  a  nation  which  is  being  rebuilt.  Her 
economic  status  is  primitive.  Under  the 
Japanese,  a  readjustment  of  land  revenue  is 
going  on.  The  factory  system  is  being  intro- 
duced. From  this  the  country  already  is  gain- 
ing great  material  advantage. 

Sanitary  conditions  are  being  improved.  Streets 
are  undergoing  repairs.  New  roads  are  carrying 
the  nation's  new  traffic  through  forests  hitherto 
uninvaded.  More  railroads  are  under  construc- 
tion. Agriculture  is  receiving  expert  government 
impetus,  and  even  the  mountains  are  being 
clothed  with  fresh  forests. 

Korea's  financial  condition  has  been  greatly 
improved  through  the  establishment  of  banks, 
a  postal  system  and  similar  agencies.   The  total 


Care  of  the  nation's  defectives  has  begun.  A 
number  of  benevolent  institutions  have  been 
started  with  the  imperial  donation  funds, 
amounting  to  $15,000,000,  granted  at  the  time 
of  the  annexation.  A  charity  asylum  was  estab- 
lished by  the  government  in  1911  with  a  fund 
for  the  care  of  orphans.  This  fund  now  amounts 
to  $1,734,000,  but  a  part  of  it  is  used  for  the 
government  hospital  and  provincial  charity 
hospitals. 

Korea  has  the  same  range  of  disease  to  combat 
as  Has  Japan,  and  special  efforts  are  now  being 
made  to  combat  these  diseases.  The  new  sani- 
tary administration  has  greatly  improved  the 
situation.  One  of  the  chief  enterprises  is  the 
installation  of  water  works  in  twelve  cities, 
under  either  governmental  or  municipal  super- 
vision. 

Some  seven  thousand  physicians,  six  thousand 
of  whom  are  Koreans  and  some  of  whom  are 
allowed  to  practise  according  to  the  Chinese 
school,  struggle  to  preserve  the  health  of 
Korea's  seventeen  and  a  half  million  people. 
There  are  also  a  small  number  of  licensed 
dentists,  and  three  hundred  midwives. 

The  government  hospital  and  medical  school  at 
Seoul  is  a  large,  well-equipped  and  well  or- 
ganized institution.  There  are  also  eighteen 
charity  hospitals,  a  leper  hospital,  twenty-three 
mission  hospitals  and  twenty-five  dispensaries. 
The  prevalence  of  vice,  accelerated  by  the 
immigration  of  dissolute  Japanese,  who  are 
opening  houses  of  prostitution,  is  increasing 
Korea's  health  problem. 

Under  the  new  regime,  all  schools,  as  in  Japan, 
are  being  put  in  charge  of  the  State.  As  a  rule 
Japanese  and  Koreans  are  educated  separately. 
The  system  proceeds  on  the  plan  of  establishing 
training  schools  through  which  to  furnish 
teachers,  and  with  these  teachers,  opening 
elementary  schools  for  the  country. 

The  total  number  of  primary  schools  is  esti- 
mated at  350,  with  36,000  pupils.  Ten  per  cent, 
of  the  children  of  school  age  now  have  ele- 
mentary school  privileges,  though  until  recently 
a  majority  of  children  attending  school  were 


152 


Japan:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


found  in  mission  institutions.  There  are  three 
middle  schools  conducted  by  the  government, 
one  teachers*  training  institute,  nine  girls' 
high  schools,  three  commercial  schools,  three 
elementary  commercial  schools,  a  special  school 
and  four  others. 

Co-education  does  not  exist  above  the  primary 
grades,  and  no  figures  have  yet  been  found 
available  to  indicate  the  number  of  students 
abroad  or  the  rate  of  literacy.  The  advance- 
ment of  general  education  is  thus  slight. 

As  part  of  the  aftermath  of  the  benighted  con- 
dition in  which  the  Korean  people  had  existed 
for  generations,  there  has  not  yet  been  devel- 
oped any  systematic  training  for  the  woman- 
hood of  the  land  outside  of  that  furnished  by  the 
few  mission  schools  for  girls.  These  schools 
have  not  been  sufficiently  equipped. 

Polygamy  is  not  practised,  but  there  area  con- 
siderable number  of  secondary  or  common  law 
marriages.  Property  rights  are  determined 
somewhat  after  the  requirements  of  the  Japan- 
ese law. 

While  in  the  tenth  century  the  predominating 
•  religious  faith  was  Buddhism,  this  cult  now 
shares  much  of  the  field  with  Shamanism. 
Except  for  decline,  no  great  change  in  the  re- 
ligious condition  of  the  country  has  taken  place 
in  recent  years.  Communicants  of  Protestant 
churches  in  Korea  now  number  87,278.  There 
is  one  ordained  minister  to  156,250  of  the 
population. 

Union  and  cooperative  enterprises  are  only  in 
their  infancy  in  Korea.  A  union  hospital  and 
medical  school,  a  union  Christian  college,  a 
Bible  women's  institute,  a  Christian  literature 
society  and  a  school  for  foreign  children  are  the 
leading  union  enterprises  thus  far  developed. 

There  is  no  overlapping  of  the  work  of  the  mis- 
sionary forces  at  present  in  Korea.  There  are 
no  unoccupied  areas.  The  six  leading  de- 
nominations have  divided  up  the  territory. 
Mission  assets  in  Korea  are:  a  mission  force  of 
326,  distributed  in  thirty-five  stations  (with 
two  in  Manchuria);  2,950  churches,  of  which 
2,700  have  buildings.  There  are  32,000  enrolled 
probationers.  To  serve  this  large  and  growing 
organization,  there  are  250  ordained  Koreans, 


1,000  salaried  evangelists  and  1,500  Christian 
teachers. 

Twenty-three  hospitals  are  at  present  treating 
one  thousand  patients  a  day;  but  the  medical 
mission  in  Korea  should  be  reinforced.  Up  to 
date  seventy  Christian  physicians  have  been 
graduated  from  Severance  Medical  College,  but 
the  ratio  in  Korea  still  stands  at  one  medical 
missionary  to  345,000  Koreans. 

It  is  proposed  to  increase  these  agencies.  There 
should  be  330  new  missionaries,  two  hundred 
of  them  for  direct  evangelistic  work.  The 
native  Korean  staff  calls  for  1,130  Korean 
evangelists  and  1,130  school  teachers.  Funds 
are  required  for  higher  education,  medical 
training,  social  settlements,  for  the  growing 
industrial  problem  and  for  Christian  literature 
and  propaganda. 

Already  Christian  missionaries  have  won  the 
confidence  of  the  Koi-eans.  It  remains  for  the 
church  to  cooperate  with  the  public  spirited 
leaders  of  Japan  who  entertain  a  larger  vision 
and  a  more  humane  policy  for  Korea.  The 
problem  is  to  show  Korea  that  Christianity  is 
as  willing  to  promote  evangelism  as  to  protect 
democracy. 

Japan  governs  Korea  politically.  But  there  is 
no  rest  in  Korea.  The  cruelties  and  injustice 
perpetrated  by  the  military  government  against 
the  unarmed  and  helpless  Koreans,  and  proven 
by  many  and  wholly  irrefragable  testimonies, 
have  turned  the  feelings  of  the  best  peoples  of 
all  lands  against  that  government.  It  must  be 
noted  that  every  missionary  in  Japan,  the  entire 
Christian  church  of  the  land,  Protestant  and 
Catholic  alike,  the  press  of  Japan  and  the  better 
minds  among  the  Japanese  themselves,  are, 
one  and  all,  outspoken  in  their  disapproval  of 
these  acts. 

The  Japanese  Government,  by  removing  its 
responsible  agents  in  Korea  and  putting  good 
men  in  charge  of  the  country,  men  who  promise 
adequate  reforms,  virtually  admits  its  own 
responsibility  and  determination  to  make 
amends.  On  August  20,  1919,  the  Emperor  of 
Japan  issued  a  rescript  in  which  he  said: 

"We  issue  this  imperial  command  that  reforms 
be  at  once  put  into  operation.    *    *    *   We  call 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  Japan 


153 


upon  all  public  functionaries  and  others  con- 
cerned to  exercise  their  best  endeavors  in 
obedience  to  our  wishes." 

At  the  same  time  Prime  Minister  Hara  issued 
a  lengthy  statement  in  which  he  said: 

"Being  determined  to  be  perfectly  just  and 
fair  in  the  conduct  of  affairs  connected  with  the 
recent  uprisings,  the  government  will  admit  no 
excuse  for  any  culprit,  whether  he  be  a  govern- 
ment official  or  a  private  citizen.  Take  the 
Suigen  occurrence,  for  instance.  There  the 
government  has  caused  the  responsible  officers, 
who  had  already  been  subjected  to  adminis- 
trative censure,  to  be  brought  for  trial  before  a 
court  martial." 


We  believe  that  the  government  is  sincere  in 
its  promises  to  do  right  by  Korea,  and  we 
await  the  result  with  confidence.  The  very 
struggle  of  the  Koreans  for  liberty  and  fair 
dealing  stands  immensely  to  their  credit;  and 
a  nation  with  the  high  sense  of  justice  and  fair 
dealing  which  Japan  possesses  must  surely  re- 
spond to  the  aspirations  of  seventeen  and  a 
half  million  Koreans. 

Korea's  chief  hope  lies  in  a  democratic  Japan. 
The  "calmness"  of  the  morning  which  has  lain 
upon  the  land  for  so  many  centuries  is  about  to 
give  way  to  a  noonday  of  new  life,  progress  and 
productiveness.  The  door  is  open  to  living 
Christian  forces. 


For  the  Land  of  the  Rising  Sun 

Two  hundred  and  ninety-four  new  missionaries  for  Christian  progress  in  progres- 
sive Japan. 

Interchurch  World  Movement  Estimates  for  American  Foreign  Missionary  Societies  in  Japan 


Missionaries 
needed  for  1920 


Evangelistic 154 

Educational 88 

Medical 32 

Literature 3 

Others* 17 

Total 294 

•Business  agents,  industrial  and  institutional  workers,  etc. 


Missionaries  needed 

for  5-year  period 

1920-1925 

430 
242 

89 
7 

54 


822 


154 


FOREIGN  SURVEY 


COOPERATION  FOR  A  COMMON  CAUSE 


UNION  MISSIONARY  ENTERPRISES 

on  the 

FOREIGN  FIELD 


i! 


fh 

A 

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1 

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v 

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IN  MOST  missionary  fields  denominational  barriers,  insofar  as  they  interfere 
with  the  common  cause,  are  being  broken  down.  There  is  a  growing  move- 
ment toward  union  or  cooperative  enterprise  among  the  Protestant  missions. 
The  worid  for  Christ,  not  the  worid  for  a  denomination,  is  the  true  missionary 
goal. 


BUDGET  TABLES 


156 


FOREIGN  SURVEY 


SERVICE  FLAG  OF  FOREIGN  FIELDS 

IN  THE  WORLD  WAR,  COUNTING  NATIVES  ONLY 


China 

Africa 

Philippines 

Japan 

India 

Siam 

Malaysia  -  - 
Brazil 


**    • 


^:5 


*  ^**^  ^**  ^••^  ,►•• 

•ir:»  ••••',  •**•*  *#**^  '-.^ 
I    yi  r*tO 


THEY  have  fought  under  the  banner  of  the  Allies,  nearly  two  million  strong, 
black,  yellow  and  white.  Those  who  have  returned  to  their  homes  in  Africa 
or  Siam  or  China  or  India,  or  whatever  remote  land  is  theirs,  have  carried 
with  them  a  new  concept  of  Christian  civilization,  gained  through  association 
with  the  peoples  of  the  West.  Missionaries  report  that  these  returned  soldiers 
offer  a  fertile  field  for  evangelization.  The  problem  is  to  reach  them  before 
the  impression  of  Western  civilization  has  faded. 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  Budget  Tables 


157 


I 


Notes  on  the  Budget  Tables 


THE  following  explanatory  notes  will  make 
clear  the  general  considerations  upon  the 
basis  of  which  the  Budget  Tables  on  the  suc- 
ceeding pages  were  formulated  and  why  some 
tables  appear  only  in  one  volume  while  other 
tables  appear  in  both  the  American  and  the 
Foreign  volumes. 

Note  I :  To  set  forth  the  Campaign  Budget  of 
the  Interchurch  World  Movement,  nine  budget 
statements  or  tables  are  required.   They  are: 

Table  I.        Foreign  Mission  Work. 

Table  II.       Home  Mission  Work — By  Denominations 

and  Boards. 
Table  III.     Home  Mission  Work— By  Types  of  Work. 
Table  IV.      Educational  Work  in  the  United  States. 
Table  V.       Sunday  School  and  Young  People's  Work. 
Table  VI.      American  Hospitals  and  Homies. 
Table  VII.    Support  of  Retired  Ministers. 
Table  VIII.  Special  Items. 
Table  IX.     General  Summary. 

Of  the  foregoing,  Table  I,  Foreign  Mission 
Work,  appears  only  in  the  Foreign  Volume  of 
the  World  Survey  and  Tables  II,  III,  IV,  V, 
VI  and  VII  appear  only  in  the  American  Vol- 
ume. Tables  VIII  and  IX  are  printed  in  both 
volumes. 

Note  II:  The  total  number  of  denominations 
included  in  the  budget  statements  is  thirty. 

Note  III:  The  total  number  of  boards  and 
other  agencies  is  182. 

Note  IV :  The  budget  also  includes  the  state 
organizations  of  most  of  the  denominations 
and  in  some  cases  the  city  organizations  (sev- 
eral hundred  in  number). 

Note  V:  In  addition  to  the  foregoing  the  fol- 
lowing denominational  boards  have  endorsed 
the  Movement,  but  for  various  reasons  do  not 
this  year  participate  in  the  financial  campaign. 
The  budgets  of  some  of  these  are  included  in 
those  of  other  organizations. 

DisaPLES: 
Foreign  Christian  Missionary  Society 
Christian  Women's  Board  of  Missions 
Assodation  for  the  Promotion  of  Christian  Unity 


Methodist: 

Board  of  Missions,  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South 

United  Presbyterian: 

Freedman's  Board 

United  Brethren  in  Christ: 

Woman's  Missionary  Association 

Moravian: 

Society  of  the  United  Brethren  for  Propagating  tho 
Gospel  among  the  Heathen  (Moravian  Church) 

Note  VI:  The  following  general  denomina- 
tional bodies  have  also  endorsed  the  Movement: 

American  Christian  Convention 

Commission  on  Missions  of  the  National  Council  of 
Congregationalists. 

Convocation  Committee  of  the  United  Presbyterian 

Church 
EJxecutive  Committee  of  the  Five- Year  Meeting  of  the 

Friends  in  America 

Executive  Committee  of  the  National  Baptist  Con- 
vention 

General  Assembly  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  the 
U.  S.  (South) 

General  Assembly  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  the 
U.  S.  A.  (North) 

General  Board  of  Administration  of  the  Church  of  the 
United  Brethren  in  Christ 

General  Assembly  of  the  United  Presbyterian  Church 

General  Synod  of  the  Reformed  Church  in  America 

General  Synod  of  the  Reformed  Church  in  the  U.  S. 

Joint  Centenary  Commission  of  the  Methodist  Episco- 
pal Church  (North  and  South) 

National  Council  of  the  Congregational  Churches  in 

the  U.  S. 
New  World  Movement  of  the  United  Presbyterian 

Church 

Northern  Baptist  Convention 

Seventh  Day  Baptist  General  Convention 

United  Missionary  and  Stewardship    Committee  of 
the  Reformed  Church  in  the  U.  S. 

Note  VII:  The  foregoing  lists  and  statistical 
summaries  do  not  include  interdenominational 
organizations,  many  of  which  have  endorsed 
the  Movement,  since  by  the  terms  of  the  Cleve- 
land action  they  do  not  participate  in  the  cam- 
paign and  budget. 


158 


Budget  Tables:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


Table  I— FOREIGN  SURVEY 
DEPARTMENT 


General  Budget  Statement  for 


FOREIGN  MISSION  WORK 

of  the  Denonunations  and  Boards  cooperaUng  in  the  Financial  Campaign 
of  the  Interchurch  World  Movement  of  North  America 

By  Fields 


DSNOMINAnON  AND  BoARO 

Total 

AnucA 

China 

Indu 

Japanbi 
Empirr 

(») 

SOCTH- 

KAanu 

Asu 

(») 

Phiup- 

1       PINR 

Iblamm 

Near 

East 

{*) 

Latin 

AMRRICi 

(») 

^    ElTRUPB 
(•) 

Scpput- 
mrntart 

FiRUt 

Itbiu 

(7) 

HOMR 

Babr 
Itriu 

(«) 

Un- 

AMALTOD 

ADVENT 

AOTKIT  ClDUHnAN  ChXJRCB 

BAPTIST 

Americu  Bi^ist  Foreign  Miasiot 
Society  (W) 

t 

l(.041,071 

*2.2OO,OO0 

15.000 

606.798 
45.00( 

90,725 

6,553,470 

2.488.352 

106.000 

276,021 

344.038 
40,000 

82.000 

}  16.500,000 

396.035 
71,000 

♦2.141.2:«I 

i 
52.000 

18.530,929 

2.928.754 

tt  198,450 

175,000 

t 

775,490 
*1,300,00( 





179.850 
40,500 

539,110 

*848,335 
32.000 

198.501 

t 

\846.44J 

»    

70,000 

1   

740.023 
30,000 

11,000 

30,000 
3.506,595 

♦170.340 

3.362,648 

67,007 

1 

•    7.36l,2« 

145.000 

350.872 
172.360 

37.000 
3,637.858 

*128,240 

2,114313 
M.700 

t 

i  2,686,9M 



70.876 

288.107 
46.000 

1.722.007 
•563.208 

1.775.977 

t 

(    

15.00C 

428,959 
709.963 

t 

972.09(1 



176.500 

334.185 
541,141 

t 



28,500 
c53,846 

1,189.315 
107.993 

t 
♦700.00C 

409,000 

1,600 

69.500 
36.240 

2,046,887 

*80A50 
6.000 

961.680 

107,750 

t 

600.00C 

»    

10,000 
32.000 

3.389.178 
300.000 

t 
10.233.00( 

216,798 

28.849 
4,000,000 

102,061 
in,538 

15,000 

d315.757 

179,807 
31.368 

*350,557 
3.000 

6,924,371 
1,596.754 



t 

1,565.77( 
♦200.00(1 

165,00C 

17.000 
3.760 

525,618 

12.000 
553.500 

1 

Fcreign  Miasioa  Board 

)     

Chl'rcb  or  rta  BarmRXN 
General  Mianon  Board 

1     

BUTHREN  ChUKCH 

^^^igM«K«arySoaety(W).... 

Chbistian  Cbttrch 
Foreign  Miasion  Board  (W) 

congr:^atios.\l 

CONGRZOATIONAI,  ChTBCHXS 

AmericaoBoard  (W) 



45,000 

DISCIPLES 
OiaoFLBs  or  Christ 

EVA^N^ag^  ^  "^'^  ^^^ 
Etanoxucal  Asbocution 

Mianonaiy Society  (W) 

UiimD  Etamokucal  Chcbcb 

Etanoiucal  Stnod  or  N.  A 

Foreign  Miariona  Board 

2A'>3,470 

FRIENDS 
Socirrr  or  Fruwdb  in  Amwuca 

Board  of  Foreign  MisBiona  (W ) 

Socim  or  Friknds  or  Calitornu 

Board  ot  Mianona 

HOUNESS 

Houmtas  Chtbcb 

MENNONITE 

Gkndul  CoifrKBKMCK  Or  Mnfifoifma 
Board  of  Foreign  Miaaiona 

METHODIST 
McTBODiar  Epucopal  Chubch 
Board  of  Foreign  Miaaiona.  $10,500,000 
Woman'a  Foreign  Miaa.  Soc  6.000,000 

MRBODtar  PROTBaTANT  CBTTRrH 

Board  of  Foreign  Miaaiona 

Woman'a  Foreign  Miaaionary  Society. 
Frm  MKTBODtar  Chcrch  or  N.  A. 

General  MiaaiMiary  Board  (W) 

AnucAN  Methodist  Epuoopal  Zion 

Church 

Foreign  Miaaion  Board  (W) 

CoLuuD  Mrthodbt  EnaoopAL  Cbtrch 
RxroRxzo    ZioN    Union    Aroarouc 

Church 

PRESBYTERIAN 
Prmbttiruii  Chtrch  w  TH»  U.  a  A. 

Board  of  Foreign  Miaaiona  (W)  .... 

PRnBTTSRUN  CBtnCB  IM  THR  U.&(8o.) 

Executive    Committee    of    Foreign 
Mianona  (W) 

316.228 
39.632 

AaaocuTB  Rrtorhxd  PKRaarmuAN 
Stnod 
Board  of  Foreign  Miaaiona  . 

1.332.000 

RRroRmo  Prubttirun  CBimm  di 

N.  A..  Stnoo 

Board  of  Foreign  Miaaiona 

i 

FOREIGN  SURVEY:  Budget  Tables 


159 


Table  I— FOREIGN  SURVEY 
DEPARTMENT 

iOmtitmed) 


General  Budget  Statement  for 


FOREIGN  MISSION  WORK 

of  the  Denominations  and  Boards  cooperating  in  the  Financial  Campaign 
of  the  Interchurch  World  Movement  of  North  America 

By  Fields 


DutOHUUTIOIf  AMD  BoARD 


PRESBYTWUAN— Con/f»i««'<f 
UmrflD  Prrsbttrrun  Church 

Board  of  Foreign  Miaaiona 

Women 'a  CSeneral  Miaaionary  Society 

(Foreign  Work) 

REFORMED 
Rrpormrd  (Tbttrcb  in  Amcrica 

Board  of  Foreign  Miaaiona  (W) 

Rrtormrd  Church  in  thr  U.  S. 

Board  of  Foreign  Miaaiona  (W) 

UNITED  BRETHREN 
Church  or  thr  Unitrd  Brxtbrrn  in 
Christ 
Foreign  Miaaionary  Society  (W) . . . 


TOTAL.... 


Total 


AraicA 


♦10,419,161 
♦2,118,379 

800,000 
5.519,305 

•♦911,770 


♦7.465,028 
♦1,372.756 


107.661,488 


134.558 


China 


194.150 
833.750 


213,786 


Indu 

(») 


Japanrbe 
Empirr 

(2) 


♦2.954.133 
♦745.623 

170,510 


12.886.128 


19.075.741 


South 

KA8TEEN 

Abu 
(») 


167,060 
l'.250,475 


168,962 


Philip- 

PINR 

Islands 


Nkar 
East 

(*) 


Latin 
America 

(5) 


108,880 
75,000 


17.917.394  8.739,666 


(W)  Including  women's  work. 

*  Five-year  budget  to  be  subacribed  in  1920. 
♦♦  $604,000  of  thu  anxxint  a  two-year  budget,  to  be  sobflcribed  in  1920;  $217,770, 

a  one-year  budget, 
tt  Budget  not  yet  approyed  by  national  board, 
a  Including  $135,000  for  College  of  Miaaiona. 
b  For  deScita  ana  undenominational  organiiatiooa. 

e  Woman'a  Foreign  Miaaionary  Society  only.    The  amount  of  the  Board  of 
Foreign  Miaaiona  for  thu  field  ia  included  in  the  item  of  that  board  for 
Europe. 
d  Wooan'a  Foreign  Miaaionary  Society  only. 


1.153,942 


106,018 


2,129,934 


1.563.534 


Europe 
(•) 


70.000 


Supple- 
mentary 
Field 
Items 


Home 
Base 
Items 

(8) 


Un- 
analyzed 


70,676 


4.489.883 


4.301,178 


159,400 
3,005,080 


159,876 


27.498,216 


b285,000 


57,894 


3.719,542  4,186,330 


(1)  Including  Ceylon  and  Afghanistan. 

(2)  Including  Korea. 

(3)  Siam,  French  Indo-China,  Malaysia  and  Oceania. 

(4)  Including  Persia  and  the  Balkans. 

(5)  Except  the  West  Indiea. 
(•)  Except  the  Balkana. 

(f)  Amounta  for  unoccupied  areas,  projected  union  work^  European  relief,  etc. 
(8)  Administration  and  promotional  expenses  when  not  included  in  foregoing 
oohmuia. 


160 


Budget  Tables:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


Table  VIII.— SPECIAL  ITEMS 


General  Budget  Statement  for 

SPECIAL  ITEMS 


of  the  Denominations  and  Boards  cooperating  in  the  Financial  Campaign 
of  the  Interchurch  World  Movement  of  North  America 

Includes  such  items  as  Temperance,  War  Relief,  etc.,  not  classifiable  in  the  six  departmental  tables  and  columns. 


Denomination  and  Board 


ADVENT 

Advent  Christian  Church 

BAPTIST 

Northern  Baptist  Convention 

Board  of  Promotion 

Northern  Baptist  Convention 

National  Baptist  Convention 

Women's  Convention 

Administration  and  Contingent 

General  Baptist 

BRETHREN 

Church  of  the  Brethren 

Brethren  Church 

CHRISTIAN 

Christian  Church 

CONGREGATIONAL 

Congregational  Churches 

Bible  Society,  etc 

DISCIPLES 

Disciples  of  Christ 

Board  of  Temperance 

EVANGELICAL 

Evangelical  Association 

United  Evangelical  Church 

Evangelical  Synod  of  N.  A. . . . 

FRIENDS  

Society  of  Friends  in  America 

War  Relief 

Underwriting 

Undesignated 

Society  of  Friends  of  California 

HOLINESS 

Holiness  Church 

MENNONITE  

General  Conference  of  Mennonites  . 
METHODIST 

Methodist  Episcopal  Church 

Board  of  Temperance 

Methodist  Protestant  Church 

Free  Methodist  Church  of  N.  A 

African  Methodist  Episcopal  Zion  Church 

New  Era  Movement 

Colored  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 

Reformed  Zion  Union  Apostolic  Church 
PRESBYTERIAN 

Presbyterian  Church  in  the  U.  S.  A 

New  Era  Movement 

Board  of  Temperance 

Presbyterian  Church  in  the  U.  S.  (South) 

Associate  Reformed  Presbyterian  Synod 

Reformed  Presbyterian  Church  of  N.  A.,  Synod. 

United  Presbyterian  Church 

REFORMED 

Reformed  Church  in  America 

Reformed  Church  in  the  U.  S 

UNITED  BRETHREN 

Church  of  the  United  Brethren  in  Christ 

Expenses  of  Enlistment  Campaign 

Undesignated 


Denomina- 
tional 
Total 


•34.060.000 
♦565,000 


50,000 
25.440 


297,500 


TOTAL 


1,500,000 


10,000 


2,022,987 


*** 


240.000 


♦  Five-year  budget  to  be  subscribed  in  1920. 


*** 


$8,770,927 


Analysis 


*34,000,000 
•60,000 

•500,000 
•65,000 


50,000 
25,440 


100,000 

50,000 

147,500 


1.500,000 


10,000 


1.833.542 
189.445 


•••165.000 
•••75.000 


$8,770,927 


Two-year  budget  to  be  subscribed  in  1920. 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  Budget  Tables 


161 


Table  IX.— SUMMARY 

General  Summary  of 

ALL  BUDGET  STATEMENTS 

of  the  Denominations  and  Boards  Cooperating  in  the  Financial  Campaign 
of  the  Interchurch  World  Movement  of  North  America 

By  Departments 


DlNOinNATION 


ADVENT 

Advent  Chhwtun  Chcbch 

BAPTIST 

Northern  Baptist  CoN\'Eirnow 

National  Baptist  Convention 

General  Baptist 

BRETHREN 

Church  op  the  BRmnnr 

Brethren  Church 

CHRISTIAN 

Christian  Church 

CONGREGATIONAL 

Congregational  Churches     

DISCIPLES 

Dlsciples  op  Christ 

EVANGELICAL 

Evangelical  Association 

United  Evanoeucal  Church 

Evangelical  Synod  op  N.  A 

FRIENDS 

SociETT  OP  Friends  in  America 

Society  op  Friends  op  Caupurnu  ... 
HOLINP-S.S 

Holiness  Church 

MENNONITE 

General  Conperence  op  Mennonites... 
METHODIST 

Methodht  Episcopal  Church 

Methodi-it  Prote.stant  Church 

Free  Methodi.st  Church  op  N.  A 

Aprican  Methodlst  Epi.scopal  Zion  Church 

Colored  Methodist  Episcopal  Church.  . . . 

Repcirmed  Zion  Union  Apostouc  Church. 
PRESBYTERIAN 

Presbyterian  Chitich  in  the  U.  S.  A 

Presbyterian  Church  in  the  U.  S.  (South) 

AssoaATE  Reporiied  Press yterun  Synod 

Repormed  Presbyterian  Chirch  op  N.  A., 

Synod  

United  Presbtteiuan  Church 

REFORMED 

Repormed  Church  in  America 

Repormkd  Church  in  the  U.  S.. 
UNITED  BRETHREN 
Church  op  the  United  Brethren  in  Christ 


TOTAL 

CAMPAIGN 

BUDGET 

1920 


t 

35.000 

*130,533,000 

*10,250,000 

272,500 

3.219.598 
200.000 

727,693 

16,508,470 

12.501,138 

1,394.260 

305,983 

1,846.521 

4.532.081 
40.000 

50.000 

82.000 

c34.485.737 

1.745.866 

*6.234.986 

212.000 

250.000 

17,263 

44.970.000 

7.865.445 

392.264 

529.472 
•31.977.457 

2.136.091 
*16,916,085 

**6,546,662 


Foreign 
Missions 


•34,041.071 

•2,200,000 

15,000 

606,798 
45.000 

99,725 

6.553,470 

2,488,352 

108,000 

276,021 


Home 
Missions 


TOTAL 


336.777,572 


344,0.38 
40,000 


82,000 

al6,500.000 

467,035 

•2.141,230 

52,000 


$ 

35,000 

•46,220,304 

•3,850.000 

57,500 

532,800 
45,000 

211,468 

5,920,000 

2,064.965 

432,760 
305.983 
153,000 

588,043 


18,,').30,929 
2,928.754 
t1 198,450 

175.000 
•12.537.540 

800,000 
•5,519,305 

••911.770 


107,661,488 


bl  1,782,872 

473,300 

•2,247,180 

50,000 

17,263 

14,584.251 

2,730.091 

43,814 


•8,705,305 

1,101,441 
•5.796,780 

•1,999,917 


American 
Education 


•33,940,000 

•d2,600,000 

170,000 

2,000,000 
75,000 

406,500 

2,246,400 

6,000,000 


100,000 
•3,250,000 


109,949,037 


2,050,000 

406,644 

•1,406,250 

t60.000 

250,000 


6.661,425 

1,606,600 

150,000 

354,472 
•8,264.960 

t220,250 
•3,850,000 

•2,768,930 


78,837,431 


American 
Reugiocs 
Education 


•2,721,125 

•685.000 

10,000 

40,000 
20,000 

10,000 

18,600 

197,331 


17,500 
27.500 


100,000 

25.912 

•50,000 


1,114,569 
100,000 


•103,943 

14.400 
•550,000 

••126,045 


5,931,925 


American 
Hospitals 

AND 
HoMKSttt 


•1,000,000 
"  15,666 

1,499,050 
538,500 
'300,000 

50,000 


427,865 
172,975 


•1,013,075 


100,000 


tn5,l  16,465 


American 

Ministerial 

Support 

AND 

Reliep 


•8,550.500 

•350,000 

20,000 

40,000 


1,720,000 
226,000 
315,000 

1,000,666 

25,000 


Specul 
Items 

(Not  classi- 
fiable in  pre- 
ceding col- 
umns, e.  g. 
War,  Relief, 
Temperance, 
etc.). 


•4,060,000 
•565.000 


2.125.000 

200,000 

•390,326 

40.000 


2.055,839 
500,000 


•1,352,634 

•1,200,666 
•••400,000 


20,510,299 


50,000 
25,440 


297,500 
1,500,000 

io,66o 

2.022,987 
•••240,000 


8,770,927 


Portion  op 
Campaign 

Budget 
to  be  Paid 

IN  1920 


t 

35,000 

26,106,600 

2,050,100 

272,500 

3.219,598 
200,000 

727,693 

16,508,470 

12,501,138 

1,394,260 

305,98:$ 

1,846,521 

1,932,081 
40.000 

50,000 

82,000 

34,48.1,737 

1,745,866 

1.246.997 

212,000 

250,000 

17,263 

44.970.000 

7,865.445 

392,264 

529,472 
6,395,491 

2,136,091 
3,383,217 

4,546,662 


175,446,349 


•Five-year  budget  to  be  subscribed  in  1920. 

•^udget  to  f)e  subecriljed  in  1920;  part  to  be  paid  in  1920,  part  in  two  years. 
•••Two-year  budget  to  be  subscribed  in  1920. 
tOne-fifth  of  five-year  budget. 
t+Bud«et  not  yet  approved  by  national  board. 
tttBudgete  approved  by  national  boards  only  are  included  in  this  column.    For 

local  or  regional  budgets  see  pages  260,  261. 
■—The  Meth(xlist  Episcopal  Foreign  Missions  Budget  is  composed  of: 

1.  $10..M)0,000-the  Centenary  amount  of  the  Board  of  Foreign  Missions, 

which  has  already  been  subscribed. 

2.  $6,000,000— the  budget  of  the  Woman's  Foreign  Miasioiutry  Society 


b.  The  Methodist  Episcopal  Home  Missions  Budget  is  composed  of: 

1.  $10,500,000— the  Centenary  amount  of  the  Board  of  Home  Missions 
and  Church  Extensions,  which  has  already  been  subscribed. 

2.  $607,872— the  budget  of  the  Woman's  Home  Missionary  Society. 

3.  $675,000— the  budget  of  the  Freeiman's  Aid  Society. 

c.  This  total  includes  $21,000,000  which  was  subscribed  in  the  Centenary  Cam- 

paign. 

d.  $500,000  of  this  amount  subject  to  confirmation  by  the  National  Baptist 

Campaign  Commission. 


CONTENTS 

■" 

Page 

Page 

Introduction 

167 

Benevolence  Offerings  per  Member  . 

198 

Church  Membership  in  the  United  States 

168 

Poor  Copy  for  Statistics 

201 

Taking  the  World 

170 

Common  Types  of  Statistical  Errors 

202 

Membership  Feeders 

172 

For  the  Quiet  Hour 

205 

Other  Membership  Feeders    .... 

174 

The  Valley  of  Dry  Bones 

207 

Ministerial  Support 

180 

What  if  All  Should  Tithe 

208 

Statistical    Table    of    Methodist    and 

Seventh  Day  Adventist  Churches .     . 

184 

Winnowing  Grain 

214 

Forward  Movements 

188 

Poverty's  Offering 

215 

One  Billion  Dollars  for  Advance  Work  . 

190 

The  Modern  Thresher 

216 

The  Intent  Church 

192 

The  Grain  Tithe 

217 

The  Developed  Church 

194 

A  Soldier's  Estimate  of  the  Interchurch 

Clearing  up  the  Record 

197 

World  Movement 

218 

CHARTS  AND  GRAPHS 

Page 

Page 

Two  Hundred  and  One  Religious  Bodies 

169 

Per  Capita  of  Total  Church  Expenses — 

Religions  of  the  W^orld 

171 

Adventist,    Presbyterian,    Methodist 

Episcopal,  Northern  Baptist    . 

187 

Membership   Record — Church,  Sunday 

*r                A          f                                                      r 

Schools  and  Young  People's  Societies 

173 

Offerings    and    Pledges — Presbyterian, 

Membership  Record — 

Baptist,  Methodist,  Past  and  Future 

189 

Spring  Conferences,  Including  Foreign 

173 

One  Billion  Dollars 

191 

Spring  Conferences,  Home  Group 

175 

An  Unrelated  Membership     .... 

193 

Presbyterian 

175 

A  Related  Membership 

195 

Methodist  Episcopal  Church — 
Spring  Conferences,  Home  and  Foreign 
Spring  Conferences,  Foreign  Group    . 

176 
177 

Quadrennium  Records — 

Methodist  Episcopal,  1915-1918    .      . 

196 

Presbyterian,               1916-1919    .     . 

196 

Per  Cent.  Record — 

Methodist  Episcopal,  1911-1914    .     . 

197 

Presbyterian  Church  m  U.  S.  A.  .     . 

178 

Methodist  Episcopal  Church   . 

179 

Per  Member  Benevolent  Offering  Recorc's 

1 

» 

Are  Preachers  Overpaid? 

181 

By  the  Day 

199 

Prosperity's  Recognition  of  the  Metho- 

By the  Week 

199 

dist  Minister 

182 

By  the  Month 

200 

Present  Pastoral  Support  in  Relation  to 

By  the  Year 

200 

Increased  Cost  of  Living    .... 

183 

Statistical  Difficulties 

201 

Per  Capita  of  Total  Church  Expenses — 

A  Page  of  Statistical  Errors  .... 

203 

Methodist  and  Adventist   .... 

185 

Graph  Blank  for  Use  in  Estimating  Per 

Everything  Except  the  Kingdom 

204 

Capita  of  Total  Church  Expenses 

186 

Lantern  Slide  Pictures      ....     209-217 

A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR 


THE  purpose  of  this  book  is  to  set  forth  in  graphic  form  a  few  general  facts 
concerning  the  work  of  the  church  in  its  several  branches.    The  charts 
presented  were  selected  to  set  forth  some  varied  conditions  of  church  activi- 
ties and  are  intended  for  study  and  careful  analysis. 

Experience  has  made  clear  that  in  dealing  with  statistical  records  in  chart  and  graph 
form  the  lessons  set  forth  are  usually  a  revelation  to  the  people  who  look  for  the  first 
time  into  what  may  be  termed  a  statistical  mirror. 

A  diagnosis  of  conditions  in  the  church  before  undertaking  a  great  forward  movement 
is  as  essential  as  the  physician's  diagnosis  before  administering  his  treatment.  That 
the  church  has  not  measured  up  to  its  world  responsibility  needs  no  argument. 

In  dealing  with  actual  conditions  of  church  life  and  legislation  affecting  our  benevo- 
lent and  local  interests  the  individual  member  must  be  kept  definitely  in  mind. 

The  church  membership  does  not  seem  to  be  aware  of  existing  conditions. 

Our  hope  lies  in  relating  the  entire  membership  to  the  central  purpose  of  church 
organization.  One  of  the  most  alarming  indications  is  the  increasing  number  of 
unrelated  members,  a  certain  sign  of  decreasing  vitality. 

The  vitality  of  Christianity  is  diminished  as  its  adherents  fail  to  give  of  life,  service 
and  means.  When  the  church  fails  in  holding  its  own  young  people  its  decline  is 
inevitable. 

A  church  organization  in  a  community  center  with  a  large  percentage  of  its  members 
inactive  usually  fails  adequately  to  support  its  minister  and  seeks  to  excuse  itself 
from  missionary  responsibility.  If,  as  men  prosper  financially  they  decline  spiritually, 
they  are  reversing  the  fundamental  teachings  of  the  word  of  God. 

A  careful  study  of  the  Scriptures  will  reveal  that  the  highest  service  we  can  render 
is  the  giving  of  ourselves.  As  to  offerings,  if  we  give  according  to  our  ability  the 
amount  will  usually  exceed  the  tithe. 

The  greatest  service  the  pastors  of  evangelical  Christianity  can  render  the  Interchurch 
World  Movement  of  North  America  and  the  kingdom  of  God  is  to  put  forth  faithful 
and  increasing  efforts  to  secure  the  full  cooperation  of  each  registered  member  in  a 
forward  movement. 


168 


A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR 


Church  Membership  in  the  United  States 

for  the  Year  1918 


THE  chart  on  the  opposite  page  was 
originally  drawn  to  a  scale  of  1,000,000 
members  to  the  square  inch.  The  42,044,374 
members  are  divided  according  to  the  size  of 
the  201  bodies  as  reported  by  the  govern- 
ment's Bureau  of  Religious  Statistics. 

The  Roman  Catholics  are  reported  as  a  single 
body  and  119  other  churches  are  scaled  accord- 
ing to  their  numerical  strength,  with  81  smaller 
bodies  grouped  in  a  single  block  which  repre- 
sents the  relative  size  of  their  combined  mem- 
bership. 

The  methods  of  compiling  religious  statistics 
differ  widely  in  the  several  religious  bodies, 
especially  when  attempts  are  made  to  har- 
monize the  records  of  Protestant  and  Roman 
Catholic.  Care  must  be  exercised  that  we  do 
not  over-estimate  the  strength  of  a  religious 
body  because  of  the  number  of  its  members. 

By  a  more  careful  analysis  it  will  be  found  that 
the  development  of  some  of  the  smaller  bodies 
in  local  and  benevolent  church  life  will  serve 
as  an  object  lesson  for  many  of  the  larger 
organizations. 

One  of  the  most  vital  subjects  affecting  church 
statistics  is  that  of  the  children;  some  of  the 
branches  of  the  church  counting  them  as  mem- 
bers from  infancy  and  others  actually  under- 
taking to  conduct  the  work  of  the  church  with- 
out them.  This  is  often  the  cause  of  conflicting 
statements  as  to  the  relation  of  church  member- 
ship to  population  and  nothing  is  more  mislead- 
ing than  to  state  that  the  unsaved  portion  of  a 
given  population  is  the  difference  between  the 
population  itself  and  the  number  of  people 
recorded  as  church  members.  It  should  be 
kept  in  mind  that  according  to  the  last  official 
census  26  per  cent,  of  the  entire  population  of 
the  United  States  were  children  under  eleven 
years  of  age. 

"  The  Roman  Catholic  and  Eastern  churches, 
orthodox  or  independent,  consider  as  members 


all  persons,  including  infants,  who  have  been 
baptized  according  to  the  rites  of  the  church." 
The  average  age  of  confirmation  in  the  Roman 
Catholic  church  was  formerly  nine  years,  but 
has  been  dropped  to  eight  and  sometimes 
seven. 

Aside  from  the  child  life  which  certainly  cannot 
be  counted  against  us,  there  are  literally  millions 
of  people  in  America  who  have  belonged  to 
Christian  churches  but  who  are  not  now  re- 
corded as  actual  communicants.  Many  of  these 
are  worshiping  in  churches  in  which  they  do 
not  hold  their  membership.  This  is  especially 
true  in  some  western  communities  where  by 
actual  count  it  has  been  shown  that  the 
number  of  church  members  belonging  elsewhere 
equals  the  number  who  belong  locally. 

Perhaps  one  of  the  first  and  most  essential 
movements  of  the  church  should  be  in  united 
efforts  to  gather  in  these  people  and  to  enlist 
their  full  cooperation  in  the  work  of  the  church. 
If  the  Interchurch  World  Movement  of  North 
America  is  to  succeed  with  its  world  program 
we  shall  need  to  enlist  the  last  man,  woman 
and  child  of  the  entire  Christian  body. 

In  the  compilation  of  religious  statistics  we 
find  in  some  cases  actual  membership  only  is 
counted;  while  in  others  the  figures  are  made  to 
include  the  church  constituency  in  its  broadest 
sense.  Thus  we  encounter  almost  unsurmount- 
able  difficulties  in  compiling  uniform  tables  of 
church  statistics. 

Concerted  action  should  be  taken  by  the  re- 
ligious communions  of  Protestantism  looking 
to  greater  uniformity  in  respect  to  what  con- 
stitutes church  membership,  what  should  be 
included  in  the  reporting  of  church  properties, 
ministerial  support,  and  church  benevolent 
offerings. 

The  official  or  legal  names  of  religious  bodies 
should  be  reported  in  making  returns  for  all 
items  of  record  or  publication. 


A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR 


169 


THE  TWO  HUNDRED  ONE  RELIGIOUS  BODIES 

IN  THE  UNITED  STATES 

From  the  Government  Bureau  of  Statistics 

1918 


Roman 
Catholic 

15,742.262 


Easlera  Orthodox 

250,34-0 


JewisfiCofignegatioa 

359.998 


Latter  Day  Saints 

Two  "Dodies 
-462,332. 


German  Evangelical 
Syaoa 

3A2  78S 


Reformed  in  U  S 
340.671 


Churdies  of  Christ 

319.211 


(dati  Methodist  Ep«Dpai 

2-45  7-4^ 


Lulheran     l4  5odies 
193  95S 


Methodist  Protestant 
lese'ra 


Lutheran  Uraifd  Nomman 
n7-»e3 


UJtneran 


?M 


of  Ohio 


United  Presbyterian 
IS0.726 


Reformed  in  /^grica 


Lutheran  Synod  tf  Iowa" 


Presbyterian      7  DOdies 


Evan^tSri 


ation 


christian  Churcn 
17   863 


txtomtman 

112.773 


UnJeJESSCJ 

90  0O7 


(»)hlrl   79,33*- 


Church  d  «« 

Brrthren 
I05649 


fronds  Orlhodo 
94.111 


Disciples 
of  Christ 

1.231 .404- 


Northcm 

Baptist 

Convcntioa 

1.227448 


Conference 

777  438 


Lutheran  , 
General  Council 
535.108 


Lutheran  Oen  Synod 

370616 


Menoniln  Ibhttti 

7a5S 


All  olher  81  bodies 

647  868 


Presbyterian  in  US 

357  566 


United  BneUinen  inChnst 
3^8.490 


»tri«ME.6   H.>^.  4fl.5IO 


Methodist 
Episcopal 

South 

2.108.061 


Presbyleriafi 
in  U.S.A. 

1 613  056 


Protestant 
Episcopal 

1.098.173 


Congregational 

790  163 


African 
Methodist  Episcopal 

552.265 


African  M  E  Zion 

256,-433 


Baptist 
South 

2.711.591 


Methodist 
Episcopal 

3718.396 


Baptist 
Colored 

3018.341 


Baptist-  14  Bodies 
279.270 


=  2&0000  Member      TOTAL  MEMBERSHIP  ■  42.044.374- 


170 


A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR 


Taking  the  World 


I 


BY  MATHEMATICS 

F  THE  world  could  be  taken  by  mathe- 
matics, it  would  be  perfectly  easy.  Any 
one  can  figure  out  with  pencil  and  paper  just 
how  long  it  would  take  to  reach  the  last  man, 
woman  and  child  in  all  the  world. 

If  171,650,000  Protestant  Christians  should 
each  win  one  person  each  year,  and  likewise 
each  new  convert  win  one  other  each  ye<ir, 
at  the  end  of  the — 

First  year  there  would  be 343,300,000 

Second       "  "         686,600,000 

Third         "  "        1,373,200,000 


and  the  non-Christian  world  would  receive  the 
open  Bible  and  knowledge  of  Jesus  Christ. 

While  the  importance  of  a  mathematical  analy- 
sis should  not  be  under-estimated  in  computing 
possibilities  and  in  checking  results,  taking  the 
world  involves  far  more  than  mathematical 
calculations.  To  reach  the  whole  world  re- 
quires that  the  entire  Christian  force  become 
active. 

BY  EDUCATION 

INFORMATION  has  too  frequently  been 
given  to  the  people  unaccompanied  by  a 
working  program,  and  organization  has  too 
often  exhausted  the  time  and  strength  of  the 
body  in  working  its  own  machinery. 

It  is  little  less  than  a  tragedy  that  nearly  two 
thousand  years  have  passed  and  the  actual 
religious  conditions  of  the  world  have  never 
been  thoroughly  and  scientifically  surveyed. 
The  survey  now  in  process  of  completion  will 
result  in  setting  before  the  minds  of  the  Chris- 
tian church  world  conditions  and  needs  which 
will  be  staggering.  But  this  of  itself  will  not 
evangelize  the  world. 


I 


WITH  MONEY 

F  THE  Christian  church  were  actually  giv- 


ing in  proportion  to  the  temporal  prosperity 
of  its  individual  members,  a  progi-am  of  world 


evangelism  could  be  financed  within  this  gen- 
eration. Money  we  must  have  and  there 
should  be  no  apology  for  the  collection. 

It  costs  money  to  send  missionaries  around  the 
globe.  It  costs  money  to  erect  schools  and 
churches,  but  there  is  no  investment  which 
brings  so  large  a  return  in  time  and  eternity 
as  that  which  is  invested  in  the  up-building 
of  the  kingdom  of  God  upon  this  earth. 

In  the  giving  of  money  a  double  purpose  should 
be  served.  It  should  not  only  aid  in  the  work 
for  which  it  is  given,  but  should  react  upon  the 
spiritual  life  of  the  giver. 

BY  PRAYER 

THE  world  cannot  be  taken  without  prayer. 
Prayer  is  power,  a  power  which  manifests 
itself  when  the  current  between  God  and  man 
is  completed.  Prayer  reveals  the  true  program 
of  life.  It  opens  the  door  of  missionary  oppor- 
tunity, but  spiritual  resources  must  be  vitally 
connected  with  human  energies. 

BY  LIFE  SERVICE 

WORLD  evangelization  has  its  final  solu- 
tion in  the  life  and  sacrifice  of  our  Lord 
and  Master. 

A  calculation  as  to  the  number  of  people  required 
to  evangelize  the  worid  will  be  helpful;  the  needs 
of  the  world  will  become  a  challenge  to  those 
whom  God  calls  to  his  service;  greater  emphasis 
must  be  placed  upon  the  spiritual  results  of 
making  financial  sacrifices  for  the  advance- 
ment of  God's  kingdom  in  all  the  world,  and 
at  this  point  the  subject  of  prayer  will  become 
tremendously  real. 

The  religions  of  the  worid  as  set  forth  in  the 
circle  on  the  opposite  page  are  grouped  accord- 
ing to  their  relative  numerical  strength,  constitu- 
ency or  following  rather  than  actual  member- 
ship being  the  basis  of  the  divisions.  The  chart 
sets  before  the  reader  the  entire  world  task. 

The  worid's  hope  is  in  the  open  Bible  and  in  the 
cross  of  Jesus  Christ. 


A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR 


171 


RELIGIONS  OF  THE  WORLD 


I 


172 


A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR 


A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR 


173 


Membership  Feeders 


THE  church  has  been  receiving  a  large 
percentage  of  its  membership  from  the 
Simday  schools  and  young  people's  societies 
and  we  have  accustomed  ourselves  to  look  upon 
these  organizations  as  the  reservoirs  from  which 
the  church  receives  the  major  part  of  its  mem- 
bership. 

The  record  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
will  serve  as  an  illustration.  This  denomina- 
tion has  not  reported  a  loss  in  membership  in  its 
total  figures  for  the  past  37  years.  During  the 
last  10  years  it  reported  gains  of  from  50  to  130 
thousand  per  year,  but  in  the  year  1918,  the 
increase  was  only  5226,  while  last  year,  1919, 
the  spring  conferences  reported  an  actual  loss 
of  10,656.  The  unchecked  reports  of  the  fall 
conferences  indicate  that  the  denomination  as 
a  whole  will  report  an  actual  loss  in  membership 
for  the  last  year.  This  calls  for  more  than 
passing  consideration.  If  it  be  true  in  the 
several  bodies  of  Protestant  Christianity,  sooner 
or  later  it  cannot  help  but  diminish  the  mis- 
sionary activities  of  the  church.  If  the  stream 
flows  with  less  volume  there  is  real  concern  lest 
its  sources  of  supply  be  drying  up. 

Is  it  not  a  fair  question  to  inquire  the  causes  for 
the  decline  of  membership  ? 

On  the  opposite  page  the  per  cent,  chart  shows 
that  the  spring  conferences  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church  reported  a  gain  in  member- 
ship each  year  from  1915  to  1918,  as  is  indicated 
by  the  solid  line  beginning  at  the  zero  (0)  mark 


and  moving  upward  for  three  years.  The  per 
cent,  of  gain  or  loss  in  each  case  is  computed 
upon  the  figures  of  1915. 

In  1915  there  were  1,485,353  members 

In  1916  there  was  an  increase  of  46,874  members 

In  1917    "        "     "        "      "29,770 

In  1918     "         "     •*         "       "    6,514 

In  1919     "         '\  d»crea»«  of  10,656 


it 


n 


Thus  this  diminishing  increase  at  last  resulted 
in  an  actual  loss;  and  why?  First,  the  Sunday 
school,  the  main  feeder  or  source  of  supply, 
reported  as  follows: 


In  1916  a  membership  increase  of  18,361 

In  1917"  "     decrease  of  29,136 

In  1918  " 


<< 


In  1919 


*( 


« 


44,963 
37,250 


or  a  net  loss  for  the  four  years  of  92,993  mem- 
bers. During  the  same  period  the  Epworth 
League  reported  a  net  loss  of  35,445,  and  the 
Junior  League,  14,293. 

Whatever  may  be  the  record  as  to  the  number 
of  conversions  in  the  Sunday  schools  and  young 
people's  societies  during  the  past  few  years, 
the  fact  is  that  in  many  church  services  the 
absence  of  young  people  is  most  noticeable. 

There  are  other  feeders  which  supply  the  church 
with  its  membership.  In  the  Methodist  Episco- 
pal Church  ten  membership  feeders  are  re- 
ported, and  the  Presbyterian  Church  reports 
five,  as  will  be  noted  on  the  charts  which  follow. 


EMBERSHIP   RECORD 


1915 
FULL  MEMBERS     1485353 


20% 


202 


1915 


1916 


1917 


1918        1919 


1919 
1557855 


1920 


MEMBERSHIP    RECORD 

CHURCHES,  SUNDAY  SCHOOLS  AND  YOUNG  PEOPLE'S  SOCIETIES 

METHODIST  EPISCOPAL  CHURCH 
SPRING  CONFERENCES-  INCLUDING  FOREIGN 


1915 

20% 

Vk 

1919 

MEMBERS      .    .    1.485.353 
SUNDAY  SCHOOLS    1.872.467 
JUNIOR  LEAGUE    .       129,388 
SENIOR  LEAGUE  ,      260.465 

^ 

1.557.855 

1.779.474 

115.095 
225.020 

• 

m 

- 

• 

• 

m 

m 

• 

rm 

1915                      19 

6                       1917                      1918                      1919                      1920 

The  Church  of  the  Future 

IF  THE  church  is  to  succeed  in  a  great  and  permanent  forward  movement, 
church  leaders,  pastors,  teachers  and  parents  must  guard  against  the  dan- 
ger of  separating  the  young  Ufe  from  a  vital  relationship  to  the  organization 
and  work  of  the  church  itself,  for  it  must  be  kept  in  mind  that  the  church 
draws  the  major  part  of  its  membership  from  the  Christian  home  and  from 
the  Sunday  school  and  young  people's  organizations. 

We  are  dependent  upon  the  young  manhood  and  womanhood  of  the  church 
to  supply  our  pulpits,  and  for  missionary  service  at  home  and  abroad.  The 
call  for  Christian  leaders  in  all  departments  of  church  activity — educational, 
medical,  social — was  never  greater. 

The  work  of  life  service  will  ultimately  break  down  unless  the  trend  of  the 
church,  as  shown  by  the  lines  of  the  chart  above,  is  changed. 


I, 


174 


A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR 


Other  Membership  Feeders 


THERE  is  no  hope  of  a  permanent  increase 
in  the  membership  of  the  church  until  such 
time  as  the  items  which  build  into  the  mem- 
bership are  strengthened. 

The  chief  factor  in  the  building  of  church  mem- 
bership is  in  the  religious  home  life,  but  as 
there  are  no  records  from  which  we  can  draw 
to  illustrate  this,  we  have  selected  the  Sunday 
school  and  young  people's  societies  which  are 
recognized  as  the  chief  sources  of  supply  for 
church  membership. 

It  is  cause  for  serious  thought  when  in  a  great 
religious  body,  each  of  the  items  for  which  our 
membership  is  drawn  shows  a  decrease. 

In  the  consideration  of  church  life  attention  is 
called  not  only  to  full  membership  but  also  to 
the  items  of  preparatory  and  non-resident 
members,  deaths,  baptisms,  Sunday  schools, 
young  people's  societies  and  the  number  under 
religious  instruction. 

The  membership  graph  of  the  spring  confer- 
ences of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  was 
prepared  for  the  purpose  of  presenting  to  the 
eye  by  lines  the  percentage  of  increase  or  de- 
crease from  year  to  year  of  the  above  "feeders" 
of  church  membership. 

In  the  left  hand  column  are  the  items  considered 
and  the  figures  as  reported  in  1915.  These 
i«rve  as  the  basis  of  calculating  the  percentage 
of  increase  and  decrease  for  each  year. 

]?^gures  for  the  year  1919  are  placed  in  the  right 
liand  column  opposite  the  respective  items  for 
1915.  The  actual  increase  or  decrease  may  be 
Ibund  by  subtraction. 

Each  division  of  the  vertical  lines  represents 
20  per  cent,  and  the  horizontal  divisions  cover 
a  year  of  time.  The  dotted  line  is  the  base  of 
calculation  as  it  represents  the  record  of  1915 
for  each  item. 

As  a  practical  interpretation  of  the  chart  the 
first  item  on  the  left  is  "deaths."  In  the  year 
1915  there  were  19,588  reported.  Reading 
directly  across  to  1919  the  number  of  deaths 


reported  is  25,900,  or  an  increase  of  32.2  per 
cent. 

The  second  item  is  that  of  membership.  The 
line  is  heavier  as  the  chart  is  a  membership 
record. 

At  the  end  of  the  first  year,  1916,  five  of  the 
items  show  losses;  there  were  eight  down  pulls 
in  1918;  and  nine  for  the  last  year,  pulling  the 
membership  itself  into  the  loss  with  only  the 
death  record  showing  an  increase. 

While  the  membership  curve  is  affected  by 
the  elements  which  feed  into  membership  it 
is. evident,  as  indicated  by  the  record  of  1919 
that  the  membership  itself  cannot  be  sustained 
if  unsupported  by  the  items  which  build  it  up. 

No  item  has  moved  continuously  upward  each 
year  but  three  have  declined  each  year,  namely: 
the  number  of  adults  baptized;  the  number  of 
children  baptized;  and  the  number  received 
into  preparatory  membership. 

If  a  straight  line  be  drawn  from  zero  passing 
through  the  point  representing  the  adults  bap- 
tized in  1919  it  will  be  observed  that  in  three 
years  from  now  the  baptism  of  adults  in  the 
spring  conferences  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  home  group,  will  cease  if  the  present 
rate  of  decrease  continues. 

The  challenge  of  the  Centenary  call  was  sent 
down  to  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  at  a 
time  when  every  tributary  of  its  membership 
was  diminishing;  and  while  the  record  of  1919 
will  show  a  loss  in  membership,  the  first  in  38 
years,  the  direct  result  of  the  increased  interest 
in  world  evangelism  shows  that  new  life  has 
already  entered  the  church. 

When  the  springs  begin  to  dry  the  flow  of  the 
stream  is  lessened;  or  when  the  branches  of  the 
vine  wither,  the  life  of  the  vine  itself  is  imperilled. 

The  outstanding  feature  of  this  chart  is  a 
marked  decline  in  the  items  or  tributaries  which 
build  into  the  membership  of  the  church. 

The  lower  chart  on  the  opposite  page  shows 
a  like  condition  in  another  communion. 


A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR 


175 


MEMBERSHIP  RECORD 

METHODIST  EPISCOPAL  CHURCH  SPRING  CONFERENCES-  HOME  GROUP 


1915 


iKMina    .    » 

FULL  MEMBERS       .       ... 

1322.171 

NONRESIDENT  MEMBERS    .    . 

94.086 

SUNDAY  SCHOOL  ENROLLMENT 

1.572.752 

UNDER  INSTRUCTION       .    . 

45.607 

CHILDREN  BAPTIZED        ... 

51.638 

JUNIOR  LEAGUE       

106.057 

SENIOR  LEAGUE          .    . 

233B07 

PREPARATORY  MEMBERS  ON  ROLL      127.780 

PREPARATORY  MEMBERSRECEIVED      140274 
ADULTS  BAPTIZED  50.635 


IL 


1919 


25.900 


1.415.090 

%.274 

1.520.448 

42.610 

45.454 

94.725 

203.472 


7ai73 

70.464 
23293 


MEMBERSHIP   RECORD 

PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCH  IN  U.  S.  A. 


DEATHS 16.695 


CHURCH  MEMBERS 
SUNDAY  SCHOOL 
ENROLLMENT 
INFANTS  BAPTIZED 


1513.240 

1.375.875 
38.905 


BAPTISMS  ON  CONFESSION 
ADDED  ON  EXAMINATION 


i 


176 


A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR 


MEMBERSHIP  RECORD 

METHODIST  EPISCOPAL  CHURCH 

SPRING  CONFERENCES 

HOME  AND  FOREIGN 


1915 

mam       ua 

feoo% 

1919 
mm 

600% 

700% 

1 

600% 

1 
1 

500%  ' 

400% 

300% 

200%  ' 

y 

IPQ* 

/ 

an 

5P%V 

/ 

A 

|/ 

lata 

■MM    mm    O 

'^^ 

, 1 

■■■m  mum 
■             as 

Mi 

50% 
00% 



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191! 

>      191 

S      191 

7      191 

8     191 

9     1921 

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When  the  Record  is  Set 

Forth  in  Total 

Figures 

IN  THIS  chart  the  foreign  group  of  con- 
ferences has  been  included  and  the  scale 
of  the  chart  of  necessity  changed  in  order  to 
conform  to  the  chart  on  the  opposite  page. 

The  first  item  is  that  of  those  "under  instruc- 
tion" which  shows  an  increase  of  187.2  p)er 
cent,  while  the  same  item  for  the  home  group 
reported  an  actual  decrease  of  7  per  cent,  as  is 
shown  on  the  preceding  page. 

The  term  "under  instruction"  refers  to  persons 
who  are  in  classes  in  training  for  membership. 

The  second  item  is  that  of  the  number  of  deaths 
reported,  an  item  which  was  practically  sta- 
tionary until  1919  which  shows  an  actual  in- 
crease of  14,228  in  the  number  of  deaths,  or 
50  per  cent,  in  one  year. 

This  is  even  more  pronounced  in  the  record  of 
the  foreign  conferences  as  is  shown  on  the  op- 
posite page. 

In  the  study  of  records  total  figures  do  not  al- 
ways show  the  real  condition  of  the  body.  When 
total  figures  are  carried  from  year  to  year,  the 
general  drift  of  the  organization  is  indicated, 
but  to  ascertain  actual  conditions  it  is  necessary 
that  the  total  record  be  divided  into  parts  and 
these  parts  subdivided.  In  fact,  the  available 
record  of  the  greatest  value  is  the  record  of  the 
individual  pastoral  charge.  In  the  study  of 
these  records  we  find  the  up  and  down  pull 
everywhere  evident. 

Under  the  caption  "Clearing  Up  the  Record" 
and  local  individual  charge  records  illustrating 
the  same,  emphasis  is  placed  upon  the  item 
we  are  endeavoring  to  set  forth. 

The  chart  of  most  value  to  a  local  church  is  that 
setting  forth  its  own  record,  and  when  intelli- 
gently used,  the  members  never  fail  to  ad- 
vance their  standards. 

High  standards  of  giving  as  reported  in  total 
figures  are  found  in  comparatively  few  churches. 


A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR 


177 


Where  the  Growth 

of  the  Church 

Takes  Place 

THIS  chart  shows  the  per  cent,  movements 
of  membership  and  its  feeders  for  the  for- 
eign group  of  the  spring  conferences. 

It  will  be  found  that  the  record  of  those  "under 
instruction"  in  the  foreign  field  has  increased 
923.7  per  cent,  in  a  period  of  four  years.  It 
was  this  increase  which  lifted  the  total  on  the 
opposite  page  to  187  per  cent,  increase,  and,  as 
may  be  observed  from  the  chart  of  the  home 
group  of  the  spring  conferences  on  a  preceding 
page,  the  record  of  those  "  under  instruction " 
shows  an  actual  loss  of  7  per  cent,  in  the  home 
field. 

The  death  record  of  the  foreign  group  remained 
practically  unchanged  until  1919  when  there 
was  an  actual  increase  of  9,247  or  122.8  per 
cent,  over  the  number  reported  in  1918.  The 
effects  of  the  influenza  were  far  more  serious 
in  the  foreign  field  than  in  the  United  States. 

The  1919  spring  down  pulls  of  the  entire  group, 
as  indicated  by  the  red  lines  on  the  opposite 
page,  should  be  studied  with  special  care, 
in  reference  to  the  1919  up  pulls  of  the  foreign 
group. 

The  fact  that  in  the  foreign  group  the  two 
down  pulls  for  1919  were  in  the  number  of 
adults  baptized  and  the  number  of  preparatory 
members,  serves  as  an  illustration  of  the  care 
which  is  exercised  by  leaders  in  the  foreign 
conferences  in  not  undertaking  to  do  more  work 
than  the  church  at  home  is  willing  to  support. 

Were  the  same  rate  of  increase  of  those  "under 
instruction"  to  be  made  by  the  entire  Protes- 
tant body,  it  would  require  less  than  five  years 
to  reach  the  last  man,  woman  and  child  on  the 
face  of  the  globe.  The  tragedy  of  this  lies 
in  the  fact  that  these  people  on  the  waiting  list 
are  not  members.  They  are  waiting  at  the 
door,  asking  for  teachers  and  schools,  for 
preachers  and  houses  of  worship;  and  for  lack 
of  these  they  were  neither  baptized  nor  received 
into  membership. 


MEMBERSHIP  RECORD 

METHODIST  EPISCOPAL  CHURCH 

SPRING   CONFERENCES 

FOREIGN  GROUP 


1915 


nn 


UM 

900% 

1 

! 

1919 

laiH 

/ 

800% 

/ 

• 

/ 

700% 

1 

600% 

! 

500% 

400% 

300%. 

■^' 

ii« 

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I 

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J 

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ma 

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1915      1916      1917      1918      1919      1920 


I 


178 


A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR 


PER  CENT.  RECORD 

POPULATION  -  CHURCH  MEMBERSHIP 
PER  CAPITA  WEALTH  -  CHURCH  OFFERINGS 
PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCH  IN  U.  S.  A. 


1917 
J2.404  PER  CAPITA  WEALTH 

(UNITID  STATCS) 

1919 
1.603.033  MEMBERSHIP 

(pRCSaVTCRIANs) 


1918 
105.253.300  POPULATION 

(UNITCO  STATIS) 


PER  CAPITA  WEALTH 

iUNITED  STATES) 

MEMBERSHIP.     .     .     . 

(PRESB>TtRIANS) 

POPULATION  .     .      . 

(united  states) 

PER  CAPITA  GIVING 

(presbytcrian) 


1919 

$20  46  PER  CAPITA  GIVING 

(PNESaVTERIAN) 


A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR 


179 


1890 


1900 


1910 


1920 


IN  A  study  of  the  relations  between  church  membership  and  population  of 
the  United  States  and  between  per  capita  giving  and  per  capita  wealth  it 
will  be  noted  that  while  the  rate  of  membership  increase  outreaches  the  growth 
in  population,  the  rate  of  giving  falls  far  short  of  keeping  pace  with  the  in- 
crease in  per  capita  wealth. 

The  latest  estimates  as  to  the  per  capita  wealth  greatly  exceed  the  per  capita 
for  1917  as  stated  on  this  chart. 


PER  CENT.  RECORD 

POPULATION  -  CHURCH  MEMBERSHIP 

PER  CAPITA  WEALTH  -  CHURCH  GIVING 

METHODIST  EPISCOPAL  CHURCH 


isoro 

125% 

g 

1917 

$2,404  PER  CAPITA  WEALTH 

(united  states) 

100% 

/ 

• 

1S% 

// 

1918 
3.849.381  MEMBERSHIP 

(METHODIST    EPISCOPAL) 
1918 

50% 

^ 

105.253.300  POPULATION 
(united  states) 

25%    ^^ 

r 

1917 

1890                             \ 
PER  CAPITA  WEALTH  $1 .035     \ 

(united  states) 

MEMBERSHIP  2.0M.437 

(METHODIST    episcopal) 

'0 

2S* 

>" 

-^ 

$12.02  PER  CAPITA  GIVING 

(methooist  episcopal) 

POPULATION  62.622.250 

(united  states) 

PER  CAPITA  GIVING  $10.02 

(mETMOOIST    EPiSCOPAl.)                        J 

w^ 

50% 

TS% 

1890 


1900 


1910 


1920 


T 


'HE  chart  for  Methodism  teaches  the  same  lesson  as  that  on  the  opposite 
page.  It  must  be  kept  in  mind  that  in  this  form  of  per  cent,  chart, 
each  item  involved  has  a  common  starting  point  and  the  per  cent,  advance 
or  decline  is  calculated  from  the  original  base.  The  rate  of  giving  should 
more  than  keep  pace  with  the  increase  in  per  capita  wealth. 

The  1918  membership  is  almost  stationary,  while  1919  will  show  an  actual 
loss.     It  is  not,  however,  recorded  on  this  chart. 


180 


A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR 


Ministerial  Support 


THERE  are  few  subjects  which  relate 
more  closely  to  the  success  of  the  church 
than  that  of  ministerial  support.  The  fact 
that  the  church  has  moved  forward  and  that 
our  educational  system  has  advanced  with 
underpaid  leaders  is  no  argument  that  this 
condition  should  be  continued.  A  congrega- 
tion which  promises  its  minister  a  certain  salary 
and  fails  to  pay  it,  not  only  robs  its  leader  but 
places  itself  in  the  class  of  those  who  do  not  pay 
their  bills. 

The  people  are  demanding  ministers  who  are 
men  of  high  spiritual  attainment;  resourceful 
and  tactful;  men  who  know  how  to  conduct 
themselves  socially;  men  who  are  not  only  able 
to  preach  but  who  can  serve  in  any  capacity  of 
public  life.  Of  course  the  preacher  does  not 
preach  for  money  but  he  must  have  money  to 
live.  The  lawyer,  doctor  and  merchant  collect 
their  own  accounts  but  upon  this  subject  the 
minister  must  be  silent.  His  salary  is  fixed  and 
collected  by  others. 

On  the  opposite  page  is  a  chart  setting  forth  a 
few  general  facts  concerning  ministerial  non- 
support.  These  figures  from  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church  for  the  year  1918  were  used 
because  the  records  of  other  denominations 
were  not  available. 

Group  number  5  on  the  chart  shows  that  of  49 
per  cent,  of  the  pastorates  in  the  United  States, 
not  one  paid  as  much  as  $1,000  per  year  includ- 
ing house  rent.  That  is,  8,285  churches  paid 
less  than  $1,000;  or,  considered  together,  they 
gave  toward  pastoral  support  an  average  of 
only  $543.  "How  do  these  men  live?"  This 
is  a  fair  question.  Congregations  sometimes 
give  donation  parties  for  their  pastors.  They 
provide  potatoes  and  apples  and  help  clothe  the 
children,  and  thus  ministers  are  looked  upon  as 
objects  of  charity  in  their  fields  of  labor. 

Church  leaders  who  object  to  these  statements 
must  face  the  fact  that  26  per  cent,  of  the 
churches  of  this  one  denomination  are  served 
by  supply  preachers:  that  is,  pastors  who  are 
not  regulariy  appointed,  local  preachers,  super- 


annuated or  supernumerary  preachers,  some  of 
whom  devote  but  part  of  their  time  to  work 
of  the  ministry. 

Group  number  4  shows  that  43  per  cent,  or 
6,986  churches,  pay  annual  salaries  ranging  from 
$1,000  to  $1,999  including  house  rent,  or  an 
average  of  $1,338.  The  total  average  for  groups 
numbers  4  and  5  is  $907.  This  accounts  for 
91  per  cent,  of  the  pastorates  of  Methodism. 

Group  number  3,  representing  7  per  cent,  of 
the  total,  pays  from  $2,000  to  $2,999. 

Group  number  2,  representing  a  little  more 
than  1  per  cent,  of  the  total,  pays  from  $3,000  to 
«po, yyy. 

Less  than  1  per  cent,  of  the  total,  or  108 
churches,  pay  a  salary  of  $4,000  or  more. 

The  tragedy  of  this  lies  in  the  fact  that  while 
the  member  has  been  enjoying  unparalleled 
financial  prosperity,  his  average  offering  for  the 
support  of  the  ministry  is  but  one  cent  per  week 
more  than  it  was  a  third  of  a  century  ago,  and 
the  minister  is  receiving  but  little  more  in  ac- 
tual salar>'.  That  is,  in  1884  the  per  capita 
was  $4.78;  in  1918  it  was  $5.30.  This  item  is 
illustrated  in  the  chart  under  the  caption, 
"Prosperity's  Recognition"  on  page  24. 

That  the  work  of  the  church  may  accomplish 
its  highest  mission  in  world  redemption,  the 
churches  of  America  are  now  engaged  in  a  great 
advance  movement.  The  success  of  this  work 
will  rest  very  largely  upon  the  leadership  of  the 
ministry,  the  men  upon  whom  we  must  depend 
for  the  permanency  of  the  campaign. 

The  church  is  dependent  upon  the  sympathetic 
cooperation  of  its  leaders.  Without  their  aid 
there  is  little  hope  of  developing  our  member- 
ship to  higher  standards  of  Christian  activity. 

Fortunate  is  the  pastor  who  is  associated  with 
a  body  of  spiritually  minded  benevolent  mem- 
bers; with  laymen  who  believe  the  world  is  to 
be  saved  and  who  are  ever  ready  to  do  their  full 
part,  even  though  it  may  require  a  great  deal 
of  personal  sacrifice. 


A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR 


181 


ARE   PREACHERS   OVERPAID? 

METHODIST  EPISCOPAL  CHURCH 

MINISTERIAL  SUPPORT 

U.  S.  ONLY 


it 


ti 


FIFTH  CLASS  " 
FOURTH 
THIRD 
SECOND 
FIRST         **      ^ 


-sm 


LESS  THAN  $1000-AVERAGE  $543 

=$1000     TO        1999-         *'  1338 

=  2000       "         2999-         "  2325 

=  3000       "         3999-         "  3278 

]=  4000  OR  ABOVE-  ''  5055 

AVERAGE  OF  CLASSES  5  &  4     -UNDER  $2000-  IS      907 

5, 4  &  3  -      **  3000-    "     1006 


it 


ti 


it 


49%+,  8285  CHARGES  ARE  IN  CLASS  5-NON-SUPPORT 

42%-,  6986  "  **  **  **        4-WAGES 

7%-,  1142  **  **  **  "       13-MODERATE 

1%+,    253  **  *'  *'         "        2-SUPPORT 

1%-,    108  **  •'  **         "        1-SALARY 


MINISTERIAL  SUPPORT  ON  THIS  CHART  IS  THE  CASH  PAID 
TO  PASTORS.  INCLUDING  RENTAL  VALUE  OF  PARSONAGES, 
COMPILED   FROM   THE  STATISTICAL  TABLES  OF   1918. 


182 


A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR 


PER  CAPITA  WEALTH 

WE  HAVE  followed  the  government  re- 
ports for  the  years  1880  to  1917,  on  the 
graph  here  presented.  The  latest  return  is  a 
pre-war  figure  based  upon  an  official  estimate. 
If  brought  up  to  date  this  figure  would  no 
doubt  be  very  much  larger. 

The  upper  line  represents  the  increase  in  per 
capita  wealth  as  set  forth  in  government 
statistics  covering  a  period  of  38  years.  The 
per  capita  includes  men,  women  and  children. 

The  last  word   upon  the  subject  of  income 
wealth   and   responsibihty    is    an    individual 
matter. 

The  man  who  has  prospered  financially;  who 
has  increased  in  houses  and  lands;  in  stocks 
and  possessions  must  give  account  not  only  to 
God,  but  to  his  fellow  man  in  the  discharge  of 
his  full  obligation. 

MINISTERIAL  SUPPORT 
PER  CAPITA 

THE  lower  section  of  the  chart  repre- 
^  sentmg  the  per  capita  offerings  for  min- 
istenal  support,  is  drawn  to  a  scale  twenty-five 
times  that  of  the  upper  section.  Otherwise  the 
ministenal  support  per  capita  line  could  scarcely 
be  distinguished  from  the  base  line  of  the  chart. 

When  an  increased  total  offering  is  the  direct 
result  of  an  increase  in  the  number  of  contribu- 
tors. It  does  not  show  increased  benevolent 
life. 

If  the  preacher,  who  is  the  recognized  leader  of 
the  church,  is  not  to  share  in  the  financial  pros- 
penty  which  his  people  enjoy,  the  membership 
must  not  question  if  there  be  an  increasing 
difficulty  in  securing  the  type  of  leadership 
called  for  in  this  time  of  the  worid's  greatest 
need  of  the  church. 

This  represents  a  condition  which  cannot  con- 
tinue. It  threatens  the  very  life  of  the  church. 
It  IS  as  true  today  as  in  New  Testament  times 
that  the  laborer  is  worthy  of  his  hire  "  We 
cannot  even  hope  for  the  permanent  success 
of  the  church  until  its  leadership  is  heartened 
and  until  the  members  of  the  church  freely 
give  of  their  prosperity  toward  the  support 
of  the  kingdom. 


PRflSPEBITrS 
REGOeilTli^lli 

MfTHODIST 
MINISTER 


SI70 

PER  CAPITH 

WEALTH 

US  SUITES 


AS 

WE 

HAVE 

HOSPEREO 


U 


be  relation  of 
se  two  scales 
Is  25  to  t 


Per  capita  total  ^JJK^  l~l  APt 
winisteral        ICn?'^-^ — "^ 
support  incl.  for '    ''' 


»«W    IWO  190004 'I0'l2'l7'20 


WE  HAVE 
JIKQL 


A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR 


183 


PRESENT  PASTORAL  SUPPORT  IN  RELATION 
TO  INCREASED  COST  OF  LIVING 


1918     23^yd. 


1918     $12.25  ton 


1914 
1904 


1918 


1914 


B4y6. 
7^  yd. 


Boston 


$10.25  ton 


$7.50  ton 


1918 


1914 


Ctiicago 


$10.90  ton 


$7.90  ton 


1914 


StLouis 


$9.1 8  ton 


1918      90(^lb. 


1904 
1914 


j32/lb. 
30^  lb. 

M 


COTTON  SHEETINGS 


COAL  AT  RETAIL 


WOOL 


THE  MINISTER'S  SALARY  IS  PRACTICALLY  UNCHANGED 


1919      70^  lb. 


1919      53^d02. 


1914 
1904 


1919     42^  lb. 


35^doz. 
27^  dor. 


1914 
1904 


1914 
1904 


23^  lb. 
14^ lb. 


36(/lb. 
28^  lb. 


EGGS 


STEAKS 


BUTTER 


THE  United  States  Department  of  Labor  has  recently  completed  a  study 
of  the  cost  of  living  in  all  sections  of  the  country. 

Retail  prices  of  twenty-two  food  articles  in  thirty -nine  different  cities  show 
an  average  increase  in  June  1919  of  85  per  cent,  over  prices  in  1913.  The 
same  and  greater  increase  in  cost  may  be  traced  in  other  commodities. 

Surrounded  by  greatly  increased  cost  of  living,  how  is  the  minister  to  feed 
and  clothe  his  family,  to  say  nothing  of  purchasing  material  wherewith  to 
feed  his  mind? 


184 


A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR 


Membership  and  Total  Church  Expenses 

Record  for  Fifteen  Years 


Seventh  Day  Adventist  Church 

Methodist  Episcopal  Church 

Year 

Membership 
Inc.  Foreign 

ToUU 
Giving 

Per  Capita 
Giving 

Year 

Membership 
Inc.  Foreign 

Total 
Giving 

Ptr  Capita 
Giving 

1904 
1905 
1906 
1907 
1908 
1909 
1910 
1911 
1912 
1913 
1914 
1915 
1916 
1917 
1918 

81,721 

87,311 

91,531 

94,048 

97,579 

100,931 

104,526 

108,975 

114,206 

122,386 

125,844 

136,879 

141,488 

153,857 

162,667 

856,714 
1,180,918 
1,394,362 
1,704,718 
1,770,649 
1,984,557 
2,223,768 
2,363,088 
2,702,199 
2,866,727 
3,090,485 
3,407,298 
3,950,492 
5,119,683 
6,895,720 

10.48 
13.52 
15.23 
18.13 
18.14 
19.66 
21.27 
21.68 
23.66 
23.42 
24.56 
24.89 
27.92 
33  28 
42.39 

1904 
1905 
1906 
1907 
1908 
1909 
1910 
1911 
1912 
1913 
1914 
1915 
1916 
1917 
1918 

2,781,589 
2,832,899 
2,903,163 
2,960,474 
3,034,168 
3,116,785 
3,171,454 
3,222,160 
3,304,651 
3,406,470 
3,536,123 
3,620,470 
3,724,188 
3,844,155 
3,849,381 

30,050,683 
31,141,702 
32,790,503 
34,992,318 
35,010,113 
35,164,588 
36,902,121 
38,924,541 
38,788.748 
39,035,429 
39,813,038 
39,965,331 
41,416,760 
46,205,726 
47,074,301 

10.80 
10.99 
11.29 
11.82 

11.51 

11.28 
11.64 

12.08 

11. 7i 

ll.<6 

11.26 

11.01 

11.12 

12.02 

12.23      1 

1 

THE  above  statistical  items  are  better 
understood  when  studied  from  a  graph. 
The  red  figures  indicate  a  loss  over  the  record 
of  the  previous  year. 

The  1913  per  capita  loss  in  the  record  of  the 
Adventists  was  recovered  the  next  year,  while 
it  requu-ed  three  years  for  Methodism  to  recover 
the  1908  per  capita  loss  and  the  per  capita  of 
1911  was  not  regained  until  1918. 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  per  capita  giving  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  during  the 
past  fifteen  years  has  remained  practically 
constant,  the  per  capita  for  1918  being  only 
slightly  in  advance  of  that  of  1904. 

The  record  of  the  Adventists,  slightly  below 
that  of  the  Methodists  in  1904,  shows  an  in- 
crease each  year  except  in  1913,  and  in  1918  the 
per  capita  giving  is  more  than  four  times  their 
average  of  fifteen  years  ago. 

The  Adventist  record  grows  out  of  the  tithe  as 
a  regular  part  of  church  worship. 


A  similar  statistical  record,  when  made  into  a 
graph,  can  be  used  in  a  very  practical  manner 
for  local  churches  or  for  other  denominations. 
Page  186  provides  a  suitable  blank  for  this  pur- 
pose. 

It  is  commonly  known,  and  not  to  their  discredit, 
that  the  Seventh  Day  Adventists  are  not  rich 
as  a  church.  Their  membership  is  made  up 
very  largely  from  the  great  middle  class.  Hence 
their  per  capita  wealth  and  consequent  income 
would  hardly  measure  up  to  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church.  No  invidious  comparison 
is  here  intended  but  an  attempt  to  get  at  the 
facts.    What  is  the  truth?    Look  at  the  graph. 

If  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  had  given 
as  much  per  capita  for  all  church  expenses  as  the 
Seventh  Day  Adventists  gave,  she  would  have 
paid  $163,175,261  in  a  single  year  instead  of 
the  $47,074,301,  or  enough  to  take  care  of  all 
her  church  expenses  and  $116,100,960  to  apply 
on  her  Centenary  subscription,  thus  pajring  in 
a  single  year  the  whole  five-year  quota. 


A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR 


185 


PER  CAPITA  OF  TOTAL  CHURCH   EXPENSES 

1904-1919 

SEVENTH  DAY  ADVENTIST— METHODIST  EPISCOPAL 

$  44 


I 


42 
40 
38 

36 
34 
32 
30 
28 
26 
24 
22 

20 
18 

16 
14 
12 
10 
8 
6 


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1904  05  06   07   08  09   10    11    12     13    14  '15    16    17    18  19 


186 


A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR 


PER  CAPITA  OF  TOTAL  CHURCH  EXPENSES 

1904-1919 

(SEE  PAGE  184  FOR  METHOD  OF  USE) 


I 


?44 

42 

40 

36 

36 

34 

32 

30 

28 

26 

24 

1 

22 

20 

18 

16 

14 
12 

10 

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1904  OS  06   07  08  09  10    1)    '12    13    14   IS   16    17    18  19 


A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR                                                                                         187 

PER  CAPITA  OF  TOTAL  CHURCH  EXPENSES 

1904    —  1919 

SEVENTH  DAY  ADVENTIST— PRESBYTERIAN  IN  U.  S.  A. 
METHODIST  EPISCOPAL    NORTHERN  BAPTIST  CONVENTION 

L              •        •                                                                                                                                                                                                                       .           .           -  .           •     1~ ■~~\ 1 1           ■          "1             "       ~1 

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1904  05  06   07  08  09  10  '11    12    13    14   15  16    17    18  19         1 

188 


A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR 


Forward  Movements 


THE  church  has  never  been  without  some 
outstanding  leaders  who  have  been  calHng 
it  into  action  but  their  attempts  to  awaken 
the  church  to  its  full  sense  of  responsi- 
bility have  been  limited  to  their  personal  mag- 
netic touch  or  to  their  own  denomination. 
Now  for  the  first  time  in  the  history  of  the 
modem  church  the  day  is  at  hand  when  the 
entire  Christian  body  is  entering  into  a  united 
forward  movement,  not  confining  its  efforts 
to  the  conquest  of  the  world  abroad  but  also 
engaging  in  building  a  more  permanent  religious 
structure  at  the  home  base. 

In  its  efforts  to  maintain  the  new  level  reached 
in  its  forward  movements  the  church  must  of 
necessity  readjust  its  entire  system  of  work. 

The  program  of  church  activity  is  being  greatly 
enlarged ;  the  vision  of  the  membership  widened ; 
and  their  responsibilities  and  obligations  in- 
creased. 

This  new  age  now  being  ushered  in  will  develop 
and  bring  to  perfection  at  least  three  things: 

First.  The  survey  now  being  made  will  give  to 
the  church  a  new  conception  of  the  world's 
needs.  It  is  positively  appalling  when  one 
thinks  of  the  poverty,  the  ignorance  and  the 
sin  of  great  masses  of  people:  whole  races 
that,  after  nineteen  hundred  years  of  Christian- 
ity, are  still  without  any  knowledge  of  God  or 
of  saving  grace.  This  is  an  awful  indictment 
against  the  professed  followers  of  Christ. 

Second.  The  new  age  will  give  rise  to  a  new 
appreciation  of  world  brotherhood. 

The  World  War  is  now  over  and  the  door  to 
opportunity  was  never  more  widely  open. 
Christians  cannot  longer  look  upon  the  world's 
needs  and  pass  by  on  the  other  side.  That 
procedure  has  been  condemned  for  all  time. 

The  world  has  now  been  reduced  to  a  neighbor- 
hood, and  my  nearest  neighbor  is  not  necessarily 
the  man  who  lives  next  door,  but  rather  the 
man,  whoever  he  is  and  wherever  he  lives,  who 
most  needs  me — he  is  my  nearest  neighbor. 


Third.  The  new  age  will  relate  the  church 
and  its  membership  to  the  world  program. 

More  than  twenty  of  the  denominations  or 
religious  bodies  of  our  awakening  American 
Christianity  have  already  entered  into  en- 
larged programs  of  missionary  activity. 

War  drives  for  world  freedom  are  passing  into 
Christian  drives  for  world  redemption. 

Apportionments,  allotments,  quotas  were  reck- 
oned and  handed  down  to  different  sections  of 
the  country  and  the  people  responded  without 
a  miUTnur,  giving  freely  and  gladly  and  real- 
izing their  responsibility  in  serving  the  cause 
of  humanity  in  money  as  well  as  in  service. 

And  now  a  great  Christian  drive  for  world  re- 
demption is  in  progress.  Some  of  our  churches 
and  people  are  wondering  if  we  are  not  under- 
taking too  much;  but  the  world  is  stricken  and 
millions  are  starving.  Disease  and  sin  await 
the  breath  of  Christian  life.  It  was  never  so 
before.  The  challenge  never  went  out  to  the 
church  in  more  unmistakable  terms.  It  is  God, 
not  man,  who  is  calling  the  church  into  action. 

The  chart  on  the  opposite  page  illustrates  the 
per  capita  giving  of  two  of  the  denominations 
of  the  church  for  a  period  of  sixty  years  and  a 
third  one  for  twenty-four  years. 

The  increase  in  the  amounts  of  money  received 
for  benevolent  purposes  in  the  several  denom- 
inations does  not  necessarily  show  an  increased 
benevolent  life.  Other  things  being  equal,  in- 
creased benevolence  can  be  measured  only  by 
an  increased  per  capita  offering. 

The  Christian  body  or  individual  member  that 
fails  to  answer  the  call  in  this  hour  of  the  world's 
most  dire  distress  and  fails  to  relate  itself  as  a 
body  or  himself  as  an  individual  to  world  re- 
demption is  guilty  before  God  and  man. 

Forward!!  The  keynote  of  the  new  world  or- 
der! The  call  for  an  advance  all  along  the  line 
is  clear  and  unmistakable.  Upon  us  of  today 
rests  the  high  privilege  of  shaping  the  destiny 
of  the  church,  and  the  destiny  of  mankind. 


A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR 


189 


$1.94 


$7.35 
7.00 
6.05 

6.ao 

S.9S 

5.60 

5.25 

4.90 

4.55 

AJ2D 

3.85 

3.50 

3.15 

2.80 

2.45 

2.10 

1.75 

1.40 

1.05 

0.70 


$0.38 


0.35 


OFFERINGS  AND  PLEDGES 

PRESBYTERIAN,  BAPTIST,  METHODIST 
PAST  AND  FUTURE 


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6.18 


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3.89 


2.26 


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1860 '64  '68  *72  *76  '80  '84  '88  '92  '96 1900 '04  '08  '12  '16    1919 


IN  THE  above  graph  the  term  Presbjrterian  applies  to  the  Presbyterian 
Church  in  the  U.  S.  A.;  Baptist,  to  the  Northern  Baptist  Convention;  and 
Methodist,  to  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church.  The  Presbyterian  and 
Methodist  benevolent  lines  date  back  to  1859,  the  Baptist  to  1894. 

The  perpendicular  broken  lines  show  the  lift  of  the  per  capita  pledge  of  the 
forward  movements  of  the  churches  represented. 


190 


A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR 


One  Billion  Dollars  Per  Year 

for  Advanced  Christian  Work 


THE  chart  on  the  opposite  page  was  made 
prior  to  the  tentative  fixing  of  the  budget  at 
the  Atlantic  City  Conference,  held  January 
7  to  9,  1920. 

The  billion  dollars  as  set  forth  on  the  chart 
therefore  does  not  relate  to  the  Interchurch 
budget. 

Applying  the  principle  of  this  chart  not  to 
Protestantism  as  a  whole,  but  to  the  registered 
membership  of  the  Interchurch  bodies  as  re- 
ported to  this  date,  January  29,1920,  it  would 
require  the  tithe  of  only  $1.93  per  member  per 
day  to  meet  the  total  local  and  benevolent  ex- 
penses of  last  year  and  provide  one  billion  dol- 
lars for  advance  work. 

One  billion  dollars  was  selected  without  refer- 
ence to  the  Interchurch  world  survey.  No  one 
knows  that  this  large  siun  in  any  sense  repre- 
sents the  amount  needed.  It  was  selected  to 
show  that  thoroughly  organized  Protestantism, 
with  each  member  contributing,  could  raise 
this  amount  without  special  effort. 

As  applied  to  the  work  of  the  church  this  seems 
beyond  the  range  of  the  possible  and  especially 
in  the  light  of  what  the  church  has  done  in 
former  years. 

Prior  to  the  World  War  we  could  not  have  con- 
sidered this  seriously,  but  today  the  world's 
needs  are  so  appalling  and  our  prosperity  so 
great,  that  a  billion  dollars  in  a  single  year  of 
time  from  the  Protestant  Christian  membership 
of  our  favored  country  is  altogether  within  the 
range  of  the  possible.  Never  in  the  history  of 
the  human  family  has  the  field  been  so  white 
unto  the  harvest:  never  before  has  the  ability 
to  give  vast  sums  been  so  apparent. 

Last  year  the  Protestant  churches  of  the  United 
States  reported  $249,778,535,  or  the  tithe  of 
27  cents  per  day,  expended  for  local  and  benevo- 
lent work.  As  a  total  figure  this  is  a  very  large 
sum  but  when  looked  upon  from  the  stand- 
point of  an  individual  offering,  2  cents  7  mills 


per  member  per  day,  is  scarcely  worthy  of  being 
considered  an  offering,  nor  even  a  tithe. 

The  giving  of  Protestantism  in  1918  is  repre- 
sented by  the  darker  section  of  the  chart.  If 
the  entire  Protestant  church  reached  the  aver- 
age of  the  Northern  Baptist  Convention,  3  cents 

3  mills  per  day,  there  would  be  $47,875,515 
above  the  total  giving  of  last  year  for  advance 
work.  This  is  shown  by  the  lighter  section  of 
the  Baptist  column. 

If  the  Methodist  per  capita  standard  of  3  cents 

4  mills  per  day  were  reached  by  all  of  Pro- 
testantism the  margin  would  be  $56,413,539. 

If  the  Protestant  church  could  be  lifted  to  the 
standard  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  5  cents 
6  mills  per  day,  there  would  be  a  margin  of 
$259,122,758. 

If  the  Protestant  membership  could  be  lifted 
to  the  per  capita  standard  of  the  Seventh  Day 
Adventists,  11  cents  6  mills  per  day,  last  year's 
giving  would  be  maintained  with  a  margin  of 
$811,615,547  for  new  work.  This  church  ad- 
vocates and  its  members  practise  tithing. 

It  is  an  amazing  statement  that  the  tithe  of 
$1.37  per  day,  or  13  cents  7  mills  from  each 
member  of  the  Protestant  churches  of  our  coun- 
try, would  maintain  all  church  expenses  as 
per  last  year  and  provide  for  the  world's  need 
in  new  work  the  colossal  sum  of  one  billion 
dollars! 

The  full  tithe  from  each  member  as  a  minimum 
and  an  offering  according  to  our  ability  will 
hasten  the  day  of  world  redemption. 

If  the  next  great  revival  throughout  the  church 
could  be  in  the  deepening  of  the  consciousness 
of  personal  responsibility  to  God  and  the  sense 
of  obligation  deepened  concerning  the  world's 
need,  and  if  the  church  through  its  entire 
membership  were  awakened,  a  billion  dollars  per 
year  would  be  a  very  small  amount  of  money  to 
raise  and  the  church  would  be  established  upon 
a  more  permanent  basis. 


A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR 


191 


ONE  BILLION  DOLLARS 

PER   YEAR 

FOR   ADVANCE  WORK 

WITHIN    REACH   OF  PROTESTANTISM 


$1 ,000,000,000 


$800,000,000 


$600,000,000 


$400,000,000 


$200,000,000 


1918 

CONTRIBUTIONS 

OF  PROTESTANTISM 

FOR  ALL  CHURCH 

PURPOSES 
$249,778,535 


ALL  ABOVE  THIS  LINE 

REPRESENTS  POSSIBLE 

ADVANCE  WORK 


THE  CHURCH 

COST  EACH  MEMBER 

2  CENTS  7  MILLS 

PER  DAY 

FOR  ALL  PURPOSES 

LOCAL  &  BENEVOLENT 


Norttiern 

Baptist 

Conventkm 


Metliodist     Presbyterian 
Episcopal        U.  S.  A. 


Seventh      Protestantism's 

Day  Possibilities 

Adventist 


DAILY  PER  CAPITA    .033         .034        .056       .116         .137 
IF  PROTESTANTISM  COULD  BE  LIFTED  TO  A  STANDARD  OF  13  CENTS  7  MILLS  PER  MEMBER 
PER  DAY,  WE  COULD  MAINTAIN  LAST  YEAR'S  WORK  WITH  A  ONE  BILLION  DOLLAR  MARGIN 


192 


A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR 


A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR 


193 


The  Latent  Church 


THE  chart  on  the  opposite  page  is  intended  to 
show  a  condition  which  cannot  be  discovered 
from  the  printed  record  of  the  pastoral  charge. 

This  is  a  condition  which  can  only  be  brought 
to  light  by  the  study  of  the  local  church  treas- 
urer's record. 

From  a  study  of  the  chart  by  the  aid  of  the  key 
it  will  be  observed  that  a  very  small  number 
of  the  members  are  contributors;  and  that  a  still 
smaller  number  contribute  to  the  benevolent 
work  of  the  church,  each  contributing  family 
being  represented  by  but  one  member. 

This  condition  robs  the  local  church  of  its  right- 
ful place  in  a  community  and  makes  its  per 
capita  standing  abnormally  low. 

A  church  of  this  kind  carries  unpaid  bills,  fails 
adequately  to  support  its  pastor,  and  disre- 
gards its  benevolent  obligations. 

The  church  property  is  usually  in  bad  repair. 

The  membership  roll  is  carelessly  kept. 

The  Sunday  school  and  young  people's  societies 
are  below  standard. 

This  condition  and  more  can  be  accounted  for 
by  the  large  number  of  inactive  or  unrelated 
members. 


The  hope  of  the  church  at  the  home  base  lies 
in  the  utilizing  of  this  latent  membership. 

There  can  be  no  great  permanent  forward 
movement  in  all  the  church  until  all  the 
churches  come  to  realize  that  they  must  use 
their  entire  membership  in  the  work  of  the 
kingdom. 

This  chart  was  prepared  as  a  suggested  form 
for  the  use  of  pastors  or  church  workers  with 
the  hope  that  the  actual  record  of  charges  will 
be  made  on  paper  or  canvas  sufficiently  large 
to  be  seen  by  the  congregation,  and  used  for  the 
purpose  of  bringing  before  the  membership  the 
relation  of  each  member  to  the  financial  work 
of  the  church. 

When  the  condition  has  been  set  before  the 
people  they  must  be  given  a  program  to  follow; 
the  non-contributing  member  is  seldom  in- 
terested in  the  work  of  the  church. 

We  have  reached  a  time  in  the  movement  of 
the  church  when  each  pastor  must  feel  the 
responsibility  of  enlisting  the  last  man,  woman 
and  child  in  the  active  work  of  the  church,  for 
their  own  sakes,  for  the  strengthening  of  the 
local  church  and  for  the  advancing  of  the  king- 
dom at  large. 


UPON  an  examination  of  the  actual  records  of  individual  pastoral  charges, 
it  is  observed  that  in  many  cases  a  very  small  per  cent,  of  the  enrolled 
membership  is  actually  related  to  the  financial  program  as  applied  to  the 
conquest  of  the  world. 

There  is  no  more  important  work  before  the  church  than  that  of  relating  the 
entire  membership  to  the  whole  program  of  the  Christian  church. 

The  first  step  toward  this  end  is  that  the  membership  become  acquainted 
with  its  own  record. 

The  evangelization  of  the  world  would  not  be  very  far  distant  if  all  members 
of  Christian  churches  were  awake  to  a  full  sense  of  their  responsibility. 


\ 


AN  UNRELATED  MEMBERSHIP 


~^ 

^'^"' 

\ 

X 

, 

\ 

X 

\ 

X 

\ 

\ 

\ 

X 

\ 

X 

\ 

X 

\ 

X 

\ 

X 

' 

\ 

X 

\ 

X 

\ 

X 

X 

\ 

\ 

\ 

X 

\ 

X 

\ 

\ 

X 

\ 

X 

X 

\ 

X 

\ 

X 

\ 

X 

\ 

X 

\ 

X 

\ 

X 

\ 

X 

\ 

\ 

\ 

X 

\ 

X 

\ 

X 

\ 

\ 

\ 

X 

\ 

X 

\ 

X 

\ 

X 

\ 

X 

\ 

X 

\ 

/ 

X 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

X 

\ 

X 

\ 

X 

\ 

X 

\ 

X 

\ 

X 

\ 

X 

\ 

X 

\ 

^1 

_ 

__ 

n  =  One  Member  Group  of  Squares  =  A  Family 

\  =  Contribution  to  Local  Church 

/  =  Contribution  to  Benevolences 

X  =  Contribution  to  both  Local  Church  and  Benevolences 


194 


A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR 


The  Developed  Church 


THE  church  represented  by  the  chart  on  the 
opposite  page  is  the  same  church  as  ap- 
peared on  the  preceding  page,  with  572  members, 
but  with  this  vital  difference:  here  the  church 
is  represented  as  being  unanimous  in  its  sup- 
port of  church  activity  and  life. 

It  pays  its  ministers  a  living  compensation. 

The  property  is  kept  in  good  repair. 

Its  bills  are  all  paid  promptly. 

The  credit  of  the  minister  and  the  church  is 
A  No.  1. 

This  church  has  an  interest  in  world  redemption. 

It  furnishes  its  quota  of  yoimg  men  and  women 
for  the  ministry  and  missionary  work. 

The  minister  is  recognized  in  the  community 
as  a  leader  not  only  in  his  own  church  but  in  the 
town  where  the  church  is  located. 

The  church  also  is  a  factor  in  the  community 
life  and  its  influence  is  felt  around  the  world. 

The  chief  reason  for  all  this  is  the  fact  that  the 
entire  membership  is  organized  for  work  at 
home  and  abroad. 

Each  family  has  a  part. 

Each  member  in  each  family  is  financially 
related  to  the  church. 

Each  member  contributes  to  both  local  and 


benevolent  work;  hence  their,  interest  in  the 
same. 

"Where  your  treasure  is  there  will  your  heart  be 
also." 

An  accurate  membership  roll  is  kept. 

The  treasurer  really  and  truly  "keeps  books." 

There  is  a  wide  awake  Sunday  school  and  the 
young  people's  societies  are  attractive  and 
helpful. 

Baptisms  are  frequent  and  there  is  a  constant 
procession  into  church  membership.  Here  the 
stranger  feels  at  home  and  having  once  attended 
the  services  returns  again  and  again. 

These  charts  are  given  to  suggest  conditions 
which  exist  back  of  any  statistical  record  of  the 
church. 

A  minister  or  church  official  making  a  like  chart 
and  checking  the  same  carefully  and  accurately, 
after  consulting  the  treasurer's  books  and 
making  a  copy  large  enough  for  use  in  the  public 
congregation,  will  be  able  to  set  before  his  people 
information  such  as  will  prove  helpful  in  enlist- 
ing a  larger  percentage  of  the  members  in  the 
vital  work  of  the  church. 

The  full  execution  of  the  Interchurch  World 
Movement's  program  is  dependent  upon  the 
complete  organization  of  the  membership  of 
each  local  congregation. 


IF  THE  organization  of  the  entire  church  in  each  of  its  local 
congregations  were  perfected,  so  as  to  relate  each  family 
and  each  member  to  the  work  of  the  kingdom,  one  and  a 
quarter  billion  dollars  would  be  a  very  moderate  annual  offer- 
ing from  the  members  of  the  Protestant  Christian  churches 
of  the  United  States. 


A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR 


195 


A  RELATED  MEMBERSHIP 


X 

xx| 

X  X 

X 

X 

X  X 

XX 

X 

X 

X 

XXX 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

XX 

X 

X 

X 

XX  X  X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

XX 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X  xxl 

X 

X 

X 

X  X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X  X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X  X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 
X 
X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X  X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

IX 

X 

X  X 

X  X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

|X 

X 

X 

X 

iX 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

XX 

X 

X 

XX 

X 

X 

X 

X 

XX 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

xx| 

XX 

X 

IX 

XX 

X 

X 

X 

X 

XX 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

xl 

X 

X 

Xj 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

K 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

Xj 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X  X 

XX 

X  X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

x^ 

XX 

XX 

XX 

X 

X 

xlx 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

XX 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 
X 

X 

X 

X 

x^ 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

XX 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

x^ 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

V 

X  X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

XX 

X 

X 

X 

>^ 

XX 

X 

X 

X 

>r 

X 

X 

X 

X 

xlx 

X 

><_ 

X 

X 

X  X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X  X 

X 

X 

X 

>c 

X 

X 

xlx 

X 

X 

X 

□  =  One  Member 

X  =  Contribution  to  both  Local  Churcli  and  Benevolences 

Group  of  Squares  =  A  Family 


196 


A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR 


Methodist  Episcopal 

RECORD  OF  THE  WHOLE  CHURCH,  INCLUDING  FOREIGN  CONFERENCES 

1915-1918  OUR  BEST  QUADRENNIUM 


ClIHpWlIt*!  Wt 


BMfdel 


BotfdolHMM 


CMtfcn  ■ 
SSdioel 

dMVdl  . 

SSchool 


lAidSodalj. 


Pd«c 


1919 


1919 


BeMdolSoMkySdMb 


CttURB   • 

SSchoot 


iBUeSocMty... 
BoMtl«IT«iiV«wMkEte. 
G«Mnl  DwcoMM  Bewd. 

W 


f,Dvr¥mi. 


Total  W. 


SecMty. 
Etc.. 


1.068.092 


358.295 


873.911 


321.434 


1917 
940.875 


33M55 


756.654 


187.838 


301.511 
84.320 


96.204 


Total 
Total 


70388 


67.199 


28.685 


3.457.877 


299.891 


160.873 


252.923 


72.116 


9M35 


67.829 


4&956 


22.097 
3.045.104 


1919 


323.024 


675.893 


293.961 


191S 

-g?J7ST5 


307683 


636421 


282601 


145.685 


138501 


55.780 


82.220 


46.810 


33.983 


107559 


1.157.715 


825.007 
2.090.281 


3.849381 


249587.835 


20.41&110 


5548.158 


96.616 


1.045.791 


789.143 
1.931550 


3.844.155 


241.846366 


19.483.212 


4.976.654 


2.637.794 


85335 


15.470 


935.037 


62&975 


3.724.188 


231513.830 


18.644.264 


138.053 


116.962 


5Z617 


77.638 


44.258 


28.959 


-nSTTTS 


83563 


15.243 


822.728 


528.823 


1.450657 


3.620.470 


260546 


50.612 


237.490 


3&833 


49.785 


184549 


31.703 


18566 


26.130 


38.240 


28.685 
"555T5F 


23.696 


15243 
334.987 

296.184 


639.624 


22&911 


226.664.223 


18.111388 


4302.611 


3543395 


22.923512 


2306.722 


1504.763 


TWI 


>Mlfa<»l«. 


Presbyterian  Church  in  USA. 

1916 -1919 


BoM^ofHoMol 
BowdofI 


GoMnl  Beoird  of 

Boud  ol  PnykaMoa,  _^^ 
Md  SwdkyS^oolHfarfc 


Elc. 


BoudofOvck  EractiM 

BwrfoilfailinilBrfte 
and  SiMtoatatloB  . . 

Boorifarrtiifaw 

BoorfofT—ywiTo,Etc 

Total  ColKlioM  for 


Local  MtaoilMMusEiptaM 

Total  Coloctam  for  Local  Wvk. 


192  0 


19  19 


ggia^g-* 


2 074 670 


7St  4yg 


886140 


1  79  200 


2fto  a9a 


800  701 


884  382 


ft  paft  sa2 


.>!  no7  17& 


5848696 


19  18 


2  868  986 


8  181387 


699  346 


22301^ 


187  064 


aai  ao7 


ISgffCJ 


848666 


ft  gfiOHTQ 


81  688 108 


4  986  776 


Chvck 


SMoaoy  School  I 


,ffiM'i77Q 


86  667  878 


1  una  oaa     l 661 748 


19  17 


8194147 


8  066  818 


886408 


286  980 


1  74  688 


486186 


191169 


817176 


6  881  176 


81468  846 


19  16 


8  000  614 


4  7W  02g 


741  338 


808  168 


148  4^4 


811443 


188979 


191  326 


AJLLLOil 


8  886866 


84  708  810 


1  604046 


I  Ml«a>ri  IM» 


I  •'"oj^UiiKHt^ffgJi  M  4,W4§^ 


80101  888 


818810 


336648 


4^194 


63  977 


80  776 


21  080 


11  788 


oaoQg 


714  620 


8  896  986 


88  897  807 


1  660  009 


1  418  887 


996  883 


2  982  610 


a  948  46a 


48  084 


«»g«y' 


A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR 


197 


Methodist  episcopal 

RECORD  OF  THE  WHOLE  CHDRCH,  INCLUDING  FOREIGN  CONFERENCES 

1911-1914 


r...i>...w.irn..tn.i,.i 

19  15 

19  14 

1913 

19  12 

1911 

MCIKASCm- 

DECREASE 

.-                         1  rUmi^  . 

784  387 

789  877 

764  640 

7ti2  059 

21728 

Bo-doll'o.oi.ili-o-jj^jj^ 

318  968 

aoo  102 

308416 

307  398 

6  860 

Bond  elHoM  KiHiooM    (CWtk. 

«26  124 

636  071 

614188 

0  1  a  r,78 

12  646 

omI  CSmrdi  EstoMMW  1  S  Sebeol 

887  888 

282  613 

286131 

284  467 

2  876 

IViifaio'«AiaSocioty. 

186  486 

136  988 

125  189 

laoafi? 

6189 

NUkEMfHom 

67946 

49  708 

66361 

53  750 

4  186 

f  flarih  . 

50574 

68  864 

50  932 

68  101 

1  527 

Board  of  S«aoySdM>ob    js^sj.^ 

73  199 

64  403 

38167 

26  331 

46  868 

AMricaa  BUo  Sodoty 

44  069 

38  738 

34  704 

40075 

3  084 

BoaHofT««V«ueo,Elc 

86619 

19971 

26  619 

GoMral  DoaeoMM  Board 

— 

^ 

_ 

Total  AiHiDitinaid  ColodiaM. . . 

2  400  684 

S^  ^74  07^ 

8  888  686 

2  271  r>lo 

129  069 

WoiMM'*  SmMIm,  Be 
CU*oa'«DarF»d 

83  609 

87488 

80463 

77  02  S 

6  681 

CNfaroMO  CkkMato  (Okaoo)  . . . . 

•  1744^ 

24041 

J'M4L> 

;J1  '22 

14  074 

Womb'*  Forw^i  Umm ry  Socioty . 

818878 

785  848 

760668 

780  146 

98  727 

WoMi't  Homo  Miiiiiiiiry  Socioty  . 

54«8.'54 

888  886 

460133 

434  499 

112885 

Total  WoMd'oSodobot.  Etc  . . . 

l4fi(J  78  4 

1486  483 

1330686 

1 263 198 

203  889 

PdmiBiliw 

8  686  083 

3  406  470 

3  304681 

3  222 160 

313  863 

NotPkoporly 

221  696  8191818  982  740 

209880  484 

308  664  880 

18  931339 

Total  If    liilSMWwrt 

17  826  376 

17  338  836 

16  838179 

16  378  709 

1447  667 

3  867  468 

3  860  589 

3619911 

3934  81Q 

332  688 

i 

,THC  INCRCAOE   AND  DiCNEAOC  COLUMN   COMPARES    1911    AND   1914 


Red  figures  indicate  loss  over  the  previous  year 


Clearing  Up  the  Record 


THE  above  chart  sets  forth  in  color  (red 
figures  indicating  a  loss  over  the  previous 
year)  a  statistical  record  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church  for  the  quadrennium  ending 
in  1914,  before  any  systematic  plan  was  adopted 
to  clear  up  the  record,  charge  by  charge. 

The  element  of  uncertainty  shown  by  the  red 
figures,  or  downpulls,  is  evident  each  year. 
When  red  appears  in  total  figures,  it  indi- 
cates that  downpulls  in  the  smaller  units  are 
frequent. 

The  chart  at  the  top  of  the  opposite  page  shows 
the  record  clearing  up.  This  was  by  no  means 
an  accident.  The  increase  in  membership  is 
less  than  that  on  the  above  chart  while  the 
increase  in   total   collections   was   $1,272,105 


greater,  the  major  part  of  this  increase  having 
been  made  by  the  charges  which  cooperated  in 
the  system  set  forth  in  these  pages. 

The  record  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  should 
be  studied  in  its  relation  to  the  chart  shown  on 
page  31:  "Presbsrterian,  Baptist,  Methodist, 
Past  and  Future,''  where  the  marked  up  and 
down  movements  of  the  Presbjderian  benevo- 
lence record  may  be  observed.  We  are  endeavor- 
ing to  set  forth  the  principle  of  a  continued 
forward  movement  on  the  part  of  the  entire 
religious  body. 

The  smaller  units,  or  local  churches  must  study 
their  individual  records  and  clear  them  up 
before  we  can  hope  for  a  permanent  advance 
from  the  larger  group. 


198 


A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR 


Benevolence  Offerings  Per  Member 


DAILY  PARTICIPATION 

THE  record  of  the  Copper  Hill  Church 
printed  on  the  opposite  page  is  that  of  a 
small  church  having  but  51  members  with  very 
moderate  church  and  parsonage,  and  paying  a 
small  amount  for  ministerial  support. 

A  year  ago  the  church  paid  $39  for  disciplinary 
benevolent  collections  while  this  year  $260  was 
paid. 

Charts  of  similar  form  were  used  in  this  entire 
district  last  year. 

If  $260  seems  a  large  amount  for  benevolence 
offerings  it  should  not  be  overlooked  that  this 
is  but  1  cent  4  mills  per  member  per  day,  or  the 
tithe  of  an  income  of  14  cents;  and  that  a  tithe 
of  43  cents  per  day  would  pay  the  benevolences 
and  ministerial  support. 

GIVING  BY  THE  WEEK 

ECORD  charts  were  used  a  year  ago  by 
the  charges  of  the  Oneonta  District. 

The  per  capita  giving  of  the  Hartwick-Hyde 
Park  charge  while  showing  a  fine  advance  was 
not  large  enough  to  be  reckoned  by  the  day. 

Two  cents  5  mills  per  member  per  week  paid 
this  marked  increase. 

An  unusual  feature  of  this  record  is  a  loss  in  the 
amount  paid  to  one  of  the  woman's  missionary 
societies,  the  fall  being  from  $54  to  $31. 


R 


BY  THE   MONTH 

RECORD  charts  were  not  used  in  this 
church.  While  there  were  substantial 
increases  in  membership,  property  and  minis- 
terial support  there  was  but  one  dollar  increase 
for  benevolences. 

The  benevolence  return  of  this  charge  could  not 
be  stated  by  the  day  nor  by  the  week  in  Ameri- 
can coin,  the  members  having  averaged  but  1 
cent  1  mill  per  month,  or  the  tithe  of  an  income 
of  11  cents  in  30  days  of  time. 

The  seriousness  of  this  is  that  there  are  thou- 
sands upon  thousands  of  such  churches. 

ANNUAL   PAYMENTS 

OF  COURSE  this  charge  has  not  seen  its 
own  record.  Like  many  others  it  is  on 
the  down  grade.  Red  lights  are  flashing  all 
along  the  line. 

We  cannot  hope  for  a  strong  church  at  the  home 
base  when  records  like  this  impede  its  progress. 

In  this  charge  the  per  capita  offering  can  be 
expressed  only  by  the  year.  A  tithe  of  an  in- 
come of  69  cents  per  member  per  year  paid  the 
benevolence  offering. 

Had  the  ministerial  support  been  tithed  for  the 
regular  benevolent  work  of  the  church  the 
charge  would  have  paid  twelve  times  as  much 
as  the  amount  reported  without  a  single  mem- 
ber having  contributed. 


r 


A 


N  ANALYSIS  of  the  record  is  the  first  step  toward  a  forward 
movement. 

Charts  setting  forth  the  actual  records  of  congregations,  when  used  by  pas- 
tors or  other  church  officials,  have  never  failed  to  awaken  a  new  interest. 

It  is  seldom  that  a  membership,  when  face  to  face  with  its  record,  on  a 
daily  participation  basis  does  not  awaken  to  a  keener  sense  of  its  world 
obligations. 


A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR 


199 


LOCAL   CHURCH    RECORD 


VTEVr  YOP^^  ^fAFfT 
KgW  HAVEN 


COPPER    H  ILL 


BMniof 


BmHoIHom 
uUCWck 


Omvcd  . 
SSdMol 
UMifdi  . 
SScImmI 


I't  Aid  SecMtjr. 


(I 
BMid  ol  Soaday  Scboob    ] 


Qmxk 

SSchoel 

BM*  SocMir 

«( Twi|MrsiMN.Elc .... 

Boud 

•Total  Apportioaid  BoM'dt. 


I,*. 

w« 


MM'* 

•  IkyPMd 


TotelWc 


Socisly  > 
Etc.. 


Nl 

FMt  Piroporty 

Total  Hfc riilSapport 

.  Tolil  DiMapinanr 

Annual  Par  Capita 


1920 


1919 


1   0  8 


_i_a. 


I  0  g 


J^ 


_a. 


gco 


1918 


JL&. 


±JL 


JL. 


-2JL 


DAILY  PARTICIPATION 


TIm  taring  per  manber  far  die 
Centenary    and    ApportioBed    Boardj^ 


wa» 


1  funtf 


Ajolk  per&i. 


SL 


AJL 


g   O  0  0 


gag 


gfig 


g098 


.^JL 


goo 


&t4 


2^ 


The  ncreaang  needs  ef  the  wwld  caB  for 
tubrtantial  mcreaae*  in  offerings  and  die 

FORWARD    MOVEMEOT 
ALL  ALONG  TOE  LM^E 


LOCAL   CHURCH    RECORD 


CiMfManr*  wyQ^^^NQ 

Chares             M 

pij^rtct         ONEONTA 

ARTWICK-    HYDE    PARK 

Cwi^Mittv*  Bovd  itocord 

1920 

1919 

1918 

DAILY  PARTICIPATION 

^   .       (OmkIi. 

8  6 

1    ? 

Boaid  ol  For«0i>  MiMOM  j  j,  gj^ 

Board  of  Home  MiMioo.      *  Church  . 
•ad  OMfch  ExtoMion  K  School 

FrmifaiT-'-  Aid  Socioty. 

2  0 

1   0 

The  offering  per  member  for  die 

40 

la 

2  0 

9 

1   0 

8 

Pi*^  Edwalm    ■  r 

1   9 

•) 

^ 

A 

Bo.nl  .<S-d.TSchook    J5^5^ 
AMrieaa  BUo  Sociotr 

g 

g 

was              '^  cents              4  mSk   nfflwa^ 

7 

7 

Un* 

a 

•> 

Board  ol  T«aponMo,Etc 

a 

2 

or  the  tithe  of  an  ineomeof 

GMwd  DoacoMOt  BctiH     

1 

1 

'Total  ApportiaMd  Boards. 

21   4 

80 

_      -doBari      2  4centspfrWEE.K 

Wiwii'ttnliMii.Pc 

aMw'iDayPwid 

5 

g 

The  increasing  needs  of  die  world  call  for 

1 

WoMa't  Foraiga  Miiaiiiiiry  Seciaty . 
WoMB't  HoM  Mianiiry  Socioty 
Total  Wo«aa'«  SocktiM.  Etc  .. . 

— 

— 

r\     i 

g  4 

substantial  increases  in  offerings  and  the 

a  ii 

g9 

NIMMdbm. 

1   6  5 

1    7  4 

FORWARD    MOVEMENT 

C 

(\    RO  0 

0  go  0 

1  Total  tifcrmirii'  Siaport 

10  8  7 

9  4  1 

ALL  ALONG  TOE  LINE 

1  Total  DiKipKaary  BcbcvoImko* 

250 

1    ?  Q  R 

1  3  9 
A  R  9 

Annual  Per  Capita 

J 


200 


A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR 


LOCAL  CHURCH   RECORD 


,  OENTRAI.     LLLINOIB 
OMrfct PBORIA 


OLASFnftp 


19  19 


19  18 


n 


1917 


AB  Annual  Per  Capita 


A. 


1  a 


.5-8. 


^  9^0 


7  8  0 


X9. 


*AB 


Cmtmmrr,  War  fUccartnictiim  and  AypwIioDaJ  Bowdi. 


.1  s^  i? 


i 


DAILY  PARTICIPATION 


0 


0 


0 


1   :.' 


0 


0 


3JL 


A-LJLSL 


JLjtiL 


Ui. 


JL3_S. 


Tke  offcriof  pw  manibcr  for  db 
^^ntananr    and    Apportkned     Board* 


or  tli0  iMie  of  an 


Hm 


pcrJMik> 
of 

of  the  world  cal  for 
in  offoriogB  and  tfaa 

FORWARD    MOVEMEWT 
ALL  ALONG  THE  LINE 


LOCAL   CHURCH    RECORD 


CKNTRAL    nJilNOIB 


i  FTON  -    A  S  KU  M 


BoM«la< 


Ckmtk'. 
SSckoal 


PaUc 

A  (Cfaorck  . 

Bo.nl  o<Suad.rSd»ob    j  £^1^ 


r*  Aid  SocMtF- 


BUe  SocMty 

Boud  «(  TM^inir^Elc 

G«Mral  Dmcomm  BoMd 

*Totu  ApportioBMl  Boftnk* . 


W«MII'» 

■'•  Dmr  Pwd 

I    WoMM'tF 

WoMa't 

TfltelW. 
V 


Socialy. 
Etc 


p  N*t  Praparty 
TotiJ 


Ta*d  DiKapiBarr 


AB  Annual  Per  Caprta 


19  19 


1918 


0 


19  17 


Ji 


<) 


JI 


Ji 


1-L 


J^ 


JLi 


JfiLl 


1  ff  9 


1  7   Q  0  0 


i  a  a  7 


J-& 


'AB 


Centcoary,  War  Recoartractmi  and 


.»  6  V 


.S_« 


DAILY  PARTICIPATION 


The  offering  per  member  for  the 
^^^^nteoary    and    Apportiooed     Boank 


3. 


3JS. 


il 


AX 


6  7 


I   7  0 


17   0  0  0 


1    443 


1  4<^ 


gi  y 


wa« 


^ 


_ft 


or  the  tithe  of  an 


The 


needs  of  the  world  cU  for 
■I  off ering*  and  the 


FORWARD    MOVEMENT 
ALL  ALONG  THE  LINE 


A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR 


201 


STATISTICAL  DIFFICULTIES 


(A) 


fi 


(B) 

/ar 

3?  _ 
^^ 

S¥ff7 


(c) 

7'73 
3a  e 


II 


^ 


(D) 

S  00 
277 

s-ss 

7.0 1 
4fO0 
¥15- 


rid 

3   "^o^ 

/     2.<fc> 

3oo 
6>o  o 
Ul 
iS3 


Poor  Copy  for  Statistics 


THE  frequency  of  errors  in  statistical  reports 
has  rendered  many  publications  practically 
worthless. 

Inaccurate  additions  and  failure  to  transfer 
correct  figures  for  the  recapitulation  page  have 
lead  to  endless  confusion  in  efforts  to  interpret 
statistical  records. 

Correct  statistical  publications  cannot  be  se- 
cured in  printed  form  if  copy  has  been  carelessly 
prepared. 

Columns  A  and  B  are  photographic  reproduc- 
tions of  official  reports  which  were  duly  audited 
and  passed  by  conference  treasurers  and 
statisticians  for  final  publication  in  the  official 
church  journals. 

In  Column  A,  it  is  impossible  to  know  what  the 
total  should  be.    Figures  were  erased,  cancelled, 


one  figure  marked  over  another,  rendering  a 
correct  total  impossible. 

Column  B  is  a  reproduction  of  a  part  of  a  long 
column  of  figures.  The  original  addition  was 
102,204.  This  figure  was  sent  to  the  editor  for 
publication,  but  when  correctly  added  the  total 
was  found  to  be  54,997. 

If  the  reader  will  attempt  to  add  column  C, 
although  the  figures  themselves  are  perfectly 
legible,  he  will  become  mentally  distracted  in 
efforts  to  prove  the  correctness  of  his  addition. 
It  would  always  be  a  saving  of  time  to  rewrite 
the  figures  in  perfect  alignment  before  attempt- 
ing an  addition.    See  column  D. 

The  adding  machine  might  solve  the  difficulty 
in  column  B,  but  there  is  no  machine  which 
could  aid  in  bringing  up  a  correct  total  of 
column  A. 


202 


A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR 


Common  Types  of  Statistical  Errors 


THE  chart  of  statistical  errors  is  from 
an  actual  printed  page  of  church  statis- 
tics for  the  year  1919  and  is  used  to  illustrate 
difficulties  faced  in  efforts  to  present  accurate 
information  concerning  the  work  of  the  church. 

But  why  give  space  to  a  subject  of  this  kind  in  a 
statistical  publication?  It  is  done  in  order  to 
call  attention  to  some  items  which  may  serve 
to  illustrate  conditions  which  must  be  corrected 
before  we  can  have  accurate  statistical  tables. 

When  errors  occur  we  usually  blame  the  printer. 
But  how  can  the  printer  set  up  in  type  the 
correct  figures  when  the  copy  itself  is  unintel- 
ligible. When  figures  are  carelessly  made,  how 
is  he  to  tell  a  3  from  a  5  or  a  2  from  a  7;  or  when 
a  figure  is  marked  over  without  erasing  the  old 
one  how  is  he  to  know  which  to  use?  A  cause 
of  incorrect  totals  frequently  lies  in  the  fact 
that  the  columns  were  not  correctly  added,  and 
most  of  the  blunders  in  addition  are  due  first, 
to  poor  figures;  and  second,  to  figures  being  out 
of  line,  that  is,  the  unit  figures  are  not  all  in  the 
unit  column.  There  may  be  a  number  of  errors 
on  a  given  page  and  the  total  figures  be  correct. 
When  one  mistake  is  made  to  balance  others  the 
total  is  imaffected. 

"But  are  not  statistical  records  checked  or 
proof-read?"  By  no  means;  and  furthermore 
there  are  few  if  any  persons  who  can  read  back 
from  poor  copy.  Proof-reading  figures  from 
good  copy  is  in  itself  an  art. 


When  totals  of  conference,  synod  or  state  con- 
vention records  are  to  be  carried  over  to  a 
recapitulation  page  we  find  very  serious  trouble 
when  these  totals  are  incorrectly  transferred. 
They  are  not  infrequently  entered  in  the  wrong 
column  and  are  often  transposed.  The  subject 
of  the  transposition  of  figures  is  largely  due  to 
defective  attention  and  is  serious.  No  one  who 
transposes  figures  is  competent  to  read  proof  or 
to  check  statistical  records. 

But  the  printer  is  not  guiltless.  He  slips  in  an 
extra  cipher  and  5,000  becomes  50,000.  He 
omits  a  figure  and  441  becomes  41 ;  and  of  course 
the  columns  will  not  equal  the  original  total. 
Thus  an  injustice  is  done  the  local  record. 

As  a  practical,  up-to-date  illustration,  in  a 
well-known  and  prominent  publication  dated 
December  4,  1919,  the  figures  34,  which  were 
type-set  from  a  correct  photographed  copy, 
were  printed  334,  and  thus  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church  is  by  a  printer's  blunder 
charged  with  having  increased  its  weekly  per 
capita  payment  to  the  support  of  the  ministry 
but  one  cent  in  334  years! 

We  have  always  found  it  necessary  to  re-add 
and  re-check  all  columns  of  figures  and  when 
possible  to  consult  original  sources. 

A  little  extra  care  by  pastors  in  making  up 
their  reports,  and  greater  watchfulness  on  the 
part  of  printers  in  proof-reading  would  insure 
greater  accuracy  in  publications. 


II 


A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR 


203 


r 


A  PAGE  OF  STATISTICAL  ERRORS 


I 


204 


A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR 


EVERYTHING  EXCEPT  THE  KINGDOM 

BY  THE  DAY 

10  cents  per  day  for  carfare 
5  cents  per  day  for  ^phone  call 
2.7  cents  per  day  for  the  Church 

BY  THE  WEEK 

$1.50  per  week  for  room  rent 
AO  cents  per  week  for  ice  cream  and  candy 
•20  cents  per  week  for  moving  pictures 
•18.9  cents  per  week  for  the  Church 

BY  THE  MONTH 

$8.00  per  month  for  clothing 
$3.00  per  month  for  tobacco 
$1.00  per  month  for  the  theatre 
.81  cents  per  month  for  the  Church 

BY  THE  YEAR 

Our  annual  expenditures  for  the  essentials,  or  even  the  non- 
essentials of  life,  are  so  greatly  out  of  proportion  to  our  total 
giving  for  all  church  purposes,  that  the  space  on  this  page 
will  not  permit  of  a  graph  without  destroying  the  scale  of 

the  above  charts. 


A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR 


205 


For  the  Quiet  Hour 


GOD'S  OWNERSHIP 

In  the  beginning  God  created  the  heavens  and  the  earth. — 
Geneeis  1:1. 

God  created  man  in  his  own  image. — Genesis  1 :27. 

Whatsoever  is  under  the  whole  heaven  is  mine. — Job  41 :11. 

For  every  beast  of  the  forest  is  mine,  And  the  cattle  upon 

a  thousand  hills If  I  were  hungry,  I  would  not  tell 

thee;  For  the  world  is  mine,  and  the  fulness  thereof. — 
Psalms  60:10,  12. 

Behold,  unto  Jehovah  thy  God  belongeth  heaven  and  the 
heaven  of  heavens,  the  earth,  with  all  that  is  therein .... 
For  Jehovah  your  God,  he  is  God  of  gods,  and  Lord  of 
lords,  the  great  God,  the  mighty,  and  the  terrible,  who 
regardeth  not  persons,  nor  taketh  reward.  He  doth  exe- 
cute justice  for  the  fatherless  and  widow,  and  loveth  the 
sojourner,  in  giving  him  food  and  raiment. — Deuteronomy 
10:14, 17, 18. 

MAN'S  WEALTH? 

And  lest  thou  say  in  thine  heart.  My  power  and  the  might 
of  mine  hand  hath  gotten  me  this  wealth.  But  thou  shalt 
remember  Jehovah  thy  God,  for  it  is  he  that  giveth  thee 
power  to  get  wealth;  that  he  may  establish  his  covenant 
which  he  sware  unto  thy  fathers,  as  at  this  day.  And  it 
shall  be,  if  thou  shalt  forget  Jehovah  thy  God,  and  walk 
after  other  gods,  and  serve  them,  and  worship  them,  I 
testify  against  you  this  day  that  ye  shall  surely  perish. 
—Deuteronomy  8:17-19. 

If  I  have  made  gold  my  hope,  And  have  said  to  the  fine 
gold,  Thou  art  my  confidence;  If  I  have  rejoiced  because 
my  wealth  was  great.  And  because  my  hand  had  gotten 

much This  also  were  an  iniquity. — Job  31 :24,  25, 28. 

Come  now,  ye  that  say.  To-day  or  to-morrow  we  will  go  into 
this  city,  and  spend  a  year  there,  and  trade,  and  get  gain: 
whereas  ye  know  not  what  shall  be  on  the  morrow.  What 
is  your  life?  For  ye  are  a  vapor  that  appeareth  for  a  little 
time,  and  then  vanisheth  away.  For  that  ye  ought  to 
say.  If  the  Lord  will,  we  shall  both  live,  and  do  this  or 
that. — James  4:13-15. 

Wilt  thou  set  thine  eyes  upon  that  which  is  not?  For  riches 
certainly  make  themselves  wings.  Like  an  eagle  that  flieth 
toward  heaven. — Proverbs  23:5. 

SEPARATED  PORTIONS 

And  Jacob  vowed  a  vow,  saying,  if  God  will  be  with 
me,  and  will  keep  me  in  this  way  that  I  go,  and  will 
give  me  bread  to  eat,  and  raiment  to  put  on,  so  that  I 
come  again  to  my  father's  house  in  peace,  and  Jehovah 
will  be  my  God,  then  this  stone,  which  I  have  set  up 
for  a  pillar,  shall  be  God's  house:  and  of  all  that  thou 
shalt  give  me  I  will  surely  give  the  tenth  unto  thee. — 
Genesis  28:20-22. 

And  all  the  tithe  of  the  land,  whether  of  the  seed  of  the 
land,  or  of  the  fruit  of  the  tree,  is  Jehovah's:  it  is  holy  unto 
Jehovah.— Leviticus  27:30. 


And  as  soon  as  the  commandment  came  abroad,  the  chil- 
dren of  Israel  gave  in  abundance  the  first-fruits  of  grain, 
new  wine,  and  oil,  and  honey,  and  of  all  the  increase  of  the 
field;  and  the  tithe  of  all  things  brought  they  in  abundantly 

they  also  brought  in  the  tithe  of  oxen  and  sheep,  and 

the  tithe  of  dedicated  things  which  were  consecrated  unto 
Jehovah  their  God,  and  laid  them  by  heaps. . .  .Since  the 
people  b^an  to  bring  the  oblations  into  the  house  of 
Jehovah,  we  have  eaten  and  had  enough,  and  have  left 
plenty:  for  Jehovah  hath  blessed  his  people;  and  that 
which  is  left  is  this  g»eat  store. — 2  Chronicles  31 :5,  6, 10. 
To  whom  also  Abraham  divided  a  tenth  part  of  all. — 
Hebrews  7:2. 

Then  this  stone,  which  I  have  set  up  for  a  pillar,  shall  be 
God's  house:  and  of  all  that  thou  shalt  give  me  I  will  surely 
give  the  tenth  unto  thee. — Genesis  28:22. 

Thou  shalt  surely  tithe  all  the  increase  of  thy  seed,  that 
which  cometh  forth  from  the  field  year  by  year. — Deu- 
teronomy 14:22. 

RICHES 

If  riches  increase,  set  not  your  heart  thereon. — Psalms 
62:10. 

Better  is  a  little,  with  righteousness.  Than  great  revenues 
with  injustice ....  How  much  better  is  it  to  get  wisdom 
than  gold!  Yea,  to  get  understanding  is  rather  to  be 
chosen  than  silver. — ^Proverbs  16:8,  16. 

Charge  them  that  are  rich  in  this  present  world,  that  they 
be  not  highminded,  nor  have  their  hope  set  on  the  uncer- 
tainty of  riches,  but  on  God,  who  giveth  us  richly  all 
things  to  enjoy. — 1  Timothy  6:17. 

A  good  name  is  rather  to  be  chosen  than  great  riches.  And 
loving  favor  rather  than  silver  and  gold. — Proverbs  22:1. 
He  that  loveth  silver  shall  not  be  satisfied  with  silver;  nor 

he  that  loveth  abundance,  with  increase: and  what 

advantage  is  there  to  the  owner  thereof,  saye  the  beholding 

of  them  with  his  eyes? There  is  a  grievous  evil  which  I 

•  have  seen  under  the  sun,  namely,  riches  kept  by  the  owner 
thereof  to  his  hurt. — Ecclesiastes  5:10,  11,  13. 
There  is  that  scattereth.and  increaseth  yet  more;  And  there 
is  that  withholdeth  more  than  is  meet,  but  it  tendeth  only 

to  want.    The  liberal  soul  shall  be  made  fat Proverbs 

11:24,26. 

There  is  that  maketh  himself  rich,  yet  hath  nothing:  There 
is  that  maketh  himself  poor,  yet  hath  great  wealth. — 
Proverbs  13:7. 

But  they  that  are  minded  to  be  rich  fall  into  a  temptation 
and  a  snare  and  many  foolish  and  hurtful  lusts,  such 
as  drown  men  in  destruction  and  perdition.  For  the  love 
of  money  is  a  root  of  all  kinds  of  evil;  which  some  reaching 
after  have  been  led  astray  from  the  faith,  and  have 
pierced  themselves  through  with  many  sorrows.  But 
thou,  O  man  of  God,  flee  these  things;  and  follow  after 
righteousness,  godliness,  faith,  love,  patience,  meekness. 
—1  Timothy  6:9-11 


206   . 


A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR 


For  the  Quiet  Hour  (Continued) 


WARNING 


For  what  shall  a  man  be  profited,  if  he  shall  gain  the  whole 
world,  and  forfeit  his  life?  or  what  shall  a  man  give  in 
exchange  for  his  life? — Matthew  16:26. 

Neither  their  silver  nor  their  gold  shall  be  able  to  deliver 
them  in  the  day  of  Jehovah's  wrath. — Zephaniah  1:18. 

Lo,  this  is  the  man  that  made  not  God  his  strength,  but 
triisted  in  the  abundance  of  his  riches,  and  strengthened 
himself  in  his  wickedness. — Psalms  52:7. 

Riches  profit  not  in  the  day  of  wrath;  but  righteousness 
delivereth  from  death.  The  righteousness  of  the  perfect 
shall  direct  his  way;  but  the  wicked  shall  fall  by  his  own 
wickedness. — Proverbs  11:4-5. 

Woe  unto  you,  scribes  and  Pharisees,  hypocrites!  for  ye 
tithe  mint  and  anise  and  cummin,  and  have  left  undone 
the  weightier  matters  of  the  law,  justice,  and  mercy,  and 
faith;  but  these  ye  ought  to  have  done,  and  not  to  have 
left  the  other  undone. — Matthew  23:23. 

How  hard  is  it  for  them  that  trust  in  riches  to  enter  into 
the  kingdom  of  God!— Mark  10:24. 

OBLIGATION 

Every  man  shall  give  as  he  is  able,  according  to  the 
blessing  of  Jehovah  thy  God  which  he  hath  given  thee.  — 
Deut.  16:17. 

But  whoso  hath  this  world's  goods,  and  beholdeth  his 
brother  in  need,  and  shutteth  up  his  compassion  from  him, 
how  doth  the  love  of  God  abide  in  him? — 1  John  3:17. 

In  all  things  I  give  you  an  example,  that  so  laboring  ye 
ought  to  help  the  weak,  and  to  remember  the  words  of  the 
Lord  Jesus,  that  he  himself  said,  it  is  more  blessed  to 
give  than  to  receive. — Acts  20:35. 

PROMISE 

Honor  Jehovah  with  thy  substance,  And  with  the  first 
fruits  of  all  thine  increase:  So  shall  thy  bams  be  filled 
with  plenty.— Proverbs  3:9-10. 

Return  unto  me,  and  I  will  return  unto  you,  saith  Jehovah 
of  hosts.  But  ye  say.  Wherein  shall  we  return?  Will  a  man 
rob  God?  yet  ye  rob  me.  But  ye  say.  Wherein  have  we 
robbed  thee?  In  tithes  and  oflferings.  Ye  are  cursed  with 
the  curse;  for  ye  rob  me,  even  this  whole  nation.  Bring  ye 
the  whole  tithe  into  the  store-house,  that  there  may  be 
food  in  my  house,  and  prove  me  now  herewith,  saith 
Jehovah  of  hosts,  if  I  will  not  open  you  the  windows  of 
heaven,  and  pour  you  out  a  blessing,  that  there  shall  not 
be  room  enough  to  receive  it. — Malachi  3:7-10. 

But  seek  ye  first  his  kingdom,  and  his  righteousness;  and 
all  these  things  shall  be  added  unto  you.— Matthew  6:33. 

Jesus  said  unto  him,  If  thou  wouldest  be  perfect,  go,  sell 
that  which  thou  hast,  and  give  to  the  poor,  and  thou  shalt 
have  treasure  in  heaven:  and  come,  follow  me.— Matthew 
19:21. 


OFFERINGS 

Let  each  man  do  according  as  he  hath  purposed  in  his 
heart:  not  grudgingly,  or  of  necessity:  for  God  loveth  a 
cheerful  giver. — 2  Corinthians  9:7. 

Upon  the  first  day  of  the  week  let  each  one  of  you  lay  by 
him  in  store,  as  he  may  prosper.— 1  Corinthians  16:2. 

For  if  the  readiness  is  there,  it  is  acceptable  according  as 
a  man  hath,  not  according  as  he  hath  not.  —  2  Corinthians 
8:12. 

And  Zacchaeus  stood,  and  said  unto  the  Lord,  Behold, 
Lord,  the  half  of  my  goods  I  give  to  the  poor.— Luke 
19:8. 

For  they  all  did  cast  in  of  their  superfluity;  but  she  of  her 
want  did  cast  in  all  that  she  had,  even  all  her  living. — 
Mark  12:44. 


WORSHIP 

Thine,  O  Jehovah,  is  the  greatness,  and  the  power, 
and  the  glory,  and  the  victory,  and  the  majesty:  for  all 
that  is  in  the  heavens  and  in  the  earth  is  thine;  thine 
is  the  kingdom,  O  Jehovah,  and  thou  are  exalted  as  head 
above  all.  Both  riches  and  honor  come  of  thee,  and 
thou  rulest  over  all;  and  in  thy  hand  is  power  and 
might;  and  in  thy  hand  it  is  to  make  great,  and  to  give 
strength  unto  all.  Now  therefore,  our  God,  we  thank 
thee,  and  praise  thy  glorious  name.  But  who  am  I,  and 
what  is  my  people,  that  we  should  be  able  to  offer  so 
willingly  after  this  sort?  For  all  things  come  of  thee, 
and  of  thine  own  have  we  given  thee. — 1  Chronicles  29: 
11-12-13-14. 

And  ye  are  not  your  own;  for  ye  were  bought  with  a  price, 
glorify  God  therefore  in  your  body.— 1  Corinthians  6: 
19,  20. 

What  shall  I  render  unto  Jehovah  For  all  his  benefits 
toward  me?  I  will  take  the  cup  of  salvation.  And  call  upon 
the  name  of  Jehovah.  I  will  pay  my  vows  unto  Jehovah: 
Yea,  in  the  presence  of  all  his  people. — Psalms  116:12-14. 

Ascribe  unto  Jehovah  the  glory  due  unto  his  name:  Bring 
an  offering,  and  come  before  him;  Worship  Jehovah  in 
holy  array. — 1  Chronicles  16:29. 

The  God  that  made  the  world  and  all  things  therein,  he, 
being  Lord  of  heaven  and  earth,  dwelleth  not  in  temples 
made  with  hands;  neither  is  he  served  by  men's  hands, 
as  though  he  needed  anything,  seeing  he  himself  giveth  to 
all  life,  and  breath,  and  all  things;  and  he  made  of  one 
every  nation  of  men  to  dwell  on  all  the  face  of  the  earth, 
having  determined  their  appointed  seasons,  and  the 
bounds  of  their  habitation;  that  they  should  seek  God,  if 
haply  they  might  feel  after  him  and  find  him,  though  he  is 
not  far  from  each  one  of  us:  for  in  him  we  live  and  move 
and  have  our  being.— Acts  17:24-28. 


A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR 


207 


The  Valley  of  Dry  Bones 


CAN  statistics  be  made  to  live?  Can 
records  be  pictured?  What  could  be 
duller,  drier  or  more  uninteresting  than  a 
statistical  lantern-slide  lecture?  But  statistics 
when  accurately  compiled  are  records  of  fact; 
of  life's  achievements,  its  victories  or  its  failures. 
They  uncover  the  covetousness  and  reveal  the 
liberality  of  men.  They  are  the  inexorable, 
unescapable  records.  They  reflect  actual  con- 
ditions like  a  mirror.  . 

Dry  as  figures  are  in  statistical  columns,  the 
moment  they  are  made  to  apply  to  the  individ- 
ual they  take  on  bone  and  sinew,  flesh  and 
blood.  They  reveal  tragedies  of  failure  and 
epics  of  glorious  achievement.  The  camouflage 
of  statistics  is  the  covering  up  or  counter- 
balancing of  the  individual  items  which  make 
up  the  total.  The  miser  may  hide  behind 
the  total  and  the  liberal  man  may  be  lost  from 
view  when  the  giving  of  the  congregation  to 
which  he  belongs  is  reduced  to  an  average. 

Nothing  is  farther  from  the  truth  than  the  idea 
that  statistics  are  dry.    But  one  must  get  close 


to  them  in  order  to  understand  them;  must  live 
intimately  with  them  so  as  to  be  able  to  inter- 
pret their  meaning. 

They  will  often  reveal  facts  which  will  hold  the 
attention  as  closely  as  a  fascinating  novel  and 
will  cover  an  equally  wide  range  of  human 
emotion,  sacrifice  and  indulgence,  loyalty  and 
treachery. 

Further,  if  this  intimate  relationship  is  con- 
tinued, it  will  be  discovered  that  these  charac- 
teristics of  statistics  can  be  expressed  in  inter- 
esting diagrams,  graphs  and  pictures  and  made 
into  lantern  slides  to  be  projected  on  the  screen, 
so  that  the  eye  can  help  the  ear  of  the  listener 
as  the  speaker  explains  and  interprets  the 
startling  facts  of  character  and  achievement 
revealed  by  statistical  records. 

There  are  introduced  here  ten  sample  pages 
taken  from  the  midst  of  a  stereopticon  lecture 
dealing  with  statistical  records  regarding  wealth, 
money,  income,  church  support  and  benevo- 
lences. 


400  B.C 


RETURN  UNTO  ME 


LACiTS 


AND  LEVr  ES  WtRE  NOT 
TEMPLE  SERVI  :E  WAp  NE&LEtTED 
TITRgS  AND  OFFERINGS 
THE  PSQPLE  MAD 


lORGCfTEN 


INSMODEFN 


ISTRY 
ORK  IS  r|EGL 

D 
P>LE  UVE 


OFFE  tING* 


OR 


^RE  wr 

Got), 


PUPPORl 

:ted. 

HHELX3. 


Tirs/E£f 


$    UNDER  PAID. 
CTED.  I 
ARE  WITH  HE  .D 
HEMSE^VES 


I9I9AD.*'REPENT''      1920  "GO  YE 


ff 


208 


I 


A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR 


WHAT  IF 


Some  of  the  Members  of  the  Protestant  Church 
of  the  U.S. Tithed  their  Incomes? 

If  2%  of  them  lilhed  incomes  of  ♦^OOQ]  it  would  pay  in 

or-    4%  .     .      .         .        .  2500     ^""theTotalChurch 

_  5%  :    .     .       .      :  2floo    ^s^f'!?'^"^ 

IfMv  lAAA     Benevolent  of 

-  -   1^^  -     .       .         -        .  1.000  j    1918. 

What  ifall  should  Tithe? 


CHARTS  to  accomplish  the  largest  results  are  of  two  classes:  those  deal- 
ing with  past  records,  of  value  educationally  in  showing  actual  conditions, 
and  those  which  are  based  upon  certain  possibilities. 

In  setting  forth  the  statements  of  the  above  chart,  it  was  not  the  intention 
of  even  suggesting  that  there  are  no  members  of  the  Protestant  churches 
who  tithe,  but  what  various  groups  of  tithing  members  could  accomplish. 

The  chart  does  not  state  that  2  per  cent,  of  our  membership  have  incomes  of 
$5,000,  or  that  4  per  cent,  have  incomes  of  $2,500,  etc.  The  probability  is 
that  a  very  much  larger  per  cent,  have  these  incomes. 

If  all  professing  Christians  were  to  recognize  the  sovereignty  of  God;  that 
he  is  the  rightful  owner  of  all  things;  and  would  acknowledge  their  steward- 
ship by  setting  apart  the  tithe,  the  work  as  undertaken  by  the  Interchurch 
World  Movement  would  be  but  a  small  part  of  what  could  be  accomplished 
in  meeting  world  needs. 


A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR 


209 


ONE  IN  TWENTY-THREE 

If  one  out  of  each  23  members  of  the  Protestant 
ciurches  of  the  U.  S.  has  an  income  equal  to  the 
average  wage  if  the  bricklayer,  $6.25  per  day, 

AND  TITHES  IT 

THE  TITHE  WOULD  PAY  THE  TOTAL  LOCAL 
AND  BENEVOLENT  CHURCH  BUDGET  AS  PER 

1918 


. 


210 


If 


. 


A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR 


ONE  IN  ELEVEN 

If  one  out  of  11  neibers  has  an  income  equal  to 
the  average  wage  of  the  hod  carrier,  $3.27  per  day, 

AND  TITHES  IT 

THE  TITHE  WOULD  PAY 

THE  TOTAL  CHURCH  BUDGET  AS  PER  1918 

WITH  A  MARGIN  OF  $21,897,196 


A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR 


211 


ONE  IN  EIGHT 

If  one  out  of  8  nembers  has  an  income  equal  to  the 
average  wage  of  the  teamster,  $2.20  per  day, 

AND  TITHES  IT 

THE  TITHE  WOULD  PAY  THE  TOTAL  CHURCH 
BUDGET  AS  PER  1918 


212 


A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR 


= 


ONE  IN  FIVE 

If  one  out  of  5  nemliers  has  an  income  equal  to 
the  average  wage  of  the  waitress,  $1.42  pv  day, 

AND  TITHES  IT 

THE  TITHE  WOULD  PAY  THE  TOTAL  CHURCH 
BUD6ET  AS  PER  1918  WITH  A  MARGIN  OF 

$9,767,342 


A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR 


213 


ONE  IN  TWO 

If  ene-haif  the  reflstered  members  of  the 
Protestant  Christian  churches  gave  an  amount 
equal  to  the  tithe  of  the  wage  of  the  Alabama 
waitress,  all  church  expenses  as  per  1918 
would  be  paid  in  full  with  a  margin  of 

$10,681,278 


214 


A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR 


[ 


mrefvcfi  mm  U»af>anr  y  «re»  Antncs 


so  353 


Winnowing  Grain 

T>RIMITIVE  methods  are  still  practised  in  the  Far  East.  They  thresh 
-L  their  grain  and  plow  their  fields  in  Palestine  today  just  as  they  did  in  the 
days  of  our  Lord.  It  is  easy  to  see  that  their  methods  are  laborious  and  the 
consequent  results  very  meagre.  Millions  of  people  are  living  in  abject 
poverty  in  India.  Multitudes  have  never  known  during  a  single  day  of  their 
lives  what  it  is  to  have  enough  to  eat. 

Here  the  grain  is  beaten  out  with  hand  flails  or  with  stone  rollers  drawn  by 
oxen.  As  seen  in  the  picture  the  grain  is  tossed  into  the  air  on  windy  days 
or  poured  out  from  elevated  platforms  or  stools.  The  chaff  is  blown  away 
by  the  wind  while  the  grain  falls  to  the  ground  to  be  gathered  up  by  the 
toiler. 


A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR 


215 


Poverty*s  Offering 

OUT  of  their  poverty  they  set  apart  the  tithe.     These  offerings  frequently 
represent  more  than  the  tithe  and  are  to  be  classed  with  the  widow's 
mite,  for  she  gave  her  whole  living. 

In  the  home  of  the  Christian  family  in  India,  so  poor  that  it  has  no  money  to 
give,  stands  the  "vessel  of  blessing,"  usually  an  unglazed  earthen  jar. 

At  each  meal  time  the  wife  and  mother  puts  into  this  jar  a  handful  of  grain 
taken  out  of  the  very  living  of  the  family. 

On  the  day  of  the  church  meeting  this  grain  is  carried  to  the  meeting-place 
in  the  man's  body  belt  and  is  poured  out  on  the  collection  cloth. 

The  picture  shows  the  native  Christian  pouring  out  his  offering  of  grain 
which  falls  upon  the  cloth  spread  upon  the  floor,  to  be  presented  to  the  church 
as  his  offering. 


216 


A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR 


UNITED  STATES'  GRAIN  CROP 

1918 


-Ml/,;-!"- 


BUSHELS' 


■t.  ,;,• 


VALUE  AT  FARM 


nmnuifi  mm  imtmuiKf  mnn  4mra 


•-Hw         I 


The  Modem  Thresher 

TN  OPEN  contrast  with  the  Far  East  is  this  modem  thresher.  What  could 
-L  not  the  man  who  owns  the  field  or  the  thresher  do  if  he  had  the  "loving 
loyalty"  of  the  Indian  Christian  in  the  preceding  picture. 

America  is  rich  beyond  imagination  in  all  that  constitutes  national  wealth. 
We  are  rich  in  houses  and  land;  in  gold  and  silver;  in  iron  and  coal;  in  cot- 
ton and  wool  and  grain.  The  best  of  modem  facilities  are  at  our  command. 
The  United  States  grain  crop  for  1918,  com,  wheat,  oats,  bariey,  rye,  buck- 
wheat and  rice,  amounted  to  5,441,357,000  bushels,  valued  on  the  fami  at 
$6,971,634,000. 

Compare  this  method  of  threshing  with  the  Indian  method.  Not  with  flail 
nor  with  stone  rollers  drawn  by  slow  moving  oxen,  but  by  thousands  of  steel- 
spiked  cylinders,  18  to  40  inches  in  diameter,  and  36  to  66  inches  long;  driven 
by  power  plants  of  6  to  25  horse  power  and  with  a  capacity  of  60  to  200 
bushels  an  hour. 


A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR 


217 


I 


PRO  RATA  SHARE 

.    OFTHE 

PROTESTANT  CHURCHES 

IN   THE 

GRAIN  CROP  OF  1918 


BUSHELS 
1.360,339.000 

VAtUE  AT  FARM 
$1,742,908,000 


THE  TITHE 
OF  OUR 
SHARE 


BUSHELS    .  136.033,900 

VALUE  AT  FARM    $174,290,800 


The  Grain  Tithe 

ON  THE  supposition  that  the  Protestant  churches  of  the  United  States 
had  their  pro  rata  share  of  the  nation's  grain  crop  and  that  they  should 
tithe  it,  the  tithe  of  this  grain  alone  would  equal  70  per  cent,  of  the  total 
expenses,  local  and  benevolent,  of  the  givings  of  Protestant  Christianity  for 
the  year  1918. 

God  is  the  owner  of  all  things.  It  is  he  who  sends  the  rain  and  the  sun. 
When  we  make  offerings  unto  him  of  money  and  service,  he  will  not  fail  in 
the  fulfillment  of  his  promise. 

When  Christian  people  come  to  set  apart  tithes  and  offerings  of  the  product 
of  the  fields,  forests  and  mines;  when  the  profits  of  factories,  shops,  banks 
and  stores,  and  when  wages  and  salaries  are  all,  according  to  our  prosperity, 
brought  into  the  storehouse,  then  the  promised  blessing  such  as  there  will 
not  be  room  enough  to  contain,  will  be  poured  out  upon  the  church  at  home, 
and  a  new  thrill  of  life  will  be  sent  round  the  world. 


A  Soldier^s  Estimate 

of  the 

Interchurch 
World  Movement 

A  SERGEANT  in  the  150th  Field 
Artillery  of  the  famous  Rainbow 
Division,  who  spent  twenty-two  months 
in  France  and  was  in  all  the  big  drives 
where  Americans  took  part,  writes  from 
Denver  University  to  his  father  in  New 
York: 

**Truly,  the  churches  of  the  world  are 
awakening  to  their  great  oppor- 
tunity. 

"This  Interchurch  Movement  is  the 
biggest  thing  in  the  world  today. 

"In  the  church  and  in  a  broad  Chris- 
tianity lies  the  solution  of  the 
present  unrest. 

"This  unrest  centers,  I  think,  in  the 
individual,  and  the  church  must 
center  its  efforts  to  appeal  to  the 
individual.'' 


TOPICAL  INDEX 

See  special  index  for  **A  Statistical  Mirror**  following  this  index 


Page 
Armenia 

— massacres  in 78 

— orphans  in 11 

Caste 

— curse  of,  in  India 100 

Child  Labor 41 

Child  Marriage 86 

—in  India 104 

{See  also  "Wmnen") 

Cooperation 

— effect  of,  in  Mexico 76 

— in  Japan 149 

— in  Korea 152 

— in  Latin  America 74 

— in  the  Philippines 118 

— in  Syria  and  Palestine 85 

Divorces 

^in  the  Balkans 66 

— in  India 104 

— in  Japan 148 

— in  Persia 83 

—in  Turkey 80 

Education 

— expenditure  on 80 

— in  liatin  America. 71 

{See  ahso  " Schools") 

Foreign  Missionary  Societies 

— of  Continental  Europe 67 

Health  Conditions 

— in  Africa 98 

—in  China 136 

— in  India 106 

— in  Japan 148 

— in  Korea 161 

— in  Latin  America 71 

— in  Malaysia 129 

— in  Oceania 121 

—in  the  Philippines 117 

-in  Turkey 80 

High  Cost  of  Living 20 

— in  India 102 

— in  Japan 146 

Iluteracy 26 

—in  Africa 94 

— in  the  Balkans 66 

—in  China 136 

—in  India 108 

— in  Latin  America 71 

— in  Malaysia 129 

— in  Persia 83 


Page 
Illiteracy— Continued 

— in  the  Philippines 117 

— in  Russia 64 

— in  Turkey  and  Armenia 79 

Infant  Mortality 

— rate  of 23 

— in  Africa 93 

— in  India 106 

— in  the  Philippines 117 

{See  also  " Health") 

Korea 

— Japanese  rule  in 162 

Languages 32 

■ — number  of,  in  non-Christian  world 34 

—in  India 100 


Leprosy  

{See  also  "Health"  and  "Unfit") 


22 


Literature 

— in  Africa 95 

—in  China 139 

— in  India 108 

— in  Indo-China  peninsula 125 

— in  Japan 147 

— in  Latin  America 71 

— in  Malaysia 130 

— in  Oceania 122 

— missionaries  needed  for  publication  and 

distribution  of 33 

Massacres 

— in  Armenia 78 

Medical  Missionaries 25 

— in  Africa 94 

— in  Arabia 87 

— in  Central  Asia 112 

— in  China 137 

— in  India 106 

— in  Malaysia 129 

— in  Persia 82 

{See  also  "Health") 

Medical  Schools 
(See  "HeaUh") 

Missionaries 

— furnished  by  Europe,  as  compared  with 

United  States 53 

— in  foreign  fields 44 

— needed  for  evangelistic  work 50 

— needed  for  Africa 98 

—needed  for  China 142 

— needed  for  India HO 

— needed  for  Japan 153 


220 


Index:  FOREIGN  SURVEY 


Missionaries— Con/fnued 

— needed  for  Latin  America 75 

—needed  for  the  Near  East 88 

— needed  for  the  Philippines 119 

— needed  for  Southeastern  Asia 131 

PlilUPPINES 

— America's  example  in  the 113 

Plague  Centers 22 

— in  Central  Asia m 

{See  also  "  Health  ') 

Protestant 

— church  members 43 

— forces 15 

Protestantism 

— in  Europe 53 

— in  Turkey gQ 

Protestants 

— in  Africa 95 

— in  Albania 55 

— in  Austria 59 

— in  Baltic  Provinces go 

— in  Belgium 5g 

— in  Bulgaria 55 

— in  China 139 

— in  Czecho-Slovakia qq 

— in  Denmark 55 

— in  France  and  Alsace-Lorraine 55 

— in  Germany 59 

— in  Greece 55 

— in  Finland 55 

— in  Holland 55 

— in  Hungary gQ 

— in  India jqj 

— in  Indo-China  peninsula 125 

—Jn  Italy 55 

— in  Japan 149 

— in  Jugo-Slavia 55 

— in  Korea 152 

— in  Latin  America 59 

— in  Norway 55 

— in  Persia 34 

— in  the  Philippines j^g 

— in  Poland go 

—in  Portugal 5g 

— in  Roumania 55 

— in  Russia ^ 

— in  Spain 5g 

— in  Sweden 55 

— in  Switzerland 59 

Religions 

— of  China 140 

— of  India 99 

— of  Japan ^4% 

— of  Russia ^ 

— of  the  world 44 

Schools 

—enrolment  in,  at  outbreak  of  war 41 


Schools— Con/in»/«/  *** 

— in  Africa ^ 

— in  Arabia ^ 

— in  Armenia i^a 

— in  the  Balkans 5^ 

— in  China 135 

— in  India :    .    .    .    .  103 

— in  Indo-China  peninsula 125 

— in  Japan 14^ 

— in  Korea 151 

— in  Malaysia 129 

— in  Mexico 73 

— in  Oceania 122 

— in  Mesopotamia 33 

— in  Persia 33 

— in  the  Philippines 117 

— in  Syria  and  Palestine 35 

— in  Turkey 79 

(See  also  " Education") 

Soviet  Government 

— attitude  toward  church  in  Russia 64 

State  Church 

— in  Europe 54 

Teachers 

— need  of £7 

(See  also  " Schools") 

Unfit 

— the  (beggars,  lepers,  blind  and  other 

defectives) 24 

— in  China 137 

— in  India jQg 

— in  Latin  America.  72 

— in  Persia  .   .    .    ,  • 33 

(See  also  " HeaUh") 

Unoccupied  Fields 43 

— greatest  stretch  of,  in  the  world 73 

— in  Africa 95 

— in  China ^^2 

— in  Indo-China  peninsula 126 

— in  Japan 149 

— in  the  Philippines 119 

— in  Malaysia 123 

Vice 

— in  Africa 90 

— in  Japan i4g 

— in  Korea jgj 

— in  Latin  America 72 

— in  Persia 33 

—in  Turkey 3Q 

Wages 20 

— in  India jq2 

—in  Japan 145 

Women 

— in  factories jg 

— in  the  Balkans gg 

— in  China i3g 

— in  India 1Q4 


FOREIGN  SURVEY:  Index 


221 


Page 

Women— Con/tnued 

— in  Indo-China 126 

— in  Japan 145 

— in  Korea 162 

— in  Malaysia 129 

— in  Oceania 122 

— in  Persia 83 

— in  the  Philippines 117 

— in  Siam 125 

—in  Turkey 80 


Page 
Y.  M.  C.  A. 

—in  China 139 

— in  Czecho-Slovakia 60 

— in  India 101 

— in  Japan 147 

— in  Latin  America 71 

— ^in  Poland 61 

Y.  W.  C.  A. 

— in  Japan 148 


A  STATISTICAL  MIRROR 


Page 

Benevolence  Offerings  per  Member  ....  198 

Church  Membership  in  U.  S.  (1918) 168 

—of  the  future,  the '  178 

— expenses,  per  capita  totals 184 

—the  latent 192 

— the  developed      194 

— records  (local) 199 

Cost  of  Living,  Increased,  Pastoral  Support  183 

Developed  Church,  The 194 

Everything  Except  the  Kingdom 204 

Expenses,  Total  Church  (per  capita)    ....  186 

Feeders,  Membership 174 

Future,  The  Church  of  the 173 

Forward  Movements 188 

Grain  Crop  of  1918  (pro  rata  share) 217 

—tithe,  the 217 

Membership,  Church,  in  United  States  (1918)  168 

—feeders 172 

—record  (M.  E.  Church) 172 

— record  (Presbyterian  Church,  U.  S.  A.)  .    .  175 

— church,  and  total  expenses 184 

—unrelated 193 

—related 195 

Ministerial  Support 180 

— support,  per  capita 182 

— salary 181 

— salary  practically  unchanged 183 

Methodist  Episcopal  Church  (Record  1915-18)  196 

Offerings  and  Pledges 189 

One  Billion  Dollars  per  Year 190 

Offerings  and  Benevolence  (per  member)  .   .  198 

One  in  Twenty-three 209 

One  in  Eleven 210 


Page 

One  in  Eight 211 

One  in  Five 212 

One  in  Two 213 

Per  cent.  Record,  Presbyterian  Church,  U. 

S.  A 178 

— Methodist  Episcopal  Church 179 

Prosperity's  Recognition,  (M.  E.  Church)  .   .  182 

Pastoral  Support  and  Cost  of  Living    ...  183 

Pledges,  Offerings  and ^  .  188 

Presbyterian  Church  (record  1916-19)  ....  196 

Poverty's  Offering 215 

Quiet  Hour,  For  the 205 

Reugious  Bodies  in  U.  S.;  Two  Hundred  and 

One 169 

Reugions  of  the  World 171 

Related  Membership,  A 195 

"Return  Unto  Me" 207 

Support,  Ministerial 180 

Statistical  Difficulties 201 

— poor  copy >  201 

— errors,  commcn  types  of 202 

— errors,  a  page  of      203 

Taking  the  World. 170 

Tithe,  The  Grain 217 

Tithes 208 

Unrelated  Membership,  An 193 

Valley  of  Dry  Bones,  The .  207 

Wealth,  Per  capita 182 

What  If—? 208 

Winnowing  Grain 214 


INTERCHURCH  WORLD  MOVEMENT  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

DIVISIONAL  ORGANIZATION  OF  THE 
SURVEY  DEPARTMENTS 


DEPARTMENTS 


FOREIGN  SURVEY  DEPARTMENT 


DIVISIONS 


-\  MH*»  tufvy  Dlvtolii 


-j  Chlw  >yrvy  DivUtow 


-|  Curop*  >un»y  Dtvtolon 


-j   India  $ury«y  DM«ion" 


-\   Ltin  Amf  Ic*  Surwy  DlvUlon 


H   Jmpan—  Emplr>  Survy  Dlvttton 


-{   SowtlfMtorw  A«l«  Suryy  DIvUlon 
-|    N— r  C— t  Survy  Dlyltlow 


-\  f hlllpplw  Itlawdi  Survy  Dlvl»low 

-j    t»>n9«ll«tl«  Survy  Cofdiwtlew  DIvUlon 


-\    t(lvmatii\»i  Survy  Coordination  Dlvltton" 


i   Modlcol  Survy  Coord  Int Ion  DIvUlon 

■|    Social  ond  Indurtrlol  Survy  Coordination  DIvUlon 


-j    LHoraturo  Survay  Coordination  DI»l«ion 
-j  Goo9raphl«al  Survoy  Coordination  DIvUlon 


ZJ 


4 


HOME  MISSIONS  SURVEV  DEPARTMENT 


H    city  Survoy  DIvUlon" 


-|    Now  Yorfc  MotropolKan  SupoyJDIvUlon 


-j  Town  and  Country  Survoy  DIvtolon 


-|   Outlyinf  TorrKorloa  Survoy  DlyUJow" 


-j    Nofro  Awtorloan>  Survoy  Coordination  DIvUlon 
-j    Wow  Amorlcan*  Survoy  Coordination  DIvUlon 


-j    Ml9rant  Croupa  Survoy  Coordination  DivUlon 


-j    Amorlcan  Indiana  Survoy  Coordination  DIvUlon . 


i    OrUntaU  In  tho  U.  S.  Survoy  Coordination  DIvUlon 
i    Spanlah-AmorUana  Survoy  Coordination  DIvUlon 


•j   Indurtrlal  Rolatlona  Survoy  Coordination  DIvUlon 


ZZ] 
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AMERICAN  EDUCATION  SURVEY  DEPARTMENT 


-j   Colloyoa  and  UnlvoraKloa  Survoy  DIvUlon" 
-1    Sooowdary  SohooU  Survoy  DIvlalon 


-j    Ta»  Supportod  InatHutlow  Survoy  DIvUlon 


-j    ThoolotUal  Sofwinarloa  Survoy  DIvUlon 


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ZZ 


MINISTERIAL  SUPPORT  AND  RELIEF 
SURVEY  DEPARTMENT 


-j   MJalatarlal  Salarioa  Survoy  DIvUlon 
■j   MlnUtartal  POwalonr 


RolUf  Survy  Dlvl»lon 


AMERICAN  RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION 
SURVEY  DEPARTMENT 


•j    Hofwo  Survy  DIvlalon 


-\     Looal  Churoh  Survoy  DIvlalon 


Community  Survoy  DIvlalon 


•j     Spoolal  Oroupa  Survoy  DIvUlon" 
i    Spoolal  rialda  Survoy  DMalon 


--i    Coworal  S6panHaory  and  Promotional  Afonoloa  Survoy  DWalon  ~| 


AMERICAN  HOSPITALS  AND  HOMES 
SURVEY  DEPARTMENT 


■j    HoapHala  Survoy  DIvlalti 


i    Child  WaWaro  Survoy  DIvUlon 


•j    Homoo  for  Afod  Survoy  DIvlalon 


Z] 


1  SURVEY  STATISTICS  DEPARTMENT 


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